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Anthony William Eyre and Sarah (née Mapleton).<ref name="dictbiog">Geoffrey Dutton (1966), "[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/eyre-edward-john-2032/text2507 Eyre, Edward John (1815–1901)]", ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'', Volume 1 (Australian National University), accessed 25 October 2018.</ref> After completing grammar school at [[Louth, Lincolnshire|Louth]]  and [[Sedbergh School|Sedbergh]], he moved to the colonial settlement of [[Sydney]], Australia, rather than join the army or go to university. He gained experience in the new land by boarding with and forming friendships with prominent gentlemen and became a flock owner when he bought 400 lambs a month before his 18th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/casl/hum/eng/classes/434/charweb/koepplinger1.htm|title=Hero and Tyrant:Edward John Eyre's Legacy|author=Kevin Koepplinger|publisher=University of Michigan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215062229/http://www.umd.umich.edu/casl/hum/eng/classes/434/charweb/koepplinger1.htm|archive-date=15 December 2012}}</ref> ==In South Australia== {{See also|Eyre's 1839 expeditions}} In December 1837, Eyre started [[Drover (Australian)|droving]] 1,000 sheep and 600 cattle overland from [[Monaro, New South Wales]], to [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]]. Eyre, with his livestock and eight [[Stockman (Australia)|stockmen]], arrived in Adelaide in July 1838.<ref>Foster R., Nettelbeck A. (2011), ''Out of the Silence'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=r9ETLG_aKbkC&pg=PA32 p. 32-33] ([[Wakefield Press (Australia)|Wakefield Press]]).</ref> In Adelaide, Eyre sold the livestock for a large profit. [[File:Eyre-map.jpg|thumb|300px|Expeditions of Eyre]] With the money from the sale, Eyre set out to explore the interior of South Australia. In 1839, Eyre went on [[Eyre's 1839 expeditions|two separate expeditions]]: north to the [[Flinders Ranges]] and west to beyond [[Ceduna, South Australia|Ceduna]]. The northernmost point of the first expedition was [[Mount Eyre]]; it was named by [[George Grey|Governor Gawler]] on 11 July 1839.<ref name="Manning-E">{{Cite web |url=http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/digitalpubs/placenamesofsouthaustralia/E.pdf |work=A Compendium of the Place Names of South Australia |title= Names - E |first=Geoffrey H. |last=Manning |author-link=Geoffrey Manning | year= 2012 |publisher=[[State Library of South Australia]] |access-date= 25 October 2018 }}</ref> On the second expedition, he spotted what was later named [[Lake Torrens]].<ref name=painter/> In 1840, Eyre went on a third expedition, reaching a lake that was later named [[Lake Eyre]], in his honour.<ref name=painter>{{cite web|title=1 May 1839 Edward John Eyre|url=http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/chronology/may/1-may-1839-edward-john-eyre.shtml|access-date=9 October 2020|publisher=Professional Historians Association—South Australia|first=Alison|last=Painter|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012040233/http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/chronology/may/1-may-1839-edward-john-eyre.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Overland to Albany== Eyre, together with his aboriginal companion [[Wylie (Australian explorer)|Wylie]], was the first European to traverse the coastline of the [[Great Australian Bight]] and the [[Nullarbor Plain]] by land in 1840–1841, on an almost {{convert|2000|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip}} trip to [[Albany, Western Australia]]. He had originally led the expedition with [[John Baxter (explorer)|John Baxter]] and three aboriginal people. On 29 April 1841, two of the aboriginal people killed Baxter and left with most of the supplies. Eyre and Wylie survived only because they chanced to encounter at a bay near [[Esperance, Western Australia]], the French whaling ship ''Mississippi'', under the command of an Englishman, Captain Thomas Rossiter, for whom Eyre named the location [[Rossiter Bay]]. In 1845, he returned to England on board the ''Symmetry'', leaving [[Port Adelaide]] on 16 December 1844,<ref name="Symmetry">{{cite Q|Q105993968}}</ref> and sailing via [[Cape Town]], under Captain Elder.<ref name="Symmetry" /> Upon reaching England, the ''Symmetry'' called first at [[Deal, Kent|Deal]], Kent on 11 May 1845, before anchoring at London on 12 May.<ref name="Henderson">{{cite Q|Q105946608}}</ref> He brought with him two aboriginal boys, one of whom was [[Warrulan]].<ref name="Symmetry" /><ref name="Braithwaite">{{cite Q|Q105946256}}</ref> Once in England, he published a narrative of his travels.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Eyre, Edward John|volume=10|pages=101–102}}</ref> ==Colonial Governor in New Zealand== From 1848 to 1853, he served as Lieutenant-Governor of [[New Zealand]]'s [[New Munster Province]] (Wellington and the South Island) under [[George Edward Grey|Sir George Grey]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Wordsworth Standish|title=Eyre, Edward John|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/eyre-edward-john|year=1966|website=The 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=Te Ara|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> He married Adelaide Ormond in 1850. She was the sister of the politician [[John Davies Ormond]]. ==Colonial Governor in Jamaica== From 1854 Eyre was Governor of several [[Caribbean]] island colonies, including [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]] and [[Antigua]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} As Governor of Jamaica, Eyre mixed only with the white ruling class, to whose interests he was sympathetic. Instead of trying to relieve the unemployment problems or the unfair tax burdens on the poorer classes, he busied himself with the passing of bills to provide punishment on the treadmill for certain offences, and flogging as the penalty for stealing food. [[George William Gordon]], a mixed-race member of the Assembly of Jamaica, criticised Eyre's draconian measures, warning that "If we are to be governed by such a Governor much longer, the people will have to fly to arms and become self-governing."<ref>C.V. Black, ''A History of Jamaica'' (London: Collins, 1975), p. 191.</ref> Baptist preacher and rebel leader [[Paul Bogle]] encouraged and led a rebellion, and occasioned the death of 18 militia or officials. Fearful of an island-wide uprising, Eyre brutally suppressed the [[Morant Bay rebellion]] of 1865. Up to 439 black peasants were killed in the reprisals, some 600 flogged, and about 1000 houses burnt down. General [[Luke Smythe O'Connor]] was directly responsible for those who inflicted excessive punishment.<ref name="hand">{{cite journal|author=Peter Handford |year=2008|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2008/26.html |title=Edward John Eyre and the Conflict of Laws|journal=Melbourne University Law Review|volume=32|issue=3|pages=822–860}}</ref> Erroneously convinced that he was one of the leaders of the rebellion, Eyre authorised the execution of Gordon, who was tried for high treason by Lieutenant Herbert Brand in a court-martial. On 23 October, Gordon was hanged two days after his hastily-arranged trial, and Bogle followed him on to the gallows two days later, when he was hanged along with 14 others.<ref>Gad Heuman, ''The Killing Time: The Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica'' (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994).</ref> The controlling European element of the Jamaican population, those who had the most to lose, regarded Eyre as the hero who had saved Jamaica from disaster.<ref name="hand" /> Eyre's influence on the white planters was so strong that he convinced the House of Assembly to pass constitutional reforms that brought the old form of government to an end and allowed Jamaica to become a [[Crown Colony]], with an appointed, rather than an elected, legislature on the basis that stronger legislative control would ward off another act of rebellion. That move ended the growing influence of the elected [[free people of colour]] Eyre distrusted, such as Gordon, [[Edward Jordon]] and [[Robert Osborn (Jamaica)|Robert Osborn]]. Before dissolving itself, the legislature passed legislation to deal with the recent emergency, including an Act that sanctioned martial law and, all importantly for the litigation in ''Phillips v Eyre'', an Act of Indemnity covering all acts done in good faith to suppress the rebellion after the proclamation of martial law.<ref name=hand/> Those events created great controversy in England and resulted in demands for Eyre to be arrested and tried for murdering Gordon. [[John Stuart Mill]] organised the [[Jamaica Committee]], which demanded his prosecution and included some well-known [[English liberal]] intellectuals such as [[John Bright]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Frederic Harrison]], [[Thomas Hughes]], [[Thomas Henry Huxley]], [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[A. V. Dicey]].<ref name=hand/> Other notable members of the committee included [[Charles Buxton]], [[Edmond Beales]], [[Leslie Stephen]], [[James Fitzjames Stephen]], [[Edward Frankland]], [[Thomas Hill Green]], [[Frederick Chesson]], [[Goldwin Smith]], [[Charles Lyell]] and [[Henry Fawcett]]. The Governor Eyre Defence and Aid Committee was set up by [[Thomas Carlyle]] in September 1866 to argue that Eyre had acted decisively to restore order. The committee secretary was [[Hamilton Hume]], a member of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] with whom Eyre had explored in [[New South Wales]]. His supporters included [[John Ruskin]], [[Charles Kingsley]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan|Lord Cardigan]], [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Alfred Tennyson]] and [[John Tyndall]].<ref name=hand/><ref>{{citation|last1=Thomas|first1=Donald|title=Charge! Hurrah! Hurrah! : a life of Cardigan of Balaclava|date=1974|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-7100-7914-1|author-link=Donald Serrell Thomas|pages=318–320}}</ref> Cases against Lieutenant Brand and Brigadier [[Alexander Nelson (British Army officer)|Alexander Nelson]] were presented to the Central Criminal Court but the [[grand jury]] declined to certify either case. Eyre resided in [[Market Drayton]] in [[Shropshire]], which was outside the jurisdiction of the court, so the indictment failed on that count. Barrister [[James Fitzjames Stephen]] travelled to Market Drayton but failed to convince the Justices to endorse his case against Eyre. The Jamaica Committee next asked the Attorney-General to certify the criminal information against Eyre but was rebuffed. Eyre then moved to London so that he might bring matters to a head and offer himself up to justice. The magistrate at [[Bow Street Police Court]] declined to arrest him, due to the failure of the cases against the soldiers, whereupon the imagined prosecutors applied to the [[Court of King's Bench (England)|Queen's Bench]] for a writ of [[mandamus]] justified by the [[Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1802]] and succeeded. The Queen's Bench grand jury, upon presentation of the case against Eyre, declined to find a true bill of indictment, and Eyre was freed of criminal pursuit.<ref name=hand/> The case went next to the civil courts. Alexander Phillips charged Eyre with six counts of assault and false imprisonment, in addition to conversion of Phillips's "goods and chattels",<ref name=hand/> and the case was eventually brought to the UK Court of Exchequer as [[Phillips v Eyre]] (1870) LR 6 QB 1, Exchequer Chamber. The case was influential in setting a precedent in English and Australian law over the conflict of laws, and choice of law to be applied in international torts cases.<ref>Geoffrey Dutton (1982) ''In search of Edward John Eyre'' South Melbourne: Macmillan. pp. 115–42. {{ISBN|0-333-33841-3}}</ref> Eyre was exonerated in the Queen's Bench, a [[writ of error]] was submitted to the Exchequer, whose judgment affirmed the one below, and an important precedent was thus set by [[James Shaw Willes|Willes J]].<ref name=hand/> ==Later life== [[File:Edward John Eyre 2.jpeg|thumb|right|Eyre ''circa'' 1890]] Eyre's legal expenses were covered by the British government in 1872, and in 1874 he was granted the pension of a retired colonial governor. He lived out the remainder of his life at Walreddon Manor in the parish of [[Whitchurch, Devon|Whitchurch]] near [[Tavistock, Devon]], where he died on 30 November 1901. He is buried in the Whitchurch churchyard.<ref name="dictbiog"/> ==Recognition and legacy== A statue of Eyre is in [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]] in Adelaide as well as Rumbalara Reserve in Springfield NSW on the Mouat Walk. In 1970, an [[Australia Post]] (then [[Postmaster-General's Department]]) postage stamp bore his portrait.<ref>[http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0009710.jpg Australian postage stamp honouring Edward John Eyre]. australianstamp.com</ref> South Australia's [[Lake Eyre]], [[Eyre Peninsula]], [[Eyre Creek (South Australia)|Eyre Creek]], [[Eyre Highway]] (the main highway from South Australia to Western Australia), [[Edward John Eyre High School]], the Eyre Hotel in [[Whyalla]], and the [[electoral district of Eyre]] in Western Australia, are named in his honour. So too are the villages of [[Eyreton]] and [[West Eyreton]], and [[Eyrewell Forest]], in [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] and the Eyre Mountains and [[Eyre Creek (New Zealand)|Eyre Creek]] in [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]], New Zealand. Eyre Road, Linton, Palmerston North also is thought to be named after him as well as a few streets in Canterbury, New Zealand. Closer to the [[Monaro, New South Wales]], Eyre Street, in [[Kingston, Australian Capital Territory]], and Eyre Street in [[Bungendore]], New South Wales, are named for him. Eyre's 1840 expedition was dramatised in the 1962 Australian radio play ''[[Edward John Eyre (radio play)|Edward John Eyre]]'' by [[Colin Thiele]]. In 1971, the Australian composer [[Barry Conyngham]] wrote the opera ''Edward John Eyre'' using poems by [[Meredith Oakes]] and extracts from Eyre's ''Journals of Expeditions of Discovery''.<ref>{{Cite Grove |title=Edward John Eyre |first=Thérèse |last=Radic |date=2002 |orig-year=1 December 1992 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O005834}}</ref> == Works == *{{cite Q|author-mask=0|Q108704393}} ==See also== *[[Mount Remarkable]] *[[Water Witch (1835 cutter)|''Water Witch'']] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * "[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogE.html#eyre1 Eyre, Edward John (1815–1901)]", ''[[Dictionary of Australian Biography]]'' ([[Angus and Robertson]], 1949). * "Papers Relative to the Affairs of South Australia—Aborigines", ''Accounts and Papers 1843'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3VbAAAAQAAJ Volume 3] (London: [[William Clowes Ltd.|William Clowes and Sons]]), pp.&nbsp;267–310. *Geoffrey Dutton (1967), ''The Hero as Murderer: the life of Edward John Eyre, Australian explorer and Governor of Jamaica 1815–1901''. Sydney: Collins ; Melbourne: Cheshire, (paperback reprint: Penguin, 1977). * Julie Evans (2002), "Re-reading Edward Eyre—Race, resistance and repression in Australia and The Caribbean", ''Australian Historical Studies'', 33: 175–198; {{doi|10.1080/10314610208596190}}. *Catherine Hall (2002), ''Civilising Subjects: Colony and Metropoloe in the English Imagination, 1830–1867''. Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]]. *Ivan Rudolph (2013), ''Eyre, the forgotten explorer''. Sydney: [[HarperCollins]]. *''Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, and overland from Adelaide to King George's Sound, in the years 1840-41, sent by the Colonists of Australia, with the sanction and support of the Government; including an Account of the Manners and Customs of the Aborigines, and the state of their relations with Europeans''. By E. J. Eyre, Resident Magistrate, Murray River. 2 volumes. London (1845). Available at the [[Internet Archive]]: [https://archive.org/details/journalsofexpedi01eyre/page/n9 Volume&nbsp;I], [https://archive.org/details/journalsofexpedi02eyre/page/n5 Volume&nbsp;II]. ==External links== {{wikisource author}} {{commons category|Edward John Eyre}} *[http://www.davidreilly.com/australian_explorers/eyre/edward.htm Short biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215011357/http://www.davidreilly.com/australian_explorers/eyre/edward.htm |date=15 December 2010 }} *[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5346 Eyre's ''Journals'' from his 1840/1 expedition] * {{Gutenberg author |id=1780| name=Edward John Eyre}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edward John Eyre |sopt=t}} *[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/E/EyreEdwardJohn/EyreEdwardJohn/en Biography in 1966 ''Encyclopaedia of New Zealand''] {{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{succession box | before = [[Richard Graves MacDonnell]] | title = [[Lieutenant Governor of Saint Vincent]] | years = 1854–1861 | after = [[Anthony Musgrave]] }} {{succession box | before = [[Charles Henry Darling]] | title = [[Governor of Jamaica]] | years = 1862–1864 (acting); 1864–1865 | after = Sir [[Henry Knight Storks]] }} {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Murray (oceanographer)|John Murray]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Clarke Medal]]|years=1901}} {{s-aft|after=[[Frederick Manson Bailey]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eyre, Edward John}} [[Category:Governors-general of New Zealand]] [[Category:Governors of Jamaica]] [[Category:Explorers of Western Australia]] [[Category:Explorers of South Australia]] [[Category:English explorers]] [[Category:1815 births]] [[Category:1901 deaths]] [[Category:British emigrants to colonial Australia]] [[Category:People educated at Sedbergh School]] [[Category:People educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth]] [[Category:Nullarbor Plain]] [[Category:Governors of British Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] [[Category:Ormond family]] [[Category:Australian 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