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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Structure and mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Organisation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_Intelligence_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Intelligence_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Joint Intelligence Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_Intelligence_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History and development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 First World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Inter-war period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 After the Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_on_Terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_Terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 War on Terror </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_Terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan_and_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan_and_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Afghanistan and Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan_and_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Other activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operations_in_the_Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_in_the_Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Operations in the Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_in_the_Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.2 Libyan Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.3 2015 onwards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personnel </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personnel subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selection_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Selection and training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paramilitary_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramilitary_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Paramilitary Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramilitary_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Salary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Commemorations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commemorations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Centenary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centenary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Centenary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centenary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Year_with_MI6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Year_with_MI6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 A Year with MI6 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Year_with_MI6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Buildings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Buildings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SIS_headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SIS_headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 SIS headquarters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SIS_headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-James_Bond_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Bond_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 James Bond films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Bond_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Other buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 The Circus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chiefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Chiefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">MI6</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="جهاز الاستخبارات (المملكة المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز الاستخبارات (المملكة المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%B6" title="ام‌آی۶ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ام‌آی۶" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="সিক্রেট ইন্টেলিজেন্স সার্ভিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিক্রেট ইন্টেলিজেন্স সার্ভিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сакрэтная разведвальная служба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сакрэтная разведвальная служба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%986" title="МИ6 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="МИ6" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%B6" title="ام‌آی۶ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ام‌آی۶" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EB%B9%84%EB%B0%80%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EB%B6%80" title="영국 비밀정보부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 비밀정보부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միացյալ Թագավորության գաղտնի հետախուզական ծառայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միացյալ Թագավորության գաղտնի հետախուզական ծառայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="सीक्रेट इंटेलिजेंस सर्विस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीक्रेट इंटेलिजेंस सर्विस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinas_Intelijen_Rahasia" title="Dinas Intelijen Rahasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinas Intelijen Rahasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breska_leyni%C3%BEj%C3%B3nustan" title="Breska leyniþjónustan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Breska leyniþjónustan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIS" title="SIS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SIS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slepenais_izl%C5%ABko%C5%A1anas_dienests" title="Slepenais izlūkošanas dienests – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slepenais izlūkošanas dienests" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkhidmatan_Perisikan_Rahsia" title="Perkhidmatan Perisikan Rahsia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkhidmatan Perisikan Rahsia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="सेक्रेट इन्टिलिजेन्स सर्भिस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेक्रेट इन्टिलिजेन्स सर्भिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E9%83%A8" title="秘密情報部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="秘密情報部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سیکرٹ انٹیلی جنس سروس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیکرٹ انٹیلی جنس سروس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%BC%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(MI6)" title="د پټو استخباراتو سازمان (MI6) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پټو استخباراتو سازمان (MI6)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D2%A5_%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D_MI-6" title="Кистэлэҥ кэтиир маныыр тэрилтэ MI-6 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кистэлэҥ кэтиир маныыр тэрилтэ MI-6" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B5%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دەزگای ھەواڵگریی بریتانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەزگای ھەواڵگریی بریتانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Secret Intelligence Service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Secret Intelligence Service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="หน่วยข่าวกรองลับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยข่าวกรองลับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MI6" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سیکرٹ انٹیلی جنس سروس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیکرٹ انٹیلی جنس سروس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A5c_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Cục Tình báo mật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cục Tình báo mật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" title="秘密情报局 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="秘密情报局" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="英國秘密情報局 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英國秘密情報局" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="秘密情報局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="秘密情報局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184560#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:MI6" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MI6&params=51_29_14_N_0_07_27_W_type:landmark_region:GB-LBH">51°29′14″N 0°07′27″W / 51.48722°N 0.12417°W / 51.48722; -0.12417</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British intelligence agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MI-6_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MI-6 (disambiguation)">MI-6 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"British Secret Service" redirects here. For a generic list, see <a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">British intelligence agencies</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Secret_Intelligence_Service_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Secret_Intelligence_Service_logo.svg/220px-Secret_Intelligence_Service_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Secret_Intelligence_Service_logo.svg/330px-Secret_Intelligence_Service_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Secret_Intelligence_Service_logo.svg/440px-Secret_Intelligence_Service_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="118" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:SIS_building_(26327425611).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/220px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/330px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/440px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="1810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a>, the headquarters of MI6 in London</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">4 July 1909; 115 years ago (1909-07-04)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="#Foundation">Secret Service Bureau</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Foreign intelligence service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Government">His Majesty's Government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MI6&params=51_29_14_N_0_07_27_W_type:landmark_region:GB-LBH">51°29′14″N 0°07′27″W / 51.48722°N 0.12417°W / 51.48722; -0.12417</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Semper Occultus ("Always Secret")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">3,644<a href="#cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Single_Intelligence_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Intelligence Account">Single Intelligence Account</a> £3.711 billion (2021–22)<a href="#cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Moore_(diplomat)" title="Richard Moore (diplomat)">Sir Richard Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service">Chief</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sis.gov.uk/">www.sis.gov.uk</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184560#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6 (<a href="/wiki/MI_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="MI numbers">Military Intelligence, Section 6</a>), is the foreign <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence service">intelligence service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">human intelligence</a> on foreign nationals in support of its <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a> partners. SIS is one of the <a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">British intelligence agencies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service">Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service</a> ("C") is directly accountable to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Formed in 1909 as the foreign section of the Secret Service Bureau, the section grew greatly during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> officially adopting its current name around 1920.<a href="#cite_note-sisweb-4">[4]</a> The name "MI6" originated as a convenient label during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, when SIS was known by many names. It is still commonly used today.<a href="#cite_note-sisweb-4">[4]</a> The existence of SIS was not officially acknowledged until 1994.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> That year the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Act_1994" title="Intelligence Services Act 1994">Intelligence Services Act 1994</a> (ISA) was introduced to Parliament, to place the organisation on a statutory footing for the first time. It provides the legal basis for its operations. Today, SIS is subject to public oversight by the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament" title="Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament">Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The stated priority roles of SIS are <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counter-proliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-proliferation">counter-proliferation</a>, providing intelligence in support of <a href="/wiki/Cyber_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber security">cyber security</a>, and supporting stability overseas to disrupt terrorism and other criminal activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead2016-7">[7]</a> Unlike its main sister agencies, <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service</a> (MI5) and <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ), SIS works exclusively in foreign intelligence gathering; the ISA allows it to carry out operations only against persons outside the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Some of SIS's actions since the 2000s have attracted significant controversy, such as its alleged complicity in acts of <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">extraordinary rendition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Since 1994, SIS headquarters have been in the <a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_mission">Structure and mission</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and mission">edit</a>]</div> The main mission of SIS is to collect Britain's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign intelligence">foreign intelligence</a>. It provides the British government with vital intelligence regarding foreign events and informs concerning global covert capabilities to uphold national interests, security and protect the country's economic well-being. SIS works with the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_%26_Development_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office</a> and therefore falls under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-about-12">[12]</a> SIS officers and agents engage in operations and missions all around the world.  The SIS regularly cooperates and works with <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> and <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a> regarding domestic and cyber intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> SIS has three primary tasks:<a href="#cite_note-about-12">[12]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Terrorism">Counter Terrorism</a> – preventing terrorism and extremism in the UK, against national interests within the realm or overseas, and supporting the UK's allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a> – protecting the national security</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Cyber</a> – using cyber technology and digital expertise to reduce threats.</li></ul> The impact and success in these situations helps to prevent hostile influence, keep the UK's defences on alert to reduce serious and organised crime, and to detect violations of international law.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organisation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> SIS is governed under <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of the United Kingdom">the laws of the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The government sets the necessary laws, regulations and funding needed to keep the SIS operating and to conduct its activities.<a href="#cite_note-auto-16">[16]</a> Under these rules, SIS is accountable to the government of the time and the SIS carry out their work in accordance to the government's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">foreign policy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> is ultimately responsible for intelligence and security, with day-to-day ministerial responsibility with the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a>, to whom the SIS report directly. The Foreign Secretary appoints <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service">the head of SIS</a>, to oversee SIS daily management and work.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service">Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service</a> has a twofold responsibility within SIS. Internally, they oversee the continuous gathering of intelligence from agents, which involves making complex decisions about risk, resource allocation, and technological adaptation. In today's interconnected, data-driven world, maintaining secrecy and conducting undercover operations have become increasingly challenging.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-18">[18]</a> Externally, the chief also operates as a secret diplomat, tasked with maintaining vital alliances that support intelligence cooperation. Additionally, they may need to establish discreet communication channels with countries where traditional diplomatic relations are delicate. Successfully navigating these dual roles requires a nuanced understanding of both internal operations and international relations. Since 2020, Sir Richard Moore is the current chief of SIS.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-18">[18]</a> Command and control over SIS is done through by four main government entities: the Central Intelligence Machinery, the Ministerial Committee on the Intelligence Services, the Permanent Secretaries' Committee on the Intelligence Services, and the Joint Intelligence Committee.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_Intelligence_Committee">Joint Intelligence Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Joint Intelligence Committee">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Committee</a> (JIC) assesses the intelligence gathered by the <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>, and SIS and presents it to the cabinet ministers, who in turn, enable the government's policies to help achieve national security and defence.<a href="#cite_note-legislation-20">[20]</a> The JIC also reports the intelligence analysis, based on SIS gatherings, to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> itself.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-19">[19]</a> Committee members are required to bring the reports and findings to their perspective ministers and departments, so as to make appropriate assessments that help in planning, preparing operational activities, planning or making policy decisions. The Chairman of the Committee is responsible specifically with ensuring the Committee's monitoring and oversight over intelligence data are conducted effectively and responsibly. Permanent and temporary sub-committees and working groups are constituted by the Committee, to carry out its duties responsibly.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Budget">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> has directed the security and intelligence agencies to prepare financial statements for each financial year in accordance with the Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-22">[22]</a> Due to security concerns, the Government does not publish these financial statements which are audited by the <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_(United_Kingdom)" title="Comptroller and Auditor General (United Kingdom)">Comptroller and Auditor General</a> and then shown to the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Accounts_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Accounts Committee">Public Accounts Committee</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Act_1994" title="Intelligence Services Act 1994">Intelligence Services Act 1994</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-22">[22]</a> The annual Parliamentary financial statements for 2021–2022 indicated that the combined British intelligence services spending was £3.44 billion, with some $1.09 billion being further allocated to staff pay and agents and a further £636 million allocated to capital spending.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> The following legislation regulates the SIS:<a href="#cite_note-auto-16">[16]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Act_1994" title="Intelligence Services Act 1994">Intelligence Services Act 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a></li></ul> Oversight is undertaken by Parliament through the following organisations:<a href="#cite_note-legislation-20">[20]</a> <ul><li>Investigatory Powers Commissioner's Office (IPCO)</li> <li>Investigatory Powers Tribunal (IPT)</li> <li>Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History and development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> The service derived from the Secret Service Bureau, which was founded on 1 October 1909.<a href="#cite_note-sisweb-4">[4]</a> The Bureau was a joint initiative of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial German</a> government. The bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities, respectively. This specialisation was because the Admiralty wanted to know the maritime strength of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a>. This specialisation was formalised before 1914. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1916, the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the foreign section became the section MI1(c) of the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Its first director was <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Smith-Cumming" title="Mansfield Smith-Cumming">Captain Sir Mansfield George Smith-Cumming</a>, who often dropped the Smith in routine communication. He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink. This usage evolved as a <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code name</a>, and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity.<a href="#cite_note-sisweb-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> The service's performance during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself. Most of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> During the war, MI6 had its main European office in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> from where it coordinated espionage in Germany and occupied Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A crucial element in the war effort from the British perspective was the involvement of Russia, which kept millions of German soldiers that would otherwise be deployed on the Western Front, engaged on the Eastern Front. On 7 November 1917 the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Provisional government in Petrograd and signed an armistice with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris202250-29">[29]</a> The main objective for the British was to keep Russia in the war, and MI6's two chosen instruments for doing so were <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Reilly" title="Sidney Reilly">Sidney Reilly</a>, who despite his Irish name was a Russian-Jewish adventurer, and <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="George Alexander Hill">George Alexander Hill</a>, a British pilot and businessman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris202250–51-30">[30]</a> Officially, Reilly's mandate was to collect intelligence about the new regime in Russia and find a way to keep Russia in the war, but Reilly soon became involved in a plot to overthrow the Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris202258–59-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inter-war period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadway_Buildings,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Broadway_Buildings%2C_London.jpg/220px-Broadway_Buildings%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Broadway_Buildings%2C_London.jpg/330px-Broadway_Buildings%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Broadway_Buildings%2C_London.jpg/440px-Broadway_Buildings%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/54_Broadway" title="54 Broadway">54 Broadway</a>, SIS headquarters from 1924 until 1964</figcaption></figure> After the war, resources were significantly reduced but during the 1920s, SIS established a close operational relationship with the diplomatic service. In August 1919, Cumming created the new passport control department, providing diplomatic cover for agents abroad. The post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-32">[32]</a> Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements and passed the intelligence back to its consumer departments, mainly the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Recruitment and the training of spies in the interwar period was quite casual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011206-34">[34]</a> Cumming referred to espionage as a "capital sport", and expected his agents to learn the "tradecraft" of espionage while on their missions instead of before being dispatched on their missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011206-34">[34]</a> One MI6 agent Leslie Nicholson recalled about his first assignment in Prague: "nobody gave me any tips on how to be a spy, how to make contact with, and worm vital information out of unsuspecting experts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011206-34">[34]</a> It was not until the Second World War that the "methodical training" of agents that has been the hallmark of British intelligence started.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011206-34">[34]</a> A number of MI6 agents like MI5 agents were former colonial police officers while MI6 displayed a strong bias against recruiting men with university degrees as universities were considered within MI6 to be bastions of "effete intellectualism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011206-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Dansey" title="Claude Dansey">Claude Dansey</a>, who served as the MI6 Deputy Chief in World War II wrote: "I would never willing employ an university man. I have less fear of Bolshies and Fascists than I have of some pedantic, but vocal university professor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011206-34">[34]</a> The debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Smith-Cumming" title="Mansfield Smith-Cumming">Cumming</a> managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control. At this time, the organisation was known in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> by a variety of titles including the Foreign Intelligence Service, the Secret Service, MI1(c), the Special Intelligence Service and even C's organisation. Around 1920, it began increasingly to be referred to as the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), a title that it has continued to use to the present day and which was enshrined in statute in the Intelligence Services Act 1994. During the Second World War, the name MI6 was used as a flag of convenience, the name by which it is frequently known in popular culture since.<a href="#cite_note-sisweb-4">[4]</a> In the immediate post-war years under <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Smith-Cumming" title="Mansfield Smith-Cumming">Sir Mansfield George Smith-Cumming</a> and throughout most of the 1920s, SIS was focused on Communism, in particular, Russian Bolshevism. Examples include a <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors%27_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors' Plot">thwarted operation</a> to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik government</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> in 1918 by SIS agents <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Reilly" title="Sidney Reilly">Sidney George Reilly</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._H._Bruce_Lockhart" title="R. H. Bruce Lockhart">Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> as well as more orthodox espionage efforts within early Soviet Russia headed by Captain George Hill.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June 1923, shortly before he was due to retire, and was replaced as C by Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair" title="Hugh Sinclair">Hugh "Quex" Sinclair</a>. Sinclair created the following sections: <ul><li>A central foreign counter-espionage Circulating Section, Section V, to liaise with the Security Service to collate <a href="/wiki/Counter-espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">counter-espionage</a> reports from overseas stations.</li> <li>An economic intelligence section, Section VII, to deal with trade, industry and contraband.</li> <li>A clandestine radio communications organisation, Section VIII, to communicate with operatives and agents overseas.</li> <li>Section N to exploit the contents of foreign <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">diplomatic bags</a></li></ul> * Section D to conduct political covert actions and paramilitary operations in time of war. Section D would organise the Home Defence Scheme resistance organisation in the UK and come to be the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1924, MI6 intervened in the general election of that year by leaking the so-called <a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a> to the Daily Mail, which published it on its front page on 25 October 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett20184-40">[40]</a> The letter, which was a forgery, was supposedly from <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, the chief of the Comintern, ordering British Communists to take over the Labour Party. The Zinoviv letter, which was written in English, came into possession of the MI6 resident at the British Embassy in Riga on 9 October 1924 who forwarded it to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett20181-41">[41]</a> The Zinoviev letter played a key role in the defeat of the minority Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald and the victory of the Conservatives under Stanley Baldwin in the general election of 29 October 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett20184-40">[40]</a> It has been established the MI6 leaked the Zinoviev letter to the Daily Mail, but it remains unclear if MI6 was aware that the letter was a forgery at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2018223-42">[42]</a> With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> as a threat following the ascendence of the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>, in the early 1930s attention was shifted in that direction.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-32">[32]</a> In 1934, a defense requirements commitment that consisted of Sir Robert Vansittart of the Foreign Office, Sir Warren Fisher of the Treasury, General Sir Maurice Hankey of the Committee for Imperial Defense, and the three service chiefs produced an influential memo that labelled Germany the "ultimate potential enemy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211-43">[43]</a> The memo noted that Germany had the world's second largest economy (being exceeded only by the economy of the United States), was a world leader in science and technology, and was capable of moblising millions of men for war. However, it was generally believed in the United Kingdom at the time that the arms race before 1914 had caused the Great War, and consequently there was a belief that British rearmament would increase international tensions and would make a war more likely than less likely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211-43">[43]</a> On the converse, there was the possibility if Germany rearmed while Britain did not, it would leave the Reich in a strong position to launch a war. It was decided that British rearmament would be linked to the extent of German rearmament with British rearmament to be reactive rather than preemptive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211–212-44">[44]</a> The primary request from decision-makers in the government regarding Germany was for MI6 to collect intelligence about German rearmament in order to establish the level of British rearmament that was be pursued in response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211–212-44">[44]</a> British decision-makers were especially concerned about the prospect of German strategic bombing of British cities as contemporary experts vastly exaggerated the power of strategic bombing to kill millions within a few days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211–212-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> later recalled: "We thought of air warfare in 1938 rather as people think of nuclear warfare today".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212-45">[45]</a> As a result, MI6's number one priority with regard to Germany was collect intelligence on the Luftwaffe, the branch of the Wehrmacht that British decision-makers feared the most.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212-45">[45]</a> To assist with studying German industrial production, the Industrial Intelligence Center under <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morton_(civil_servant)" title="Desmond Morton (civil servant)">Desmond Morton</a> was founded in 1934 with a special mandate to study German aircraft production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212-45">[45]</a> However, Admiral Sinclair complained in 1935 that MI6's annual budget for operations around the world was equal to the cost of maintaining one destroyer in home waters, and that the demands placed upon his service exceeded its budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212-45">[45]</a> The focus on the Luftwaffe along with MI6's relatively small budget led to constant complaints from both the War Office and the Admiralty that MI6 was neglecting both the German Army and the Kriegsmarine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212-45">[45]</a> The Asian branch of the SIS was known as the "Cinderella branch" owing to its neglect by London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000214-46">[46]</a> MI6 assisted the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, the Nazi secret police, with "the exchange of information about communism" as late as October 1937, well into the Nazi era; the head of the British agency's Berlin station, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Foley" title="Frank Foley">Frank Foley</a>, was still able to describe his relationship with the Gestapo's so-called communism expert as "cordial".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1936, in a sign that he lacked confidence in his own agents, Sinclair founded the semi-autonomous Z section under <a href="/wiki/Claude_Dansey" title="Claude Dansey">Claude Dansey</a> for economic intelligence about Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213-48">[48]</a> Working alongside the Z section was the British Industrial Secret Service headed by a Canadian businessman living in London, <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a> that recruited British businessmen active in Germany for intelligence about German industrial production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213-48">[48]</a> For intelligence on German military plans, MI6 largely depended upon Czechoslovak military intelligence from 1937 onward as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Th%C3%BCmmel" title="Paul Thümmel">Paul Thümmel</a>, aka "Agent A-54", a senior officer in the German intelligence service, the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>, had been bribed into working for Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213-48">[48]</a> Thus most of what MI6 knew about German plans during both the Sudetenland crisis and the Danzig crisis came from the Czechoslovak military intelligence, which continued to run Thümmel even after the dissolution of Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939 and a government-in-exile was set up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213-48">[48]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Nevile_Henderson" title="Nevile Henderson">Nevile Henderson</a>, the British ambassador to Germany from 1937 to 1939, was actively hostile towards MI6 running agents out of the British embassy in Berlin as he made it clear his belief that espionage against Germany would hamper the "general settlement" he was seeking with the Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213-48">[48]</a> The focus on collecting intelligence on German aircraft production led MI6 to be confused about the wider strategic question of what were the aims of German foreign policy. On 18 September 1938, a memo entitled "What Shall We Do?" written by Malcolm Woollcombe, the chief of the Political Intelligence, declared that the best way of resolving the Sudetenland crisis was for the Sudetenland to be peacefully annexed to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214-49">[49]</a> The report concluded that allowing the Sudetenland to be annexed would allow Britain to finally discover "what really legitimate grievances Germany has and what surgical operations are necessary to recify them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214-49">[49]</a> In January 1939, MI6 played a major role in the "Dutch War Scare" when it reported to London that Germany was about to invade the Netherlands with the aim of using the Dutch airfields to launch a strategic bombing campaign that would achieve a "knock out blow" by destroying London along with the rest of Britain's cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214-49">[49]</a> The intelligence behind the "Dutch War Scare" was false, intended to achieve a change in British foreign policy and had its desired effect on the Chamberlain government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214–215-50">[50]</a> The Deuxième Bureau had manufactured the story as a way to force Britain to make a stronger commitment to defend France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2011253–254-51">[51]</a> The "limited liability" rearmament policy pursued by the Chamberlain government had intentionally starved the British Army of funds to rule out the "continental commitment" (i.e. Britain sending a large expeditionary force) from ever being made again, with the majority of military spending being devoted the RAF and the Royal Navy. As such, Britain simply did not possess the military force to save the Netherlands, leading to urgent requests being made to Paris to ask if France would be willing to assist with the defence of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2011253-52">[52]</a> In response, the French replied that Britain would need to do more for France if the British wanted the French to do something for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2011253–254-51">[51]</a> On 6 February 1939 in a beginning of a shift in British foreign policy, Prime Minister Chamberlain announced in the House of Commons that "any threat to the vital interest of France" would lead to a British declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2011254-53">[53]</a> One of MI6’s most successful operations before the war started in April 1939 when an Australian businessman living in London, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Cotton" title="Sidney Cotton">Sidney Cotton</a>, who was already engaged in aerial photographic espionage for the <a href="/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_Bureau" title="Deuxième Bureau">Deuxième Bureau</a> was recruited to fly missions over Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998138-54">[54]</a> Under the cover story that he was a sales agent for a dummy corporation, the Aeronautical Research and Sales Corporation, Cotton flew over Germany, Italy and the Italian colony of Libya in his Lockheed 12A aircraft, taking numerous high-quality aerial photographs of German and Italian military bases that proved immensely useful for Britain during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998138-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-06-07-32,_Tibetexpedition,_Junger_Engl%C3%A4nder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-06-07-32%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Junger_Engl%C3%A4nder.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-06-07-32%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Junger_Engl%C3%A4nder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-06-07-32%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Junger_Engl%C3%A4nder.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-06-07-32%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Junger_Engl%C3%A4nder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-06-07-32%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Junger_Engl%C3%A4nder.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-06-07-32%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Junger_Engl%C3%A4nder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A young Englishman, member of the Secret Intelligence Service, in <a href="/wiki/Yatung" title="Yatung">Yatung</a>, Tibet, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Ernst Schäfer</a> in 1939</figcaption></figure> On 26 and 27 July 1939,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyry_(neighborhood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyry (neighborhood)">Pyry</a> near <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> representatives including <a href="/wiki/Dilly_Knox" title="Dilly Knox">Dilly Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Denniston" title="Alastair Denniston">Alastair Denniston</a> and Humphrey Sandwith were introduced by their allied Polish counterparts to their <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">Enigma-decryption techniques</a> and equipment, including <a href="/wiki/Zygalski_sheets" title="Zygalski sheets">Zygalski sheets</a> and the cryptologic "<a href="/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)" title="Bomba (cryptography)">Bomba</a>", and were promised future delivery of a reverse-engineered, Polish-built duplicate Enigma machine. The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation of the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> During the war, British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma. The intelligence gleaned from this source, codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>" by the British, was a substantial aid to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war effort.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> Sinclair died on 4 November 1939, after an illness, and was replaced as C by Lt Col. <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Menzies" title="Stewart Menzies">Stewart Menzies</a> (Horse Guards), who had been with the service since the end of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> On 9 November 1939, MI6 was embarrassed by the <a href="/wiki/Venlo_incident" title="Venlo incident">Venlo incident</a>. The Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, was unenthusiastic about the prospect of war, and clung to the hope all through the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> that the Wehrmacht generals would overthrow Hitler, after which the war would end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2022v-59">[59]</a> Two MI6 officers, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Payne_Best" title="Sigismund Payne Best">Sigismund Payne Best</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Stevens" title="Richard Henry Stevens">Henry Stevens</a> had been dispatched to a café in Venlo almost on the German border to meet a representative of the Wehrmacht generals, but the meeting proved to be an ambush as instead a party of the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> officers crossed over the border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2022ix-x-60">[60]</a> The SS shot and killed a Dutch intelligence officer, Dirk Klop, who assisted with settling up the meeting and kidnapped Best and Stevens at gunpoint. The Venlo incident made the British government wary for the rest of the war with any more contact with the Wehrmacht generals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2022ix-x-60">[60]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> the <a href="/wiki/HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">human intelligence</a> work of the service was complemented by several other initiatives: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalytic</a> effort undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Code and Cypher School">Government Code and Cypher School</a> (GC&CS), the bureau responsible for interception and decryption of foreign communications at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>. (See above.)</li> <li>The extensive <a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">'double-cross'</a> system run by <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> to feed misleading intelligence to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="IMINT">Imagery intelligence</a> activities conducted by the RAF Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (now <a href="/wiki/JARIC" class="mw-redirect" title="JARIC">JARIC</a>, The National Imagery Exploitation Centre).</li></ul> GC&CS was the source of <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> intelligence, which was very useful.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The chief of SIS, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Menzies" title="Stewart Menzies">Stewart Menzies</a>, insisted on wartime control of codebreaking, and this gave him immense power and influence, which he used judiciously. By distributing the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> material collected by the <a href="/wiki/Government_Code_%26_Cypher_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Code & Cypher School">Government Code & Cypher School</a>, MI6 became, for the first time, an important branch of the government. Extensive breaches of Nazi <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a> signals gave Menzies and his team enormous insight into <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s strategy, and this was kept a closely held secret.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinterbotham1974154,_191-62">[62]</a> In 1940, the British intelligence services entered into a special agreement with their Polish counterparts. This collaboration between the two nations played a significant role in shaping the course of World War II. In July 2005, the governments of the United Kingdom and Poland jointly produced a comprehensive two-volume study that shed light on their bilateral intelligence cooperation during the war. This study, which unveiled information that had been classified as secret until that point, was known as the Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee.<a href="#cite_note-aphc-63">[63]</a> The report was authored by leading historians and experts who were granted unprecedented access to the archives of British intelligence. One of the most remarkable findings was that 48 percent of all reports received by British secret services from continental Europe during the years 1939–45 had originated from Polish sources. This significant contribution from the Polish intelligence was made possible by the fact that occupied Poland had a long-standing tradition of insurgency organizations, which had been passed down through generations. These organizations maintained networks in emigrant Polish communities in Germany and France.<a href="#cite_note-aphc-63">[63]</a> A substantial part of the Polish resistance activity was clandestine and involved the establishment of cellular intelligence networks. The occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany also placed the Polish people in a unique position to gather intelligence on the enemy, as they were often used as forced laborers across the continent. This proximity to key locations and military installations allowed them to provide valuable insights to the British intelligence services.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The liaison between the British and Polish intelligence was facilitated by SIS (Secret Intelligence Service) officer <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Dunderdale" title="Wilfred Dunderdale">Wilfred Dunderdale</a>. The reports exchanged between the two parties included critical information such as advance warnings of the '<a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrikakorps'</a> departure for Libya, insights into the readiness of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a> French units to either fight against the Allies or switch sides during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, and early warnings regarding both <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Edelweiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Edelweiss">Operation Edelweiss</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google1-65">[65]</a> Polish-sourced reporting on German secret weapons began in 1941, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Most_III" title="Operation Most III">Operation Wildhorn</a> enabled a British special operations flight to airlift a captured <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 Rocket</a> with the assistance of the Polish resistance. Notably, Polish secret agent <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a> played a crucial role in delivering the first Allied intelligence on the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, providing the British with harrowing information about Nazi atrocities. Moreover, through a female Polish agent, the British established a channel of communication with the anti-Nazi chief of the Abwehr, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Admiral Wilhelm Canaris</a>. This alliance allowed for the exchange of critical intelligence information and further strengthened the cooperation between the British and Polish intelligence services during this pivotal period in history.<a href="#cite_note-google1-65">[65]</a> 1939 saw the most significant failure of the service during the war, known as the <a href="/wiki/Venlo_incident" title="Venlo incident">Venlo incident</a> for the Dutch town where much of the operation took place. Agents of the German army secret service, the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>, and the counter-espionage section of the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD), posed as high-ranking officers involved in a plot to depose <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>. In a series of meetings between SIS agents and the 'conspirators', <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> plans to abduct the SIS team were shelved due to the presence of Dutch police. On the night of 8–9 November, a meeting took place without police presence. There, the two SIS agents were duly abducted by the SS.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1940, journalist and Soviet agent <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a> applied for a vacancy in Section D of SIS, and was vetted by his friend and fellow Soviet agent <a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a>. When Section D was absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) in summer of 1940, Philby was appointed as an instructor in <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a> at the SOE's training establishment in <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu,_Hampshire" title="Beaulieu, Hampshire">Beaulieu, Hampshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In May 1940, MI6 set up <a href="/wiki/British_Security_Co-ordination" title="British Security Co-ordination">British Security Co-ordination</a> (BSC), on the authorisation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> over the objections of Stewart Menzies.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This was a covert organisation based in New York City, headed by <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a> intended to investigate enemy activities, prevent sabotage against British interests in the Americas, and mobilise pro-British opinion in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> BSC also founded <a href="/wiki/Camp_X" title="Camp X">Camp X</a> in Canada to train clandestine operators and to establish (in 1942) a telecommunications relay station, code name Hydra, operated by engineer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_deForest_Bayly" title="Benjamin deForest Bayly">Benjamin deForest Bayly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> SIS operations in Asia were hindered by the fact that Europeans tended to stick out in Asia along with an inability to recruit Asian agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000215-73">[73]</a> The SOE had more success in both recruiting agents in Asia and in sending agents into the Japanese-occupied areas in China and southeast Asia, which caused tensions with MI6 who were jealous of the ability of the upstart SOE to do what they could not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000215-73">[73]</a> SOE was more open to recruiting from within the Commonwealth, recruiting Chinese-Canadians and Australian-Chinese, to operate behind the Japanese lines under the grounds Asian agents would less likely to be arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a>, the much feared Japanese military police. In 1944, about 90% of the human intelligence in Burma came from the SOE while 70% of the human intelligence in Malaya, Thailand and French Indochina came from the SOE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000227-74">[74]</a> General <a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a>, the GOC of the 14th Army, complained about the low quality of SIS intelligence in late 1943 as he stated that the intelligence he received from MI6 was "far from being complete or accurate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000220-75">[75]</a> In late 1944-early 1945, Slim attempted to have the 14th Army take over all intelligence operations in Burma with both SIS and SOE agents to be subordinate to the 14th Army under the grounds the Army was more capable of running intelligence operations in southeast Asia than MI6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000221–222-76">[76]</a> Menzies who fiercely defended the prerogatives of MI6 was able to block this proposal despite the way it was universally accepted by officers serving in the China-Burma-India theater that SIS was unsuitable to operating in that part of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000222–223-77">[77]</a> MI6 was able to keep operating in Asia by making the argument that the SOE was only a temporary organisation that was to be disbanded after the war ended while MI6 was the permanent intelligence service that would continue after the war, and that to exclude MI6 from Asia would weaken British intelligence in the post-war world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000228-78">[78]</a> In early 1944, MI6 re-established Section IX, its prewar anti-Soviet section, and Philby took a position there. He was able to alert the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> about all British intelligence on the Soviets—including what the American <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a> had shared with the British about the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-god-79">[79]</a> Despite these difficulties the service nevertheless conducted substantial and successful operations in both occupied Europe and in the Middle East and Far East where it operated under the cover name Inter-Services Liaison Department (ISLD).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> In August 1945 Soviet intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Volkov_(diplomat)" title="Konstantin Volkov (diplomat)">Konstantin Volkov</a> tried to defect to the UK, offering the names of all Soviet agents working inside British intelligence. Philby received the memo on Volkov's offer and alerted the Soviets, so they could arrest him.<a href="#cite_note-god-79">[79]</a> In 1946, SIS absorbed the "rump" remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE), dispersing the latter's personnel and equipment between its operational divisions or "controllerates" and new Directorates for Training and Development and for War Planning.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The 1921 arrangement was streamlined with the geographical, operational units redesignated "Production Sections", sorted regionally under Controllers, all under a Director of Production. The Circulating Sections were renamed "Requirements Sections" and placed under a Directorate of Requirements.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Following the Second World War, tens of thousands of Holocaust survivors attempted to reach Palestine as part of the <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a> refugee movement. As part of British government efforts to stem this migration, Operation Embarrass saw the SIS bomb five ships in Italy in 1947–48 to prevent them being used by the refugees, and set up a fake Palestinian group to take responsibility for the attacks. However, some in SIS wanted the policy to go further, noting that "intimidation is only likely to be effective if some members of the group of people to be intimidated actually suffer unpleasant consequences" and criticising the decision to not take stronger action against <a href="/wiki/Exodus_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus 1947">Exodus 1947</a> (which was, instead, seized and returned to mainland Europe).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37695-0035,_Altglienicke,_Wasserpumpe_im_Spionagetunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37695-0035%2C_Altglienicke%2C_Wasserpumpe_im_Spionagetunnel.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37695-0035%2C_Altglienicke%2C_Wasserpumpe_im_Spionagetunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37695-0035%2C_Altglienicke%2C_Wasserpumpe_im_Spionagetunnel.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37695-0035%2C_Altglienicke%2C_Wasserpumpe_im_Spionagetunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37695-0035%2C_Altglienicke%2C_Wasserpumpe_im_Spionagetunnel.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37695-0035%2C_Altglienicke%2C_Wasserpumpe_im_Spionagetunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gold" title="Operation Gold">Operation Gold</a>: the Berlin tunnel in 1956</figcaption></figure> SIS operations against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> were extensively compromised by the presence of an agent working for the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby</a>, in the post-war Counter-Espionage Section, R5. SIS suffered further embarrassment when it was revealed that an officer involved in both the <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Tunnel">tunnel operations</a> had been turned as a Soviet agent during internment by the Chinese during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. This agent, <a href="/wiki/George_Blake" title="George Blake">George Blake</a>, returned from his internment to be treated as something of a hero by his contemporaries in "the office". His security authorisation was restored, and in 1953 he was posted to the Vienna Station where the original Vienna tunnels had been running for years. After compromising these to his Soviet controllers, he was subsequently assigned to the British team involved on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gold" title="Operation Gold">Operation Gold</a>, the Berlin tunnel, and which was, consequently, blown from the outset. In 1956, SIS Director <a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Sinclair (British Army officer)">John Sinclair</a> had to resign after the botched affair of the death of <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> SIS activities included a range of covert political actions, including the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadeq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Mossadeq">Mohammed Mossadeq</a> in Iran in the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> (in collaboration with the US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Despite earlier Soviet penetration, SIS began to recover as a result of improved vetting and security, and a series of successful penetrations. From 1958, SIS had three moles in the Polish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of Poland">UB</a>, the most successful of which was codenamed NODDY.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-86">[86]</a> The CIA described the information SIS received from these Poles as "some of the most valuable intelligence ever collected", and rewarded SIS with $20 million to expand their Polish operation.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-86">[86]</a> In 1961 Polish defector <a href="/wiki/Michael_Goleniewski" title="Michael Goleniewski">Michael Goleniewski</a> exposed <a href="/wiki/George_Blake" title="George Blake">George Blake</a> as a Soviet agent. Blake was identified, arrested, tried for espionage and sent to prison. He escaped and was <a href="/wiki/Exfil" class="mw-redirect" title="Exfil">exfiltrated</a> to the USSR in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Within the <a href="/wiki/Glavnoye_Razvedyvatel%27noye_Upravleniye" class="mw-redirect" title="Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye">GRU</a>, in a joint operation with the American CIA, the MI6 recruited Colonel <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Penkovsky" title="Oleg Penkovsky">Oleg Penkovsky</a>. Penkovsky ran for two years as a considerable success, providing several thousand photographed documents, including <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> rocketry manuals that allowed US <a href="/wiki/National_Photographic_Interpretation_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Photographic Interpretation Center">National Photographic Interpretation Center</a> (NPIC) analysts to recognise the deployment pattern of Soviet SS4 <a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">MRBMs</a> and SS5 <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">IRBMs</a> in Cuba in October 1962.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> SIS operations against the USSR continued to gain pace through the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, arguably peaking with the recruitment in the 1970s of <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky" title="Oleg Gordievsky">Oleg Gordievsky</a> who SIS ran for the better part of a decade, then successfully exfiltrated from the USSR across the Finnish border in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, SIS <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom in the Soviet-Afghan War">supported the Islamic resistance group</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> and he became a key ally in the fight against the Soviets. An annual mission of two SIS officers, as well as military instructors, were sent to Massoud and his fighters. Through them, weapons and supplies, radios and vital intelligence on Soviet battle plans were all sent to the Afghan resistance. SIS also helped to retrieve crashed Soviet helicopters from Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Dorril752-90">[90]</a> The real scale and impact of SIS activities during the second half of the Cold War remains unknown, however, because the bulk of their most successful targeting operations against Soviet officials were the result of "Third Country" operations recruiting Soviet sources travelling abroad in Asia and Africa. These included the defection to the SIS <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> station in 1982 of <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kuzichkin" title="Vladimir Kuzichkin">Vladimir Kuzichkin</a>, the son of a senior <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> member and a member of the KGB's internal Second Chief Directorate who provided SIS and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> with warning of the mobilisation of the KGB's Alpha Force during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet coup attempt of 1991">1991 August Coup</a> which briefly toppled Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Cold_War">After the Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: After the Cold War">edit</a>]</div> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> led to a reshuffle of existing priorities. The Soviet Bloc ceased to swallow the lion's share of operational priorities, although the stability and intentions of a weakened but still nuclear-capable Federal Russia constituted a significant concern. Instead, functional rather than geographical intelligence requirements came to the fore such as <a href="/wiki/Counter-proliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-proliferation">counter-proliferation</a> (via the agency's Production and Targeting, Counter-Proliferation Section) which had been a sphere of activity since the discovery of Pakistani physics students studying nuclear-weapons related subjects in 1974; counter-terrorism (via two joint sections run in collaboration with the Security Service, one for <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a> and one for international terrorism); counter-narcotics and serious crime (originally set up under the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> controllerate in 1989); and a 'global issues' section looking at matters such as the environment and other public welfare issues. In the mid-1990s these were consolidated into a new post of Controller, Global and Functional.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> During the transition, then-C Sir <a href="/wiki/Colin_McColl" title="Colin McColl">Colin McColl</a> embraced a new, albeit limited, policy of openness towards the press and public, with 'public affairs' falling into the brief of Director, Counter-Intelligence and Security (renamed Director, Security and Public Affairs). McColl's policies were part and parcel with a wider 'open government initiative' developed from 1993 by the government of <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>. As part of this, SIS operations, and those of the national signals intelligence agency, <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a>, were placed on a statutory footing through the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Act_1994" title="Intelligence Services Act 1994">Intelligence Services Act</a>. Although the Act provided procedures for authorisations and warrants, this essentially enshrined mechanisms that had been in place at least since 1953 (for authorisations) and 1985 (under the <a href="/wiki/Interception_of_Communications_Act_1985" title="Interception of Communications Act 1985">Interception of Communications Act</a>, for warrants). Under this Act, since 1994, SIS and GCHQ activities have been subject to scrutiny by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament's</a> <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence and Security Committee">Intelligence and Security Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> During the mid-1990s the British intelligence community was subjected to a comprehensive costing review by the government. As part of broader defence cut-backs SIS had its resources cut back twenty-five percent across the board and senior management was reduced by forty percent. As a consequence of these cuts, the Requirements division (formerly the Circulating Sections of the 1921 Arrangement) were deprived of any representation on the board of directors. At the same time, the Middle East and Africa controllerates were pared back and amalgamated. According to the findings of Lord Butler of Brockwell's Review of Weapons of Mass Destruction, the reduction of operational capabilities in the Middle East and of the Requirements division's ability to challenge the quality of the information the Middle East Controllerate was providing weakened the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Committee</a>'s estimates of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>'s non-conventional weapons programmes. These weaknesses were major contributors to the UK's erroneous assessments of Iraq's 'weapons of mass destruction' prior to the 2003 invasion of that country.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On one occasion in 1998, MI6 believed it might be able to obtain 'actionable intelligence' which could help the CIA capture <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>. But given that this might result in his being transferred or rendered to the United States, MI6 decided it had to ask for ministerial approval before passing the intelligence on (in case he faced the death penalty or mistreatment). This was approved by a minister 'provided the CIA gave assurances regarding humane treatment'. In the end, not enough intelligence came through to make it worthwhile going ahead.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2001, it became clear that working with <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">forces</a> was the best option for going after Bin Laden; the priority for MI6 was developing intelligence coverage. The first real sources were being established, although no one penetrated the upper tier of the Al Qaeda leadership itself. As the year progressed, plans were drawn up and slowly worked their way up to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on 4 September 2001-which involved increasing dramatically support for Massoud. MI6 were involved in these plans.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_Terror">War on Terror</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: War on Terror">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Global_War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Global War on Terror">Global War on Terror</a>, SIS accepted information from the CIA that was obtained through <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition_by_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary rendition by the United States">extraordinary rendition</a> programme. <a href="/wiki/Craig_Murray" title="Craig Murray">Craig Murray</a>, a UK ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, had written several memos critical of the UK's acceptance of this information; he was then sacked from his job.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan_and_Iraq">Afghanistan and Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Afghanistan and Iraq">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, on 28 September the British Foreign Secretary approved the deployment of MI6 officers to Afghanistan and the wider region, utilising people involved with the mujahadeen in the 1980s and who had language skills and regional expertise. At the end of the month, a handful of MI6 officers with a budget of $7 million landed in northeast Afghanistan, where they met with General <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Fahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Fahim">Mohammed Fahim</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> and began working with other contacts in the north and south to build alliances, secure support, and to bribe as many <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> commanders as they could to change sides or leave the fight.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invasion of Afghanistan</a>, the SIS established a presence in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> following its <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2001)" title="Fall of Kabul (2001)">fall to the coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> MI6 members and the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a> took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">Battle of Tora Bora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> After members of the 22nd <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service (SAS) Regiment</a> returned to the UK in mid-December 2001, members of both territorial SAS regiments remained in the country to provide close protection to SIS members.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In mid-December, MI6 officers who had been deployed to the region began to interview prisoners held by the Northern Alliance. In January 2002, they began interviewing prisoners held by the Americans. On 10 January 2002, an MI6 officer conducted his first interview of a detainee held by the Americans. He reported back to London that there were aspects of how the detainee had been handled by the US military before the interview that did not seem consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-corera-102">[102]</a> Two days after the interview, he was sent instructions, copied to all MI5 and MI6 officers in Afghanistan, about how to solve concerns over mistreatment, referring to signs of abuse: "Given that they are not within our custody or control, the law does not require you to intervene to protect this." It went on to say that the Americans had to understand that the UK did not condone such mistreatment and that a complaint should be made to a senior US official if there was any coercion by the US in conjunction with an MI6 interview.<a href="#cite_note-corera-102">[102]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, allegations were made that some SIS members conducted <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mass_Appeal" title="Operation Mass Appeal">Operation Mass Appeal</a>, which was a campaign to plant stories about Iraq's WMDs in the media. The operation was exposed in The Sunday Times in December 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Rufford-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Claims by former weapons inspector <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a> suggest that similar propaganda campaigns against Iraq dated back to the 1990s. Ritter says that SIS recruited him in 1997 to help with the propaganda effort, saying "the aim was to convince the public that Iraq was a far greater threat than it actually was."<a href="#cite_note-Rufford-103">[103]</a> Towards the end of the invasion, SIS officers operating out of Baghdad International Airport with <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS) protection, began to re-establish a station in Baghdad and began gathering intelligence, in particular on WMDs. After it became clear that Iraq did not possess any WMDs, MI6 officially withdrew pre-invasion intelligence about them. In the months after the invasion, they also began gathering political intelligence; predicting what would happen in post-Baathist Iraq. MI6 personnel in the country never exceeded 50; in early 2004, apart from supporting <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_88_(anti-terrorist_unit)#Task_Force_Black/Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force 88 (anti-terrorist unit)">Task Force Black</a> in hunting down former senior Ba'athist party members, MI6 also made an effort to target "transnational terrorism"/jihadist networks that led to the SAS carrying out Operation Aston in February 2004: They conducted a raid on a house in Baghdad that was part of a "jihadist pipeline" that ran from Iran to Iraq that US and UK intelligence agencies were tracking suspects on – the raid captured members of <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Pakistan based terrorist group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urban-105">[105]</a> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a>, MI6 personnel visited <a href="/wiki/Joint_Special_Operations_Command" title="Joint Special Operations Command">JSOCs</a> TSF (Temporary Screening Facility) at <a href="/wiki/Balad_Air_Base" title="Balad Air Base">Balad Air Base</a> to question a suspected insurgent. Afterwards, they raised concerns about the poor detention conditions there. As a result, the British government informed JSOC in Iraq that prisoners captured by British special forces would only be turned over to JSOC if there was an undertaking not to send them to Balad. In spring 2005, the SAS detachment operating in Basra and southern Iraq, known as Operation Hathor, escorted MI6 case officers into Basra so they could meet their sources and handlers. MI6 provided information that enabled the detachment to carry out surveillance operations. MI6 were also involved in resolving the <a href="/wiki/Basra_prison_incident" title="Basra prison incident">Basra prison incident</a>; the SIS played a central role in the British withdrawal from Basra in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-urban-105">[105]</a> In Afghanistan, MI6 worked closely with the military, delivering tactical information and working in small cells alongside Special Forces, surveillance teams, and GCHQ to track individuals from the Taliban and Al Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The first MI6 knew of the US carrying out the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden#Operation_Neptune_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">mission that killed Osama bin Laden</a> on 2 May 2011 was after it happened, when its chief called his American counterpart for an explanation.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In July 2011 it was reported that SIS had closed several of its stations, particularly in Iraq, where it had several outposts in the south of the country in the region of Basra. The closures have allowed the service to focus its attention on Pakistan and Afghanistan, which are its principal stations.<a href="#cite_note-Radnedge-108">[108]</a> On 12 July 2011, MI6 intelligence officers, along with other intelligence agencies, tracked two British-Afghans to a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, Afghanistan, who were discovered to be trying to establish contact with the Taliban or al-Qaeda to learn bomb-making skills; operators from the SAS captured them and they are believed to be the first Britons to be captured alive in Afghanistan since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> By 2012, MI6 had reorganised after 9/11 and reshuffled its staff, opening new stations overseas, with <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> becoming the largest station. MI6's increase in funding was not as large as that for MI5, and it still struggled to recruit at the required rate; former members were rehired to help out. MI6 maintained intelligence coverage of suspects as they moved from the UK overseas, particularity to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In October 2013, SIS appealed for reinforcements and extra staff from other intelligence agencies amid growing concern about a terrorist threat from Afghanistan and that the country would become an "intelligence vacuum" after British troops withdraw at the end of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In March 2016, it was reported that MI6 had been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">Libyan Civil War</a> since January of that year, having been escorted by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a> to meet with Libyan officials to discuss the supplying of weapons and training for the Syrian Army and the militias fighting against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In April 2016, it was revealed that MI6 teams with members of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance_Regiment" title="Special Reconnaissance Regiment">Special Reconnaissance Regiment</a> seconded to them had been deployed to Yemen to train Yemeni forces fighting <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">AQAP</a>, as well as identifying targets for drone strikes.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In November 2016, The Independent reported that MI6, MI5 and GCHQ supplied the SAS and other British special forces a list of 200 British jihadists to kill or capture before they attempt to return to the UK. The jihadists are senior members of ISIS who pose a direct threat to the UK. Sources said SAS soldiers have been told that the mission could be the most important in the regiment's 75-year history.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other activities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operations_in_the_Balkans">Operations in the Balkans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Operations in the Balkans">edit</a>]</div> On 6 May 2004 it was announced that Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dearlove" title="Richard Dearlove">Richard Dearlove</a> was to be replaced as head of SIS by <a href="/wiki/John_Scarlett" title="John Scarlett">John Scarlett</a>, former chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee. Scarlett was an unusually high-profile appointment to the job, and gave evidence at the <a href="/wiki/Hutton_Inquiry" title="Hutton Inquiry">Hutton Inquiry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On 27 September 2004, news emerged of a significant incident involving British intelligence officers in the Balkans. It was reported that several British spies operating in the region, including SIS officers stationed in Belgrade and Sarajevo, were either relocated or compelled to withdraw from their posts. This development was a consequence of their public identification in various media reports, a situation that arose due to the actions of disgruntled local intelligence services, especially in Croatia and Serbia. Two British intelligence officers stationed in Zagreb managed to maintain their positions despite having their covers exposed in the local press. This revelation of the agents' identities in the three capital cities significantly undermined British intelligence operations.<a href="#cite_note-MI6_spies_exposed_by_Balkan_rivals-117">[117]</a> The primary focus of British intelligence activities in the Balkans included efforts by the SIS to capture individuals sought by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague, most notably, alleged war criminals.<a href="#cite_note-MI6_spies_exposed_by_Balkan_rivals-117">[117]</a> A critical aspect of the issue was the nature of MI6's operations in the region. Instead of running a traditional spy network, MI6 was perceived as a network of influence within Balkan security services and the media. This approach appeared to unsettle local intelligence agencies, leading to their frustration and resentment. The director of the International Crisis Group in Serbia and Bosnia noted that this approach had seriously irritated some of these agencies. The situation was particularly pronounced in Serbia, where the SIS station chief was compelled to leave his post in August 2004. This forced departure resulted from a campaign against him, orchestrated by the country's DB intelligence agency. The station chief had been engaged in investigating the 2003 assassination of the reformist prime minister, Zoran Djindjic, which had garnered him few allies in the process.<a href="#cite_note-MI6_spies_exposed_by_Balkan_rivals-117">[117]</a> On 15 November 2006, SIS allowed an interview with current operations officers for the first time. The interview was on the <a href="/wiki/Colin_Murray" title="Colin Murray">Colin Murray</a> Show on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a>. The two officers (one male and one female) had their voices disguised for security reasons. The officers compared their real experience with the fictional portrayal of SIS in the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_films" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond films">James Bond films</a>. While denying that there ever existed a "<a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">licence to kill</a>" and reiterating that SIS operated under British law, the officers confirmed that there is a '<a href="/wiki/Q_(James_Bond)" title="Q (James Bond)">Q</a>'-like figure who is head of the technology department, and that their director is referred to as 'C'. The officers described the lifestyle as quite glamorous and very varied, with plenty of overseas travel and adventure, and described their role primarily as intelligence gatherers, developing relationships with potential sources.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Sawers" title="John Sawers">John Sawers</a> became head of the SIS in November 2009, the first outsider to head SIS in more than 40 years. Sawers came from the Diplomatic Service, previously having been the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representatives from the United Kingdom to the United Nations">British Permanent Representative to the United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-times-20090616-119">[119]</a> On 7 June 2011, John Sawers received Romania's President <a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a> and George-Cristian Malor, the head of the Serviciul Roman de Informatii (SRI) at SIS headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libyan_Civil_War">Libyan Civil War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Libyan Civil War">edit</a>]</div> Five years before the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">Libyan Civil War</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Special_Forces" title="United Kingdom Special Forces">UK Special Forces</a> unit was formed called E Squadron which was composed of selected members of the 22nd SAS Regiment, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">SBS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance_Regiment" title="Special Reconnaissance Regiment">SRR</a>. It was tasked by the <a href="/wiki/Director_Special_Forces" title="Director Special Forces">Director Special Forces</a> to support MI6's operations (akin to the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">SAC</a> – a covert paramilitary unit for SIS). It was not a formal squadron within the establishment of any individual UK Special Forces unit, but at the disposal of both the Director Special Forces and the SIS; previously, SIS relied primarily on contractor personnel. The Squadron carried out missions that required 'maximum discretion' in places that were 'off the radar or considered dangerous'; the Squadron's members often operated in plain clothes, with the full range of national support, such as false identities at its disposal. In early March 2011, during the Libyan Civil War, a covert operation in Libya involving E Squadron went wrong: The aim of the mission was to cement SIS's contacts with the rebels by flying in two SIS officers in a <a href="/wiki/Chinook_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook helicopter">Chinook helicopter</a> to meet a Libyan Intermediary in a town near Benghazi, who had promised to fix them up a meeting with the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">NTC</a>. A team consisting of six E Squadron members (all from the SAS) and two SIS officers were flown into Libya by an RAF Special Forces Flight Chinook; the Squadron's members were carrying bags containing arms, ammunition, explosives, computers, maps and passports from at least four nationalities. Despite technical backup, the team landed in Libya without any prior agreement with the rebel leadership, and the plan failed as soon as the team landed. The locals became suspicious they were foreign mercenaries or spies and the team was detained by rebel forces and taken to a military base in Benghazi. They were then hauled before a senior rebel leader; the team told him that they were in the country to determine the rebels' needs and to offer assistance, but the discovery of British troops on the ground enraged the rebels who were fearful that Gaddafi would use such evidence to destroy the credibility of the NTC. Negotiations between senior rebel leaders and British officials in London finally led to their release and they were allowed to board <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_(F85)" title="HMS Cumberland (F85)">HMS Cumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On 16 November 2011 SIS warned the national transitional council in Benghazi after discovering details of planned strikes, said foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>. 'The agencies obtained firm intelligence, were able to warn the NTC of the threat, and the attacks were prevented,' he said. In a rare speech on the intelligence agencies, he praised the key role played by SIS and GCHQ in bringing Gaddafi's 42-year dictatorship to an end, describing them as 'vital assets' with a 'fundamental and indispensable role' in keeping the nation safe. 'They worked to identify key political figures, develop contacts with the emerging opposition and provide political and military intelligence. 'Most importantly, they saved lives,' he said. The speech follows criticism that SIS had been too close to the Libyan regime and was involved in the extraordinary rendition of anti-Gaddafi activists. Mr Hague also defended controversial proposals for secrecy in civil courts in cases involving intelligence material.<a href="#cite_note-Radnedge-108">[108]</a> In February 2013 <a href="/wiki/Channel_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Four">Channel Four</a> News reported on evidence of SIS spying on opponents of the Gaddafi regime and handing the information to the regime in Libya. The files looked at contained "a memorandum of understanding, dating from October 2002, detailing a two-day meeting in Libya between Gaddafi's external intelligence agency and two senior heads of SIS and one from MI5 outlining joint plans for "intelligence exchange, counter-terrorism and mutual co-operation".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_onwards">2015 onwards</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2015 onwards">edit</a>]</div> In February 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> reported that MI6 contacted their counterparts in the South African intelligence services to ask for help in recruiting a North Korean "asset" to spy on <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#Nuclear_weapons" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea's nuclear programme</a>. MI6 had contacted the man who had inside information on North Korea's nuclear programme, he considered the offer and wanted to arrange another meeting, but a year passed without MI6 hearing from him, so the outcome is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In July 2020, it was revealed that intelligence officials from a number of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressive regimes</a> received training from senior officials of MI6 and <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> in last two days. In 2019, an 11-day International Intelligence Directors Course was attended by top intelligence officers from 26 countries, including <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and others. A <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> academic, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hedges" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Hedges">Matthew Hedges</a> questioned the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>'s training programme for allowing officials of the UAE, where he was <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detained</a> on false charges and faced psychological <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_and_training">Selection and training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Selection and training">edit</a>]</div> SIS agents are often chosen based on merit and skill by authorities at elite universities and military academies. The chosen recruit then must make a his or hers application within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, must be a <a href="/wiki/British_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="British citizen">British citizen</a> or have been a resident of the UK for at least ten years.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> First, all recruits must pass the basic civil service entry exam before being introduced to a panel of SIS officers during an in-depth <a href="/wiki/Competency-based_interview" class="mw-redirect" title="Competency-based interview">competency-based interview</a>. If the interviewee passes, then finally, a detailed background and security check is provided for each candidate.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-128">[128]</a> Training for recruits takes place at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Monckton" title="Fort Monckton">Fort Monckton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>. The chosen candidates must go through an intense six-month training programme known as the Intelligence Officer's New Entry Course (IONEC). IONEC recruits must learn how to select and handle agents, to operate undercover identity and use tradecraft skills such as dead drops, surveillance and counter-surveillance techniques, secret writing and code writing. These skills would enable the incoming agents to successfully use these techniques during complex missions and operations.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-128">[128]</a> After the training programme ends, recruits will be fully inaugurated as SIS agents. SIS recruits rely on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Special_Forces" title="United Kingdom Special Forces">United Kingdom Special Forces</a> (UKSF) for special operations and basic training, SIS operatives also receive training in firearm use, which includes pistols and submachine guns, although it would be rare for an SIS agents to use or even carry a firearm in the line of duty.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> A special programme for recruits, stemming from an ethnic minority or low socio-economic background, a joint SIS, MI5, GCHQ Summer Intelligence Internship is available. If a would-be recruit is in his or hers final (or penultimate) year of university (as of the 2023/24 academic year) that recruit will be chosen by academics to be admitted into the internship.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramilitary_Group">Paramilitary Group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Paramilitary Group">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/E_Squadron" title="E Squadron">E Squadron</a> is the sole paramilitary group within SIS.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> There is limited information about the squadron in the public domain, and it was not until the 1990s that it was officially recognized by the British government. Although the Government has declassified some information about the squadron, details about its operations generally remain secret. Before the 1990s, the group was known mainly by pseudonym The Increment.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-133">[133]</a> Out of all the British special forces units, E Squadron is a branch of the wider UKSF and many of its combatants are hand-picked to work with the SIS. The group is available for undertaking any task at the requirement of the both UKSF Directorate and SIS. It is manned by operators from the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS), <a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a> (SBS) and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance_Regiment" title="Special Reconnaissance Regiment">Special Reconnaissance Regiment</a> (SRR).<a href="#cite_note-auto5-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salary">Salary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Salary">edit</a>]</div> As of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit">[update]</a>, the salary range for interns and recruits salaries was around £25,000 to £35,000. This would increase about to around £40,000 with the first promotion.<a href="#cite_note-planitplus-134">[134]</a> As of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit">[update]</a>, the starting salary for an agent was £31,807 a year, increasing to £34,385 the second year, with further increases thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-planitplus-134">[134]</a> As of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit">[update]</a>, salaries for SIS agents range from £33,800 to £42,700 a year.<a href="#cite_note-planitplus-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> MI6 personnel are recognised annually by <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> (formerly the Prince of Wales) at the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Intelligence_Community_Awards" title="Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards">Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> alongside members of the <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service</a> (MI5), and <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mayer2016-135">[135]</a> Awards and citations are given to teams within the agencies as well as individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Mayer2016-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commemorations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centenary">Centenary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Centenary">edit</a>]</div> The year 2009 was the centenary of the Secret Intelligence Service.<a href="#cite_note-:0-136">[136]</a> An official history of the first forty years was commissioned to mark the occasion and was published in 2010. To further mark the centenary, the Secret Intelligence Service invited artist James Hart Dyke to become <a href="/wiki/Artist_in_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist in residence">artist in residence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Year_with_MI6">A Year with MI6</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: A Year with MI6">edit</a>]</div> A Year with MI6 was a public art exhibition, showing a collection of paintings and drawings by artist James Hart Dyke to mark the centenary of the Secret Intelligence Service.<a href="#cite_note-:0-136">[136]</a> The project saw Dyke working closely with the SIS for a year, both in the United Kingdom and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The Service allowed Hart Dyke access to enable him to undertake the project, sending him on hostile environment courses to allow him to work in dangerous parts of the world, and admitting him into their <a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">Vauxhall Cross headquarters</a>. The sensitivity of SIS work required Dyke to maintain secrecy, and his access was carefully controlled.<a href="#cite_note-:0-136">[136]</a> The works were exhibited to the public to promote understanding of the SIS's work, and why their operations must remain secret.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-136">[136]</a> The exhibition ran from 15 to 26 February 2011 at the Mount Street Galleries, <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-136">[136]</a> More than 40 original oil paintings and many sketches and studies were exhibited after being screened for security; the content and meaning of some of the paintings was intentionally left ambiguous.<a href="#cite_note-:0-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a>, a Cold War Soviet spy ring <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a> (cryptonym: Johnson), MI5 officer and Soviet agent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a> (cryptonym: Hicks), SIS officer and Soviet agent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cairncross" title="John Cairncross">John Cairncross</a> (cryptonym: Liszt), SIS officer and Soviet agent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a> (cryptonym: Homer), SIS officer and Soviet agent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a> (cryptonym: Stanley), SIS officer and Soviet agent</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">David Cornwell</a> (known as John le Carré), author, former SIS officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fulton_(Party_chairman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Fulton (Party chairman)">Andrew Fulton</a>, chairman of the Scottish Conservative Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Cotton" title="Sidney Cotton">Sidney Cotton</a>, Australian pilot who flew spy missions for MI6 before and during the Second World War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cumming" title="Charles Cumming">Charles Cumming</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukes" title="Paul Dukes">Paul Dukes</a>, SIS officer and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Ellis" title="Dick Ellis">Dick Ellis</a>, SIS officer, author and scholar, deputy to William Stephenson at British Security Co-ordination and credited with setting up the blueprint for Office of Strategic Services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> novels, former <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)">NID</a> officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>, author, former SIS officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hudson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Bill Hudson (British Army officer)">Bill Hudson</a>, SIS agent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izzard" title="Ralph Izzard">Ralph Izzard</a>, journalist, author, former <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)">NID</a> officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Kopkow" title="Horst Kopkow">Horst Kopkow</a>, SS officer who worked for SIS after the Second World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>, playwright, novelist, short-story writer, SIS agent in Switzerland and Russia before the October Revolution of 1917 in the Russian Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Park" title="Daphne Park">Daphne Park</a>, clandestine senior controller, former head of station in Léopoldville.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ko_Popov" title="Duško Popov">Duško Popov</a>, a Second World War double agent; he was the key for operations in Nazi Germany and, as an MI6 agent, he was the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>'s James Bond</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a>, head of the British Security Co-ordination during WWII</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Elizabeth_Thorpe" title="Amy Elizabeth Thorpe">Amy Elizabeth Thorpe</a>, glamorous seductress who gathered information from diplomats during World War II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Tomlinson" title="Richard Tomlinson">Richard Tomlinson</a>, author, former SIS officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Vivian" title="Valentine Vivian">Valentine Vivian</a>, Vice-Chief of SIS and head of <a href="/wiki/Counter-espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">counter-espionage</a>, Section V</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Gareth_Williams" title="Death of Gareth Williams">Gareth Williams</a>, seconded to SIS from GCHQ, died under suspicious circumstances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek" title="Krystyna Skarbek">Krystyna Skarbek</a>, aka Christine Granville, agent in Poland and Eastern Europe; later Special Operations Executive agent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggie_MacKenzie" title="Aggie MacKenzie">Aggie MacKenzie</a>, TV presenter and journalist who spent two years working for MI6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Ramsay,_Baroness_Ramsay_of_Cartvale" title="Meta Ramsay, Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale">Meta Ramsay</a>, former SIS Head of Station, member of the House of Lords</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Reilly" title="Sidney Reilly">Sidney Reilly</a>, Ace of Spies, worked for SIS and others</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Buildings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SIS_headquarters">SIS headquarters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: SIS headquarters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIS_building_(26327425611).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/330px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/495px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/660px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauxhall Cross">Vauxhall Cross</a>, south London, seen from <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Vauxhall Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Since 1995, <a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS headquarters</a> has been at 85 <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauxhall Cross">Vauxhall Cross</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Embankment" title="Albert Embankment">Albert Embankment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall" title="Vauxhall">Vauxhall</a> on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Vauxhall Bridge</a>, London. Previous headquarters have been <a href="/wiki/Century_House,_London" title="Century House, London">Century House</a>, 100 <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge_Road" title="Westminster Bridge Road">Westminster Bridge Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a> (1966–1995),<a href="#cite_note-TelegSep2400-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/54_Broadway" title="54 Broadway">54 Broadway</a>, off <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Street,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Street, London">Victoria Street</a>, London (1924–1966)<a href="#cite_note-TelegSep2400-139">[139]</a> and 2 <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Court" title="Whitehall Court">Whitehall Court</a> (1911–1922).<a href="#cite_note-TelegSep2400-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Although SIS operated from Broadway, it made considerable use of the adjoining <a href="/wiki/St._Ermin%27s_Hotel" title="St. Ermin's Hotel">St. Ermin's Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The new building was designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Terry_Farrell_(architect)" title="Terry Farrell (architect)">Terry Farrell</a> and built by <a href="/wiki/John_Laing_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="John Laing plc">John Laing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The developer Regalian Properties approached the government in 1987 to see if they had any interest in the proposed building. At the same time, the Security Service MI5 was seeking alternative accommodation and co-location of the two services was studied. In the end, this proposal was abandoned due to the lack of buildings of adequate size (existing or proposed) and the security considerations of providing a single target for attacks. In December 1987, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s government approved the purchase of the new building for the SIS.<a href="#cite_note-nao-143">[143]</a> The building design was reviewed to incorporate the necessary protection for the UK's foreign intelligence-gathering agency. This includes overall increased security, extensive computer suites, technical areas, bomb blast protection, emergency back-up systems and protection against electronic eavesdropping. While the details and cost of construction have been released, about ten years after the original <a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Audit Office (United Kingdom)">National Audit Office</a> (NAO) report was written, some of the service's special requirements remain classified. The NAO report Thames House and Vauxhall Cross has certain details omitted, describing in detail the cost and problems of certain modifications, but not what these are.<a href="#cite_note-nao-143">[143]</a> Rob Humphrey's London: The Rough Guide suggests one of these omitted modifications is <a href="/wiki/Tunnels_underneath_the_River_Thames" title="Tunnels underneath the River Thames">a tunnel beneath the Thames</a> to <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>. The NAO put the final cost at £135.05 million for site purchase and the basic building, or £152.6 million including the service's special requirements.<a href="#cite_note-nao-143">[143]</a> On the evening of 20 September 2000, <a href="/wiki/2000_MI6_attack" title="2000 MI6 attack">the building was attacked</a> using a Russian-built <a href="/wiki/RPG-22" title="RPG-22">RPG-22</a> anti-tank rocket launcher. Striking the eighth floor, the missile caused only superficial damage. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Anti-Terrorist_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch">Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch</a> attributed responsibility to the <a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="James_Bond_films">James Bond films</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: James Bond films">edit</a>]</div> The SIS Headquarters is featured in the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_filmography" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond filmography">James Bond films</a> <a href="/wiki/GoldenEye" title="GoldenEye">GoldenEye</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Not_Enough" title="The World Is Not Enough">The World Is Not Enough</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Die_Another_Day" title="Die Another Day">Die Another Day</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/Skyfall" title="Skyfall">Skyfall</a> (2012), and <a href="/wiki/Spectre_(2015_film)" title="Spectre (2015 film)">Spectre</a> (2015). The SIS allowed filming of the building itself for the first time in The World Is Not Enough for the pre-credits sequence, where a bomb hidden in a briefcase full of money is detonated inside the building, blowing out an exterior wall. A Daily Telegraph article stated that the British government opposed the filming, but this was denied by a <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a> spokesperson. In Skyfall, the building is once again attacked by an explosion, this time by a cyber attack turning on a gas line and igniting the fumes. The blast results in the death of eight MI6 agents, and after the attack, SIS operations are moved to a secret underground facility.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In Spectre, the building has been abandoned and is due for demolition. The head of crime organisation <a href="/wiki/SPECTRE" title="SPECTRE">SPECTRE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stavro_Blofeld" title="Ernst Stavro Blofeld">Ernst Stavro Blofeld</a>, traps <a href="/wiki/00_Agent" title="00 Agent">Agent 007</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> alongside the film's <a href="/wiki/Bond_girl" title="Bond girl">Bond girl</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Swann" title="Madeleine Swann">Madeleine Swann</a> inside the ruins of the building. Blofeld then detonated bombs planted in the building, demolishing what was left of it, though Bond managed to save Swann and escape before the explosion.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_buildings">Other buildings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other buildings">edit</a>]</div> Most other buildings are held or nominally occupied by the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. They include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanslope_Park" title="Hanslope Park">Hanslope Park</a>: on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> housing <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government_Communications_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Government Communications Centre">His Majesty's Government Communications Centre</a>, which supports the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and the British intelligence community.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Monckton" title="Fort Monckton">Fort Monckton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>: a former fort dating from the 1780s, rebuilt in the 1880s, is now the field operations training centre for SIS.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Club" title="Special Forces Club">Special Forces Club</a>: a private club in <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a> catering exclusively to members, both current and retired, of the intelligence services in Britain and abroad, along with the Special Air Service (SAS).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Circus">The Circus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The Circus">edit</a>]</div> MI6 is nicknamed The Circus. Some say this was coined by <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a> (former SIS officer David Cornwell) in his espionage novels and named after a fictional building on <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Circus,_London" title="Cambridge Circus, London">Cambridge Circus</a>. (In le Carré's universe, "The Circus", the highest command body of the agency, is a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> for the agency itself.) <a href="/wiki/Leo_Marks" title="Leo Marks">Leo Marks</a> explains in his World War II memoir <a href="/wiki/Between_Silk_and_Cyanide" title="Between Silk and Cyanide">Between Silk and Cyanide</a> that the name arose because a section of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) was housed in a building at 1 <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Square" title="Dorset Square">Dorset Square</a>, London, which had formerly belonged to the directors of <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Mills" title="Bertram Mills">Bertram Mills</a> circus.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chiefs">Chiefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chiefs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service">Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service</a></div> <ul><li>1909–1923: Sir <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Smith-Cumming" title="Mansfield Smith-Cumming">Mansfield Smith-Cumming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">CB</a></li> <li>1923–1939: Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair" title="Hugh Sinclair">Hugh Sinclair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">KCB</a></li> <li>1939–1952: Major General Sir <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Menzies" title="Stewart Menzies">Stewart Menzies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">KCB</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a></li> <li>1953–1956: Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Sinclair (British Army officer)">John Sinclair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">CB</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></li> <li>1956–1968: Sir <a href="/wiki/Dick_White" title="Dick White">Richard White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">KBE</a></li> <li>1968–1973: Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_(MI6_officer)" title="John Rennie (MI6 officer)">John Rennie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a></li> <li>1973–1978: Sir <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Oldfield" title="Maurice Oldfield">Maurice Oldfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></li> <li>1979–1982: Sir <a href="/wiki/Dick_Franks" title="Dick Franks">Dick Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a></li> <li>1982–1985: Sir <a href="/wiki/Colin_Figures" title="Colin Figures">Colin Figures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></li> <li>1985–1989: Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Curwen" title="Christopher Curwen">Christopher Curwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a></li> <li>1989–1994: Sir <a href="/wiki/Colin_McColl" title="Colin McColl">Colin McColl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a></li> <li>1994–1999: Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Spedding" title="David Spedding">David Spedding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">CVO</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></li> <li>1999–2004: Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dearlove" title="Richard Dearlove">Richard Dearlove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></li> <li>2004–2009: Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Scarlett" title="John Scarlett">John Scarlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></li> <li>2009–2014: Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Sawers" title="John Sawers">John Sawers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></li> <li>2014–2020: Sir <a href="/wiki/Alex_Younger" title="Alex Younger">Alex Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a></li> <li>2020–: Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Moore_(diplomat)" title="Richard Moore (diplomat)">Richard Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">British intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_espionage" title="History of espionage">History of espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Security_Co-ordination" title="British Security Co-ordination">British Security Co-ordination</a>, the WWII operation headed by <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a> in the Americas, set up by MI6</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_X" title="Camp X">Camp X</a>, training facility in Canada for clandestine operators during WWII</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_2021-2022_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_2021-2022_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isc.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ISC-Annual-Report-2021%E2%80%932022.pdf">"Annual Report 2021–2022"</a> (PDF), Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415103405/https://www.sis.gov.uk/about-us/the-chief.html">"The Chief"</a>. SIS – MI6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sis.gov.uk/about-us/the-chief.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chief&rft.pub=SIS+%E2%80%93+MI6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-chief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2016" class="citation web cs1">Whitehead, Jennifer (15 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sis.gov.uk/our-mission.html">"Our mission"</a>. SIS. 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Retrieved 10 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brand+Republic&rft.atitle=MI6+to+boost+recruitment+prospects+with+launch+of+first+website&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandrepublic.com%2Fnews%2F521906%2Fmi6-boost-recruitment-prospects-launch-first-website%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isc.independent.gov.uk/">"The Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament"</a>. ISC. Parliament. 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Barnsley: Pen and Sword. pp. Chapter 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7"><bdi>978-1-47383-377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Nazi+Occupation%3A+British+Resistance+1939+%E2%80%93+1945&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=Chapter+4&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47383-377-7&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett20184-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett20184_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett20184_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2018">Bennett 2018</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett20181-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett20181_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2018">Bennett 2018</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2018223-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2018223_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2018">Bennett 2018</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinlanWalton2011">Quinlan & Walton 2011</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211–212-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211–212_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211–212_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011211–212_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinlanWalton2011">Quinlan & Walton 2011</a>, p. 211–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011212_45-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinlanWalton2011">Quinlan & Walton 2011</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000214-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrich2000214_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldrich2000">Aldrich 2000</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffery2010">Jeffery 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_bZZIVf5YxAC&pg=PA302">302</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011213_48-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinlanWalton2011">Quinlan & Walton 2011</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinlanWalton2011">Quinlan & Walton 2011</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214–215-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinlanWalton2011214–215_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinlanWalton2011">Quinlan & Walton 2011</a>, p. 214–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2011253–254-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2011253–254_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2011253–254_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2011">Young 2011</a>, p. 253–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2011253-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2011253_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2011">Young 2011</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2011254-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2011254_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2011">Young 2011</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998138-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998138_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998138_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Ralph Erskine: The Poles Reveal their Secrets – Alastair Dennistons's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry. Cryptologia. Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia PA 30.2006,4, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Welchman" title="Gordon Welchman">Gordon Welchman</a>, who became head of <a href="/wiki/Hut_6" title="Hut 6">Hut 6</a> at Bletchley Park, has written: "Hut 6 <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use." <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Welchman" title="Gordon Welchman">Gordon Welchman</a>, The Hut Six Story, 1982, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine, and the term "Ultra" has often been used almost synonymously with "<a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">Enigma decrypts</a>". Ultra also encompassed decrypts of the German <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_cipher" title="Lorenz cipher">Lorenz SZ 40 and 42 machines</a> that were used by the German High Command, and decrypts of <a href="/wiki/C-36_(cipher_machine)" title="C-36 (cipher machine)">Hagelin ciphers</a> and other Italian ciphers and codes, as well as of Japanese ciphers and codes such as <a href="/wiki/Purple_(cipher_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (cipher machine)">Purple</a> and <a href="/wiki/JN-25" class="mw-redirect" title="JN-25">JN-25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollettMoney1987" class="citation news cs1">Follett, Ken; Money, Paper (27 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DF1E3EF934A15751C1A961948260">"The Oldest Boy of British Intelligence"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Boy+of+British+Intelligence&rft.date=1987-12-27&rft.aulast=Follett&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Money%2C+Paper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B0DE2DF1E3EF934A15751C1A961948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2022v-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2022v_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRidley2022">Ridley 2022</a>, p. v. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2022ix-x-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2022ix-x_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2022ix-x_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRidley2022">Ridley 2022</a>, p. ix-x. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709062738/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-04/20/turing-papers">"GCHQ releases Alan Turing's secret wartime papers"</a>. 20 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-04/20/turing-papers">the original</a> on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCHQ+releases+Alan+Turing%27s+secret+wartime+papers&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2012-04%2F20%2Fturing-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinterbotham1974154,_191-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinterbotham1974154,_191_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinterbotham1974">Winterbotham 1974</a>, pp. 154, 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-aphc-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aphc_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aphc_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1500020078">"The report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee. Volume 1 intelligence co-operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War"</a>. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museums&rft.atitle=The+report+of+the+Anglo-Polish+Historical+Committee.+Volume+1+intelligence+co-operation+between+Poland+and+Great+Britain+during+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fitem%2Fobject%2F1500020078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochanski2012" class="citation book cs1">Kochanski, Halik (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC&pg=PA234">The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06816-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06816-2"><bdi>978-0-674-06816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+Unbowed%3A+Poland+and+the+Poles+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06816-2&rft.aulast=Kochanski&rft.aufirst=Halik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJ5vIyDBpLcC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google1_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google1_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochanski2014" class="citation book cs1">Kochanski, Halik (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC&pg=PA234">The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2012/01/beaulieu/?doing_wp_cron=1341174231.7020881175994873046875">the original</a> on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beaulieu&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageandhistory.com%2Fcontents1a%2F2012%2F01%2Fbeaulieu%2F%3Fdoing_wp_cron%3D1341174231.7020881175994873046875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynewulf_Robbins1990" class="citation web cs1">Cynewulf Robbins, Ron (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110625161022/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/component/content/article/53-finest-hour-67/691-great-contemporaries-sir-william-stephenson-qintrepidq">"Great Contemporaries: Sir William Stephenson, "Intrepid""</a>. Sir Winston Churchill. The International Churchill Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/component/content/article/53-finest-hour-67/691-great-contemporaries-sir-william-stephenson-qintrepidq">the original</a> on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2017. <q>Churchill launched Stephenson on his spymaster career by appointing him to head the British Security Co-ordination Service in New York before the United States had entered the Second World War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sir+Winston+Churchill&rft.atitle=Great+Contemporaries%3A+Sir+William+Stephenson%2C+%22Intrepid%22&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cynewulf+Robbins&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F53-finest-hour-67%2F691-great-contemporaries-sir-william-stephenson-qintrepidq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715014244/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/the-intrepid-life-of-sir-william-stephenson.html">"The Intrepid Life of Sir William Stephenson"</a>. CIA News & Information. Central Intelligence Agency. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/the-intrepid-life-of-sir-william-stephenson.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2019. 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Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review+of+Intelligence+on+weapons+of+mass+destruction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimage.guardian.co.uk%2Fsys-files%2FPolitics%2Fdocuments%2F2004%2F07%2F14%2Fbutler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753828332" title="Special:BookSources/0753828332">0753828332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753828335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753828335">978-0753828335</a>, p.313 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753828332" title="Special:BookSources/0753828332">0753828332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753828335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753828335">978-0753828335</a>, p.313-314 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Dirty Diplomacy, 2007, Craig Murray, Scribner. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753828332" title="Special:BookSources/0753828332">0753828332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753828335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753828335">978-0753828335</a>, p.335 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Farrell, Theo, Unwinnable: Britain's War in Afghanistan, 2001–2014, Bodley Head, 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1847923461" title="Special:BookSources/1847923461">1847923461</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847923462" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847923462">978-1847923462</a>, P.82 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753828332" title="Special:BookSources/0753828332">0753828332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753828335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753828335">978-0753828335</a>, p.338 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0790-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0790-8">978-1-4728-0790-8</a>, p.75 </li> <li id="cite_note-corera-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corera_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corera_102-1">b</a> Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753828332" title="Special:BookSources/0753828332">0753828332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753828335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753828335">978-0753828335</a>, p.339 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rufford-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rufford_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rufford_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRufford2003" class="citation news cs1">Rufford, Nicholas (28 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/revealed-how-mi6-sold-the-iraq-war-r5xpjg5d99x">"Revealed: how SIS sold the Iraq war"</a>. The Sunday Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+how+SIS+sold+the+Iraq+war&rft.date=2003-12-28&rft.aulast=Rufford&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Frevealed-how-mi6-sold-the-iraq-war-r5xpjg5d99x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3227506.stm">"MI6 ran 'dubious' Iraq campaign"</a>. BBC News. 21 November 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MI6+ran+%27dubious%27+Iraq+campaign&rft.date=2003-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F3227506.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urban_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_105-1">b</a> Urban, Mark, Task Force Black: The Explosive True Story of the Secret Special Forces War in Iraq , St. Martin's Griffin, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1250006961" title="Special:BookSources/1250006961">1250006961</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250006967" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250006967">978-1250006967</a>, pp.10–11, p.13, p.15, p.18–19, p.50-55, p.56-57, p.67-68, p.95-96, p.101, p.249 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753828332" title="Special:BookSources/0753828332">0753828332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753828335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753828335">978-0753828335</a>, p.399-400 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753828332" title="Special:BookSources/0753828332">0753828332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753828335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753828335">978-0753828335</a>, p.351 </li> <li id="cite_note-Radnedge-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radnedge_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radnedge_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadnedge" class="citation news cs1">Radnedge, Aidan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.co.uk/news/881971-mi6-thwarted-attacks-on-libya-rebel-forces-by-gaddafi-regime">"MI6 thwarted attacks on Libya rebel forces by Gaddafi regime"</a>. Metro. Retrieved 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=MI6+thwarted+attacks+on+Libya+rebel+forces+by+Gaddafi+regime&rft.aulast=Radnedge&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.co.uk%2Fnews%2F881971-mi6-thwarted-attacks-on-libya-rebel-forces-by-gaddafi-regime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/21/britons-arrested-afghanistan-taliban?INTCMP=SRCH">"'British Taliban' arrested in Afghanistan"</a>. The Guardian. 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27British+Taliban%27+arrested+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjul%2F21%2Fbritons-arrested-afghanistan-taliban%3FINTCMP%3DSRCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8652626/British-couple-captured-in-Afghanistan-were-planning-attacks-in-UK.html">"British couple captured in Afghanistan 'were planning attacks in UK'"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 21 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8652626/British-couple-captured-in-Afghanistan-were-planning-attacks-in-UK.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=British+couple+captured+in+Afghanistan+%27were+planning+attacks+in+UK%27&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fterrorism-in-the-uk%2F8652626%2FBritish-couple-captured-in-Afghanistan-were-planning-attacks-in-UK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753828332" title="Special:BookSources/0753828332">0753828332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753828335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753828335">978-0753828335</a>, p.351-352 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/10392691/MI6-demands-more-spies-in-Afghanistan-to-fight-terrorism.html">"MI6 demands more spies in Afghanistan to fight terrorism"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 20 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/10392691/MI6-demands-more-spies-in-Afghanistan-to-fight-terrorism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MI6+demands+more+spies+in+Afghanistan+to+fight+terrorism&rft.date=2013-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fterrorism-in-the-uk%2F10392691%2FMI6-demands-more-spies-in-Afghanistan-to-fight-terrorism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/25/sas-deployed-libya-start-year-leaked-memo-king-abdullah">"SAS deployed in Libya since start of year, says leaked memo"</a>. The Guardian. 25 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=SAS+deployed+in+Libya+since+start+of+year%2C+says+leaked+memo&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmar%2F25%2Fsas-deployed-libya-start-year-leaked-memo-king-abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/defence-and-security-blog/2016/apr/11/uk-special-forces-and-mi6-involved-in-yemen-bombing-report-reveals">"UK special forces and MI6 involved in Yemen bombing, report reveals"</a>. The Guardian. 11 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+special+forces+and+MI6+involved+in+Yemen+bombing%2C+report+reveals&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence-and-security-blog%2F2016%2Fapr%2F11%2Fuk-special-forces-and-mi6-involved-in-yemen-bombing-report-reveals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/sas-special-forces-hit-list-iraq-syria-isis-terrorist-attacks-drones-a7400756.html">"SAS in Iraq given 'kill list' of 200 British jihadis to take out"</a>. The Independent. 6 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=SAS+in+Iraq+given+%27kill+list%27+of+200+British+jihadis+to+take+out&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsas-special-forces-hit-list-iraq-syria-isis-terrorist-attacks-drones-a7400756.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfo.ac.uk/collections/records/0013-0000-7576-0000-0-0000-0000-0.html">"Hutton Inquiry: Day 9: John Scarlett gives evidence"</a>. NFO. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hutton+Inquiry%3A+Day+9%3A+John+Scarlett+gives+evidence&rft.pub=NFO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfo.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Frecords%2F0013-0000-7576-0000-0-0000-0000-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-MI6_spies_exposed_by_Balkan_rivals-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MI6_spies_exposed_by_Balkan_rivals_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI6_spies_exposed_by_Balkan_rivals_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI6_spies_exposed_by_Balkan_rivals_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bosnia/1472756/MI6-spies-exposed-by-Balkan-rivals.html">"MI6 spies exposed by Balkan rivals"</a>. The Telegraph. 27 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bosnia/1472756/MI6-spies-exposed-by-Balkan-rivals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MI6+spies+exposed+by+Balkan+rivals&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fbosnia%2F1472756%2FMI6-spies-exposed-by-Balkan-rivals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2006" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Philip (16 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1534306/MI6-licensed-to-thrill-listeners-to-Radio-1.html">"MI6 licensed to thrill listeners to Radio 1"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1534306/MI6-licensed-to-thrill-listeners-to-Radio-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MI6+licensed+to+thrill+listeners+to+Radio+1&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1534306%2FMI6-licensed-to-thrill-listeners-to-Radio-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-20090616-119"><a href="#cite_ref-times-20090616_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Evans2009" class="citation news cs1">Michael Evans (16 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6511372.ece">"Outsider Sir John Sawers appointed new head of MI6"</a>. The Times. Retrieved 16 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Outsider+Sir+John+Sawers+appointed+new+head+of+MI6&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft.au=Michael+Evans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle6511372.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-258530473/romanian-president-meet-british.html">"Romanian president meet with British MI6 head in London"</a>. BBC Monitoring International Reports. 9 June 2011. 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The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/11430711/MI6-tried-to-recruit-North-Korean-man-to-spy-on-nuclear-programme.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MI6+tried+to+recruit+North+Korean+man+to+spy+on+nuclear+programme&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fnorthkorea%2F11430711%2FMI6-tried-to-recruit-North-Korean-man-to-spy-on-nuclear-programme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-07-27-revealed-mi5-and-mi6-are-training-senior-spies-from-saudi-arabia-uae-and-egypt/">"Revealed: MI5 and MI6 are training senior spies from Saudi Arabia, UAE and Egypt"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=One+in+the+eye+for+the+Vauxhall+Trollop&rft.date=2000-09-24&rft.au=Alan+Judd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2F4255238%2FOne-in-the-eye-for-the-Vauxhall-Trollop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton-Taylor2015" class="citation news cs1">Norton-Taylor, Richard (31 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/30/sir-mansfield-cumming-first-chief-of-mi6-commemorated-with-a-blue-plaque">"Sir Mansfield Cumming, first MI6 chief, commemorated with blue plaque"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sir+Mansfield+Cumming%2C+first+MI6+chief%2C+commemorated+with+blue+plaque&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Norton-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2015%2Fmar%2F30%2Fsir-mansfield-cumming-first-chief-of-mi6-commemorated-with-a-blue-plaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/st-ermins-hotel-london-spy-base-180962675/">"This Luxury Hotel in London Was Once a Secret Spy Base"</a>. Smithsonian. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Luxury+Hotel+in+London+Was+Once+a+Secret+Spy+Base&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft.date=2017-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fst-ermins-hotel-london-spy-base-180962675%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008221106/http://www.lindner-schmidlin.com/ls_vauxhall_cross.Lindner?ActiveID=6345">"Lindner Schmidlin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lindner-schmidlin.com/ls_vauxhall_cross.Lindner?ActiveID=6345">the original</a> on 8 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lindner+Schmidlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lindner-schmidlin.com%2Fls_vauxhall_cross.Lindner%3FActiveID%3D6345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nao-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nao_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nao_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nao_143-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nao.org.uk/system_pages/idoc.ashx?docid=0509718d-1528-499b-9d87-a2ced5f41a45&version=-1">Thames House and Vauxhall Cross</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607011836/http://www.nao.org.uk/system_pages/idoc.ashx?docid=0509718d-1528-499b-9d87-a2ced5f41a45&version=-1">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, 18 February 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/934937.stm">"'Rocket' theory over MI6 blast"</a>. BBC. 21 September 2000. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Rocket%27+theory+over+MI6+blast&rft.date=2000-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F934937.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://film.guardian.co.uk/Column/0,4541,45454,00.html">"Bond is backed... by the government"</a>. The Guardian. London. 27 April 1999. Retrieved 29 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bond+is+backed...+by+the+government&rft.date=1999-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilm.guardian.co.uk%2FColumn%2F0%2C4541%2C45454%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128090846/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/Spectre.html#.VokuEBWLQdU">"Spectre"</a>. Movie locations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/Spectre.html#.VokuEBWLQdU">the original</a> on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spectre&rft.pub=Movie+locations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movie-locations.com%2Fmovies%2Fs%2FSpectre.html%23.VokuEBWLQdU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Cobain_and_Richard_Norton-Taylor2012" class="citation news cs1">Ian Cobain and Richard Norton-Taylor (18 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/apr/18/sins-colonialists-concealed-secret-archive">"Sins of colonialists lay concealed for decades in secret archive"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sins+of+colonialists+lay+concealed+for+decades+in+secret+archive&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft.au=Ian+Cobain+and+Richard+Norton-Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2012%2Fapr%2F18%2Fsins-colonialists-concealed-secret-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Tomlinson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Tomlinson" title="Richard Tomlinson">Richard Tomlinson</a> (2001). The Big Breach: From Top Secret to Maximum Security. Mainstream Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903813-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903813-01-0"><bdi>978-1-903813-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Breach%3A+From+Top+Secret+to+Maximum+Security&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-903813-01-0&rft.au=Richard+Tomlinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Lett2016" class="citation book cs1">Brian Lett (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpO0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257">"28 – Did the SOE refuse to die?"</a>. SOE's Mastermind: The Authorised Biography of Major General Sir Colin Gubbins KCMG, DSO, MC. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 256–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47386383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47386383-5"><bdi>978-1-47386383-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953834421">953834421</a>. Retrieved 18 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28+%E2%80%93+Did+the+SOE+refuse+to+die%3F&rft.btitle=SOE%27s+Mastermind%3A+The+Authorised+Biography+of+Major+General+Sir+Colin+Gubbins+KCMG%2C+DSO%2C+MC&rft.pages=256-57&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953834421&rft.isbn=978-1-47386383-5&rft.au=Brian+Lett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpO0DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2007" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Leo (2007). Between Silk and Cyanide. The History Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75094835-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75094835-7"><bdi>978-0-75094835-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Silk+and+Cyanide&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-75094835-7&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: General bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aldrich, Richard J. (2006). The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence, London, John Murray, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-274-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-274-2">1-58567-274-2</a></li> <li>Aldrich, Richard J. and Rory Cormac (2016). The Black Door: Spies, Secret Intelligence and British Prime Ministers, London, Collins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00755544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00755544-4">978-0-00755544-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkin2015" class="citation book cs1">Atkin, Malcolm (2015). Fighting Nazi Occupation: British Resistance 1939–1945. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7"><bdi>978-1-47383-377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Nazi+Occupation%3A+British+Resistance+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47383-377-7&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2018" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Gill (2018). The Zinoviev Letter The Conspiracy that Never Dies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191080098" title="Special:BookSources/9780191080098"><bdi>9780191080098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zinoviev+Letter+The+Conspiracy+that+Never+Dies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780191080098&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bethell, N. (1984). The Great Betrayal: the Untold Story of Kim Philby's Biggest Coup, London, Hodder & Stoughton, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-34035701-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-34035701-9">978-0-34035701-9</a>.</li> <li>Borovik, G. (1994). The Philby Files, London, Little and Brown. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316102841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316102841">978-0316102841</a>.</li> <li>Bower, Tom. (1995). The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War, 1939–90, London, Heinemann, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74932332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74932332-5">978-0-74932332-5</a>.</li> <li>Bristow, Desmond with Bill Bristow (1993). A Game of Moles: the Deceptions of an MI6 Officer, London, Little, Brown, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-031690335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-031690335-6">978-031690335-6</a>.</li> <li>Cave Brown, A. (1987). "C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill, Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02049131-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02049131-6">978-0-02049131-6</a>.</li> <li>Cavendish, A. (1990). Inside Intelligence, HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00215742-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00215742-1">978-0-00215742-1</a>.</li> <li>Corera, G. (2013). The Art of Betrayal: The Secret History of MI6, Pegasus Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45327159-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45327159-9">978-1-45327159-9</a>.</li> <li>Cormac, Rory (2018). Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy, Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Davies, Philip H. J. (2004). MI6 and the Machinery of Spying London: Frank Cass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8363-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8363-9">0-7146-8363-9</a> (h/b).</li> <li>Davies, Philip H. J. (2005). 'The Machinery of Spying Breaks Down' in Studies in Intelligence, Summer 2005 Declassified Edition.</li> <li>Deacon, Richard (1985). "C": A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, Macdonald, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35610400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35610400-3">978-0-35610400-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorril" title="Stephen Dorril">Dorril, Stephen</a> (2001). MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations, London: Fourth Estate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85702-701-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85702-701-9">1-85702-701-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2023" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Jesse (2023). The Eagle in the Mirror. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108"><bdi>9781785305108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+in+the+Mirror&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Black+%26+White+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781785305108&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2015" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2015). The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945. London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2"><bdi>978-0-00-750374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War%3A+Spies%2C+Codes+and+Guerrillas+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-00-750374-2&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hayes, P. (2015). Queen of Spies: Daphne Park, Britain's Cold War Spy Master, Duckworth, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71565043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71565043-1">978-0-71565043-1</a>.</li> <li>Hermiston, R. (2014). The Greatest Traitor: the Secret Lives of Agent George Blake, London, Aurum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78131046-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78131046-5">978-1-78131046-5</a>.</li> <li>Humphrey, Rob (1999). London: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-404-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-404-X">1-85828-404-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jeffery_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Jeffery (historian)">Jeffery, Keith</a> (2010). MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9183-2"><bdi>978-0-7475-9183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MI6%3A+The+History+of+the+Secret+Intelligence+Service%2C+1909%E2%80%931949&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-9183-2&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Judd, Alan (1999). The quest for C : Sir Mansfield Cumming and the founding of the British Secret Service. London: HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255901-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255901-3">0-00-255901-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2022" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (2022). Sidney Reilly Master Spy. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300248265" title="Special:BookSources/9780300248265"><bdi>9780300248265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidney+Reilly+Master+Spy&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780300248265&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarAllen1998" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Allen, Thomas (1998). The Spy Book The Encyclopedia of Espionage. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70249-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-70249-0"><bdi>0-375-70249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spy+Book+The+Encyclopedia+of+Espionage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-375-70249-0&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Allen%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinlanWalton2011" class="citation book cs1">Quinlan, Kevin; Walton, Calder (2011). "Missed Opportunities? Intelligence and the British Road to War". In Frank McDonough (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War. London: Continuum. pp. 205–222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Missed+Opportunities%3F+Intelligence+and+the+British+Road+to+War&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=205-222&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Quinlan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Walton%2C+Calder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinlan2014" class="citation book cs1">Quinlan, Kevin (2014). The Secret War Between the Wars: MI5 in the 1920s and the 1930s. Bowyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-938-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-938-5"><bdi>978-1-84383-938-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War+Between+the+Wars%3A+MI5+in+the+1920s+and+the+1930s&rft.pub=Bowyer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-938-5&rft.aulast=Quinlan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Read, Anthony, and David Fisher (1984). Colonel Z: The Life and Times of a Master of Spies (London: Hodder and Stoughton 1984).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich2000" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Richard (2000). Intelligence and the War Against Japan Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521641869" title="Special:BookSources/9780521641869"><bdi>9780521641869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+the+War+Against+Japan+Britain%2C+America+and+the+Politics+of+Secret+Service&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521641869&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley2022" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Norman (2022). The Venlo Sting MI6's Deadly Fiasco. Barnsley: Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781636242088" title="Special:BookSources/9781636242088"><bdi>9781636242088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venlo+Sting+MI6%27s+Deadly+Fiasco&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781636242088&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Seeger, Kirsten Olstrup (2008). Friendly Fire (DK) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7799-193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7799-193-6">978-87-7799-193-6</a>. A biography of the author's father who was a member of the Danish resistance during the Second World War.</li> <li>Smith, Michael (2010). SIX: A History of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service Pt 1 Murder and Mayhem 1909–1939, London: Dialogue, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906447-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906447-00-7">978-1-906447-00-7</a>.</li> <li>Smiley, Colonel David (1994). Irregular Regular. Norwich: Editions Michael Russell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85955-202-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85955-202-0">0-85955-202-0</a>. An autobiography of a British officer, honorary colonel of the Royal Horse Guards, David de Crespigny Smiley LVO, OBE, MC, who served in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> during World War II (Albania, Thailand) and was a MI6 officer after the war (Poland, Malta, Oman, Yemen).</li> <li>Tomlinson, Richard; Nick Fielding (2001). The Big Breach: From Top Secret to Maximum Security. Mainstream Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903813-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-903813-01-8">1-903813-01-8</a>.</li> <li>Vilasi, Colonna A. (2013). The History of MI-6, Penguin Group Publishing, UK/USA Release.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2011" class="citation book cs1">Young, Robert (2011). "A Very English Channel: Britain and French Appeasement". In Frank McDonough (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War. London: Continuum. pp. 238–261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Very+English+Channel%3A+Britain+and+French+Appeasement&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=238-261&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Walton, Calder (2012). Empire of Secrets. London: Harperpress. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00745796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00745796-0">978-0-00745796-0</a>.</li> <li>West, Nigel (1988). The Friends: Britain's Post-war Secret Intelligence Operations, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29779430-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29779430-1">978-0-29779430-1</a>.</li> <li>West, Nigel (2006). At Her Majesty's Secret Service: The Chiefs of Britain's Intelligence Agency, MI6. London, Greenhill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367702-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367702-1">978-1-85367702-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterbotham1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Winterbotham" title="F. W. Winterbotham">Winterbotham, F. W.</a> (1974). The Ultra Secret. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014678-8"><bdi>978-0-06-014678-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultra+Secret&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-06-014678-8&rft.aulast=Winterbotham&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MI6&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Secret_Intelligence_Service_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Secret Intelligence Service of the United Kingdom">Secret Intelligence Service of the United Kingdom</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sis.gov.uk/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184560#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825075055/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1059736061019">"Information about SIS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1059736061019">the original</a> on 25 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+about+SIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fservlet%2FFront%3Fpagename%3DOpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage%26c%3DPage%26cid%3D1059736061019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI6" class="Z3988"> from the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a>'s website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theoneshow/consumer/2008/09/23/exclusive-justin-at-spy-hq.html">BBC interview with MI6 spy.</a> BBC's The One show presenter interviews MI6 spy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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agencies">United Kingdom intelligence agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Domestic intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service</a> (MI5) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Protective_Security_Authority" title="National Protective Security Authority">National Protective Security Authority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a> (NCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">National Ballistics Intelligence Service</a> (NBIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fraud_Intelligence_Bureau" title="National Fraud Intelligence Bureau">National Fraud Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Specialist_Operations" title="Specialist Operations">Specialist Operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Command" title="Counter Terrorism Command">Counter Terrorism Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counter_Terrorism_Policing_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="National Counter Terrorism Policing Network">National Counter Terrorism Policing Network</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Foreign intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">Defence Intelligence</a> (DI) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Training_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Intelligence Training Group">Joint Intelligence Training Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Intelligence Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Support_Group" title="Joint Support Group">Joint Support Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade">1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">RAF Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Commando_Information_Exploitation_Group" title="30 Commando Information Exploitation Group">30 Commando Information Exploitation Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">National Cyber Security Centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence assessment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Organisation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Organisation (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Organisation</a> (JIO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Analysis_Centre" title="Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre">Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre</a> (JTAC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy and Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Committee</a> (JIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Council (United Kingdom)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Adviser (United Kingdom)">National Security Adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Security_and_Counter-Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism">Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chiefs of Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Strategic Command (United Kingdom)">Strategic Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Intelligence_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Intelligence Account">Single Intelligence Account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Strategy_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Strategy (United Kingdom)">National Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Review and Oversight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament" title="Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament">Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Reviewer_of_Terrorism_Legislation" title="Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation">Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner" title="Investigatory Powers Commissioner">Investigatory Powers Commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MI1" title="MI1">MI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI2" title="MI2">MI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI3" title="MI3">MI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI4" title="MI4">MI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI7" title="MI7">MI7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI8" title="MI8">MI8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI9" title="MI9">MI9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI10" title="MI10">MI10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI11" title="MI11">MI11</a></li> <li>MI12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI14" title="MI14">MI14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI15" title="MI15">MI15</a></li> <li>MI16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI17" title="MI17">MI17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI19" title="MI19">MI19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Department_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Department (United Kingdom)">Naval Intelligence Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)">Naval Intelligence Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Room_40" title="Room 40">Room 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._30_Commando" title="No. 30 Commando">No. 30 Commando</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Wireless_Service" title="Diplomatic Wireless Service">Diplomatic Wireless Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_Combined_Bureau" title="Far East Combined Bureau">Far East Combined Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Research_Unit" title="Force Research Unit">Force Research Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance_Unit" title="Special Reconnaissance Unit">Special Reconnaissance Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Reaction_Force" title="Military Reaction Force">Military Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Template:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office_Main_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building">Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanslope_Park" title="Hanslope Park">Hanslope Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House" title="Lancaster House">Lancaster House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office#Ministers" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Development" title="Minister of State for Development">Minister of State for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Indo-Pacific" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Indo-Pacific">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Minister of State for Overseas Territories, Commonwealth, Energy, Climate and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Middle_East,_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe,_North_America_and_Overseas_Territories" title="Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories">Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Latin_America_and_Caribbean" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Latin America and Caribbean">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Latin America and Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" title="Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Park" title="Wilton Park">Wilton Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">non-departmental public bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scholarship_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scholarship Commission">Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain%E2%80%93China_Centre" title="Great Britain–China Centre">Great Britain–China Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Aid_Commemoration_Commission" title="Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission">Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Foundation_for_Democracy" title="Westminster Foundation for Democracy">Westminster Foundation for Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_for_Aid_Impact" title="Independent Commission for Aid Impact">Independent Commission for Aid Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_International_Investment" title="British International Investment">British International Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevening_Scholarship" title="Chevening Scholarship">Chevening Scholarship Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCDO_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="FCDO Services">FCDO Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">Government Communications Headquarters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secret Intelligence Service/MI6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Category:Department of Health and Social Care">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies_in_Europe" title="Template:National intelligence agencies in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_intelligence_agencies_in_Europe" title="Template talk:National intelligence agencies in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_intelligence_agencies_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National intelligence agencies in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_intelligence_agencies_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">intelligence agencies</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a>)</li> <li>Armenia (<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a>)</li> <li>Austria (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Azerbaijan)">XKX</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a>)</li> <li>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a>)</li> <li>Bulgaria (<a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Agency_(Bulgaria)" title="State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)">DAR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ÚZSI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a>)</li> <li>Estonia (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>)</li> <li>Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">BND</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Információs Hivatal">IH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a>)</li> <li>Kazakhstan (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a>)</li> <li>Latvia (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Satversmes_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_birojs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satversmes aizsardzības birojs (page does not exist)">SAB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a>)</li> <li>Moldova (<a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a>)</li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia (<a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Security_and_Counterintelligence" title="Administration for Security and Counterintelligence">UBK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a>)</li> <li>Norway (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Serviço de Informações Estratégicas de Defesa">SIED</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a>)</li> <li>Slovakia (<a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovenská informačná služba">SIS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a>)</li> <li>Spain (<a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a>)</li> <li>Sweden (<a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">KSI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Switzerland)">NDB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">MİT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">SIS (MI6)</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a>)</li> <li>Azerbaijan (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Security Service (Azerbaijan)">DTX</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a>)</li> <li>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a>)</li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina (<a href="/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a>)</li> <li>Bulgaria (<a href="/wiki/State_Agency_for_National_Security" title="State Agency for National Security">DANS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_Security_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Security Intelligence Service">Supo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">DGSI</a>)</li> <li>Georgia (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">SSSG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="State Office for the Protection of the Constitution">LfV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a>)</li> <li>Kazakhstan (<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a>)</li> <li>Kosovo (<a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Intelligence_Agency" title="Kosovo Intelligence Agency">AKI</a>)</li> <li>Latvia (<a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Latvia)" title="State Security Service (Latvia)">VDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a>)</li> <li>Luxembourg (<a href="/wiki/Service_de_Renseignement_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Service de Renseignement de l'État">SREL</a>)</li> <li>Moldova (<a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a>)</li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia (<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Agency_of_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Agency of Republic of Macedonia">IA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Coordinator_for_Security_and_Counterterrorism" title="National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism">NCTV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Ochrony Państwa">SOP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço de Informações de Segurança">SIS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SÄPO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Switzerland)">NDB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Undersecretariat_of_Public_Order_and_Security" title="Undersecretariat of Public Order and Security">KDGM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria (<a href="/wiki/Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a>)</li> <li>Belarus (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus (page does not exist)">GRU MO RB</a>)</li> <li>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Division_(Finland)" title="Intelligence Division (Finland)">PE TIEDOS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Germany)">MAD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a>)</li> <li>Hungary (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Katonai_Nemzetbiztons%C3%A1gi_Szolg%C3%A1lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat (page does not exist)">KNBSZ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> ((<a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centro_Intelligence_Interforze" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze">CII</a>)</li> <li>Kazakhstan (<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Investigation_Department" title="Second Investigation Department">AOTD</a>)</li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia (<a href="/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a>)</li> <li>Norway (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/CISMIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Defense_Intelligence" title="General Directorate for Defense Intelligence">DGIA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a>)</li> <li>Slovakia (<a href="/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A9_spravodajstvo" title="Vojenské spravodajstvo">VS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">CIFAS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffennachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst">LWND</a>)</li> <li>Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay İstihbarat Daire Başkanlığı">GENKUR İ.D.B.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">HUR MO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DIS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">OTC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRSD" title="DRSD">DRSD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">BND</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> ((<a href="/wiki/Communications_%26_Information_Services_Corps" title="Communications & Information Services Corps">CIS</a>)</li> <li>Kazakhstan (<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a>)</li> <li>Norway (<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Authority_(Norway)" title="National Security Authority (Norway)">NSM</a>)</li> <li>Poland (<a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodowe_Centrum_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Cyberprzestrzeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa Cyberprzestrzeni (page does not exist)">NCBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ship_Flotilla#Sub-Units" title="3rd Ship Flotilla">gOR 3.FO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Radioelectronic_Combat_Reconnaissance_and_Support_%E2%80%B3Lieutenant_Colonel_Jan_Kowalewski%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″ (page does not exist)">CRiWWRE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Przasnysz_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment (page does not exist)">2.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Oliwa_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment_%E2%80%B3Admiral_Arendt_Dickman%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″ (page does not exist)">6.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serviciul_de_Telecomunica%C8%9Bii_Speciale" title="Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale">STS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Spetssvyaz</a>)</li> <li>Spain (<a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">CCN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strategic_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Intelligence Service">SIS</a>)</li> <li>Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal İstihbaratı Başkanlığı">MİT-SİB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Special_Communications_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Special Communications Service of Ukraine">State Special Communications Service of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a>)</li> <li>Poland (<a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Base" title="12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base">12.BBSP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">CIGeoE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Main_Intelligence_Directorate_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Intelligence Directorate (Russia)">TsVTI GRU</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Azerbaijan (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Monitoring Service (Azerbaijan)">MMX</a>)</li> <li>France (<a href="/wiki/Tracfin" title="Tracfin">Tracfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_du_Renseignement_et_des_Enqu%C3%AAtes_Douani%C3%A8res" title="Direction Nationale du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières">DNRED</a>)</li> <li>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">FIOD</a>)</li> <li>Iceland (<a href="/wiki/Skattranns%C3%B3knarstj%C3%B3ri_R%C3%ADkisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattrannsóknarstjóri Ríkisins">SR</a>)</li> <li>Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Economic_Crime_Bureau" title="Garda National Economic Crime Bureau">GNECB</a>)</li> <li>Italy (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C3%A0_di_Informazione_Finanziaria_per_l%27Italia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unità di Informazione Finanziaria per l'Italia (page does not exist)">UIF</a>)</li> <li>Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Crime_Investigation_Service" title="Financial Crime Investigation Service">FNTT</a>)</li> <li>Malta (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Intelligence_Analysis_Unit" title="Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit">FIAU</a>)</li> <li>Poland (<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Financial_Information_Inspector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Financial Information Inspector (page does not exist)">GIIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Service_(Poland)" title="Tax and Customs Service (Poland)">SCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">CBA</a>)</li> <li>Russia (<a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Rosfinmonitoring</a>)</li> <li>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">SVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPBLAC" title="SEPBLAC">SEPBLAC</a>)</li> <li>Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Investigation_Board_(Turkey)" title="Financial Crimes Investigation Board (Turkey)">MASAK</a>)</li> <li>United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>)</li> <li>Vatican (<a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" title="Supervisory and Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">ASIF</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Finland ( <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">National Bureau of Investigation</a>)</li> <li>Italy (<a href="/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divisione_Investigazioni_Generali_e_Operazioni_Speciali" title="Divisione Investigazioni Generali e Operazioni Speciali">DIGOS</a>)</li> <li>Romania (<a href="/wiki/Direc%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_de_Protec%C8%9Bie_Intern%C4%83" title="Direcția Generală de Protecție Internă">DGPI</a>)</li> <li>Poland (<a href="/wiki/National_Police_Headquarters_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Headquarters (Poland)">BWiIK KGP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">CBŚP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">ZOŚ KGSG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">ZK KGŻW</a>)</li> <li>Spain (<a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Information" title="General Commissariat of Information">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_Information_Service" title="Civil Guard Information Service">SIGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Judiciary_Police" title="General Commissariat of Judiciary Police">CGPJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Operative_Unit" title="Central Operative Unit">UCO</a>)</li> <li>United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_intelligence_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Intelligence" title="General Directorate of Intelligence">GDI</a></li> <li>Albania: <a href="/wiki/SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a></li> <li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">DRS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Externa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Externa (page does not exist)">SIE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Azerbaijan)">XKX</a></li> <li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Bahrain)" title="National Security Agency (Bahrain)">NSA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Intelligence_Agency" title="Brazilian Intelligence Agency">ABIN</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunei_Research_Department_(International)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunei Research Department (International) (page does not exist)">BRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Agency_(Bulgaria)" title="State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)">DAR</a></li> <li>Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Mixte_Mobile" title="Brigade Mixte Mobile">BMM</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Agence nationale de sécurité">ANS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia" title="Dirección de Inteligencia">DI</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ÚZSI</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Djibouti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Recherche_de_la_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade Spéciale de Recherche de la Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">BSRG</a></li> <li>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Secretariat_(Ecuador)" title="National Intelligence Secretariat (Ecuador)">SENAIN</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Mukhabarat</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Gambia: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Services_(The_Gambia)" title="State Intelligence Services (The Gambia)">SIS</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Investigations" title="Bureau of National Investigations">BNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Információs Hivatal">IH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a></li> <li>Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi National Intelligence Service">INIS</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a></li> <li>Ivory Coast: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Council_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Council (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">NSC</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Intelligence_and_Research_Office" title="Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office">CIRO</a></li> <li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">GID</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_National_Security_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz National Security Service">UKMK</a></li> <li>Kuwait: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait_State_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait State Security (page does not exist)">KSS</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satversmes_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_birojs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satversmes aizsardzības birojs (page does not exist)">SAB</a></li> <li>Liberia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Liberia)" title="National Security Agency (Liberia)">NSA</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">GDGS</a></li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">MJ</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Research_Division_of_the_Prime_Minister%27s_Department" title="Research Division of the Prime Minister's Department">MEIO</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_Nacional_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (México)">CISEN</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Agency_of_Mongolia" title="General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia">GIA</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_surveillance_du_territoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale de la surveillance du territoire">DGST</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Security_and_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Security and Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">SISE</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">NIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Security_and_Counterintelligence" title="Administration for Security and Counterintelligence">UBK</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Palace_Office_(Oman)" title="Palace Office (Oman)">Palace Office</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a></li> <li>Papua New Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Papua New Guinea)">NIO</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Serviço de Informações Estratégicas de Defesa">SIED</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">QSS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">GIP</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Sierra Leone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_and_Security_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence and Security Unit (page does not exist)">CISU</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">SID</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovenská informačná služba">SIS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">NIS</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Sudan)" title="General Intelligence Service (Sudan)">GIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">KSI</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Bureau (Republic of China)">NSB</a></li> <li>Tajikistan: <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_National_Security_(Tajikistan)" title="State Committee for National Security (Tajikistan)">GKNB</a></li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service">TISS</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Thailand)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Thailand)">NIA</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Intelligence_Agency_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Intelligence Agency (Togo) (page does not exist)">NIA</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">TIA</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">MNS</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/External_Security_Organisation" title="External Security Organisation">ESO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a></li> <li>United Arab Emirates: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">SIS (MI6)</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SSS</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">CSS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_e_Seguran%C3%A7a_de_Estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência e Segurança de Estado (page does not exist)">SINSE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Security Service (Azerbaijan)">DTX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Brunei)" title="Internal Security Department (Brunei)">IRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Agency_for_National_Security" title="State Agency for National Security">DANS</a></li> <li>Burundi: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Burundi)" title="National Intelligence Service (Burundi)">SNR</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Colombia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">DNI</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security (Egypt)">EHS</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Finnish Security and Intelligence Service">SUPO</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">DGSI</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">SSSG</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="State Office for the Protection of the Constitution">LfV</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">GPS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Investigative_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Investigative Department (page does not exist)">CID</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">NSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR">CPGNSO</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">IB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">IRGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Security Police">PAVA</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_Security_Bureau" title="National Police Agency Security Bureau">NPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department_Public_Security_Bureau" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Public Security Bureau">TMPD PSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">PSIA</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Intelligence_Agency" title="Kosovo Intelligence Agency">AKI</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Latvia)" title="State Security Service (Latvia)">VDD</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Forces" title="Internal Security Forces">ISF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_State_Security" title="Lebanese State Security">LSS</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Service_de_Renseignement_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Service de Renseignement de l'État">SREL</a></li> <li>Macau: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADcia_Judici%C3%A1ria_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polícia Judiciária (Macau) (page does not exist)">DS</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Special Branch">SB</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/National_Coordinator_for_Security_and_Counterterrorism" title="National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism">NCTV</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">SSS</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">SSD</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Agency_of_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Agency of Republic of Macedonia">IA</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Service" title="Internal Security Service">ISS</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Preventive_Security" title="Palestinian Preventive Security">PSS</a></li> <li>Paraguay: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretar%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Inteligencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaría Nacional de Inteligencia (page does not exist)">SNI</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Peru)" title="National Directorate of Intelligence (Peru)">DINI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Ochrony Państwa">SOP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BC_Marsza%C5%82kowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Straż Marszałkowska">SM</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço de Informações de Segurança">SIS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Department (Singapore)">ISD</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">KNPA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SÄPO</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">MJIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">ISOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_Bureau" title="Special Branch Bureau">SB</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_des_renseignements_(Togo)" title="Agence nationale des renseignements (Togo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Presidency_of_General_Directorate_of_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Presidency of General Directorate of Security (page does not exist)">İB</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Organisation" title="Internal Security Organisation">ISO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service (MI5)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">I&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">SEBIN</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Public_Security_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Public Security Intelligence (page does not exist)">TC5</a> (<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o,_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_an_(Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam)" class="extiw" title="vi:Tổng cục Tình báo, Bộ Công an (Việt Nam)">vi</a>)</li> <li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">CIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direction_centrale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direction centrale de la sécurité de l'armée (page does not exist)">DCSA</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Militar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Militar (page does not exist)">SIM</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus (page does not exist)">GRU MO RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Estrat%C3%A9gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Inteligência Estratégica (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_of_the_Joint_Staff_Department" title="Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department">CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/DEMIAP" title="DEMIAP">DEMIAP</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">DCIM</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_and_reconnaissance_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence and reconnaissance (Egypt)">DMISR</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Division_(Finland)" title="Intelligence Division (Finland)">PE TIEDOS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Germany)">MAD</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Unit (page does not exist)">MIU</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katonai_Nemzetbiztons%C3%A1gi_Szolg%C3%A1lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat (page does not exist)">KNBSZ</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (page does not exist)">General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">SAHEFAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">SAHEFASA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (page does not exist)">SAHEFAVEDJA</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(India)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)">DMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">DIA</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Strategic_Intelligence_Agency" title="Indonesian Strategic Intelligence Agency">BAIS TNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army_Intelligence_Centre" title="Indonesian Army Intelligence Centre">Pusintelad</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Centro_Intelligence_Interforze" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze">CII</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Second_Investigation_Department" title="Second Investigation Department">AOTD</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Maldives: <a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">MNDF</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_de_la_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale des études et de la documentation">DGED</a></li> <li>Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence of Myanmar">Sa Ya Pa</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">DIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">NI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">AI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines#AFP-wide_service_support_and_separate_units" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">ISAFP</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/CISMIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C5%A3ia_General%C4%83_de_Informa%C5%A3ii_a_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Direcţia Generală de Informaţii a Apărării">DGIA</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_and_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Commission (page does not exist)">AFISC</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Organisation">MIO</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A9_spravodajstvo" title="Vojenské spravodajstvo">VS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Division_(SANDF)" title="Defence Intelligence Division (SANDF)">SANDF-ID</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="Defense Intelligence Agency (South Korea)">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Counterintelligence_Command" title="Defense Counterintelligence Command">DCC</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">CIFAS</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">DMI</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffennachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst">LWND</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">AFID</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Military Intelligence Bureau">MIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Security_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Security Center (page does not exist)">AFSC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay İstihbarat Daire Başkanlığı">GENKUR İ.D.B.</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">HUR MO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">ONI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">MIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Intelligence">USAFI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Contrainteligencia_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar">DGCIM</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunication_Monitoring_Centre" title="National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre">NTMC</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Subchefia_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_do_Estado-Maior_de_Defesa" title="Subchefia de Inteligência do Estado-Maior de Defesa">2ª Sch/EMD</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">SIGINT</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Operational_Technology_Centre_for_the_Surveillance_of_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Technology Centre for the Surveillance of Telecommunications">OTC</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Information_Network_Security_Agency" title="Information Network Security Agency">INSA</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRSD" title="DRSD">DRSD</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Cipher_Bureau" title="Joint Cipher Bureau">JCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Research_Organisation" title="National Technical Research Organisation">NTRO</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_And_Crypto_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cyber And Crypto Agency">BSSN</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Siber_dan_Sandi_Negara" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara">id</a>)</li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Communications_and_Information_Services_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications and Information Services Corps">CIS</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">8200</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Nationale_SIGINT_Organisatie" title="Nationale SIGINT Organisatie">NSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Authority_(Norway)" title="National Security Authority (Norway)">NSM</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">JSIB</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodowe_Centrum_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Cyberprzestrzeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa Cyberprzestrzeni (page does not exist)">NCBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ship_Flotilla#Sub-Units" title="3rd Ship Flotilla">gOR 3.FO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Radioelectronic_Combat_Reconnaissance_and_Support_%E2%80%B3Lieutenant_Colonel_Jan_Kowalewski%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″ (page does not exist)">CRiWWRE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Przasnysz_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment (page does not exist)">2.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Oliwa_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment_%E2%80%B3Admiral_Arendt_Dickman%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″ (page does not exist)">6.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Serviciul_de_Telecomunica%C8%9Bii_Speciale" title="Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale">STS</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Spetssvyaz</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_State_Security" title="Presidency of State Security">PSS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">CCN</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal İstihbaratı Başkanlığı">MİT-SİB</a></li> <li>UAE: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Derzhspetszviazok" class="mw-redirect" title="Derzhspetszviazok">Derzhspetszviazok</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Air_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Air Intelligence">DAI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Badan_Informasi_Geospasial" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Informasi Geospasial">BIG</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_Group" title="Air Intelligence Group">Air Intelligence Group</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Centre_for_Geospatial_Data_Infrastructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaysian Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (page does not exist)">MaCGDI</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies#Other_organisations" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT NZ</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Base" title="12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base">12.BBSP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency#NMARSC" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NMARSC</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">CIGeoE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">TsVTI GRU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Argentina)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Argentina)">UIF</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Centre" title="Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre">AUSTRAC</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Monitoring Service (Azerbaijan)">MMX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Financial_Activities_Control" title="Council for Financial Activities Control">COAF</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Transactions_and_Reports_Analysis_Centre_of_Canada" title="Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada">FINTRAC</a></li> <li>Fiji: <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Fiji Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Tracfin" title="Tracfin">Tracfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_du_Renseignement_et_des_Enqu%C3%AAtes_Douani%C3%A8res" title="Direction Nationale du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières">DNRED</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Skattranns%C3%B3knarstj%C3%B3ri_R%C3%ADkisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattrannsóknarstjóri Ríkisins">SR</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Central Economic Intelligence Bureau">CEIB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Financial_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Center" title="Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center">PPATK</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Economic_Crime_Bureau" title="Garda National Economic Crime Bureau">GNECB</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C3%A0_di_Informazione_Finanziaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unità di Informazione Finanziaria (page does not exist)">UIF</a></li> <li>Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Crime_Investigation_Service" title="Financial Crime Investigation Service">FNTT</a>)</li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Intelligence_Analysis_Unit" title="Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit">FIAU</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Mexico)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Mexico)">UIF</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">FIOD</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Financial_Information_Inspector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Financial Information Inspector (page does not exist)">GIIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Service_(Poland)" title="Tax and Customs Service (Poland)">SCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">CBA</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Financial_Information_Unit" title="Qatar Financial Information Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Rosfinmonitoring</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Financial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Financial Intelligence (page does not exist)">GDOFI</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">SVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPBLAC" title="SEPBLAC">SEPBLAC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Investigation_Board_(Turkey)" title="Financial Crimes Investigation Board (Turkey)">MASAK</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">TFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li>Vatican: <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" title="Supervisory and Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">ASIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Inteligencia_Criminal" title="Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal">DNIC</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">ACIC</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">CISC</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">NBI</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>)</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divisione_Investigazioni_Generali_e_Operazioni_Speciali" title="Divisione Investigazioni Generali e Operazioni Speciali">DIGOS</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police#Operational_units" title="Philippine National Police">PNP-IG</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Headquarters_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Headquarters (Poland)">BWiIK KGP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">CBŚP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">ZOŚ KGSG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">ZK KGŻW</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_de_Protec%C8%9Bie_Intern%C4%83" title="Direcția Generală de Protecție Internă"> DGPI</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Crime_Intelligence_Division" title="Crime Intelligence Division">Crime Intelligence Division</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Information" title="General Commissariat of Information">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_Information_Service" title="Civil Guard Information Service">SIGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Judiciary_Police" title="General Commissariat of Judiciary Police">CGPJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Operative_Unit" title="Central Operative Unit">UCO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_France" title="List of intelligence agencies of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximator_(intelligence_alliance)" title="Maximator (intelligence alliance)">Maximator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Group_of_Financial_Intelligence_Units" title="Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units">Egmont Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Special_Higher_Police" title="Special Higher Police">Tokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Service_(Yugoslavia)" title="Counterintelligence Service (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_leak" title="News leak">Leaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Diplomatic cable leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">CIA leaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">Security agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence (NSA programme)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Five_Eyes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Eyes" title="Template:Five Eyes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Five_Eyes" title="Template talk:Five Eyes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Five_Eyes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Five Eyes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Five_Eyes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agencies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184560#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184560#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184560#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121776244">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/263192067">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4218045-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81138322">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050034s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050034s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001134766">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4419569">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1512647516094">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000231143&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000739451&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007528097205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000157145">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614861906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028723023">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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