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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Al-Shafi‘i and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Shafi‘i_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sunni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hanafi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanafi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Hanafi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanafi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maliki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maliki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Maliki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maliki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shafi'i" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shafi'i"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shafi'i</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shafi'i-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hanbali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanbali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Hanbali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanbali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Shia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ja'fari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ja'fari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Ja'fari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ja'fari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Madhhab</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_(%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87)" title="مذهب (فقه) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذهب (فقه)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99zh%C9%99b" title="Məzhəb – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məzhəb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="مذهب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مذهب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="মাযহাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাযহাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madzhab" title="Madzhab – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Madzhab" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%B1" title="Мәҙһәб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәҙһәб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мазхаб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мазхаб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezheb" title="Mezheb – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezheb" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0dhhab" title="Màdhhab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màdhhab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%C4%95" title="Мазхабĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мазхабĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" title="Madhab – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madhab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" title="Madhab – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Madhab" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="مذهب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مذهب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9)" title="मज़हब (फ़िक़्ह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मज़हब (फ़िक़्ह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezheb" title="Mezheb – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezheb" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%27%D7%94%D7%91" title="מד'הב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מד'הב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madahab" title="Madahab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Madahab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მაზჰაბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაზჰაბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мазһаб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мазһаб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" title="Madhab – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Madhab" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madzhab" title="Madzhab – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madzhab" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="മദ്ഹബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്ഹബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="المذاهب الفقهيه فى الاسلام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المذاهب الفقهيه فى الاسلام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8F%E3%83%96" title="マズハブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マズハブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8" title="فقہی مذاہب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فقہی مذاہب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhep" title="Mezhep – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mezhep" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98coli_juridice_%C3%AEn_islam" title="Școli juridice în islam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Școli juridice în islam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мазхаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мазхаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medhheb%C3%ABt" title="Medhhebët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Medhhebët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27hab" title="Madh'hab – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madh'hab" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" title="Madhab – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madhab" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="مەزھەبی فیقھی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەزھەبی فیقھی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Мезхеб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мезхеб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezheb" title="Mezheb – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezheb" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="மத்ஹப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மத்ஹப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B7%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%B1" title="Мәзһәб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәзһәб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="మజహబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మజహబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1kh%C3%AE_mezhep" title="Fıkhî mezhep – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fıkhî mezhep" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мазгаб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мазгаб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8" title="فقہی مذاہب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فقہی مذاہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%83" title="麦兹海布 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麦兹海布" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">School of thought within Islamic jurisprudence</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Principles of<br />Islamic jurisprudence<br /><small>(<i>Usul al-Fiqh</i>)</small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="background-color:#fff; padding-top:0.25em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UsulALFiqh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/130px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/195px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/260px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em; background-color:#fff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihlal" title="Istihlal">Istihlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">Istishab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madhhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em; background-color:#fff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">Mustahabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">Mubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">Makruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batil" title="Batil">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">Bid'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahisha" title="Fahisha">Fahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiq" title="Fasiq">Fasiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghibah" title="Ghibah">Ghibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Gunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasd" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasd">Qasd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawbah">Tawbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_in_Islam" title="Moderation in Islam">Wasat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> Legal vocations and titles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em; background-color:#fff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqeeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqeeh">Faqeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyeddin" title="Mohyeddin">Mohyeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja" title="Khawaja">Khawaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Mawlānā">Mawlānā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Mufassir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhund" title="Akhund">Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%27l-amr" title="Ulu'l-amr">Ulu'l-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">Ustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27azzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'azzin">Mu'azzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed">Shaheed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom in Islam">Martyrdom in Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template talk:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i><b>madhhab</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَذْهَب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhhab</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'way to act', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈmaðhab]</a></span>, pl. <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَذَاهِب</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhāhib</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈmaðaːhib]</a></span>) refers to any school of thought within <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>. The major <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <i>madhāhib</i> are <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all jurists aligned themselves with a particular <i>madhab</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in East Africa and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vikor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vikor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni <i>madhhabs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-calder_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school, which is considered to be endangered, continues to exert influence over legal thought.<sup id="cite_ref-calder_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> madhhab amongst <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shias</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Isma'ili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a> <i>madhhabs</i> amongst <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaidis</a> respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools.<sup id="cite_ref-calder_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vikor_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vikor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia <i>madhhabs</i>, is predominant in Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis, <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a> are not affiliated with any <i>madhhab</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the <i>madhhab</i> system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the <i>madhhabs</i> beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple <i>madhhabs</i>, and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional <i>ulama</i> as interpreters of the resulting laws.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, some Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional <i>madhhabs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-messick_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-messick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> influence and <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> currents in the 20th century; a handful of Salafi scholars have asserted independence from being strictly bound by the traditional <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">legal mechanisms</a> of the four schools. Nevertheless, the majority of Sunni scholarship continues to uphold <a href="/wiki/Early_modern#Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">post-classical</a> creedal belief in rigorously adhering (<i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></i>) to one of the four schools in all legal details.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amman_Message" title="Amman Message">Amman Message</a>, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> schools (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> schools (<a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> school and the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-3Points_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3Points-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools of Islamic jurisprudence are located in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and multiple other countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Ancient"_schools"><span id=".22Ancient.22_schools"></span>"Ancient" schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: "Ancient" schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Burton_(scholar)" title="John Burton (scholar)">John Burton</a>, "modern research shows" that fiqh was first "regionally organized" with "considerable disagreement and variety of view." In the second century of Islam, schools of fiqh were noted for the loyalty of their jurists to the legal practices of their local communities, whether <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, Syria, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-JBSILITA1990:13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBSILITA1990:13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Egypt's school in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> was a branch of Medina's school of law and followed such practices—up until the end of the 8th century—as basing verdict on one single witness (not two) and the oath of the claimant. Its principal jurist in the second half of the 8th century was al-Layth b. Sa'd.)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%CA%BDi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shafiʽi">Al-Shafiʽi</a> wrote that, "every capital of the Muslims is a seat of learning whose people follow the opinion of one of their countrymen in most of his teachings".<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-246_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-246-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tr-III-148_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr-III-148-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "real basis" of legal doctrine in these "ancient schools" was not a body of reports of Muhammad's sayings, doings, silent approval (the ahadith) or even those of his Companions, but the "living tradition" of the school as "expressed in the consensus of the scholars", according to Joseph Schacht.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-98_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-98-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Al-Shafi‘i_and_after"><span id="Al-Shafi.E2.80.98i_and_after"></span>Al-Shafi‘i and after</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Al-Shafi‘i and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been asserted that <i>madhahib</i> were consolidated in the 9th and 10th centuries as a means of excluding dogmatic theologians, government officials and non-Sunni sects from religious discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-stewart_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stewart-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have differed regarding the times at which the various schools emerged. One interpretation is that Sunni Islam was initially<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> split into four groups: the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jarirites</a> developed two more schools; then various dynasties effected the eventual exclusion of the Jarirites;<sup id="cite_ref-mel_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually, the Zahirites were also excluded when the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> established a total of four independent <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">judicial positions</a>, thus solidifying the Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools.<sup id="cite_ref-stewart_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stewart-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the era of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Gunpowders" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Gunpowders">Islamic Gunpowders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> reaffirmed the official status of these four schools as a reaction to Shi'ite Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-chib_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chib-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are of the view that Sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups: <i>Ahl al-Ra'i</i> ("people of opinions", emphasizing scholarly judgment and reason) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></i> ("people of traditions", emphasizing strict interpretation of scripture).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>10th century <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a> named eight groups: Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i, Zahiri, <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Imami Shi'ite</a>, Ahl al-Hadith, Jariri and <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mel_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Thawr" title="Abu Thawr">Abu Thawr</a> also had a school named after him. In the 12th century Jariri and Zahiri schools were absorbed by the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> defined only three Sunni <i>madhahib</i>: Hanafi, Zahiri, and one encompassing the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools as existing initially,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting that by the 14th-century historian the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school had become extinct,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only for it to be revived again in parts of the Muslim world by the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the <i>fiqh</i> schools were often in political and academic conflict with one another, vying for favor with the ruling government in order to have their representatives appointed to legislative and especially judiciary positions.<sup id="cite_ref-chib_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chib-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the <i>madhhab</i> system. Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the <i>madhhabs</i> beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly utilized the methods of <i>takhayyur</i> (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular <i>madhhab</i>) and <i>talfiq</i> (combining parts of different rulings on the same question). Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> as interpreters of the resulting laws. Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different <i>madhhabs</i> and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence. The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century many Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional schools of jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-messick_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-messick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the latter approach include networks of Indonesian ulema and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries, who have advanced liberal interpretations of Islamic law.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhhab_Map3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/550px-Madhhab_Map3.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/825px-Madhhab_Map3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/1100px-Madhhab_Map3.png 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3882" /></a><figcaption>Some regions have a dominant or official <i>madhhab</i>; others recognize a variety.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, Sunnis will follow one particular <i>madhhab</i> which varies from region to region, but also believe that <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> must be exercised by the contemporary scholars capable of doing so. Most rely on <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i>, or acceptance of religious rulings and epistemology from a higher religious authority in deferring meanings of analysis and derivation of legal practices instead of relying on subjective readings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experts and scholars of <i>fiqh</i> follow the <i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-fiqh">usul</a></i> (principles) of their own <i>madhhab</i>, but they also study the <i>usul</i>, evidences, and opinions of other <i>madhahib</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni">Sunni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sunni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/220px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/330px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/440px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Main schools of thought within Sunni Islam, and other prominent streams.</figcaption></figure><p>The four main schools of jurisprudence of Sunni Islam are the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There's also the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a> but it is not significant. Historically, there were other schools of jurisprudence but they became extinct which include the <a href="/wiki/Jariri_school" title="Jariri school">Jariri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awza%27i_school" title="Awza'i school">Awza'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laythi_school" title="Laythi school">Laythi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thawri_school" title="Thawri school">Thawri</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qurtubi_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qurtubi school (page does not exist)">Qurtubi</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the survival and dominance of the main schools was because of a number of factors including state support for specific scholars, dominance in debates and student numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunni schools take their name from the classical jurist who founded them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanafi">Hanafi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hanafi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hanafi school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a>. It is primarily found in the Levant, South Asia, Central Asia, Turkey, the Balkans, Iraq, Trinidad, Guyana and Suriname. The order of priority for deducing law by the Hanafi school is:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li>Individual opinions of the Sahaba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maliki">Maliki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maliki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maliki school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a>. It is primarily found in North Africa, West Africa, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait. Historically, it was also followed by Muslims inhabiting parts of Europe under Islamic rule specifically <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Sicily</a>. The order of priority for deducing law by the Maliki school is:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Quran</li> <li>Sunnah, a hadith would be rejected if it contradicted the practice of the people of Medina</li> <li>ʻAmal, the practice of the people of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li>Ijma of the Sahaba</li> <li>Individual opinion of the Sahaba</li> <li>Qiyas</li> <li>Isolated customs and practices of pockets of Medinans were also given some weight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istislah" title="Istislah">Istislah</a></li> <li>Urf</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shafi'i"><span id="Shafi.27i"></span>Shafi'i</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shafi'i"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shafi'i school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a>. It is primarily found in East Africa, Yemen, South East Asia, Jordan, Palestine, Kurdistan, Sri Lanka and parts of India. The order of priority for deducing law by the Shafi'i school is:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Quran</li> <li>Sunnah</li> <li>Ijma</li> <li>Individual opinions of the Sahaba</li> <li>Qiyas</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanbali">Hanbali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hanbali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hanbali school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>. It is primarily found in Saudi Arabia, Qatar and minority communities in Syria and Iraq. The order of priority for deducing law by the Hanbali school is:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Quran</li> <li>Sunnah</li> <li>Ijma of the Sahaba, but not the ijma after that period</li> <li>Individual opinions of the Sahaba</li> <li>Weak hadith unless its weakness is attributed to transmission by degenerates or liars</li> <li>Qiyas</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia">Shia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> school of jurisprudence is known as the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two schools are the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ja'fari"><span id="Ja.27fari"></span>Ja'fari</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ja'fari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ja'fari school was named after the sixth <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>. The order of priority for deducing law by the Ja'fari school is:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Quran</li> <li>Sunnah</li> <li>Ijtihad of the Imam</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_four_Sunni_Imams" title="The four Sunni Imams">The four Sunni Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse of Obedience">Verse of Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uli_al-amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Uli al-amr">Uli al-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> It is usually assumed that no regional school developed in Egypt (unlike in Syria, Iraq and the Hijaz). Joseph Schacht states that the legal milieu of <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (ancient Cairo) was a branch of the Medinan school of law.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding judicial practices, the qadis (judges) of Fustat resorted to the procedure called "<i>al-yamin ma'a l-shahid</i>", that is, the ability of the judge to base his verdict on one single witness and the oath of the claimant, instead of two witnesses as was usually required. Such a procedure was quite common under the early Umayyads, but by the early Abbasid period it had disappeared in Iraq and it was now regarded as the <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>amal</i> ("good practice") of Medina. Up until the end of the 8th century, the qadis of Fustat were still using this "Medinan" procedure and differentiated themselves from Iraqi practices. From a doctrinal point of view, however, the legal affiliation of Egypt could be more complex. The principal Egyptian jurist in the second half of the 8th century is al-Layth b. Sa'd.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only writing of his that has survived is a letter he wrote to Malik b. Anas, which has been preserved by Yahya b. Ma'in and al-Fasawi. In this letter, he proclaims his theoretical affiliation to the Medinan methodology and recognizes the value of the <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>amal</i>. Nevertheless, he distances himself from the Medinan School by opposing a series of Medinan legal views. He maintains that the common practice in other cities is also valuable, and thus implicitly defends the Egyptians' adherence to their own local tradition. Thus it is possible that, even though it did not develop into a formal school of law, a specific Egyptian legal milieu was distinct of the Medinan School in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRabb2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Fiqh". In <a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. Esposito</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fiqh&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.aulast=Rabb&rft.aufirst=Intisar+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussin2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iza_Hussin" title="Iza Hussin">Hussin, Iza</a> (2014). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001">10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199739356" title="Special:BookSources/9780199739356"><bdi>9780199739356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sunni+Schools+of+Jurisprudence&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199739356&rft.aulast=Hussin&rft.aufirst=Iza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vikor-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vikor_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vikor_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikør2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vikør, Knut S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">"Sharīʿah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emad_El-Din_Shahin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emad El-Din Shahin">Emad El-Din Shahin</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shar%C4%AB%CA%BFah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Vik%C3%B8r&rft.aufirst=Knut+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbridgingcultures.neh.gov%2Fmuslimjourneys%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calder-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calder_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calder_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calder_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Calder, Norman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">"Law. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">the original</a> on 21 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law.+Legal+Thought+and+Jurisprudence&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2014" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Charlene (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79"><i>Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441146175" title="Special:BookSources/9781441146175"><bdi>9781441146175</bdi></a>. <q>This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-<i>madhhabi</i>) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforms+in+Islamic+Education%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781441146175&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bMAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. 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Stewart">Devin J. Stewart</a>, THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIHRIST: IBN AL-NADIM AS HISTORIAN OF ISLAMIC LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS, <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>, v.39, pg.369–387, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2013" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&q=zahiri+absorbed+princeton&pg=PA498"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134840"><bdi>978-0691134840</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691134840&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1I0pcrFFSUC%26q%3Dzahiri%2Babsorbed%2Bprinceton%26pg%3DPA498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Ignác Goldziher</a>, <i>The Zahiris</i>, pg. 5. Trns. Wolfgang Behn, intro. <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Adang" title="Camilla Adang">Camilla Adang</a>. 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Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405178488" title="Special:BookSources/9781405178488">9781405178488</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veil.unc.edu/religions/islam/law/">Jurisprudence and Law – Islam</a> Reorienting the Veil, University of North Carolina (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahihmuslim.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=MNJ06&articleID=MNJ060001&articlePages=1">"Salafi Publications | on Ijtihad and Taqlid"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salafi+Publications+%26%23124%3B+on+Ijtihad+and+Taqlid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahihmuslim.com%2Fsps%2Fsp.cfm%3FsubsecID%3DMNJ06%26articleID%3DMNJ060001%26articlePages%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rissc.jo/docs/1N-WithCovers(lowres).pdf">"On Islam, Muslims and the 500 most influential figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Islam%2C+Muslims+and+the+500+most+influential+figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rissc.jo%2Fdocs%2F1N-WithCovers%28lowres%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthvan_DonzelLewisPellat1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a>, eds. (1986). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8798.xml?rskey=Pjm5Yu&result=1">"Mad̲h̲hab"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume V:<i> Khe–Mahi</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_8798">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8798</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mad%CC%B2h%CC%B2hab&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+V%3A+Khe%E2%80%93Mahi&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_8798&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07819-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fentries%2FEIEO%2FSIM-8798.xml%3Frskey%3DPjm5Yu%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFathi2023" class="citation book cs1">Fathi, Saul Silas (22 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Gods_and_Religions/-B3-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=hanafi%20afghanistan%20pakistan%20levant&pg=PA344&printsec=frontcover"><i>Gods and Religions</i></a>. Writers Republic LLC. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-89100-466-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-89100-466-5"><bdi>979-8-89100-466-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Religions&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Writers+Republic+LLC&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft.isbn=979-8-89100-466-5&rft.aulast=Fathi&rft.aufirst=Saul+Silas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FGods_and_Religions%2F-B3-EAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dhanafi%2520afghanistan%2520pakistan%2520levant%26pg%3DPA344%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRane2010" class="citation book cs1">Rane, Halim (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Islam_and_Contemporary_Civilisation/iOHb6MCGuVQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=awza'i%20laythi&pg=PA82&printsec=frontcover"><i>Islam and Contemporary Civilisation</i></a>. Academic Monographs. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85728-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85728-3"><bdi>978-0-522-85728-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Contemporary+Civilisation&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Academic+Monographs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85728-3&rft.aulast=Rane&rft.aufirst=Halim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FIslam_and_Contemporary_Civilisation%2FiOHb6MCGuVQC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dawza%27i%2520laythi%26pg%3DPA82%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamadan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramadan, Hisham M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Understanding_Islamic_Law/5ZS7EaHTQX8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA26&printsec=frontcover&dq=hanafi"><i>Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0991-9"><bdi>978-0-7591-0991-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islamic+Law%3A+From+Classical+to+Contemporary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0991-9&rft.aulast=Ramadan&rft.aufirst=Hisham+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FUnderstanding_Islamic_Law%2F5ZS7EaHTQX8C%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA26%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dhanafi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Bill, James A.; Williams, John Alden (1 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Roman_Catholics_and_Shi_i_Muslims/gDRc3GSGLQkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA21&printsec=frontcover"><i>Roman Catholics and Shi'i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5499-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5499-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-5499-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholics+and+Shi%27i+Muslims%3A+Prayer%2C+Passion%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5499-0&rft.aulast=Bill&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+John+Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FRoman_Catholics_and_Shi_i_Muslims%2FgDRc3GSGLQkC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA21%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2022" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver (8 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_Islamic_Ritual_and/ogJuEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=shia%20schools%20jurisprudence%20jafari%20zaydi%20ismaili&pg=PT331&printsec=frontcover"><i>Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-58390-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-58390-8"><bdi>978-1-000-58390-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Islamic+Ritual+and+Practice&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.isbn=978-1-000-58390-8&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FRoutledge_Handbook_of_Islamic_Ritual_and%2FogJuEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dshia%2520schools%2520jurisprudence%2520jafari%2520zaydi%2520ismaili%26pg%3DPT331%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JBSILITA1990" class="citation book cs1">Burton, John (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104171116/http://www.almuslih.org/Library/Burton,%20J%20-%20The%20Sources%20of%20Islamic%20Law.pdf"><i>The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0108-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0108-2"><bdi>0-7486-0108-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almuslih.org/Library/Burton,%20J%20-%20The%20Sources%20of%20Islamic%20Law.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sources+of+Islamic+Law%3A+Islamic+Theories+of+Abrogation&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7486-0108-2&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almuslih.org%2FLibrary%2FBurton%2C%2520J%2520-%2520The%2520Sources%2520of%2520Islamic%2520Law.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Branon Wheeler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slLpouSlzPcC">Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, 1996.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gibril_Haddad" title="Gibril Haddad">Haddad, Gibril F.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28875851"><i>The Four Imams and Their Schools</i></a>. London: Muslim Academic Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Imams+and+Their+Schools&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Muslim+Academic+Trust&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Gibril+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28875851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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