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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Al-Shafi‘i and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Shafi‘i_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sunni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Sunni_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Sunni_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Orthodox Sunni schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Sunni_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hanafi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanafi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Hanafi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanafi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maliki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maliki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Maliki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maliki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shafi'i" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shafi'i"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Shafi'i</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shafi'i-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanbali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanbali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Hanbali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanbali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zahiri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zahiri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Zahiri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zahiri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Shia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ja'fari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ja'fari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Ja'fari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ja'fari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Subgroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ismaili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ismaili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Ismaili</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ismaili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgroups_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgroups_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Subgroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgroups_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Zaidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ibadi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amman_Message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amman_Message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Amman Message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amman_Message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Madhhab</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_(%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87)" title="مذهب (فقه) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذهب (فقه)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99zh%C9%99b" title="Məzhəb – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məzhəb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="مذهب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مذهب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="মাযহাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাযহাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madzhab" title="Madzhab – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Madzhab" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%B1" title="Мәҙһәб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәҙһәб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мазхаб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мазхаб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezheb" title="Mezheb – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezheb" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0dhhab" title="Màdhhab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màdhhab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%C4%95" title="Мазхабĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мазхабĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" title="Madhab – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madhab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" title="Madhab – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Madhab" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="مذهب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مذهب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9)" title="मज़हब (फ़िक़्ह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मज़हब (फ़िक़्ह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezheb" title="Mezheb – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezheb" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%27%D7%94%D7%91" title="מד'הב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מד'הב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madahab" title="Madahab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Madahab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მაზჰაბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაზჰაბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мазһаб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мазһаб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" title="Madhab – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Madhab" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madzhab" title="Madzhab – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madzhab" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="മദ്ഹബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്ഹബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="المذاهب الفقهيه فى الاسلام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المذاهب الفقهيه فى الاسلام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8F%E3%83%96" title="マズハブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マズハブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8" title="فقہی مذاہب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فقہی مذاہب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mazhab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhep" title="Mezhep – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mezhep" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98coli_juridice_%C3%AEn_islam" title="Școli juridice în islam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Școli juridice în islam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мазхаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мазхаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medhheb%C3%ABt" title="Medhhebët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Medhhebët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27hab" title="Madh'hab – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madh'hab" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" title="Madhab – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madhab" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82%DA%BE)" title="ڕێباز (فیقھ) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێباز (فیقھ)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Мезхеб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мезхеб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezheb" title="Mezheb – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezheb" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Madhhab" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="மத்ஹப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மத்ஹப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B7%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%B1" title="Мәзһәб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәзһәб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="మజహబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మజహబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1kh%C3%AE_mezhep" title="Fıkhî mezhep – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fıkhî mezhep" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мазгаб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мазгаб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8" title="فقہی مذاہب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فقہی مذاہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%83" title="麦兹海布 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麦兹海布" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">School of thought within Islamic jurisprudence</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islam" title="Category:Sunni Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sunni <a class="mw-selflink selflink">schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Others</span></span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>:</span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Movements" title="Islamic schools and branches">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farahi">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i><b>madhhab</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَذْهَب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhhab</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'way to act', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈmaðhab]</a></span>, pl. <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَذَاهِب</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhāhib</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈmaðaːhib]</a></span>) refers to any school of thought within <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>. The major <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <i>madhāhib</i> are <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all jurists aligned themselves with a particular <i>madhab</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in East Africa and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vikor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vikor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni <i>madhhabs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-calder_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school, which is considered to be endangered, continues to exert influence over legal thought.<sup id="cite_ref-calder_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> madhhab amongst <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shias</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Isma'ili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a> <i>madhhabs</i> amongst <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaidis</a> respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools.<sup id="cite_ref-calder_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vikor_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vikor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia <i>madhhabs</i>, is predominant in Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-rabb_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis, <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a> are not affiliated with any <i>madhhab</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the <i>madhhab</i> system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the <i>madhhabs</i> beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple <i>madhhabs</i>, and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional <i>ulama</i> as interpreters of the resulting laws.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, some Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional <i>madhhabs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-messick_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-messick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> influence and <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> currents in the 20th century; a handful of Salafi scholars have asserted independence from being strictly bound by the traditional <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">legal mechanisms</a> of the four schools. Nevertheless, the majority of Sunni scholarship continues to uphold <a href="/wiki/Early_modern#Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">post-classical</a> creedal belief in rigorously adhering (<i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></i>) to one of the four schools in all legal details.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amman_Message" title="Amman Message">Amman Message</a>, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> schools (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> schools (<a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> school and the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-3Points_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3Points-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools of Islamic jurisprudence are located in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and multiple other countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Ancient"_schools"><span id=".22Ancient.22_schools"></span>"Ancient" schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: "Ancient" schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Burton_(scholar)" title="John Burton (scholar)">John Burton</a>, "modern research shows" that fiqh was first "regionally organized" with "considerable disagreement and variety of view." In the second century of Islam, schools of fiqh were noted for the loyalty of their jurists to the legal practices of their local communities, whether <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, Syria, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-JBSILITA1990:13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBSILITA1990:13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Egypt's school in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> was a branch of Medina's school of law and followed such practices—up until the end of the 8th century—as basing verdict on one single witness (not two) and the oath of the claimant. Its principal jurist in the second half of the 8th century was al-Layth b. Sa'd.)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%CA%BDi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shafiʽi">Al-Shafiʽi</a> wrote that, "every capital of the Muslims is a seat of learning whose people follow the opinion of one of their countrymen in most of his teachings".<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-246_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-246-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tr-III-148_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr-III-148-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "real basis" of legal doctrine in these "ancient schools" was not a body of reports of Muhammad's sayings, doings, silent approval (the ahadith) or even those of his Companions, but the "living tradition" of the school as "expressed in the consensus of the scholars", according to Joseph Schacht.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-98_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-98-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Al-Shafi‘i_and_after"><span id="Al-Shafi.E2.80.98i_and_after"></span>Al-Shafi‘i and after</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Al-Shafi‘i and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been asserted that <i>madhahib</i> were consolidated in the 9th and 10th centuries as a means of excluding dogmatic theologians, government officials and non-Sunni sects from religious discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-stewart_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stewart-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have differed regarding the times at which the various schools emerged. One interpretation is that Sunni Islam was initially<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> split into four groups: the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jarirites</a> developed two more schools; then various dynasties effected the eventual exclusion of the Jarirites;<sup id="cite_ref-mel_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually, the Zahirites were also excluded when the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> established a total of four independent <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">judicial positions</a>, thus solidifying the Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools.<sup id="cite_ref-stewart_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stewart-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the era of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Gunpowders" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Gunpowders">Islamic Gunpowders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> reaffirmed the official status of these four schools as a reaction to Shi'ite Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-chib_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chib-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are of the view that Sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups: <i>Ahl al-Ra'i</i> ("people of opinions", emphasizing scholarly judgment and reason) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></i> ("people of traditions", emphasizing strict interpretation of scripture).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>10th century <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a> named eight groups: Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i, Zahiri, <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Imami Shi'ite</a>, Ahl al-Hadith, Jariri and <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mel_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Thawr" title="Abu Thawr">Abu Thawr</a> also had a school named after him. In the 12th century Jariri and Zahiri schools were absorbed by the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> defined only three Sunni <i>madhahib</i>: Hanafi, Zahiri, and one encompassing the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools as existing initially,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting that by the 14th-century historian the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school had become extinct,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only for it to be revived again in parts of the Muslim world by the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the <i>fiqh</i> schools were often in political and academic conflict with one another, vying for favor with the ruling government in order to have their representatives appointed to legislative and especially judiciary positions.<sup id="cite_ref-chib_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chib-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the <i>madhhab</i> system. Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the <i>madhhabs</i> beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly utilized the methods of <i>takhayyur</i> (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular <i>madhhab</i>) and <i>talfiq</i> (combining parts of different rulings on the same question). Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> as interpreters of the resulting laws. Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different <i>madhhabs</i> and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence. The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation by the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahlus_Sunnah_wal_jam%27ah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahlus Sunnah wal jam'ah (page does not exist)">Ahlus Sunnah wal jam'ah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century many Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional schools of jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-messick_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-messick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the latter approach include networks of Indonesian ulema and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries, who have advanced liberal interpretations of Islamic law.<sup id="cite_ref-hussin_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhhab_Map3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/550px-Madhhab_Map3.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/825px-Madhhab_Map3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/1100px-Madhhab_Map3.png 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3882" /></a><figcaption>Some regions have a dominant or official <i>madhhab</i>; others recognize a variety.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, Sunnis will follow one particular <i>madhhab</i> which varies from region to region, but also believe that <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> must be exercised by the contemporary scholars capable of doing so. Most rely on <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i>, or acceptance of religious rulings and epistemology from a higher religious authority in deferring meanings of analysis and derivation of legal practices instead of relying on subjective readings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experts and scholars of <i>fiqh</i> follow the <i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-fiqh">usul</a></i> (principles) of their own <i>madhhab</i>, but they also study the <i>usul</i>, evidences, and opinions of other <i>madhahib</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunni_Madhabs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sunni_Madhabs.png/220px-Sunni_Madhabs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sunni_Madhabs.png/330px-Sunni_Madhabs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sunni_Madhabs.png/440px-Sunni_Madhabs.png 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Sunni Madhabs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni">Sunni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sunni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> schools of jurisprudence are each named after the classical jurist who taught them. The four primary Sunni schools are the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> rites. The <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school remains in existence but outside of the mainstream, while the <a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a> schools have become extinct. </p><p>The extant schools share most of their rulings, but differ on the particular practices which they may accept as authentic and the varying weights they give to <a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">analogical</a> reason and pure reason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Sunni_schools">Orthodox Sunni schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orthodox Sunni schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 4 major and 1 minor schools of thought are accepted by most scholars in most parts of the world. </p><p>The Zahiris were the 4th school before the Hanbalis established themselves as a separate school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanafi">Hanafi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hanafi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man</a> (699–767). It is followed by Muslims in the Levant, Central Asia, Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, Northern Egypt, Iraq and Turkey and the Balkans and by most of the Muslim communities of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a>. There are movements within this school such as <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a>, which are concentrated in South Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maliki">Maliki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maliki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school is based on the <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Imam Malik ibn Anas</a> (c. 711–795). It has also been called "School of Medina" because the school was based in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and the Medinian community. </p><p>It is followed by Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, and in parts of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Murabitun_World_Movement" title="Murabitun World Movement">Murabitun World Movement</a> follows this <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a> as well. In the past, it was also followed in parts of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe under Islamic rule</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shafi'i"><span id="Shafi.27i"></span>Shafi'i</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shafi'i"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school is based upon the jurisprudence of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris_ash-Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i">Imam Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i</a> (767–820). It is followed by Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">southern India</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a>). Most <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagestani" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestani">Dagestani</a> people also follow the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school. It is the official school followed by the governments of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school is also large in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanbali">Hanbali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hanbali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school is based on the jurisprudence of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> (780-855) who had been a student of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Imam al-Shafi</a>. </p><p>It is followed by Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and minority communities in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. There are movements that are highly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> fiqh such as <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement"> Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zahiri">Zahiri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Zahiri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a> (815–883). It is followed by minority communities in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. In the past, it was also followed by the majority of Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia">Shia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ja'fari"><span id="Ja.27fari"></span>Ja'fari</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ja'fari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Shia adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari">Ja'fari</a> theological school associated with <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>. In this school, the time and space bound <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">rulings</a> of early jurists are taken more seriously, and the Ja'fari school uses the <a href="/wiki/%27aql" class="mw-redirect" title="'aql">intellect</a> instead of analogy when establishing Islamic laws, as opposed to common Sunni practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subgroups">Subgroups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usulism</a>: forms the overwhelming majority within the Twelver Shia denomination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They follow a <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja-i Taqlid</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> and fiqh. They are concentrated in Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iraq, and Lebanon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbarism</a>: similar to Usulis, however reject <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> in favor of hadith. Concentrated in Bahrain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a>: an Islamic religious movement founded by <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Ahmad" title="Shaykh Ahmad">Shaykh Ahmad</a> in the early 19th century <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, Iran, now retaining a minority following in Iran and Iraq.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It began from a combination of Sufi and Shia and Akhbari doctrines. In the mid 19th-century many Shaykhis converted to the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> religions, which regard Shaykh Ahmad highly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ismaili">Ismaili</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ismaili"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> Muslims follow their own school in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daim_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Daim al-Islam">Daim al-Islam</a></i>, a book on the rulings of Islam. It describes manners and etiquette, including <a href="/wiki/Ibadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadat">Ibadat</a> in the light of guidance provided by the Ismaili Imams. The book emphasizes what importance Islam has given to manners and etiquette along with the worship of God, citing the traditions of the first four Imams of the Shi'a Ismaili Fatimid school of thought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subgroups_2">Subgroups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a>: the largest branch (95%) of <a href="/wiki/Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismā'īlī">Ismaili</a>, they are the only Shia group to have their absolute temporal leader in the rank of Imamate, which is invested in the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a>. Nizārī Ismailis believe that the successor-Imām to the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ad_al-Mustansir_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah</a> was his elder son <a href="/wiki/Nizar_(Fatimid_Imam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizar (Fatimid Imam)">al-Nizār</a>. While <i><a href="/wiki/Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī">Nizārī</a></i> belong to the Ja'fari jurisprudence, they adhere to the supremacy of "<a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a>", in the interpretation of scripture, and believe in the temporal relativism of understanding, as opposed to fiqh <i>(traditional <a href="/wiki/Nomianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomianism">legalism</a>),</i> which adheres to an <a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">absolutism</a> approach to <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>.</li> <li>Tāyyebī Mustā'līyyah: the <a href="/wiki/Mustaali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaali">Musta'ali</a> group of Ismaili Muslims differ from the Nizāriyya in that they believe that the successor-Imām to the Fatimid caliph, al-Mustansir, was his younger son al-Mustaʻlī, who was made Caliph by the Fatimad Regent <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">Al-Afdal Shahanshah</a>. In contrast to the Nizaris, they accept the younger brother al-Mustaʻlī over Nizār as their Imam. The Bohras are an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Taiyabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyabi">Taiyabi</a>, which itself was an offshoot of the Musta'ali. The Taiyabi, supporting another offshoot of the Musta'ali, the <a href="/wiki/Hafizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafizi">Hafizi</a> branch, split with the Musta'ali Fatimid, who recognized <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir">Al-Amir</a> as their last Imam. The split was due to the Taiyabi believing that <a href="/wiki/At-Tayyib_Abi_l-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim">At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim</a> was the next rightful Imam after <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir">Al-Amir</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hafizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafizi">Hafizi</a> themselves however considered <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Al-Hafiz</a> as the next rightful Imam after <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir">Al-Amir</a>. The Bohras believe that their 21st Imam, Taiyab abi al-Qasim, went into seclusion and established the offices of the <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a> (الداعي المطلق), Ma'zoon (مأذون) and Mukasir (مكاسر). The Bohras are the only surviving branch of the Musta'ali and themselves have split into the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaimani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaimani Bohra">Sulaimani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a>, and other smaller groups.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaidi">Zaidi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Zaidi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a> Muslims also follow their own school in the form of the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> and Imam <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a>. In terms of law, the Zaidi school is quite similar to the Hanafi school from Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Sayyid_2005_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayyid_2005-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is likely due to the general trend of Sunni resemblance within Zaidi beliefs. After the passing of Muhammad, Imam <a href="/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al-Sadiq">Jafar al-Sadiq</a>, Imam <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a>, Imams <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> and Imam <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> worked together in <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a> in Medina along with over 70 other leading jurists and scholars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al-Sadiq">Jafar al-Sadiq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> did not themselves write any books.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But their views are Hadiths in the books written by Imams <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> and Imam <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a>. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Zaydis" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydis">Zaydis</a> to this day and originally the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as do most Sunnis.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arab-Israeli_Conflict_Page_917_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab-Israeli_Conflict_Page_917-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Iraq_Effect_Page_91_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Iraq_Effect_Page_91-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibadi">Ibadi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ibadi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> school of Islam is named after <a href="/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Ibadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh">Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh</a>, though he is not necessarily the main figure of the school in the eyes of its adherents. Ibadism is distinct from both Sunni and Shi'ite Islam not only in terms of its jurisprudence, but also its core beliefs. <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> Islam is mostly practiced in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> being the only country in the world where Ibadis form a sizable minority of the population. Other populations of Ibadis also reside in Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Zanzibar in Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amman_Message">Amman Message</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Amman Message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amman_Message" title="Amman Message">Amman Message</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Amman_Message" title="Amman Message">Amman Message</a> was a statement, signed in 2005 in Jordan by nearly 200 prominent Islamic jurists, which served as a "counter-fatwa" against a widespread use of <i><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a></i> (excommunication) by <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> groups to justify <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against rulers of Muslim-majority countries. The Amman Message recognized eight legitimate schools of Islamic law and prohibited declarations of apostasy against them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEIW_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3Points_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3Points-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiriyah">Zahiriyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidiyyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadiyyah">Ibadiyyah</a></li></ol> <p><br /> The statement also asserted that <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> can be issued only by properly trained muftis, thereby seeking to delegitimize fatwas issued by militants who lack the requisite qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_four_Sunni_Imams" title="The four Sunni Imams">The four Sunni Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse of Obedience">Verse of Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uli_al-amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Uli al-amr">Uli al-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> It is usually assumed that no regional school developed in Egypt (unlike in Syria, Iraq and the Hijaz). Joseph Schacht states that the legal milieu of <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (ancient Cairo) was a branch of the Medinan school of law.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding judicial practices, the qadis (judges) of Fustat resorted to the procedure called "<i>al-yamin ma'a l-shahid</i>", that is, the ability of the judge to base his verdict on one single witness and the oath of the claimant, instead of two witnesses as was usually required. Such a procedure was quite common under the early Umayyads, but by the early Abbasid period it had disappeared in Iraq and it was now regarded as the <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>amal</i> ("good practice") of Medina. Up until the end of the 8th century, the qadis of Fustat were still using this "Medinan" procedure and differentiated themselves from Iraqi practices. From a doctrinal point of view, however, the legal affiliation of Egypt could be more complex. The principal Egyptian jurist in the second half of the 8th century is al-Layth b. Sa'd.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only writing of his that has survived is a letter he wrote to Malik b. Anas, which has been preserved by Yahya b. Ma'in and al-Fasawi. In this letter, he proclaims his theoretical affiliation to the Medinan methodology and recognizes the value of the <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>amal</i>. Nevertheless, he distances himself from the Medinan School by opposing a series of Medinan legal views. He maintains that the common practice in other cities is also valuable, and thus implicitly defends the Egyptians' adherence to their own local tradition. Thus it is possible that, even though it did not develop into a formal school of law, a specific Egyptian legal milieu was distinct of the Medinan School in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rabb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabb_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRabb2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Fiqh". In <a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. Esposito</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fiqh&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.aulast=Rabb&rft.aufirst=Intisar+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hussin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussin_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussin2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iza_Hussin" title="Iza Hussin">Hussin, Iza</a> (2014). "Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence". In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001">10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199739356" title="Special:BookSources/9780199739356"><bdi>9780199739356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sunni+Schools+of+Jurisprudence&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199739356&rft.aulast=Hussin&rft.aufirst=Iza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vikor-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vikor_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vikor_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikør2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vikør, Knut S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">"Sharīʿah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emad_El-Din_Shahin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emad El-Din Shahin">Emad El-Din Shahin</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shar%C4%AB%CA%BFah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Vik%C3%B8r&rft.aufirst=Knut+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbridgingcultures.neh.gov%2Fmuslimjourneys%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calder-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calder_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calder_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calder_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Calder, Norman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">"Law. 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A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441146175" title="Special:BookSources/9781441146175"><bdi>9781441146175</bdi></a>. <q>This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-<i>madhhabi</i>) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforms+in+Islamic+Education%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781441146175&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bMAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law%2C+Islamic&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FIslamic_law.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem, <i>Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers</i>, pg. 34. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mel-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mel_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Melchert" title="Christopher Melchert">Christopher Melchert</a>, <i>The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law</i>: 9th–10th Centuries C.E., pg. 178. 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Stewart">Devin J. Stewart</a>, THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIHRIST: IBN AL-NADIM AS HISTORIAN OF ISLAMIC LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS, <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>, v.39, pg.369–387, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2013" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&q=zahiri+absorbed+princeton&pg=PA498"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134840"><bdi>978-0691134840</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691134840&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1I0pcrFFSUC%26q%3Dzahiri%2Babsorbed%2Bprinceton%26pg%3DPA498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Ignác Goldziher</a>, <i>The Zahiris</i>, pg. 5. Trns. Wolfgang Behn, intro. <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Adang" title="Camilla Adang">Camilla Adang</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zahiris&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9004026320&rft.aulast=Wolfgang&rft.aufirst=Behn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_OIhpI9jfEC%26q%3Dibn%2Bkhaldun%2Bzahiri%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkey2003" class="citation book cs1">Berkey, Jonathon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&q=khaldun+zahiri&pg=PA216"><i>The Formation of Islam</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521588133" title="Special:BookSources/9780521588133"><bdi>9780521588133</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Islam&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521588133&rft.aulast=Berkey&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLV6lo4mvj0C%26q%3Dkhaldun%2Bzahiri%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel W. Brown, <i>Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought</i>: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pgs. 28 and 32. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521653947" title="Special:BookSources/9780521653947">9780521653947</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Mahmood, <i>The Code of Muslim Family Laws</i>, pg. 37. Pakistan Law Times Publications, 2006. 6th ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from <i>The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought</i>, pg. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405178488" title="Special:BookSources/9781405178488">9781405178488</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veil.unc.edu/religions/islam/law/">Jurisprudence and Law – Islam</a> Reorienting the Veil, University of North Carolina (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahihmuslim.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=MNJ06&articleID=MNJ060001&articlePages=1">"Salafi Publications | on Ijtihad and Taqlid"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salafi+Publications+%26%23124%3B+on+Ijtihad+and+Taqlid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahihmuslim.com%2Fsps%2Fsp.cfm%3FsubsecID%3DMNJ06%26articleID%3DMNJ060001%26articlePages%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rissc.jo/docs/1N-WithCovers(lowres).pdf">"On Islam, Muslims and the 500 most influential figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Islam%2C+Muslims+and+the+500+most+influential+figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rissc.jo%2Fdocs%2F1N-WithCovers%28lowres%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayyid_2005-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sayyid_2005_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين (A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Gamal2006" class="citation book cs1">El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (3 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ElRUvoVRxYC&q=Zaydis+use+hanafi&pg=PA118"><i>Islamic Finance</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139457163" title="Special:BookSources/9781139457163"><bdi>9781139457163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Finance&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-07-03&rft.isbn=9781139457163&rft.aulast=El-Gamal&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ElRUvoVRxYC%26q%3DZaydis%2Buse%2Bhanafi%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arab-Israeli_Conflict_Page_917-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arab-Israeli_Conflict_Page_917_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&q=Zaydis+use+hanafi&pg=PA917"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and ...</i></a> Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098422" title="Special:BookSources/9781851098422"><bdi>9781851098422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+...&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.isbn=9781851098422&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAd8efHdVzIC%26q%3DZaydis%2Buse%2Bhanafi%26pg%3DPA917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Iraq_Effect_Page_91-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Iraq_Effect_Page_91_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehreyKayeGuffreyWatkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Wehrey, Frederic M.; Kaye, Dalia Dassa; Guffrey, Robert A.; Watkins, Jessica; Martini, Jeffrey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&q=Zaydis+use+hanafi&pg=PA91"><i>The Iraq Effect</i></a>. Rand Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780833047885" title="Special:BookSources/9780833047885"><bdi>9780833047885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iraq+Effect&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780833047885&rft.aulast=Wehrey&rft.aufirst=Frederic+M.&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Dalia+Dassa&rft.au=Guffrey%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Watkins%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Martini%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-3LAlfW7DIC%26q%3DZaydis%2Buse%2Bhanafi%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/publisher,MRGI,COUNTRYPROF,OMN,4954ce3a22,0.html">"UNHCR Web Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+Web+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpublisher%2CMRGI%2CCOUNTRYPROF%2COMN%2C4954ce3a22%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2013). "Fatwa". In Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone (ed.). <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatwa&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallalHendrickson2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dallal, Ahmad S.; Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120012810/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243">"Fatwā. Modern usage"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243">the original</a> on 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatw%C4%81.+Modern+usage&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dallal&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+S.&rft.au=Hendrickson%2C+Jocelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Fprint%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JBSILITA1990" class="citation book cs1">Burton, John (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104171116/http://www.almuslih.org/Library/Burton,%20J%20-%20The%20Sources%20of%20Islamic%20Law.pdf"><i>The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0108-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0108-2"><bdi>0-7486-0108-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almuslih.org/Library/Burton,%20J%20-%20The%20Sources%20of%20Islamic%20Law.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sources+of+Islamic+Law%3A+Islamic+Theories+of+Abrogation&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7486-0108-2&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almuslih.org%2FLibrary%2FBurton%2C%2520J%2520-%2520The%2520Sources%2520of%2520Islamic%2520Law.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Branon Wheeler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slLpouSlzPcC">Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, 1996.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gibril_Haddad" title="Gibril Haddad">Haddad, Gibril F.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28875851"><i>The Four Imams and Their Schools</i></a>. London: Muslim Academic Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Imams+and+Their+Schools&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Muslim+Academic+Trust&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Gibril+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28875851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadhhab" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhhab&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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