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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Warranty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Express_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Express_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Express warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Express_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implied_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implied_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Implied warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implied_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sale_of_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale_of_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sale of goods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sale_of_goods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sale of goods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sale_of_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defects_In_Materials_and_Workmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defects_In_Materials_and_Workmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Defects In Materials and Workmanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defects_In_Materials_and_Workmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satisfaction_guarantee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satisfaction_guarantee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Satisfaction guarantee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satisfaction_guarantee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifetime_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifetime_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lifetime warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifetime_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limited_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Limited warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breach_of_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breach_of_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Breach of warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breach_of_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Extended warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations_versus_warranties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_versus_warranties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Representations versus warranties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representations_versus_warranties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Product types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Product_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Product types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Product_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appliance_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appliance_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Appliance warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appliance_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada_and_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_and_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Canada and United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_and_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Car_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Car warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Home Warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property_right_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property_right_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Intellectual property right warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property_right_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warranty_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warranty_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Warranty data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warranty_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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title="Gewährleistung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewährleistung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C3%BCgigarantii" title="Müügigarantii – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Müügigarantii" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garant%C3%ADa" title="Garantía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Garantía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80_(%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80)" title="બાંયધરી (વોરંટી) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાંયધરી (વોરંટી)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%EB%9F%B0%ED%8B%B0" title="워런티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="워런티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="वारंटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वारंटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81_(%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF)" title="ಖಾತರಿ ಕರಾರು (ವಾರೆಂಟಿ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಾತರಿ ಕರಾರು (ವಾರೆಂಟಿ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кепілдіктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кепілдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garantie" title="Garantie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Garantie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%85%E4%BF%9D%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB" title="担保責任 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="担保責任" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garanti" title="Garanti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Garanti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%99kojmia" title="Rękojmia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rękojmia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warranty" title="Warranty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Warranty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garancija" title="Garancija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Garancija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuu" title="Takuu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Takuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garanti" title="Garanti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Garanti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garanti_belgesi" title="Garanti belgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Garanti belgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%94%A8%E8%AD%89" title="保用證 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="保用證" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%94%A8%E8%AD%89" title="保用證 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保用證" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q329717#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Contractual assurance given by a seller to a buyer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Warranty" title="Talk:Warranty">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's lead section <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In law, a <b>warranty</b> is an expressed or implied promise or assurance of some kind. The term's meaning varies across legal subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In property law, it refers to a covenant by the grantor of a deed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In insurance law, it refers to a promise by the purchaser of an insurance about the thing or person to be insured.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> law, a warranty is a contractual assurance given, typically, by a seller to a buyer,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example confirming that the seller is the owner of the property being sold.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A warranty is a <a href="/wiki/Contractual_term" title="Contractual term">term of a contract</a>, but not usually a condition of the contract or an <a href="/wiki/Innominate_term" title="Innominate term">innominate term</a>, meaning that it is a term "not going to the root of the contract",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore only entitles the innocent party to <a href="/wiki/Damages_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Damages (law)">damages</a> if it is <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breached</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. if the warranty is not true or the defaulting party does not perform the contract in accordance with the terms of the warranty. A warranty is not a <a href="/wiki/Guarantee" title="Guarantee">guarantee</a>: it is a mere promise. It may be enforced if it is breached by an award for the <a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">legal remedy</a> of damages. </p><p>Depending on the terms of the contract, a product warranty may cover a product such that a <a href="/wiki/Manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer">manufacturer</a> provides a warranty to a consumer with whom the manufacturer has no direct contractual relationship because it is purchased via an intermediary. </p><p>A warranty may be <a href="/wiki/Express_warranty" title="Express warranty">express</a> or <a href="/wiki/Implied_warranty" title="Implied warranty">implied</a>. An express warranty is expressly stated (typically, written); whether or not a term will be implied into a contract depends on the particular contract law of the country in question. Warranties may also state that a particular fact is true at a point in time, or that the fact will continue into the future (a "continuing warranty"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Express_warranty">Express warranty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Express warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Express_warranties" class="mw-redirect" title="Express warranties">Express warranties</a></div> <p>Express warranties are created when the seller makes a guarantee to the buyer that the product or service being offered has certain qualities. For there to exist an express warranty, a statement regarding the product or service must be made to the buyer and the statement must play a role in the buyer's decision to purchase the product or service. If, after purchase, the buyer feels that the given statement was a misrepresentation of the actual product or service, the buyer can file for breach of express warranty.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implied_warranty">Implied warranty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implied warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Implied_warranty" title="Implied warranty">Implied warranty</a></div> <p>Implied warranties are unwritten promises that arise from the nature of the transaction, and the inherent understanding by the buyer, rather than from the express representations of the seller. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sale_of_goods">Sale of goods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sale of goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale of goods">Sale of goods</a></div> <p>Warranties provided in the sale of goods (tangible <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a>) vary according to jurisdiction, but commonly new goods are sold with implied warranty that the goods are as advertised. Used products, however, may be sold "<a href="/wiki/As_is" title="As is">as is</a>" with no warranties. Each country, however, defines its own parameters with regard to implied conditions or implied warranties. The rules regarding warranties are largely standardised; i.e., the concepts of <i>offer</i>, <i>acceptance</i>, <i>consideration</i>, <i>capacity to contract</i> and <i>intention to create legal relations</i>. Those are the five elements to create a legally binding contract in the United States (all 50 states), England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, each of the seven states of Australia, and all other common law countries. Countries with <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> systems, however, recognise legally binding contracts which are not supported by consideration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, various laws apply, including provisions in the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> which provide for implied warranties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these implied warranties were often limited by <a href="/wiki/Disclaimer" title="Disclaimer">disclaimers</a>. In 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Moss_Warranty_Act" title="Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act">Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act</a> was passed to strengthen warranties on consumer goods.<sup id="cite_ref-12Magnuson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12Magnuson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other things, under the law implied warranties cannot be disclaimed if an express warranty is offered, and attorney fees may be recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-12Magnuson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12Magnuson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some states, statutory warranties are required on new home construction, and "<a href="/wiki/Lemon_law" title="Lemon law">lemon laws</a>" apply to motor vehicles. </p><p>Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been adopted with variations in each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a>, provides that the following two warranties are implied unless they are explicitly disclaimed (such as an "<a href="/wiki/As_is" title="As is">as is</a>" statement): </p> <ul><li>The <b>warranty of merchantability</b> is implied unless expressly disclaimed by name, or the sale is identified with the phrase "<a href="/wiki/As_is" title="As is">as is</a>" or "with all faults." To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects may violate the warranty if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade". In most states, products inherently come with implied warranty of merchantability; however, in states like <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> under <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer protection law">consumer protection law</a>, it is illegal to disclaim this warranty on household goods sold to consumers. (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts General Laws">Massachusetts General Laws</a>, Chapter 106: Section 2-316A)</li> <li>The <b>warranty of fitness for a particular purpose</b> is implied unless disclaimed when a buyer relies upon the seller to select the goods to fit a specific request. For example, this warranty is violated when a buyer asks a mechanic to provide tires for use on snowy roads and receives tires that are unsafe to use in snow.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defects_In_Materials_and_Workmanship">Defects In Materials and Workmanship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defects In Materials and Workmanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common kind of warranty on goods is a warranty that the product is free from material defects in materials and workmanship. This simply promises that the manufacturer properly constructed the product, out of proper materials. This implies that the product is not defective for the purposes for which it was made. </p><p>Warranties may be time limited, thus limiting the time the buyer has to make a claim for breach of warranty. For example, a typical 90-day warranty on a television gives the buyer 90 days from the date of purchase to claim that the television was improperly constructed. Should the television fail after 91 days of normal usage, which because televisions customarily last longer than 91 days means there was a defect in the materials or workmanship of the television, the buyer nonetheless may not collect on the warranty because it is too late to file a claim. Consumer protection laws implemented by statute, however, provide additional remedies as it is not usually expected that a television will last for only 90 days. </p><p>Time-limited warranties are often confused with performance warranties. A 90-day performance warranty would promise that the television would work for 90 days, which is fundamentally different from promising that it was delivered free of defects and limiting the time the buyer has to prove otherwise. But because the usual evidence that a product was delivered defective is that it later breaks, the effect is very similar. </p><p>One situation in which the effect of a time-limited warranty is different from the effect of a performance warranty is where the time limit exceeds a normal lifetime of the product. If a coat is designed to last two years, but has a 10-year limited warranty against defects in materials and workmanship, a buyer who wears the coat for 3 years and then finds it worn out would not be able to collect on the warranty. But it is different from a 2-year warranty because if the buyer starts wearing the coat 5 years after buying it, and finds it wears out a year later, the buyer would have a warranty claim in Year 6. On the other hand, a 10-year performance warranty would promise that the coat would last 10 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satisfaction_guarantee">Satisfaction guarantee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Satisfaction guarantee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Moss_Warranty_Act" title="Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act">Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act</a> of 1976 provides for enforcement of a satisfaction guarantee warranty. In these cases, the advertiser must refund the full purchase price regardless of the reason for dissatisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifetime_warranty">Lifetime warranty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lifetime warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lifetime warranty is usually a warranty against defects in materials and workmanship that has no time limit to make a claim, rather than a warranty that the product will perform for the lifetime of the buyer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual time that product can be expected to perform is normally determined by the custom for products of its kind used the way the buyer uses it. </p><p>If a product has been discontinued and is no longer available, the warranty may last a limited period longer. For example: </p> <ul><li>the Cisco Limited Lifetime Warranty currently lasts for five years after the product has been discontinued, but only if you know where you bought it from as the seller is responsible for administering it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HP Networking product lifetime warranties last for as long as one owns the product.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limited_warranty">Limited warranty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Limited warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A warranty may be limited in duration (as above) and/or in scope. In Avrora Fine Arts v Christie, Manson and Woods (a UK High Court case), the auctioneers had issued a "limited warranty" that a certain painting sold at auction had been painted by the Russian painter <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a>, which experts subsequently stated was not the case. The sale was cancelled and the buyer was reimbursed, but further claims of negligence and misrepresentation were denied because they fell outside the warranty's scope.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breach_of_warranty">Breach of warranty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Breach of warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warranties are breached when the promise is not performed at all, or not performed in accordance with the contract. The seller may honor the warranty by making a refund or a replacement. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> depends on the jurisdiction and contractual agreements. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> § 2-725 provides for a four-year time limit, which can be limited to one year by contract, starting from the date of delivery or if future performance is guaranteed from the date of discovery. Refusing to honor the warranty may be an <a href="/wiki/Unfair_business_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair business practice">unfair business practice</a>. In the United States, breach of warranty lawsuits may be distinct from <a href="/wiki/Revocation" title="Revocation">revocation</a> of contract suits; in the case of the breach of warranty, the buyer's item is repaired or replaced while breach of contract involves returning the item to the seller.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Warranty label on top of a hard disk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0023.jpg/200px-Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0023.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0023.jpg/300px-Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0023.jpg/400px-Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Warranty label on top of a <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Warranty label lifted. The word "VOID" is shown multiple times" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0024.jpg/200px-Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0024.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0024.jpg/300px-Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0024.jpg/400px-Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Warranty label lifted. The word "VOID" is shown multiple times.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Some warranties require that repairs be undertaken by an <a href="/wiki/Authorized_service_provider" title="Authorized service provider">authorized service provider</a>. In such cases, service by non-authorized personnel or company may <a href="/wiki/Void_(law)" title="Void (law)">void</a> (nullify) the warranty. However, according to the <a href="/wiki/Magnuson-Moss_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnuson-Moss Act">Magnuson-Moss Act</a> (a U.S. Federal law that governs warranties, which was passed in 1975), if the warranty does not provide full or partial payment of labor (to repair the device or system), it is the owner's choice who will provide the labor, including the possibility of DIY ("Do It Yourself") repairs, in which case the device or system owner will pay zero dollars for labor, yet the company that provided the warranty must still provide all the parts needed for the repair at absolutely no charge to the owner. </p><p>If the defective product causes injury, this may be a <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">cause of action</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">product liability</a> lawsuit (<a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a>). <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability" title="Strict liability">Strict liability</a> may be applied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extended_warranty">Extended warranty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Extended warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to standard warranties on new items, third parties or manufacturers may sell or offer extended warranties (also called service contracts).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These extend the warranty for a further length of time. However, these warranties have terms and conditions which may not match the original terms and conditions. For example, these may not cover anything other than mechanical failure from normal usage. Exclusions may include commercial use, "acts of God", owner abuse, and malicious destruction. They may also exclude parts that normally wear out such as tires and lubrication on a vehicle. </p><p>These types of warranties are provided for various products, but <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_appliance" title="Small appliance">electronics</a> are common examples. Warranties which are sold through retailers such as <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> may include significant commission for the retailer as a result of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverse_competition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reverse competition (page does not exist)">reverse competition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, an auto warranty from a <a href="/wiki/Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">car dealership</a> may be subcontracted and vehicle repairs may be at a lower rate which could compromise the quality of service. At the time of repair, out-of-pocket expenses may be charged for unexpected services provided outside of the warranty terms or uncovered parts. Extended Warranties are mostly back to back underwritten by underwriters, who are the actual bearer of the risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representations_versus_warranties">Representations versus warranties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Representations versus warranties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></div> <p>Statements of fact in a contract or in obtaining the contract are considered to be either warranties or representations. Traditionally, warranties are factual promises which are enforced through a contract legal action, regardless of materiality, intent, or reliance.<sup id="cite_ref-West&Lewis2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West&Lewis2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representations are traditionally *pre*contractual statements which allow for a tort-based action if the misrepresentation is innocent, negligent or fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In U.S. law, the distinction between the two is somewhat unclear;<sup id="cite_ref-West&Lewis2009_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West&Lewis2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warranties are viewed as primarily contract-based legal action while negligent or fraudulent misrepresentations are tort-based, but there is a confusing mix of case law in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-West&Lewis2009_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West&Lewis2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern English law, sellers often avoid using the term 'represents' in order to avoid claims under the <a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation_Act_1967" title="Misrepresentation Act 1967">Misrepresentation Act 1967</a> (although English law will look to the substance rather than the form of the representation to decide what it is), while in America 'warrants and represents' is relatively common.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesDay2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesDay2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern commentators suggest avoiding the words and substituting 'state' or 'agree', and some model forms do not use the words;<sup id="cite_ref-Primack2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, others disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_types">Product types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Product types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appliance_warranty">Appliance warranty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Appliance warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada_and_United_States">Canada and United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada and United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Written warranties on new major appliances, such as <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">kitchen stoves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">dishwashers</a>, usually cover the cost of parts and labor to repair defects in materials or workmanship which appear under normal home use. </p><p>Warranties often cover defects up to a year after purchase or delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some exclude new owners when a house or appliance is sold within the year (<a href="/wiki/Frigidaire" title="Frigidaire">Frigidaire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-frigidaire_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frigidaire-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lg_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a><sup id="cite_ref-whirlpool_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whirlpool-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Others do let warranties transfer to new buyers (<a href="/wiki/Amana_Corporation" title="Amana Corporation">Amana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-amana_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amana-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ge_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ge-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a>). Some manufacturers cover refrigerators' sealed parts (compressors, tubing, etc.) for five years (<a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ge_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ge-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-samsung_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samsung-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-whirlpool_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whirlpool-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or seven years (<a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a><sup id="cite_ref-lg_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or ten years (<a href="/wiki/KitchenAid" title="KitchenAid">KitchenAid</a><sup id="cite_ref-kitchenaid_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kitchenaid-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Warranties on <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heaters</a> cover parts for 5 to 12 years in single family residences, one year otherwise. They do not cover new owners when a house or heater is sold; nor do they cover the original owner if the heater is moved to a second location.<sup id="cite_ref-rheem_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rheem-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ruud-tl_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruud-tl-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith-mh_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-mh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith-tl_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-tl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tank models from <a href="/wiki/A._O._Smith" title="A. O. Smith">A. O. Smith</a> do not allow heating elements to be replaced with lower (or higher) wattages, and do not cover renter-occupied single family. They end if the unit is flooded or ever uses <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalinated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Purified_water#Deionization" title="Purified water">deionized</a> water, such as <a href="/wiki/Desalination_facilities#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desalination facilities">municipal desalination</a> plants or <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> filters.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith-mh_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-mh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith's tank models for <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_housing" title="Manufactured housing">manufactured housing</a> do not provide coverage if a whirlpool or hot tub is connected.<sup id="cite_ref-smith-mh_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-mh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tank water heater warranties exclude labor, liability for water damage, and shipping cost to return the old heater or parts. Tankless warranties do not exclude water damage; they cover labor for a year, and Ruud/Rheem covers return shipping on tankless models.<sup id="cite_ref-ruud-tl_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruud-tl-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith-tl_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-tl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith's tankless water heaters do not restrict coverage to a single family, and require professional installation.<sup id="cite_ref-smith-tl_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-tl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Implied warranties under US law could extend for longer periods. However, most states allow the written warranties to include clauses which limit these implied warranties to the same time period as the written warranty.<sup id="cite_ref-cr_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Car_warranty">Car warranty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Car warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New car factory warranties commonly range from one year to five years and in some cases extend even 10 years, with typically a mileage limit as well. Car warranties can be extended by the manufacturer or other companies with a renewal fee. </p><p>Used car warranties are usually 3 months and 3,000 miles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, types of warranties have been classified as either an: </p> <ol><li>original manufacturer warranty,</li> <li>insurance warranty underwritten and regulated as insurance or</li> <li>obligor warranty, typically written by a car dealership or garage.</li></ol> <p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a> (FCA), which began to regulate insurance contracts in this context in 2005, determined that additional warranties sold by car dealerships are "unlikely to be insurance".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insurance warranties may offer greater protection to the consumer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_Warranty">Home Warranty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Home Warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Home_warranty" title="Home warranty">Home warranty</a></div> <p>A home warranty protects against the costs of home and appliance repair by offering home warranty coverage for houses, townhomes, condominiums, mobile homes, and new construction homes. When a problem occurs with a covered appliance or mechanical system such as an <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioning unit">air conditioning unit</a> or furnace, a service technician repairs or replaces it. The homeowner may have to pay for a service call fee and the home warranty company pays the balance for the repair or replacement of the covered item. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_right_warranty">Intellectual property right warranty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Intellectual property right warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property right">intellectual property right</a> (IPR) warranty provides contractual protection against breach of rights in <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> and other fields where IPR is protected. Increasing reluctance on the part of suppliers to offer an IPR warranty or indemnity has been noted in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warranty_data">Warranty data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Warranty data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warranty data consists of claims data and supplementary data. Claims data are the data collected during the servicing of claims under warranty and supplementary data are additional data such as production and marketing data.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This data can help determine product reliability and plan for future modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Business law">Business law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collateral_TORT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collateral TORT (page does not exist)">Collateral TORT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">Due diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_warranty" title="Extended warranty">Extended warranty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson-Moss_Warranty_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act">Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warranty_deed" title="Warranty deed">Warranty deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warranty_tolling" title="Warranty tolling">Warranty tolling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warranty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGilmoreBlack,_Jr.1975" class="citation book cs1">Gilmore, Grant; Black, Jr., Charles L. 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