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href="https://www.academia.edu/59655609/Policing_Police_and_Feasibility_of_their_Reform_in_Nigeria_Chris_M_A_Kwaja">Policing, Police and Feasibility of their Reform in Nigeria - Chris M.A Kwaja</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Policing, Police and Feasibility of their reform in Nigeria</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4698dc8024f51523887e3c4a24d02a60" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":73466635,"asset_id":59655609,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73466635/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper 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ACTORS AND SECURITY PROVISIONING IN NIGERIA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Non State Security Actors and Security Provisioning in Nigeria</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb89fe10bb529904219bc64617c30a20" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":73465311,"asset_id":59653182,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73465311/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="59653182"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa 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percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb89fe10bb529904219bc64617c30a20" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=59653182]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":59653182,"title":"NON STATE SECURITY ACTORS AND SECURITY PROVISIONING IN NIGERIA","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59653182/NON_STATE_SECURITY_ACTORS_AND_SECURITY_PROVISIONING_IN_NIGERIA","owner_id":99288428,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":99288428,"first_name":"Chris","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kwaja","page_name":"ChrisKwaja","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-12-17T13:57:51.475-08:00","display_name":"Chris 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dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="58231997"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/58231997/Boko_Haram_School_Abductions_and_Security_Discourse_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Boko Haram School Abductions and Security Discourse in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72742227/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/58231997/Boko_Haram_School_Abductions_and_Security_Discourse_in_Nigeria">Boko Haram School Abductions and Security Discourse in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">M uch has been written about the Boko Haram terrorist organization. The group has conducted numer...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">M uch has been written about the Boko Haram terrorist organization. The group has conducted numerous violent attacks since 2009, and the Nigerian state's failure to contain the insurgency is a prominent theme of discussion in national politics. Among the most notorious of Boko Haram's attacks are three mass abductions and three mass murders of Nigerian students, conducted in the space of just seven years. In 2013, 42 people, mostly students, were shot or burned alive at the Mamudo Government Secondary School; another 44 students and teachers were killed in a separate incident at the College of Agriculture in Gujba, both in the northeastern Yobe State. In February 2014, militants attacked the Buni Yadi Federal Government College, also in Yobe State, leaving 59 students dead. Most infamously, two months later, in April 2014, 276 girls were abducted from Chibok Secondary School in Borno State, also in northeast Nigeria, which led to the formation of the international campaign Bring Back Our Girls. In 2018, 110 girls were abducted from the Government Girls Science Technical College in Dapchi, Yobe State. Most recently, in December 2020, more than 300 boys were briefly abducted from the Kankara Government Science Secondary School in Katsina State, the home state of President Muhammadu Buhari, in the country's northwest. While many of the abductees have since been released or managed to escape, 111 of the Chibok girls are still missing, as is one of the Dapchi students. Many scholars have concentrated on the origins, motives, and resilience of Boko Haram. This essay considers a different perspective: that despite the obvious identity and innocence of the mostly defenseless victims of these episodes of Boko Haram's terrorism, it is the Nigerian state that has routinely positioned itself as the victim. The Nigerian government has responded to each episode of abduction with a discourse of both victimhood and militarization, presenting the latter as the only way to ensure the state's continued integrity. This discourse, often prominently featuring the state's leadership, has centered on enhancing the capacity of the state's 1</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c418f870ed20c74f80085a2761e7c066" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":72742227,"asset_id":58231997,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72742227/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="58231997"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58231997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58231997; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="55140116"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/55140116/PRIVATE_SECURITY_COMPANIES_AND_NATIONAL_1_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES AND NATIONAL (1)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/71154496/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/55140116/PRIVATE_SECURITY_COMPANIES_AND_NATIONAL_1_">PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES AND NATIONAL (1)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Chis Kwaja</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction Private Military/ Security Companies: who are they and where are they coming from? A...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction Private Military/ Security Companies: who are they and where are they coming from? Are there legal frameworks for the regulation of PMSCs in Nigeria? PMSCs in the context of national security and implications for democratic governance in Nigeria PMSCs and the prospect for democratic governance in Nigeria</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="14db977eb9aec7a9186e79107bb11365" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":71154496,"asset_id":55140116,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71154496/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="55140116"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55140116"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55140116; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="51205512"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/51205512/Civilian_perception_of_the_role_of_the_military_in_Nigerias_2014_Ebola_outbreak_and_health_related_responses_in_the_North_East_region"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria's 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69025346/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/51205512/Civilian_perception_of_the_role_of_the_military_in_Nigerias_2014_Ebola_outbreak_and_health_related_responses_in_the_North_East_region">Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria's 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction Civilian-military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-incom...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction Civilian-military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-income and middle-income country epidemic response. One crucial component of civilian-military relations is defining the role of the military. This paper evaluates the role of Nigerian military during the 2014-2016 West African Ebola epidemic. Methods Focus groups and key informant interviews were conducted throughout three states in North East region of Nigeria: Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. Participants were identified through mapping of stakeholder involvement in Nigerian epidemic response. English-translated transcripts of each key informant interview and focus group discussion were then coded and key themes were elucidated and analysed. Results Major themes elucidated include developing inclusive coordination plans between civilian and military entities, facilitating human rights reporting mechanisms and distributing military resources more equitably across geographical catchment areas. The Nigerian Military served numerous functions: 37% (22/59) of respondents indicated 'security/peace' as the military's primary function, while 42% (25/59) cited health services. Variations across geographic settings were also noted: 35% (7/20) of participants in Borno stated the military primarily provided transportation, while 73% (11/15) in Adamawa and 29% (7/24) in Yobe listed health services. Conclusions Robust civilian-military relations require an appropriately defined role of the military and clear civilian-military communication. Important considerations to contextualise civilian-military relations include military cultural-linguistic understanding, human rights promotion, and community-based needs assessments; such foci can facilitate the military's understanding of community norms and civilian cooperation with military aims. In turn, more robust civilian-military relations can promote overall epidemic response and reduce the global burden of disease.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a33a630fcda9b2d4c63bbb409bb29dcd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":69025346,"asset_id":51205512,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69025346/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="51205512"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="51205512"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51205512; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43687536"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43687536/IN_THE_MIDDLE_BELT_OF_NIGERIA_BETWEEN_FARMERS_AND_HERDERS_RESPONSES_TO_CONFLICTS_MAPPING_PAST_EFFORTS_AND_OPPORTUNITIES_FOR_VIOLENCE_PREVENTION"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of IN THE MIDDLE BELT OF NIGERIA: BETWEEN FARMERS AND HERDERS RESPONSES TO CONFLICTS MAPPING PAST EFFORTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR VIOLENCE PREVENTION" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63990138/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43687536/IN_THE_MIDDLE_BELT_OF_NIGERIA_BETWEEN_FARMERS_AND_HERDERS_RESPONSES_TO_CONFLICTS_MAPPING_PAST_EFFORTS_AND_OPPORTUNITIES_FOR_VIOLENCE_PREVENTION">IN THE MIDDLE BELT OF NIGERIA: BETWEEN FARMERS AND HERDERS RESPONSES TO CONFLICTS MAPPING PAST EFFORTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR VIOLENCE PREVENTION</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This policy brief is a product of the Forum on Farmer and Herder Relations in Nigeria (FFARN). FF...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This policy brief is a product of the Forum on Farmer and Herder Relations in Nigeria (FFARN). FFARN is a network of academics and practitioners from governmental and non-governmental institutions who work on peace and conflict/security issues in Nigeria and who have experience responding to farmer-herder conflict at sub-national, national, and/or regional levels. FFARN provides a monthly platform for interdisciplinary exchange and joint identification of areas for additional research and practice to generate strong evidence for multilevel policy influence on farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria. The concept of this policy brief was developed at the first forum of FFARN in August 2017 and validated by members of the FFARN at the second forum on September 23, 2017. Practitioners and scholars jointly prioritized the need for an assessment of existing responses of state and non-state actors to farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria to identify past and ongoing interventions, challenges, weaknesses, and to recommend actions for the future. Members of FFARN represent academic and practitioner institutions including: Violent confrontations between farmers and herders have become a defining feature of inter-group relations among communities in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. Environmental degradation, social manipulation of ethno-religious biases, and technological advances have altered relationships that were historically interdependent and mutually beneficial. Conflicts between farmers and herders exist on a large scale, both within Nigeria and the greater Lake Chad Basin and Sudano-Sahel region; however, states within Nigeria's Middle</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b016225460c68a606fae49f59a4823d7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63990138,"asset_id":43687536,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63990138/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43687536"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43687536"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43687536; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37945557"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37945557/Non_State_Armed_Groups_in_North_East_Nigeria_Challenges_and_Opportunities_for_Security_Sector_Governance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Non-State Armed Groups in North East Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Governance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57959330/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37945557/Non_State_Armed_Groups_in_North_East_Nigeria_Challenges_and_Opportunities_for_Security_Sector_Governance">Non-State Armed Groups in North East Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Governance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unn-ng.academia.edu/FreedomCOnuohaPhDfdc">Freedom C C Onuoha, Ph.D, fdc</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja">Chris Kwaja</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Non-State Armed Groups in North East Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Governance</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The proliferation of counter-insurgency armed groups in North-East Nigeria presents an interestin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The proliferation of counter-insurgency armed groups in North-East Nigeria presents an interesting subject for study. This research examines their roles from a security governance standpoint, focusing on Adamawa, Borno and Yobe, states that have been hotbeds of the Boko Haram insurgency. The objectives of the study are to map the groups, establish their capacities and impact, examine the relationships between the groups and with state security institutions and identify opportunities for constructive engagement.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1ab968319bf0138c3767211fceb25f20" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57959330,"asset_id":37945557,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57959330/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37945557"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37945557"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37945557; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="58231997"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/58231997/Boko_Haram_School_Abductions_and_Security_Discourse_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Boko Haram School Abductions and Security Discourse in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72742227/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/58231997/Boko_Haram_School_Abductions_and_Security_Discourse_in_Nigeria">Boko Haram School Abductions and Security Discourse in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">M uch has been written about the Boko Haram terrorist organization. The group has conducted numer...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">M uch has been written about the Boko Haram terrorist organization. The group has conducted numerous violent attacks since 2009, and the Nigerian state's failure to contain the insurgency is a prominent theme of discussion in national politics. Among the most notorious of Boko Haram's attacks are three mass abductions and three mass murders of Nigerian students, conducted in the space of just seven years. In 2013, 42 people, mostly students, were shot or burned alive at the Mamudo Government Secondary School; another 44 students and teachers were killed in a separate incident at the College of Agriculture in Gujba, both in the northeastern Yobe State. In February 2014, militants attacked the Buni Yadi Federal Government College, also in Yobe State, leaving 59 students dead. Most infamously, two months later, in April 2014, 276 girls were abducted from Chibok Secondary School in Borno State, also in northeast Nigeria, which led to the formation of the international campaign Bring Back Our Girls. In 2018, 110 girls were abducted from the Government Girls Science Technical College in Dapchi, Yobe State. Most recently, in December 2020, more than 300 boys were briefly abducted from the Kankara Government Science Secondary School in Katsina State, the home state of President Muhammadu Buhari, in the country's northwest. While many of the abductees have since been released or managed to escape, 111 of the Chibok girls are still missing, as is one of the Dapchi students. Many scholars have concentrated on the origins, motives, and resilience of Boko Haram. This essay considers a different perspective: that despite the obvious identity and innocence of the mostly defenseless victims of these episodes of Boko Haram's terrorism, it is the Nigerian state that has routinely positioned itself as the victim. The Nigerian government has responded to each episode of abduction with a discourse of both victimhood and militarization, presenting the latter as the only way to ensure the state's continued integrity. This discourse, often prominently featuring the state's leadership, has centered on enhancing the capacity of the state's 1</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c418f870ed20c74f80085a2761e7c066" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":72742227,"asset_id":58231997,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72742227/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="58231997"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58231997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58231997; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="55140116"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/55140116/PRIVATE_SECURITY_COMPANIES_AND_NATIONAL_1_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES AND NATIONAL (1)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/71154496/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/55140116/PRIVATE_SECURITY_COMPANIES_AND_NATIONAL_1_">PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES AND NATIONAL (1)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Chis Kwaja</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction Private Military/ Security Companies: who are they and where are they coming from? A...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction Private Military/ Security Companies: who are they and where are they coming from? Are there legal frameworks for the regulation of PMSCs in Nigeria? PMSCs in the context of national security and implications for democratic governance in Nigeria PMSCs and the prospect for democratic governance in Nigeria</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="14db977eb9aec7a9186e79107bb11365" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":71154496,"asset_id":55140116,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71154496/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="55140116"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55140116"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55140116; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="51205512"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/51205512/Civilian_perception_of_the_role_of_the_military_in_Nigerias_2014_Ebola_outbreak_and_health_related_responses_in_the_North_East_region"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria's 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69025346/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/51205512/Civilian_perception_of_the_role_of_the_military_in_Nigerias_2014_Ebola_outbreak_and_health_related_responses_in_the_North_East_region">Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria's 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction Civilian-military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-incom...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction Civilian-military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-income and middle-income country epidemic response. One crucial component of civilian-military relations is defining the role of the military. This paper evaluates the role of Nigerian military during the 2014-2016 West African Ebola epidemic. Methods Focus groups and key informant interviews were conducted throughout three states in North East region of Nigeria: Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. Participants were identified through mapping of stakeholder involvement in Nigerian epidemic response. English-translated transcripts of each key informant interview and focus group discussion were then coded and key themes were elucidated and analysed. Results Major themes elucidated include developing inclusive coordination plans between civilian and military entities, facilitating human rights reporting mechanisms and distributing military resources more equitably across geographical catchment areas. The Nigerian Military served numerous functions: 37% (22/59) of respondents indicated 'security/peace' as the military's primary function, while 42% (25/59) cited health services. Variations across geographic settings were also noted: 35% (7/20) of participants in Borno stated the military primarily provided transportation, while 73% (11/15) in Adamawa and 29% (7/24) in Yobe listed health services. Conclusions Robust civilian-military relations require an appropriately defined role of the military and clear civilian-military communication. Important considerations to contextualise civilian-military relations include military cultural-linguistic understanding, human rights promotion, and community-based needs assessments; such foci can facilitate the military's understanding of community norms and civilian cooperation with military aims. In turn, more robust civilian-military relations can promote overall epidemic response and reduce the global burden of disease.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a33a630fcda9b2d4c63bbb409bb29dcd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":69025346,"asset_id":51205512,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69025346/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="51205512"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="51205512"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51205512; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43687536"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43687536/IN_THE_MIDDLE_BELT_OF_NIGERIA_BETWEEN_FARMERS_AND_HERDERS_RESPONSES_TO_CONFLICTS_MAPPING_PAST_EFFORTS_AND_OPPORTUNITIES_FOR_VIOLENCE_PREVENTION"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of IN THE MIDDLE BELT OF NIGERIA: BETWEEN FARMERS AND HERDERS RESPONSES TO CONFLICTS MAPPING PAST EFFORTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR VIOLENCE PREVENTION" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63990138/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43687536/IN_THE_MIDDLE_BELT_OF_NIGERIA_BETWEEN_FARMERS_AND_HERDERS_RESPONSES_TO_CONFLICTS_MAPPING_PAST_EFFORTS_AND_OPPORTUNITIES_FOR_VIOLENCE_PREVENTION">IN THE MIDDLE BELT OF NIGERIA: BETWEEN FARMERS AND HERDERS RESPONSES TO CONFLICTS MAPPING PAST EFFORTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR VIOLENCE PREVENTION</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This policy brief is a product of the Forum on Farmer and Herder Relations in Nigeria (FFARN). FF...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This policy brief is a product of the Forum on Farmer and Herder Relations in Nigeria (FFARN). FFARN is a network of academics and practitioners from governmental and non-governmental institutions who work on peace and conflict/security issues in Nigeria and who have experience responding to farmer-herder conflict at sub-national, national, and/or regional levels. FFARN provides a monthly platform for interdisciplinary exchange and joint identification of areas for additional research and practice to generate strong evidence for multilevel policy influence on farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria. The concept of this policy brief was developed at the first forum of FFARN in August 2017 and validated by members of the FFARN at the second forum on September 23, 2017. Practitioners and scholars jointly prioritized the need for an assessment of existing responses of state and non-state actors to farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria to identify past and ongoing interventions, challenges, weaknesses, and to recommend actions for the future. Members of FFARN represent academic and practitioner institutions including: Violent confrontations between farmers and herders have become a defining feature of inter-group relations among communities in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. Environmental degradation, social manipulation of ethno-religious biases, and technological advances have altered relationships that were historically interdependent and mutually beneficial. Conflicts between farmers and herders exist on a large scale, both within Nigeria and the greater Lake Chad Basin and Sudano-Sahel region; however, states within Nigeria's Middle</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b016225460c68a606fae49f59a4823d7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63990138,"asset_id":43687536,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63990138/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43687536"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43687536"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43687536; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37945557"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37945557/Non_State_Armed_Groups_in_North_East_Nigeria_Challenges_and_Opportunities_for_Security_Sector_Governance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Non-State Armed Groups in North East Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Governance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57959330/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37945557/Non_State_Armed_Groups_in_North_East_Nigeria_Challenges_and_Opportunities_for_Security_Sector_Governance">Non-State Armed Groups in North East Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Governance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unn-ng.academia.edu/FreedomCOnuohaPhDfdc">Freedom C C Onuoha, Ph.D, fdc</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja">Chris Kwaja</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Non-State Armed Groups in North East Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Governance</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The proliferation of counter-insurgency armed groups in North-East Nigeria presents an interestin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The proliferation of counter-insurgency armed groups in North-East Nigeria presents an interesting subject for study. This research examines their roles from a security governance standpoint, focusing on Adamawa, Borno and Yobe, states that have been hotbeds of the Boko Haram insurgency. The objectives of the study are to map the groups, establish their capacities and impact, examine the relationships between the groups and with state security institutions and identify opportunities for constructive engagement.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1ab968319bf0138c3767211fceb25f20" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57959330,"asset_id":37945557,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57959330/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37945557"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37945557"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37945557; 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123768790]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123768790]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123768790; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123768790']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109752048"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109752048/What_Does_Securitization_Mean_for_Forensic_Mental_Healthcare_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What Does Securitization Mean for Forensic Mental Healthcare in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107783092/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109752048/What_Does_Securitization_Mean_for_Forensic_Mental_Healthcare_in_Nigeria">What Does Securitization Mean for Forensic Mental Healthcare in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja">Chris Kwaja</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AishatuYushauArmiyau">Aishatu Yusha'u Armiya'u</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Policy Brief</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What is the current state of understanding and practice on forensic mental healthcare? In what wa...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What is the current state of understanding and practice on forensic mental healthcare? In what ways does securitization explain forensic mental health in the context of policy and practice in Nigeria? How can Nigeria leverage current global practices in the implementation of its forensic mental health policy? This paper examines the foregoing questions, drawing lessons from the state of forensic mental healthcare practice in Nigeria, with specific reference to securitization and global best practices. The paper draws attention to the reality that despite global movements toward recovery-oriented care as a security issue in forensic settings, there is a policy and practice challenge in Nigeria relating to the linkages between securitization and forensic mental healthcare. These challenges are compounded by system-level barriers such as the non-recognition of forensic mental health as a human security issue, overcrowding in correctional facilities, inadequate workforce, and funding constraints. Furthermore, the paper argues that there are potential solutions that are both pragmatic and culturally adaptive, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration, adoption, and incorporation of the Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) approach, which Nigeria's forensic mental healthcare policy and practice can leverage. This is with the goal of formulating and implementing a security-responsive model that resonates with Nigerian realities while benchmarking global standards.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="afa119a80457798bf006c6e7ec74a84e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107783092,"asset_id":109752048,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107783092/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109752048"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="109752048"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109752048; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104914582"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104914582/Peacebuilding_Fragility_Cattle_Rustling_and_Armed_Banditry_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacebuilding, Fragility, Cattle Rustling, and Armed Banditry in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104664621/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104914582/Peacebuilding_Fragility_Cattle_Rustling_and_Armed_Banditry_in_Nigeria">Peacebuilding, Fragility, Cattle Rustling, and Armed Banditry in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja">Chris Kwaja</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EphraimEmah">Ephraim Emah</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge eBooks</span><span>, Apr 4, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Peacebuilding remains a complex venture that requires the framing of multiple activities that ar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Peacebuilding remains a complex venture that requires the framing of multiple <br />activities that are linked and interdependent to ensure Just Peace. Some of such <br />activities include peace education, restorative and transitional justice, development, <br />conflict resolution (dialogue, mediation, and negotiation), trauma <br />healing, multi-lateral and government efforts, and peacebuilding advocacy and <br />solidarity, among other actions (Lederach & Mansfield, 2016). The challenge <br />that peacebuilding faces in many societies, including countries like Sudan, <br />Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Nigeria, transcend beyond narratives of weak <br />interventions or insecurity. It is influenced, very often, by dilemmas that are <br />embedded in relatively weak and dysfunctional social structures that increase <br />opportunities for the protraction of violent conflicts and reverberation of patterns <br />that exacerbate insecurity. It continues to remain evident that peacebuilding <br />in many parts of Africa, including Nigeria, is affected by state fragility <br />and the weakness of institutions that have the mandate to develop and deliver <br />of operational (short-term) and structural (long-term) preventive actions to <br />institutionalize peace (Emah, 2019b; and Emah, 2019a). These challenges <br />are further deepened by the emergence of complex security dynamics that <br />immensely pressure the peace architecture of the state to constantly rethink its <br />strategies. They also shrink the limited resources available for providing security, <br />fracture inter-communal/intergroup relationships, and threaten economic <br />prosperity and individual livelihoods, and collective opportunities to attain <br />integral human development. <br /> <br />This chapter argues that to ensure peacebuilding delivers the best results in <br />circumstances of increased conflicts, insecurities, and fragility, the development <br />of actions should involve the integration of structural and operational prevention <br />(Ackerman, 2003), which also allows the maximization of various formal <br />and informal structures that can ensure constructive social changes. Systemic <br />assessments of peacebuilding within fragile contexts enable an improved <br />understanding of the interconnectedness of conflict issues and the effectiveness <br />and impacts of various approaches adopted to tackling insecurity and the <br />underlying drivers of conflicts, part of which is armed banditry and cattle rustling. <br />Even though re-conceptualizing peacebuilding in fragile states could be a <br />difficult and complicated process, it necessitates an evaluation of actions. <br />This evaluative process creates a dialogue between frameworks that both support <br />and legitimize formal and informal methods that build peace across various <br />groups and communities. In essence, transforming the challenges of cattle <br />rustling, armed banditry, state fragility, and various forms of insecurity and <br />conflicts in Nigeria needs the framing of actions that are not linear but address <br />the multi-level factors that escalate criminality and the lacunas in the delivery <br />of security (Okoli & Okpaleke, 2014b). This approach to peacebuilding supports <br />consistent evaluation of strategies, learning and reflecting on practice, <br />and accountability within the context of conflicts and fragility.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="58f989a65db954fd137b2ce72e8b407d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104664621,"asset_id":104914582,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104664621/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104914582"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104914582"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104914582; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105150597"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/105150597/Peacebuilding_Fragility_Cattle_Rustling_and_Armed_Banditry_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacebuilding, Fragility, Cattle Rustling, and Armed Banditry in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/105150597/Peacebuilding_Fragility_Cattle_Rustling_and_Armed_Banditry_in_Nigeria">Peacebuilding, Fragility, Cattle Rustling, and Armed Banditry in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja">Chris Kwaja</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EphraimEmah">Ephraim Emah</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge eBooks</span><span>, Apr 4, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Peacebuilding remains a complex venture that requires the framing of multiple activities that are...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Peacebuilding remains a complex venture that requires the framing of multiple activities that are linked and interdependent to ensure Just Peace. Some of such activities include peace education, restorative and transitional justice, development, conflict resolution (dialogue, mediation, and negotiation), trauma healing, multi-lateral and government efforts, and peacebuilding advocacy and solidarity, among other actions (Lederach &amp;amp; Mansfield, 2016). The challenge that peacebuilding faces in many societies, including countries like Sudan, Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Nigeria, transcend beyond narratives of weak interventions or insecurity. It is influenced, very often, by dilemmas that are embedded in relatively weak and dysfunctional social structures that increase opportunities for the protraction of violent conflicts and reverberation of patterns that exacerbate insecurity. It continues to remain evident that peacebuilding in many parts of Africa, including Nigeria, is affected by state fragility and the weakness of institutions that have the mandate to develop and deliver of operational (short-term) and structural (long-term) preventive actions to institutionalize peace (Emah, 2019b; and Emah, 2019a). These challenges are further deepened by the emergence of complex security dynamics that immensely pressure the peace architecture of the state to constantly rethink its strategies. They also shrink the limited resources available for providing security, fracture inter-communal/intergroup relationships, and threaten economic prosperity and individual livelihoods, and collective opportunities to attain integral human development. This chapter argues that to ensure peacebuilding delivers the best results in circumstances of increased conflicts, insecurities, and fragility, the development of actions should involve the integration of structural and operational prevention (Ackerman, 2003), which also allows the maximization of various formal and informal structures that can ensure constructive social changes. Systemic assessments of peacebuilding within fragile contexts enable an improved understanding of the interconnectedness of conflict issues and the effectiveness and impacts of various approaches adopted to tackling insecurity and the underlying drivers of conflicts, part of which is armed banditry and cattle rustling. Even though re-conceptualizing peacebuilding in fragile states could be a difficult and complicated process, it necessitates an evaluation of actions. This evaluative process creates a dialogue between frameworks that both support and legitimize formal and informal methods that build peace across various groups and communities. In essence, transforming the challenges of cattle rustling, armed banditry, state fragility, and various forms of insecurity and conflicts in Nigeria needs the framing of actions that are not linear but address the multi-level factors that escalate criminality and the lacunas in the delivery of security (Okoli &amp;amp; Okpaleke, 2014b). This approach to peacebuilding supports consistent evaluation of strategies, learning and reflecting on practice, and accountability within the context of conflicts and fragility.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105150597"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105150597"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105150597; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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However, new technologies employed by conflict parties, stakeholders, and those who aim to make or build peace have also made peace processes less ascertainable, intelligible, and predictable. Technology can thus create both more certainty and uncertainty in (and about) peace processes. This forum article presents a first collaborative attempt to explore how the use of technology by conflict parties and peacebuilding actors influences these dynamics. We examine various fields of engagement, ranging from conflict prevention to peace mediation, peacekeeping, and longer-term peacebuilding. Our discussion engages with a variety of related activities, including predictive analysis and foresight, conflict analysis, cease-fire monitoring, early warning...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2668f725ff6cd008e237a47f90daf93e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101900282,"asset_id":101328971,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101900282/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101328971"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101328971"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101328971; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=92643993]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":92643993,"title":"Environmental Justice for Indigenous Communities in the Americas (1)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92643993/Environmental_Justice_for_Indigenous_Communities_in_the_Americas_1_","owner_id":99288428,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":99288428,"first_name":"Chris","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kwaja","page_name":"ChrisKwaja","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-12-17T13:57:51.475-08:00","display_name":"Chris Kwaja","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="91789624"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/91789624/The_Context_of_Small_Arms_Proliferation_in_Africa_State_Fragility_and_Management_of_Armed_Violence"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Context of Small Arms Proliferation in Africa: State Fragility and Management of Armed Violence" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94976532/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/91789624/The_Context_of_Small_Arms_Proliferation_in_Africa_State_Fragility_and_Management_of_Armed_Violence">The Context of Small Arms Proliferation in Africa: State Fragility and Management of Armed Violence</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Palgrave Handbook of Small Arms and Conflicts in Africa</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Armed conflicts remain a challenging aspect of Africa's growth, development and peace (Murshed 20...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Armed conflicts remain a challenging aspect of Africa's growth, development and peace (Murshed 2018). Conflict escalation in different parts of Africa is amplified by several factors, including governance, corruption, historical antecedence of different wars and a quest for significance by various conflicts actors. However, the proliferation of arms and different weapons have deepened the conflicts, creating political economies and collapse of social structures that could support peace across different societies. Illicit arms trade in Africa is amorphous; thus, creating increased illegal presence and accessibility to arms in virtually every country in the region. Also, the clandestine nature of illicit arms trade affects societal progress, impeding developmental on many fronts. The impacts of arms proliferation in conflicts in Africa is complex and challenging to resolve because of the complacency of some political and state actors/regimes across the continent, in addition to other factors. The spate of insurgency in the continent is escalated by these clandestine arms trade, enabling the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs), which then affects economic and social growth, intercommunal/social cohesion, increases radicalization, violent extremism and inter-communal tension, promotes gun culture, and fosters inter-generational</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="50d9df3a3a4dceaa457917cd651cde27" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":94976532,"asset_id":91789624,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94976532/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="91789624"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="91789624"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91789624; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="91414153"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/91414153/From_combat_to_non_combat_action"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From combat to non-combat action" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/91414153/From_combat_to_non_combat_action">From combat to non-combat action</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African Security Review</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper examines the rationale and centrality of private military and security companies (PMSC...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper examines the rationale and centrality of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in humanitarian assistance operations in Sudan, asking why PMSCs are involved in humanitarian assistance operations in Sudan and what the principles underlying their activities are. To answer this question, the paper draws attention to the link between humanitarian crises and PMSC interventions. Where there is no meaningful alternative intervention, undergirded by humanitarian concerns that are also profit driven, PMSCs come in to provide the needed services. The protracted and complicated internal armed conflicts in Sudan, which have lasted for over two decades, have produced as many as 4,8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) – the single largest number in the world. The kind of humanitarian assistance operations provided by PMSCs in Sudan have become critical to the provision of much-needed services which were inadequately provided by governmental authorities at both unilateral and multilateral levels. This paper argues that the humanitarian crises in Sudan created a regime that permits humanitarian assistance operations by both state and non-state actors.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="91414153"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="91414153"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91414153; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91414153]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91414153]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91414153; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='91414153']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=91414153]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":91414153,"title":"From combat to non-combat action","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91414153/From_combat_to_non_combat_action","owner_id":99288428,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":99288428,"first_name":"Chris","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kwaja","page_name":"ChrisKwaja","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-12-17T13:57:51.475-08:00","display_name":"Chris Kwaja","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="91414152"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/91414152/The_feasibility_of_security_sector_reform_and_access_to_justice_in_Sudan_Challenges_and_prospects"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The feasibility of security sector reform and access to justice in Sudan: Challenges and prospects" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/91414152/The_feasibility_of_security_sector_reform_and_access_to_justice_in_Sudan_Challenges_and_prospects">The feasibility of security sector reform and access to justice in Sudan: Challenges and prospects</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African Security Review</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines security sector reform (SSR) in Sudan and provides an overview of some of t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines security sector reform (SSR) in Sudan and provides an overview of some of the ongoing challenges in the operationalisation of SSR in Sudan&#x27;s post-war economy. The author argues that security providers such as the military and police function within a highly political and undemocratic milieu that lacks transparency and does not have the capacity to expose the</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="91414152"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="91414152"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91414152; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91414135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91414135]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91414135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='91414135']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=91414135]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":91414135,"title":"Religion and Peacebuilding in Nigeria","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91414135/Religion_and_Peacebuilding_in_Nigeria","owner_id":99288428,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":99288428,"first_name":"Chris","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kwaja","page_name":"ChrisKwaja","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-12-17T13:57:51.475-08:00","display_name":"Chris Kwaja","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="84412966"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84412966/Development_Strategies_and_Conflict_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Development Strategies and Conflict in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84412966/Development_Strategies_and_Conflict_in_Nigeria">Development Strategies and Conflict in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Economic Roots of Conflict and Cooperation in Africa</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">At first glance, Nigeria’s recent economic record appears to suggest that development strategies ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">At first glance, Nigeria’s recent economic record appears to suggest that development strategies are highly associated with greater conflict. Since 2003, the nation has enjoyed an average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of over 6 percent; yet Nigeria has been crippled by major insurgencies in the oil-producing Niger Delta region and the religiously/ethnically divided central states that encompass the Middle Belt. Despite the huge agricultural potentials of the country, agriculture currently accounts for roughly 35 percent of its GDP, with heavy reliance on imported food items (African Economic Outlook 2013).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="84412966"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="84412966"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 84412966; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=84412966]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":84412966,"title":"Development Strategies and Conflict in Nigeria","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84412966/Development_Strategies_and_Conflict_in_Nigeria","owner_id":99288428,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":99288428,"first_name":"Chris","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kwaja","page_name":"ChrisKwaja","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-12-17T13:57:51.475-08:00","display_name":"Chris Kwaja","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76284791"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76284791/Civilian_perception_of_the_role_of_the_military_in_Nigeria_s_2014_Ebola_outbreak_and_health_related_responses_in_the_North_East_region"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria’s 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76284791/Civilian_perception_of_the_role_of_the_military_in_Nigeria_s_2014_Ebola_outbreak_and_health_related_responses_in_the_North_East_region">Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria’s 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BMJ Military Health</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">IntroductionCivilian–military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-income...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">IntroductionCivilian–military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-income and middle-income country epidemic response. One crucial component of civilian–military relations is defining the role of the military. This paper evaluates the role of Nigerian military during the 2014–2016 West African Ebola epidemic.MethodsFocus groups and key informant interviews were conducted throughout three states in North East region of Nigeria: Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. Participants were identified through mapping of stakeholder involvement in Nigerian epidemic response. English-translated transcripts of each key informant interview and focus group discussion were then coded and key themes were elucidated and analysed.ResultsMajor themes elucidated include developing inclusive coordination plans between civilian and military entities, facilitating human rights reporting mechanisms and distributing military resources more equitably across geographical catchment areas. The Nigeri...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76284791"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76284791"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76284791; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76284791]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76284791]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76284791; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76284791']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76284791]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76284791,"title":"Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria’s 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76284791/Civilian_perception_of_the_role_of_the_military_in_Nigeria_s_2014_Ebola_outbreak_and_health_related_responses_in_the_North_East_region","owner_id":99288428,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":99288428,"first_name":"Chris","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kwaja","page_name":"ChrisKwaja","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-12-17T13:57:51.475-08:00","display_name":"Chris Kwaja","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76284778"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/76284778/Nigerias_Pernicious_Drivers_of_Ethno_Religious_Conflict_Africa_Security_Brief_Number_14_July_2011_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nigeria's Pernicious Drivers of Ethno-Religious Conflict (Africa Security Brief, Number 14, July 2011)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84038942/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/76284778/Nigerias_Pernicious_Drivers_of_Ethno_Religious_Conflict_Africa_Security_Brief_Number_14_July_2011_">Nigeria's Pernicious Drivers of Ethno-Religious Conflict (Africa Security Brief, Number 14, July 2011)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">N O . 1 4 / J U LY 2 0 11 victims were killed or seized by Muslim or Christian youth gangs at imp...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">N O . 1 4 / J U LY 2 0 11 victims were killed or seized by Muslim or Christian youth gangs at impromptu roadside checkpoints and taxi and bus stations, their bodies later found in nearby shallow graves. 1 Several major attacks in 2010 saw new, increasingly lethal tactics. During 4 days of fighting in January, up to 500 people were killed and some 18,000 displaced, many into neighboring states. Local organizations collected over 150 text messages circulated prior to the violence, revealing an orchestrated Communal clashes across ethnic and religious faultlines in and around the city of Jos in central Nigeria have claimed thousands of lives, displaced hundreds of thousands of others, and fostered a climate of instability throughout the surrounding region. While large-scale violence has occurred periodically over the past decade, in recent years attacks have become more frequent, widespread, and efficient. Over 200 people were killed and nearly 100 more went missing during near daily attacks in January 2011. Many In extreme cases, rival communities may perceive that their security, perhaps their very survival, can be ensured only through control of state power. Conflict in such cases becomes virtually inevitable. -"The Causes of Conflict and the Promotion of Durable Peace and Sustainable Development in Africa," Report of the United Nations Secretary-General, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c39fb77b5500f764f4541701d2f10ce6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":84038942,"asset_id":76284778,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84038942/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76284778"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76284778"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76284778; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="70376031"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/70376031/Strategies_for_Re_Building_State_Capacity_to_Manage_Ethnic_and_Religious_Conflict_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Strategies for [Re]Building State Capacity to Manage Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/70376031/Strategies_for_Re_Building_State_Capacity_to_Manage_Ethnic_and_Religious_Conflict_in_Nigeria">Strategies for [Re]Building State Capacity to Manage Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When ethnic and religious leaders preach reconciliation without having unequivocally committed th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When ethnic and religious leaders preach reconciliation without having unequivocally committed themselves to struggle on the side of the oppressed for justice, they are caught straddling a pseudo-neutrality made of nothing but thin air (Wink, 1997:22) [emphasis added]. Despite strong optimism that the enthronement of democratic rule in Nigeria in 1999 would avert or contain ethnic and religious conflicts, the country has witnessed high level ethnic and religious violence with devastating consequences. This paper examines ethnic and religious conflicts in Nigeria in terms of its causes and impacts from 1999 to date. It argues that the weakness of the state has impacted significantly on the management of ethnic and religious conflicts in view of the fact that the state has increasingly become less responsive to the security needs of its citizens. The paper contends further that the challenge of managing ethnic and religious conflicts in Nigeria lies squarely in rebuilding state capaci...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="70376031"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70376031"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70376031; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=70376026]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":70376026,"title":"The Arab Spring and democratic processes in North Africa","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70376026/The_Arab_Spring_and_democratic_processes_in_North_Africa","owner_id":99288428,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":99288428,"first_name":"Chris","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kwaja","page_name":"ChrisKwaja","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-12-17T13:57:51.475-08:00","display_name":"Chris Kwaja","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisKwaja"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="70376021"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/70376021/The_private_military_and_security_sector_and_African_conflicts_a_case_study_of_Sierra_Leone"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The private military and security sector and African conflicts : a case study of Sierra Leone" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/70376021/The_private_military_and_security_sector_and_African_conflicts_a_case_study_of_Sierra_Leone">The private military and security sector and African conflicts : a case study of Sierra Leone</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The paper examines the factors that account for the involvement of the private military and secur...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The paper examines the factors that account for the involvement of the private military and security sector in African conflicts, with specific reference to Sierra Leone. While the activities of these entities have come under scrutiny, there has not been any concrete effort by African states to address the challenges associated with the consequences of such involvements. The paper argues that while weak state capacity was responsible for the involvement of the private sector in the Sierra Leonean conflicts, the centrality of the market, which is linked to profit maximization, was a major driver and incentive for the private sector. The paper argued further while the private sector has come to stay in the military and security landscape of African societies, effective mechanisms for regulation remain the potent option for African states, particularly Sierra Leone.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="70376021"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70376021"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70376021; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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