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life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touraine_countryside_to_monastic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physician_and_author" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physician_and_author"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Physician and author </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physician_and_author-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel_to_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_to_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Travel to Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_to_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Novels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Novels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Novels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gargantua_and_Pantagruel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Gargantua and Pantagruel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gargantua_and_Pantagruel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thélème" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thélème"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Thélème </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thélème-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Third_Book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Third_Book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The Third Book </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Third_Book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fourth_Book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fourth_Book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The Fourth Book </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fourth_Book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Use of language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Scholarly views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours,_tributes_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours,_tributes_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Honours, tributes and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours,_tributes_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">François Rabelais</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" > 90 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فرانسوا رابليه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسوا رابليه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransua_Rable" title="Fransua Rable – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransua Rable" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87" title="فرانسوا رابله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسوا رابله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87" title="ফ্রাঁসোয়া রাবলে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রাঁসোয়া রাবলে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсуа Рабле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франсуа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсуа Рабле – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франсуа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсуа Рабле – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Франсуа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсоа Рабле – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсоа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC_%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF" title="Φρανσουά Ραμπελαί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρανσουά Ραμπελαί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87" title="فرانسوا رابله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسوا رابله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%88%98%EC%95%84_%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%94%EB%A0%88" title="프랑수아 라블레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑수아 라블레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%A5" title="Ֆրանսուա Ռաբլե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսուա Ռաբլե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="रैबेले – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रैबेले" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94" title="פרנסואה רבלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסואה רבלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ფრანსუა რაბლე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანსუა რაბლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсуа Рабле – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франсуа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсуа Рабле – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франсуа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Рабле, Франсуа – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Рабле, Франсуа" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Rabelaesus" title="Franciscus Rabelaesus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Rabelaesus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransu%C4%81_Rabl%C4%93" title="Fransuā Rablē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fransuā Rablē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсоа Рабле – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франсоа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ფრანსუა რაბლე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრანსუა რაბლე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فرانسوا رابليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسوا رابليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ဖရန်ဆွာ ရက်ဗီလေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရန်ဆွာ ရက်ဗီလေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="フランソワ・ラブレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランソワ・ラブレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C" title="ਫਰਾਂਕੋਸ ਰਾਬੇਲਿਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰਾਂਕੋਸ ਰਾਬੇਲਿਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87" title="فرانسوا رابيله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسوا رابيله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Рабле, Франсуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабле, Франсуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuolansuowa._Lapuolai%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%E2%80%A2%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7" title="Fuolansuowa. Lapuolai弗朗索瓦•拉伯雷 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Fuolansuowa. Lapuolai弗朗索瓦•拉伯雷" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсоа Рабле – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсоа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5" title="ฟร็องซัว ราเบอแล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟร็องซัว ราเบอแล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсуа Рабле – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Франсуа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Франсуа Рабле – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франсуа Рабле" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="François Rabelais" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabelais&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French writer and humanist (died 1553)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rabelais" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rabelais_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rabelais (disambiguation)">Rabelais (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">François Rabelais</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg/220px-Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg/330px-Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg/440px-Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1947" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Between 1483 and 1494 <a href="/wiki/Seuilly" title="Seuilly">Seuilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Between January and 14 March 1553<a href="#cite_note-birthdate-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer, physician, humanist, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">University of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Gargantua and Pantagruel</a></td></tr></tbody></table> François Rabelais (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈræbəleɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">RAB-ə-lay</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌræbəˈleɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠LAY</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɑ̃swa ʁablɛ]</a>; born between 1483 and 1494; died 1553) was a French writer who has been called the first great French prose author.<a href="#cite_note-Renner-2020-4">[4]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholar</a>, he attracted opposition from both <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and from the hierarchy of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Though in his day he was best known as a physician, scholar, diplomat, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a>, later he became better known as a <a href="/wiki/Satirist" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirist">satirist</a> for his depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a>, and for his larger-than-life characters. Both <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecclesiastical" class="extiw" title="wikt:ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anticlerical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a>, a doctor and a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bon_vivant" class="extiw" title="wikt:bon vivant">bon vivant</a>, the multiple facets of his personality sometimes seem contradictory. Caught up in the religious and political turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, Rabelais treated the great questions of his time in his novels. Assessments of his life and work have evolved over time depending on dominant paradigms of thought. Rabelais admired <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and like him is considered a <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanist</a>. He was critical of medieval scholasticism, lampooning the abuses of powerful princes and popes, opposing them with Greco-Roman learning and popular culture. Rabelais is widely known for the first two volumes relating the childhoods of the giants <a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Gargantua and Pantagruel</a> written in the style of <a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">bildungsroman</a>; his later works—the Third Book (which prefigures the philosophical novel) and the Fourth Book are considerably more erudite in tone. His literary legacy is such that the word Rabelaisian designates something that is "marked by gross robust humor, extravagance of caricature, or bold naturalism".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Touraine_countryside_to_monastic_life">Touraine countryside to monastic life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Touraine countryside to monastic life">edit</a>]</div> According to a tradition dating back to <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Gaigni%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger de Gaignières">Roger de Gaignières</a> (1642–1715), François Rabelais was the son of <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a> and lawyer Antoine Rabelais<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Rabelais_Encyclopedia''xiii-6">[6]</a> and was born at the estate of La Devinière in <a href="/wiki/Seuilly" title="Seuilly">Seuilly</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Chinon" title="Chinon">Chinon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a>, where a Rabelais museum can be found today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon201133–34-7">[7]</a> The exact dates of his birth (c. 1483–1494) and death (1553) are unknown, but most scholars accept his likely birthdate as being 1483.<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> His education was likely typical of the late medieval period: beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">trivium</a> syllabus that included the study of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic before moving on to the <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>, which dealt with arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard200238-14">[13]</a> In 1623, Jacques Bruneau de Tartifume wrote that Rabelais began his life as a <a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">novice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor#Cordeliers" title="Order of Friars Minor">Franciscan Order of Cordeliers</a>, at the Convent of the Cordeliers, near <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>; however there is no direct evidence to support this theory.<a href="#cite_note-Demonet-2022-15">[14]</a> By 1520, he was at <a href="/wiki/Fontenay-le-Comte" title="Fontenay-le-Comte">Fontenay-le-Comte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> where he became friends with Pierre Lamy, a fellow Franciscan, and corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a>, who observed that he was already competent in law.<a href="#cite_note-Demonet-2022-15">[14]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>' commentary on the original Greek version of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a> banned the study of Greek in 1523,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xi-16">[15]</a> believing that it encouraged "personal interpretation" of the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemerson198613-17">[16]</a> As a result, both Lamy and Rabelais had their Greek books confiscated. Frustrated by the ban, Rabelais petitioned <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (1523–1534) and obtained an <a href="/wiki/Indult" title="Indult">indult</a> with the help of Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffroy_d%27Estissac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffroy d'Estissac (page does not exist)">Geoffroy d'Estissac</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroy_d%27Estissac" class="extiw" title="fr:Geoffroy d'Estissac">fr</a>], and was able to leave the Franciscans for the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine Order</a> at <a href="/wiki/Maillezais" title="Maillezais">Maillezais</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xi-16">[15]</a> At the Saint-Pierre-de-Maillezais abbey, he worked as a secretary to the bishop—a well-read <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> appointed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>—and enjoyed his protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard200241-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physician_and_author">Physician and author</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physician and author">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel-Dieu_interior,_Rabelais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hotel-Dieu_interior%2C_Rabelais.jpg/220px-Hotel-Dieu_interior%2C_Rabelais.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hotel-Dieu_interior%2C_Rabelais.jpg/330px-Hotel-Dieu_interior%2C_Rabelais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hotel-Dieu_interior%2C_Rabelais.jpg/440px-Hotel-Dieu_interior%2C_Rabelais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Rabelais worked at the hospital <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Lyon" title="Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon">Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon</a> from 1532 to 1535.</figcaption></figure> Around 1527 he left the monastery without authorization, becoming an <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostate</a> until <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> absolved him of this crime, which carried with it the risk of severe sanctions, in 1536.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Until this time, <a href="/wiki/Church_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Church law">church law</a> forbade him to work as a doctor or surgeon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemerson198614-20">[19]</a> J. Lesellier surmises that it was during the time he spent in Paris from 1528 to 1530 that two of his three children (François and Junie) were born.<a href="#cite_note-Lesellier-1938-21">[20]</a> After Paris, Rabelais went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">University of Poitiers</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a> to study medicine. In 1532 he moved to <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, one of the intellectual centres of the Renaissance, and began working as a doctor at the hospital <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Lyon" title="Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon">Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon</a>. During his time in Lyon, he edited Latin works for the printer <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Gryphius" title="Sebastian Gryphius">Sebastian Gryphius</a>, and wrote a famous admiring letter to Erasmus to accompany the transmission of a Greek manuscript from the printer. Gryphius published Rabelais' translations and annotations of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Manardo" title="Giovanni Manardo">Giovanni Manardo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xiii-22">[21]</a> In 1537 he returned to Montpellier to pay the fees to obtain his licence to practice medicine (April 3) and obtained his doctorate the following month (May 22).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011242-23">[22]</a> Upon his return to Lyon in the summer, he gave an anatomy lesson at Lyon's Hôtel-Dieu using the corpse of a hanged man,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xvii-24">[23]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Dolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Dolet">Etienne Dolet</a> described in his Carmina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011247-25">[24]</a> It was through his work and scholarship in the field of medicine that Rabelais gained European fame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemerson198615-26">[25]</a> In 1532, under the pseudonym Alcofribas Nasier (an <a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">anagram</a> of François Rabelais), he published his first book, Pantagruel King of the Dipsodes, the first of his <a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Gargantua series</a>, primarily to supplement his income at the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xiii,_xv-27">[26]</a> The idea of basing an allegory on the lives of giants came to Rabelais from the folklore legend of les Grandes chroniques du grand et énorme géant Gargantua, which were sold by <a href="/wiki/Colportage" title="Colportage">colporteurs</a> and at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairs_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairs of Lyon (page does not exist)">fairs of Lyon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/foires_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:foires de Lyon">fr</a>] as popular literature in the form of inexpensive pamphlets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xiii-22">[21]</a> The first edition of an almanac parodying the astrological predictions of the time called Pantagrueline prognostications appeared for the year 1533 from the press of Rabelais' publisher François Juste. It contained the name "Maître Alcofribas" in its full title. The popular almanacs continued irregularly until the final 1542 edition, which was prepared for the "perpetual year". From 1537, they were printed at the end of Juste's editions of Pantagruel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011164–165-28">[27]</a> Pantagruelism is an "eat, drink and be merry" philosophy, which led his books into disfavor with the theologians but brought them popular success and the admiration of later critics for their focus on the body. This first book, critical of the existing monastic and educational system, contains the first known occurrence in French of the words <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopédie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaballah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaballah">caballe</a>, progrès, and <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopie</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The book became popular, along with its 1534 <a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">prequel</a>, which dealt with the life and exploits of Pantagruel's father Gargantua, and which was more infused with the politics of the day and overtly favorable to the monarchy than the preceding volume had been. The 1534 re-edition of Pantagruel contains many orthographic, grammatical, and typographical innovations, in particular the use of diacritics (accents, apostrophes, and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaereses</a>), which was then new in French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011183–187-31">[30]</a> Mireille Huchon ascribes this innovation in part to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a> on French letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011188–192-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_to_Italy">Travel to Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Travel to Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beauregard_-_Cardinal_Jean_du_Bellay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of cardinal Jean du Bellay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beauregard_-_Cardinal_Jean_du_Bellay.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beauregard_-_Cardinal_Jean_du_Bellay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beauregard_-_Cardinal_Jean_du_Bellay.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beauregard_-_Cardinal_Jean_du_Bellay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beauregard_-_Cardinal_Jean_du_Bellay.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beauregard_-_Cardinal_Jean_du_Bellay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Rabelais' three trips to Rome were under the protection of <a href="/wiki/Jean_du_Bellay" title="Jean du Bellay">Jean du Bellay</a>.</figcaption></figure> No clear evidence establishes when Jean du Bellay and Rabelais met. Nevertheless, when du Bellay was sent to Rome in January 1534 to convince Pope Clément VII not to excommunicate <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, he was accompanied by Rabelais, who worked as his secretary and personal physician until his return in April. During his stay, Rabelais found the city fascinating and decided to bring out a new edition of <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Marliani" title="Bartolomeo Marliani">Bartolomeo Marliani</a>'s Topographia antiqua Romae with Sebastien Gryphe in Lyon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011196–197-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Rabelais quietly left the Hôtel Dieu de Lyon on 13 February 1535 after receiving his salary, disappearing until August 1535 as a result of the tumultuous <a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Placards" title="Affair of the Placards">Affair of the Placards</a>, which led Francis I to issue an edict forbidding all printing in France. Only the influence of the du Bellays allowed the printing presses to run again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011201–203-35">[34]</a> In May, Jean du Bellay was named cardinal, and still with a diplomatic mission for Francis I, had Rabelais join him in Rome. During this time, Rabelais was also working for Geoffroy d'Estissac's interests and maintained a correspondence with him through diplomatic channels (under royal seal as far as Poitiers). Three letters from Rabelais have survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011226–229-36">[35]</a> On 17 January 1536, Paul III issued a <a href="/wiki/Papal_brief" title="Papal brief">papal brief</a> authorizing Rabelais to join a Benedictine monastery and practice medicine, as long as he refrained from surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011236-37">[36]</a> Jean du Bellay having been named the abbot in commendam of the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur_Abbey" title="Saint-Maur Abbey">Saint-Maur Abbey</a>, Rabelais arranged to be assigned there, knowing that the monks were to become <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Lesellier-1938-21">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabelaismaisonmetz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rabelaismaisonmetz.jpg/170px-Rabelaismaisonmetz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rabelaismaisonmetz.jpg/255px-Rabelaismaisonmetz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rabelaismaisonmetz.jpg/340px-Rabelaismaisonmetz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The house of François Rabelais in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></figcaption></figure> In 1540, Rabelais lived for a short time in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> as part of the household of du Bellay's brother, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_du_Bellay" title="Guillaume du Bellay">Guillaume</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemerson198617-38">[37]</a> It was at this time that his two children were legitimized by Paul III, the same year that his third child (Théodule) died in Lyon at the age of two.<a href="#cite_note-Lesellier-1938-21">[20]</a> Rabelais also spent some time lying low, under periodic threat of being condemned of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> depending upon the health of his various protectors. In 1543, both Gargantua and Pantagruel were condemned by the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a>, then a theological college.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFebvre1942111–15,_128–32-39">[38]</a> Only the protection of du Bellay saved Rabelais after the condemnation of his novel by the Sorbonne. In June 1543 Rabelais became a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Requests_(France)" title="Master of Requests (France)">Master of Requests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Between 1545 and 1547 François Rabelais lived in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> and a republic, to escape the condemnation by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>. In 1547, he became <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Christophe-du-Jambet" title="Saint-Christophe-du-Jambet">Saint-Christophe-du-Jambet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a> near Paris. With support from members of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Du_Bellay_family" title="Du Bellay family">du Bellay family</a>, Rabelais had received approval from <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">King Francis I</a> to continue to publish his collection on 19 September 1545 for six years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011296-41">[40]</a> However, on 31 December 1546, the Tiers Livre joined the Sorbonne's list of banned books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011311-42">[41]</a> After the king's death in 1547, the academic élite frowned upon Rabelais, and the Paris <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a> suspended the sale of The Fourth Book, published in 1552,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xx-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> despite Henry II having accorded him the royal privilege. This suspension proved ineffective, for the time being, as the king reiterated his support for the book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScreech1979321–322-45">[44]</a> Rabelais resigned from the curacy in January 1553 and died in Paris later that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xx–xxi,_xix–xx-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novels">Novels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gargantua_and_Pantagruel">Gargantua and Pantagruel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gargantua and Pantagruel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Gargantua and Pantagruel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Dore_X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gustave_Dore_X.jpg/220px-Gustave_Dore_X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gustave_Dore_X.jpg/330px-Gustave_Dore_X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gustave_Dore_X.jpg/440px-Gustave_Dore_X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Illustration for Gargantua and Pantagruel by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Dore_XII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gustave_Dore_XII.jpg/220px-Gustave_Dore_XII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gustave_Dore_XII.jpg/330px-Gustave_Dore_XII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gustave_Dore_XII.jpg/440px-Gustave_Dore_XII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Illustration for Gargantua and Pantagruel by Gustave Doré</figcaption></figure> Gargantua and Pantagruel relates the adventures of Gargantua and his son Pantagruel. The tales are adventurous and erudite, festive and gross, ecumenical, and rarely—if ever—solemn for long. The first book, chronologically, was Pantagruel: King of the Dipsodes and the Gargantua mentioned in the Prologue refers not to Rabelais' own work but to storybooks that were being sold at the Lyon fairs in the early 1530s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995297,_300-49">[47]</a> In the first chapter of the earliest book, Pantagruel's lineage is listed back 60 generations to a giant named Chalbroth. The narrator dismisses the skeptics of the time—who would have thought a giant far too large for <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>—stating that Hurtaly (the giant reigning during the flood and a great fan of soup) simply rode the Ark like a kid on a rocking horse, or like a fat Swiss guy on a cannon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995308–314-50">[48]</a> In the Prologue to Gargantua the narrator addresses the: "Most illustrious drinkers, and you the most precious pox-ridden—for to you and you alone are my writings dedicated ..." before turning to Plato's <a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Banquet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson199550-51">[49]</a> An unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> epidemic had raged through Europe for over 30 years when the book was published,<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> even the king of France was reputed to have been infected. Etion was the first giant in Pantagruel's list of ancestors to suffer from the disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995510-53">[51]</a> Although most chapters are humorous, wildly fantastic and frequently absurd, a few relatively serious passages have become famous for expressing humanistic ideals of the time. In particular, the chapters on Gargantua's boyhood and Gargantua's paternal letter to Pantagruel<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a>: 192–96  present a quite detailed vision of education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thélème">Thélème</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thélème">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thélème" and "Abbey of Thélème" redirect here. For the new religious movement, see <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>. For the Thelemic monastery, see <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Thelema" title="Abbey of Thelema">Abbey of Thelema</a>.</div> In the second novel, Gargantua, M. Alcofribas narrates the Abbey of Thélème, built by the giant Gargantua. It differs markedly from the monastic norm, since it is open to both monks and nuns and has a swimming pool, maid service, and no clocks in sight. Only the good-looking are permitted to enter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995268–269-55">[53]</a> The inscription at the gate first specifies who is not welcome: hypocrites, bigots, the pox-ridden, Goths, Magoths, straw-chewing law clerks, usurious grinches, old or officious judges, and burners of heretics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995272-56">[54]</a> When the members are defined positively, the text becomes more inviting: <blockquote><div class="poem"> Honour, praise, distraction Herein lies subtraction in the tuning up of joy. To healthy bodies so employed Do pass on this reaction: Honour, praise, distraction<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995274-57">[55]</a> </div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_--_FAY_CE_QUE_VOUDRAS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_--_FAY_CE_QUE_VOUDRAS.jpg/300px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_--_FAY_CE_QUE_VOUDRAS.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_--_FAY_CE_QUE_VOUDRAS.jpg/450px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_--_FAY_CE_QUE_VOUDRAS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_--_FAY_CE_QUE_VOUDRAS.jpg/600px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_--_FAY_CE_QUE_VOUDRAS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Inscription above the Abbey of Thélème (Gustave Doré)</figcaption></figure> The Thélèmites in the abbey live according to a single rule: <blockquote>DO WHAT YOU WANT</blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Third_Book">The Third Book</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Third Book">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RabelaisPentagruelTitlepage1571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RabelaisPentagruelTitlepage1571.jpg/250px-RabelaisPentagruelTitlepage1571.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RabelaisPentagruelTitlepage1571.jpg/375px-RabelaisPentagruelTitlepage1571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RabelaisPentagruelTitlepage1571.jpg/500px-RabelaisPentagruelTitlepage1571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Titlepage of a 1571 edition containing the last three books of Pantagruel: Le Tiers Livre des Faits & Dits Heroïques du Bon Pantagruel (The Third Book of the True and Reputed Heroic Deeds of the Noble Pantagruel)</figcaption></figure> Published in 1546 under his own name with the privilège granted by Francis I for the first edition and by Henri II for the 1552 edition, The Third Book was condemned by the Sorbonne, like the previous tomes. In it, Rabelais revisited discussions he had had while working as a secretary to Geoffroy d'Estissac earlier in Fontenay–le–Comte, where <a href="/wiki/The_woman_question" title="The woman question">la querelle des femmes</a> had been a lively subject of debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xix-58">[56]</a> More recent exchanges with <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite de Navarre</a>—possibly about the question of clandestine marriage and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a> whose canonical status was being debated at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>—led Rabelais to dedicate the book to her before she wrote the <a href="/wiki/Heptam%C3%A9ron" title="Heptaméron">Heptameron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consultation_de_la_sybille_de_Panzoust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Consultation_de_la_sybille_de_Panzoust.jpg/170px-Consultation_de_la_sybille_de_Panzoust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Consultation_de_la_sybille_de_Panzoust.jpg/255px-Consultation_de_la_sybille_de_Panzoust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Consultation_de_la_sybille_de_Panzoust.jpg/340px-Consultation_de_la_sybille_de_Panzoust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4217" data-file-height="3219" /></a><figcaption>Sybyl of Panzoust</figcaption></figure> In contrast to the two preceding chronicles, the dialogue between the characters is much more developed than the plot elements in the third book. In particular, the central question of the book, which Panurge and Pantagruel consider from multiple points of view, is an abstract one: whether Panurge should marry or not. Torn between the desire for a wife and the fear of being cuckolded, Panurge engages in divinatory methods, like dream interpretation and <a href="/wiki/Bibliomancy" title="Bibliomancy">bibliomancy</a>. He consults authorities vested with revealed knowledge, like the sibyl of Panzoust or the mute Nazdecabre, profane acquaintances, like the theologian Hippothadée or the philosopher Trouillogan,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> and even the jester <a href="/wiki/Triboulet" title="Triboulet">Triboulet</a>. It is likely that several of the characters refer to real people: <a href="/wiki/Abel_Lefranc" title="Abel Lefranc">Abel Lefranc</a> argues that Hippothadée was <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Rondibilis was the doctor <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rondelet" title="Guillaume Rondelet">Guillaume Rondelet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> Her Trippa corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Agrippa">Cornelius Agrippa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabelais19941412-62">[60]</a> One of the comic features of the story is the contradictory interpretations Pantagruel and Panurge get embroiled in, the first of which being the paradoxical <a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">encomium</a> of debts in chapter III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabelais19941424-63">[61]</a> The Third Book, deeply indebted to <a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Folly" title="In Praise of Folly">In Praise of Folly</a>, contains the first-known attestation of the word paradoxe in French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon201124-64">[62]</a> The more reflective tone shows the characters' evolution from the earlier tomes. Here Panurge is not as crafty as Pantagruel and is stubborn in his will to turn every sign to his advantage, refusing to listen to advice he had himself sought out. For example, when Her Trippa reads dark omens in his future marriage, Panurge accuses him of the same blind self-love (philautie) from which he seems to suffer. His erudition is more often put to work for pedantry than let to settle into wisdom. By contrast, Pantagruel's speech gains in weightiness by the third book, the exuberance of the young giant having faded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScreech1992308–312-65">[63]</a> At the end of the Third Book, the protagonists decide to set sail in search of a discussion with the Oracle of the Divine Bottle. The last chapters are focused on the praise of Pantagruelion, which combines properties of linen and hemp—a plant used in the 16th century for both the hangman's rope and medicinal purposes, being copiously loaded onto the ships.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> As a naturalist inspired by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Estienne" title="Charles Estienne">Charles Estienne</a>, the narrator intercedes in the story, first describing the plant in great detail, then waxing lyrical on its various qualities.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fourth_Book">The Fourth Book</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Fourth Book">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paroles_gel%C3%A9es_-_Chapitre_LVI_du_Quart_Livre_illustr%C3%A9_par_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paroles_gel%C3%A9es_-_Chapitre_LVI_du_Quart_Livre_illustr%C3%A9_par_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Paroles_gel%C3%A9es_-_Chapitre_LVI_du_Quart_Livre_illustr%C3%A9_par_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paroles_gel%C3%A9es_-_Chapitre_LVI_du_Quart_Livre_illustr%C3%A9_par_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Paroles_gel%C3%A9es_-_Chapitre_LVI_du_Quart_Livre_illustr%C3%A9_par_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paroles_gel%C3%A9es_-_Chapitre_LVI_du_Quart_Livre_illustr%C3%A9_par_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Paroles_gel%C3%A9es_-_Chapitre_LVI_du_Quart_Livre_illustr%C3%A9_par_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption>Gustave Doré's illustration of the Frozen Words episode (Chapter 56)</figcaption></figure> Rabelais began work on The Fourth Book while still in Metz. He dropped off a manuscript containing eleven chapters and ending mid-sentence in Lyon on his way to Rome to work as Cardinal du Bellay's personal physician in 1548. According to Jean Plattard, this publication served two purposes: first, it brought Rabelais some much-needed money; and second, it allowed him to respond to those who considered his work blasphemous. While the prologue denounced slanderers, the following chapters did not raise any polemical issues. Already it contained some of the best-known episodes, including the storm at sea and Panurge's sheep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlattard1930229–234-68">[66]</a> It was framed as an erratic odyssey,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScreech1992379–407-69">[67]</a> inspired in part by the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> and the news of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>'s voyage to Canada,<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> and in part by the imaginary voyage described by <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> in <a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a>, which provided Rabelais not only with several anecdotes, but also with a first-person narrator who regularly insisted on the veracity of obviously fantastical elements of the story.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The full version appeared in 1552, after Rabelais received a royal privilege on 6 Aug 1550 for the exclusive right to publish his work in French, <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>, Greek, and Latin. This, he accomplished with the help of the young Cardinal of Châtillon (<a href="/wiki/Odet_de_Coligny" title="Odet de Coligny">Odet de Coligny</a>)—who would later convert to Protestantism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011335-72">[70]</a> and be excommunicated.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Rabelais thanks the Cardinal for his help in the prefatory letter signed 28 January 1552 and, for the first time in the Pantagruel series, titled the prologue in his own name rather than using a pseudonym.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScreech1979321–322-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_language">Use of language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use of language">edit</a>]</div> The French Renaissance was a time of linguistic contact and debate. The first book of French, rather than Latin, grammar was published in 1530,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> followed nine years later by the language's first dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Spelling was far less codified. Rabelais, as an educated reader of the day, preferred <a href="/wiki/Etymological" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymological">etymological</a> spelling—preserving clues to the lineage of words—to more phonetic spellings which wash those traces away. Rabelais' use of Latin, Greek, regional and dialectal terms, creative <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calquing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> and mis-translation was the fruit of the printing press having been invented less than a hundred years earlier. A doctor by trade, Rabelais was a prolific reader, who wrote a great deal about bodies and all they excrete or ingest. His fictional works are filled with multilingual, often sexual, puns, absurd creatures, bawdy songs and lists. Words and metaphors from Rabelais abound in modern French and some words have found their way into English, through <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Urquhart" title="Thomas Urquhart">Thomas Urquhart</a>'s unfinished 1693 translation, completed and considerably augmented by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Motteux" title="Peter Anthony Motteux">Peter Anthony Motteux</a> by 1708. According to Radio-Canada, the novel Gargantua permanently added more than 800 words to the French language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadio-Canada2017-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_views">Scholarly views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scholarly views">edit</a>]</div> Most scholars today agree that Rabelais wrote from a perspective of <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-77">[75]</a> This has not always been the case. <a href="/wiki/Abel_Lefranc" title="Abel Lefranc">Abel Lefranc</a>, in his 1922 introduction to Pantagruel, depicted Rabelais as a militant anti-Christian atheist.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] On the contrary, <a href="/wiki/M._A._Screech" class="mw-redirect" title="M. A. Screech">M. A. Screech</a>, like Lucien Febvre before him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFebvre1942329–360-79">[77]</a> describes Rabelais as an <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScreech197914-80">[78]</a> While formally a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, Rabelais was a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a>, and favoured classical Antiquity over the "barbarous" Middle Ages, believing in the need for reform to return science and arts to their classical blossoming, and theology and the Church to their original Evangelical form as expressed in the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> In particular, he was critical of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. Rabelais criticised what he considered to be inauthentic Christian positions by both Catholics and Protestants, and was attacked and portrayed as a threat to religion or even an atheist by both. For example, "at the request of Catholic theologians, all four Pantagrueline chronicles were censured by either the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a>, Parlement, or both".<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> On the opposite end of the spectrum, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> saw Rabelais as a representative of the numerous moderate evangelical humanists who, while "critical of contemporary Catholic institutions, doctrines, and conduct", did not go far enough; in addition, Calvin considered Rabelais' apparent mocking tone to be especially dangerous, since it could be easily misinterpreted as a rejection of the sacred truths themselves.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Timothy Hampton writes that "to a degree unequaled by the case of any other writer from the European Renaissance, the reception of Rabelais's work has involved dispute, critical disagreement, and ... scholarly wrangling ..."<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In particular, as pointed out by Bruno Braunrot, the traditional view of Rabelais as a humanist has been challenged by early post-structuralist analyses denying a single consistent ideological message of his text, and to some extent earlier by Marxist critiques such as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a> with his emphasis on the subversive folk roots of Rabelais' humour in medieval "<a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>" culture. At present, however, "whatever controversy still surrounds Rabelais studies can be found above all in the application of feminist theories to Rabelais criticism", as he is alternately considered a misogynist or a feminist based on different episodes in his works.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> An article by Edwin M. Duvall in Études rabelaisiennes 18 (1985)<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> sparked a debate on the prologue of Gargantua in the pages of the Revue d’histoire littéraire de la France<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> as to whether Rabelais intentionally hid higher meanings in his work, to be discovered through erudition and philology, or if instead the polyvalence of symbols was a poetic device meant to resist the reductive <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Renner-2020-4">[4]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Jeanneret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Jeanneret (page does not exist)">Michel Jeanneret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Jeanneret" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Jeanneret">fr</a>] suggests that Panurge's description (in the Papimane Island episode in The Fourth Book) of the ill-effects of the pages of <a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">decretals</a> being used as toilet paper, targets, cones, and masks on whatever they touch was due to their misuse as material objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanneret197516-88">[86]</a> As the merry crew sail on from the island towards the Divine Bottle, in the subsequent episode, Pantagruel is content simply listening to the thawing words as they rain down on the boat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanneret197518-89">[87]</a> whereas Jeanneret observes that his companions focus instead on their colourful appearance while they are still frozen, hurrying to gather as many up as they can and offering to sell those they have collected. The pilot describes the words as evidence of a great battle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanneret197519-90">[88]</a> and the narrator even wants to preserve some of the finest insults in oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanneret197520-91">[89]</a> Jeanneret observes that Pantagruel considers the exchange of words to be an act of love rather than a commercial exchange,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanneret197519-90">[88]</a> argues that their artificial preservation is superfluous, and "insinuates that books are petrified tombs, where the signs threaten to stop moving and, left to the devices of lazy readers, get shriveled down into simplistic meanings[,]" implying that "[a]ll writing carries within it the danger of the Decretals."<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> of 1911 declared that Rabelais was <blockquote>... a revolutionary who attacked all the past, Scholasticism, the monks; his religion is scarcely more than that of a spiritually minded pagan. Less bold in political matters, he cared little for liberty; his ideal was a tyrant who loves peace. [...] His vocabulary is rich and picturesque, but licentious and filthy.[.....] As a whole it exercises a baneful influence.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a>]</div> Acknowledging both the sordid side of the work and its protean nature, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Bruy%C3%A8re" title="Jean de La Bruyère">Jean de La Bruyère</a> in 1688 saw beyond that its sublimity:<blockquote>His book is an enigma, it is whatever you want to say, it is inexplicable, it is a chimera ….. a monstrous assembling of refined and ingenious morality and foul corruption. Either it is bad, sinking far below the worst, to have the charm of the rabble. Or it is good, rising as far as exquisite and excellent, to be perhaps the most delicious of dishes.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></blockquote> In his 1759–1767 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" title="The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman">Tristram Shandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a> quotes extensively from Rabelais.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a> performed, from memory, hymns of Rabelais at <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rachilde" title="Rachilde">Rachilde</a>'s Tuesday <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salons</a>, and worked for years on an unfinished <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> for an opera by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Terrasse" title="Claude Terrasse">Claude Terrasse</a> based on Pantagruel.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a> gave lectures on Rabelais in Argentina. <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._B._Wyndham-Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="D. B. Wyndham-Lewis">D. B. Wyndham-Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Febvre" title="Lucien Febvre">Lucien Febvre</a> (one of the founders of the French historical school <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales</a>), all wrote books about him. <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> included an allusion to "Master Francois somebody" in his 1922 novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a>, a Russian philosopher and critic, derived his concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Carnivalesque" title="Carnivalesque">carnivalesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_body" title="Grotesque body">grotesque body</a> from the world of Rabelais. He points to the historical loss of communal spirit after the Medieval period and speaks of carnival laughter as an "expression of social consciousness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhtin199392-99">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> admired Rabelais' work. Writing in 1929, he praised Rabelais, stating "Rabelais loved the bowels which <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a> so malignantly hated. His was the true <a href="/wiki/Amor_fati" title="Amor fati">amor fati</a> : he accepted reality in its entirety, accepted with gratitude and delight this amazingly improbable world."<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> was not an admirer of Rabelais. Writing in 1940, he called him "an exceptionally perverse, morbid writer, a case for <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a>, in a 2007 article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, commented on a list of the most notable works of French literature, noting with surprise and indignation that Rabelais was placed behind <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s war memoirs, and was denied the "aura of a founding figure! Yet in the eyes of nearly every great novelist of our time he is, along with <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Cervantes</a>, the founder of an entire art, the art of the novel".<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> In the satirical musical <a href="/wiki/The_Music_Man" title="The Music Man">The Music Man</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Willson" title="Meredith Willson">Meredith Willson</a>, the names "<a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a>! Rabelais! <a href="/wiki/Balzac" class="mw-redirect" title="Balzac">Balzac</a>!" are presented by local gossips as evidence that the town librarian "advocates dirty books."<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Rabelais is a pivotal figure in <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a>'s 1994 acceptance speech for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours,_tributes_and_legacy">Honours, tributes and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours, tributes and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meudon_Rabelais-parc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Meudon_Rabelais-parc.JPG/170px-Meudon_Rabelais-parc.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Meudon_Rabelais-parc.JPG/255px-Meudon_Rabelais-parc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Meudon_Rabelais-parc.JPG/340px-Meudon_Rabelais-parc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Rabelais in <a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a>, where he served as Curé</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabelaisjdpmontp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rabelaisjdpmontp.JPG/170px-Rabelaisjdpmontp.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rabelaisjdpmontp.JPG/255px-Rabelaisjdpmontp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rabelaisjdpmontp.JPG/340px-Rabelaisjdpmontp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Rabelais at <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>'s Jardin des Plantes</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The public university in <a href="/wiki/Tours,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tours, France">Tours, France</a> is named <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Université François Rabelais">Université François Rabelais</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> was inspired by the works of Rabelais to write <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cent_Contes_drolatiques" class="extiw" title="fr:Les Cent Contes drolatiques">Les Cent Contes Drolatiques</a> (The Hundred Humorous Tales). Balzac also pays homage to Rabelais by quoting him in more than twenty novels and the short stories of <a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a> (The Human Comedy). Michel Brix wrote of Balzac that he "is obviously a son or grandson of Rabelais... He has never hidden his admiration for the author of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargantua" class="extiw" title="fr:Gargantua">Gargantua</a>, whom he cites in <a href="/wiki/Le_Cousin_Pons" title="Le Cousin Pons">Le Cousin Pons</a> as "the greatest mind of modern humanity".<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> In his story of Zéro, Conte Fantastique published in <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Silhouette" class="extiw" title="fr:La Silhouette">La Silhouette</a> on 3 October 1830, Balzac even adopted Rabelais's pseudonym (Alcofribas).<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a></li> <li>There is a tradition at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a>'s Faculty of Medicine: no graduating medic can undergo a convocation without taking an oath under Rabelais's robe. Further tributes are paid to him in other traditions of the university, such as its <a href="/wiki/Faluche" title="Faluche">faluche</a>, a distinctive student headcap which in Montpellier is styled in his honour, with four bands of colour emanating from its centre.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5666_Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="5666 Rabelais">Asteroid '5666 Rabelais'</a> was named in honor of François Rabelais in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio's</a> 2008 Nobel Prize lecture, Le Clézio referred to Rabelais as "the greatest writer in the French language".<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></li> <li>In France the moment at a restaurant when the waiter presents the bill is still sometimes called le quart d'heure de Rabelais (The fifteen minutes of Rabelais), in memory of a famous trick Rabelais used to get out of paying a tavern bill.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Gargantua and Pantagruel</a>, a series of four or five books including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantagruel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantagruel">Pantagruel</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantagruel" class="extiw" title="fr:Pantagruel">fr</a>] (1532)</li> <li>La vie très horrifique du grand Gargantua, usually called <a href="/wiki/Gargantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargantua">Gargantua</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargantua" class="extiw" title="fr:Gargantua">fr</a>] (1534)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Third_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Third Book (page does not exist)">The Third Book</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Tiers_Livre" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Tiers Livre">fr</a>] (1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Quart_Livre" title="Le Quart Livre">The Fourth Book</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fifth_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Fifth Book (page does not exist)">The Fifth Book</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cinqui%C3%A8me_Livre" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Cinquième Livre">fr</a>] (1564) whose authorship is contested</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantagrueline_Prognostication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantagrueline Prognostication (page does not exist)">Pantagrueline Prognostication</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantagrueline_prognostication" class="extiw" title="fr:Pantagrueline prognostication">fr</a>] (1532, 1533, 1535, 1537, 1542 ): parodic almanac, astrology</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciomachie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sciomachie (page does not exist)">Sciomachie</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciomachie" class="extiw" title="fr:Sciomachie">fr</a>] (1549): description of the festivities organized by Jean du Bellay to celebrate the birth of <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549%E2%80%931550)" title="Louis of Valois (1549–1550)">Louis of Valois</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011323-327-112">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabelais_and_His_World" title="Rabelais and His World">Rabelais and His World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Urquhart" title="Thomas Urquhart">Thomas Urquhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Motteux" title="Peter Anthony Motteux">Peter Anthony Motteux</a>, (works at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Peter_Anthony_Motteux" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Peter Anthony Motteux">wikisource</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Mare" title="The Great Mare">The Great Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabelais_Student_Media" title="Rabelais Student Media">Rabelais Student Media</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Lefranc" title="Abel Lefranc">Abel Lefranc</a> proposed 1494 as his year of birth based on the fact that the fictional giant Gargantua was born on a <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> taking place around 3 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefranc1908265–270-8">[8]</a> In a letter Rabelais wrote to <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a> around 1520, he calls himself an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adulescens" class="extiw" title="wikt:adulescens">adulescens</a>, a Latin term applying to a young man under thirty, but scholars note this may well be a mark of modesty when addressing an elder humanist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabelais1994993-9">[9]</a> Researchers agree more on 1483, due to a copy of his epitaph indicating his death on April 9, 1553 at the age of 70.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard200237-10">[10]</a> The discovery of a notarial document relating to Rabelais' estate dated March 14, 1553 has led scholars to surmise that he was already dead by this date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupèbe1985175–176-11">[11]</a> A third hypothesis put forward by Claude Bougreau deduces from a study of the chapter 39 of the Third Book that he was born on May 5, 1489.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Traditionally, the death date of Rabelais has been given as 9 April 1553<a href="#cite_note-birthdate-1">[1]</a> but the discovery of a notarial document (concerning his brother) places Rabelais' death before 14 March 1553.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> "those books he brings me the works of Master Francois somebody supposed to be a priest about a child born out of her ear because her bumgut fell out a nice word for any priest". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birthdate_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthdate_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427180754/https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920939s">"Notice de personne"</a>. Bnf.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920939s">the original</a> on 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Notice+de+personne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb11920939s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renner-2020-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renner-2020_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renner-2020_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenner2020" class="citation web cs1">Renner, Bernd (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0153.xml">"François Rabelais"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195399301-0153">10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539930-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539930-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539930-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195399301-0153&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539930-1&rft.aulast=Renner&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195399301%2Fobo-9780195399301-0153.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rabelaisian">"Rabelaisian"</a>. Merriam-Webster.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Rabelaisian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frabelaisian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Rabelais_Encyclopedia''xiii-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Rabelais_Encyclopedia''xiii_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Rabelais_Encyclopedia">The Rabelais Encyclopedia</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon201133–34-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon201133–34_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, p. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELefranc1908265–270-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefranc1908265–270_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLefranc1908">Lefranc 1908</a>, pp. 265–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabelais1994993-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabelais1994993_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRabelais1994">Rabelais 1994</a>, p. 993. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard200237-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard200237_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazard2002">Lazard 2002</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupèbe1985175–176-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupèbe1985175–176_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDupèbe1985">Dupèbe 1985</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/chinon/claude-bougreau-nous-a-quittes">"Claude Bougreau nous a quittés"</a>. La Nouvelle République (in French). 13 April 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Nouvelle+R%C3%A9publique&rft.atitle=Claude+Bougreau+nous+a+quitt%C3%A9s&rft.date=2013-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanouvellerepublique.fr%2Fchinon%2Fclaude-bougreau-nous-a-quittes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard200238-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard200238_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazard2002">Lazard 2002</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Demonet-2022-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demonet-2022_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demonet-2022_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemonet2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demonet, Marie-Luce (2022). "Rabelais moinillon à la Baumette. Retour sur une hypothèse". In Garnier, Isabelle; La Charité, Claude (eds.). Narrations fabuleuses. Mélanges en l'honneur de Mireille Huchon (in French). Paris: Classiques Garnier. pp. 25–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.48611%2Fisbn.978-2-406-12714-7.p.0025">10.48611/isbn.978-2-406-12714-7.p.0025</a>. <q>Qui sait si Tartifume, bon connaisseur du Gargantua, n'est pas parti du roman pour imaginer ce noviciat?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rabelais+moinillon+%C3%A0+la+Baumette.+Retour+sur+une+hypoth%C3%A8se&rft.btitle=Narrations+fabuleuses.+M%C3%A9langes+en+l%27honneur+de+Mireille+Huchon&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=25-44&rft.pub=Classiques+Garnier&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.48611%2Fisbn.978-2-406-12714-7.p.0025&rft.aulast=Demonet&rft.aufirst=Marie-Luce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xi-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xi_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xi_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulenger1978">Boulenger 1978</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemerson198613-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemerson198613_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemerson1986">Demerson 1986</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard200241-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard200241_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazard2002">Lazard 2002</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesellier1936" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lesellier, J. (1936). "L'absolution de Rabelais en cour de Rome ses circonstances. Ses résultats". Humanisme et Renaissance (in French). 3 (3): 237–270. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20673008">20673008</a>. <q>Les moines en rupture de ban se comptaient alors par milliers et, d'une façon générale, l'opinion ne se montrait nullement sévère à leur égard</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanisme+et+Renaissance&rft.atitle=L%27absolution+de+Rabelais+en+cour+de+Rome+ses+circonstances.+Ses+r%C3%A9sultats&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-270&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20673008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lesellier&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemerson198614-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemerson198614_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemerson1986">Demerson 1986</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lesellier-1938-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lesellier-1938_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesellier-1938_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesellier-1938_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesellier1938" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lesellier, J. (1938). "Deux enfants naturels de Rabelais légitimés par Paul III". Humanisme et Renaissance (in French). 5 (4): 549–570. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20673173">20673173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanisme+et+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Deux+enfants+naturels+de+Rabelais+l%C3%A9gitim%C3%A9s+par+Paul+III&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=549-570&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20673173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lesellier&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xiii-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xiii_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xiii_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulenger1978">Boulenger 1978</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011242-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011242_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xvii-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xvii_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulenger1978">Boulenger 1978</a>, p. xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011247-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011247_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemerson198615-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemerson198615_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemerson1986">Demerson 1986</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xiii,_xv-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xiii,_xv_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulenger1978">Boulenger 1978</a>, pp. xiii, xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011164–165-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011164–165_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuchon2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huchon, Mireille (2003). "Pantagruelistes et mercuriens lyonnais". In Defaux, Gérard; Colombat, Bernard (eds.). Lyon et l'illustration de la langue française à la Renaissance (in French). ENS Éditions. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84788-032-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84788-032-8"><bdi>978-2-84788-032-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pantagruelistes+et+mercuriens+lyonnais&rft.btitle=Lyon+et+l%27illustration+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+%C3%A0+la+Renaissance&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=ENS+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-84788-032-8&rft.aulast=Huchon&rft.aufirst=Mireille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Original context (<a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Pantagruel/%C3%89dition_Marty-Laveaux,_1868/Chapitre_20">fr</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl6PtUdIFawC&dq=THAUMASTE+GOT+UP&pg=PA201">en</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011183–187-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011183–187_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, pp. 183–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011188–192-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011188–192_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, pp. 188–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011196–197-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011196–197_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarliani1534" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marliani, Bartolomeo (1534). Rabelais, François (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHqUc_0UpbUC">Topographia antiqua Romae</a> (in Latin). Sebastien Gryphe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topographia+antiqua+Romae&rft.pub=Sebastien+Gryphe&rft.date=1534&rft.aulast=Marliani&rft.aufirst=Bartolomeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHqUc_0UpbUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011201–203-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011201–203_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, pp. 201–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011226–229-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011226–229_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, pp. 226–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011236-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011236_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemerson198617-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemerson198617_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemerson1986">Demerson 1986</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFebvre1942111–15,_128–32-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFebvre1942111–15,_128–32_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFebvre1942">Febvre 1942</a>, pp. 111–15, 128–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarichal1948" class="citation journal cs1">Marichal, Robert (1948). "Rabelais fût il Maître des Requêtes?". Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. 10: 169–78, at p. 169. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20673434">20673434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+d%27Humanisme+et+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Rabelais+f%C3%BBt+il+Ma%C3%AEtre+des+Requ%C3%AAtes%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=169-78%2C+at+p.+169&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20673434%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marichal&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011296-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011296_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011311-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011311_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xx-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xx_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulenger1978">Boulenger 1978</a>, p. xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefranc1929" class="citation journal cs1">Lefranc, Abel (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1929_num_73_4_75794">"Rabelais, la Sorbonne et le Parlement en 1552 (partie 1)"</a>. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 73: 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+des+S%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres&rft.atitle=Rabelais%2C+la+Sorbonne+et+le+Parlement+en+1552+%28partie+1%29&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=276&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Lefranc&rft.aufirst=Abel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcrai_0065-0536_1929_num_73_4_75794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScreech1979321–322-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScreech1979321–322_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScreech1979321–322_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScreech1979">Screech 1979</a>, pp. 321–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xx–xxi,_xix–xx-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xx–xxi,_xix–xx_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulenger1978">Boulenger 1978</a>, pp. xx–xxi, xix–xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, p. 24: "il est maintenant établi que Rabelais mourut avant le 14 mars 1553, comme le prouve la pièce notariale [...] qui instaure comme légataire [...] son frère Jamet, marchand à Chinon." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995297,_300-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995297,_300_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemersonDemerson1995">Demerson & Demerson 1995</a>, pp. 297, 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995308–314-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995308–314_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemersonDemerson1995">Demerson & Demerson 1995</a>, pp. 308–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson199550-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson199550_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemersonDemerson1995">Demerson & Demerson 1995</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1948" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, James (7 July 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F162118a0">"Rabelais on Syphilis"</a>. Nature. 162 (4107): 118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Natur.162..118M">1948Natur.162..118M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F162118a0">10.1038/162118a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rabelais+on+Syphilis&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=4107&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1948-07-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F162118a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Natur.162..118M&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F162118a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995510-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995510_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemersonDemerson1995">Demerson & Demerson 1995</a>, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabelais1955" class="citation book cs1">Rabelais, François (1955). The Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel. Penguin Classics. Translated by J. M. Cohen. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories+of+Gargantua+and+Pantagruel&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Rabelais&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995268–269-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995268–269_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemersonDemerson1995">Demerson & Demerson 1995</a>, pp. 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995272-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995272_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemersonDemerson1995">Demerson & Demerson 1995</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995274-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemersonDemerson1995274_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemersonDemerson1995">Demerson & Demerson 1995</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xix-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulenger1978xix_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulenger1978">Boulenger 1978</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauschatz2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bauschatz, Cathleen M. 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Sixteenth Century Journal. 34 (2): 395–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20061415">10.2307/20061415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20061415">20061415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Rabelais+and+Marguerite+de+Navarre+on+Sixteenth-Century+Views+of+Clandestine+Marriage&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=395-408&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20061415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20061415%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bauschatz&rft.aufirst=Cathleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20061415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabelais1552" class="citation book cs1">Rabelais, François (1552). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://renom.univ-tours.fr/fr/index/corpus/francois-rabelais/le-tiers-livre-1552/comment-trouillogan-philosophe-traicte-la-difficulte-de-mariage-chapitre-xxxv">"XXXV: Comment Trouillogan Philosophe traicte la difficulté de mariage."</a>. 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Iowa Public Radio. 13 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+%22The+Music+Man%22+Got+Wrong%3A+Iowa+Author+Uncovers+Women%27s+Forgotten+Cultural+Legacy+%5Dauthor%3DBarney+Sherman&rft.pub=Iowa+Public+Radio&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowapublicradio.org%2Fshow%2Fclassical-music-with-barney-sherman%2F2018-06-13%2Fwhat-the-music-man-got-wrong-iowa-author-uncovers-womens-forgotten-cultural-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1994/oe-lecture.html">"Ōe lecture"</a>. NobelPrize.org. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=%C5%8Ce+lecture&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Foe-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Pleiade" class="extiw" title="fr:Bibliothèque de la Pleiade">Bibliothèque de la Pleiade</a>, 1977, v.VII, p.587 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrix2002–2005" class="citation book cs1">Brix, Michel (2002–2005). Balzac and the Legacy of Rabelais. Vol. 102. PUF. p. 838.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balzac+and+the+Legacy+of+Rabelais&rft.pages=838&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=2002%2F2005&rft.aulast=Brix&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegrand-Ferronnière" class="citation web cs1">Legrand-Ferronnière, Xavier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levisagevert.com/bibliographie-auteurs/auteurs-b/auteurs-b/b0027.html">"Litérature fantastique > Honoré de Balzac"</a>. Le Visage Vert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lit%C3%A9rature+fantastique+%3E+Honor%C3%A9+de+Balzac&rft.pub=Le+Visage+Vert&rft.aulast=Legrand-Ferronni%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levisagevert.com%2Fbibliographie-auteurs%2Fauteurs-b%2Fauteurs-b%2Fb0027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medecine.edu.umontpellier.fr/files/2014/12/rabelais_n3.pdf">"Rabelais: La revue de la faculte de medecine de Montepellier"</a> (PDF) (in French). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a>. pp. 3, 6. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabelais%3A+La+revue+de+la+faculte+de+medecine+de+Montepellier&rft.pages=3%2C+6&rft.pub=University+of+Montpellier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedecine.edu.umontpellier.fr%2Ffiles%2F2014%2F12%2Frabelais_n3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadelInternational_Astronomical_Union2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz D.; International Astronomical Union (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA480">Dictionary of minor planet names</a>. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3"><bdi>978-3-540-00238-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+minor+planet+names&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-540-00238-3&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz+D.&rft.au=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWrB1jPCa8AC%26pg%3DPA480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Clézio2008" class="citation web cs1">Le Clézio, Jean-Marie Gustave (7 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2008/clezio/25790-jean-marie-gustave-le-clezio-nobel-lecture-2008/">"In the forest of paradoxes"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Translated by Anderson, Alison. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=In+the+forest+of+paradoxes&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft.aulast=Le+Cl%C3%A9zio&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie+Gustave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F2008%2Fclezio%2F25790-jean-marie-gustave-le-clezio-nobel-lecture-2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrillat-Savarin1826" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brillat-Savarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Brillat-Savarin">Brillat-Savarin</a>, Anthelme (1826). "Meditation 28". La Physiologie du Gout. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meditation+28&rft.btitle=La+Physiologie+du+Gout&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Brillat-Savarin&rft.aufirst=Anthelme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://restaurant-ingthroughhistory.com/2013/08/15/the-fifteen-minutes-of-rabelais/">"The fifteen minutes of Rabelais"</a>. Restaurant-ing through history. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Restaurant-ing+through+history&rft.atitle=The+fifteen+minutes+of+Rabelais&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frestaurant-ingthroughhistory.com%2F2013%2F08%2F15%2Fthe-fifteen-minutes-of-rabelais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011323-327-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuchon2011323-327_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuchon2011">Huchon 2011</a>, p. 323-327. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemerson1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demerson, Guy (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rabelais0000deme">Rabelais</a> (in French). Paris: Balland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782715805668" title="Special:BookSources/9782715805668"><bdi>9782715805668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Balland&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9782715805668&rft.aulast=Demerson&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frabelais0000deme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupèbe1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dupèbe, Jean (1985). "La date de la mort de Rabelais". Études rabelaisiennes (in French). Vol. XVIII. Droz. pp. 175–176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+date+de+la+mort+de+Rabelais&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+rabelaisiennes&rft.pages=175-176&rft.pub=Droz&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Dup%C3%A8be&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lazard, Madeleine (2002). Rabelais (in French). Paris: Hachette Littératures. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2012791077" title="Special:BookSources/2012791077"><bdi>2012791077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette+Litt%C3%A9ratures&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=2012791077&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefranc1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lefranc, Abel (1908). "Conjectures sur la date de naissance de Rabelais". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k19482m/f291.image.r=abel%20lefranc%20rabelais%20naissance.langFR">Revue des Études Rabelaisiennes</a> (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: Honoré Champion. pp. 265–270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conjectures+sur+la+date+de+naissance+de+Rabelais&rft.btitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Rabelaisiennes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=265-270&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Lefranc&rft.aufirst=Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k19482m%2Ff291.image.r%3Dabel%2520lefranc%2520rabelais%2520naissance.langFR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlattard1930" class="citation book cs1">Plattard, Jean (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.172627">The Life of François Rabelais</a>. Translated by Louis P. Roche. London: George Routledge & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504218182">504218182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Fran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Routledge+%26+Sons&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504218182&rft.aulast=Plattard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.172627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadio-Canada2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Radio-Canada (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/ohdio/premiere/emissions/aujourd-hui-l-histoire/segments/entrevue/45739/histo-rabelais-litterature-gargantua-renaissance">"François Rabelais, truculent homme de littérature et de science"</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais%2C+truculent+homme+de+litt%C3%A9rature+et+de+science&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.au=Radio-Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fohdio%2Fpremiere%2Femissions%2Faujourd-hui-l-histoire%2Fsegments%2Fentrevue%2F45739%2Fhisto-rabelais-litterature-gargantua-renaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Commentary</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakhtin1993" class="citation book cs1">Bakhtin, Mikhail (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rabelaishisworld0000bakh">Rabelais and His World</a>. Translated by Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais+and+His+World&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bakhtin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frabelaishisworld0000bakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulenger1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Boulenger, Jacques (1978). "Introduction: Vie de Rabelais". In Boulenger, Jacques; Scheler, Lucien (eds.). Œuvres complètes Œuvres complètes. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade (in Middle French). Vol. 15 (Revised edition with commentary by Lucien Scheler ed.). Paris: Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5725863">5725863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Vie+de+Rabelais&rft.btitle=%C5%92uvres+compl%C3%A8tes+%C5%92uvres+compl%C3%A8tes&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+Pl%C3%A9iade&rft.edition=Revised+edition+with+commentary+by+Lucien+Scheler&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5725863&rft.aulast=Boulenger&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1998" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Barbara C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enterrabelaislau00bowe_0">Enter Rabelais, Laughing</a>. Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1306-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1306-9"><bdi>978-0-8265-1306-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enter+Rabelais%2C+Laughing&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1306-9&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenterrabelaislau00bowe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFebvre1942" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Febvre, Lucien (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leproblemedelinc1962febv">Le problème de l'incroyance au XVIe siècle: la religion de Rabelais</a> (in French). Paris: Albin Michel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+probl%C3%A8me+de+l%27incroyance+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle%3A+la+religion+de+Rabelais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Febvre&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleproblemedelinc1962febv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuchon2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huchon, Mireille (2011). Rabelais (in French). Paris: Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-073544-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-073544-0"><bdi>978-2-07-073544-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-07-073544-0&rft.aulast=Huchon&rft.aufirst=Mireille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeanneret1975" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jeanneret, Michel (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:21940">"Les paroles dégelées (Rabelais, Quart Livre, 48-65)"</a>. Littérature (in French). 17 (17): 14–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Flitt.1975.979">10.3406/litt.1975.979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Litt%C3%A9rature&rft.atitle=Les+paroles+d%C3%A9gel%C3%A9es+%28Rabelais%2C+Quart+Livre%2C+48-65%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=14-30&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Flitt.1975.979&rft.aulast=Jeanneret&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive-ouverte.unige.ch%2Funige%3A21940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScreech1979" class="citation book cs1">Screech, Michael A. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rabelais0000scre_o0r2">Rabelais</a>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-1660-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-1660-4"><bdi>978-0-7156-1660-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-1660-4&rft.aulast=Screech&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frabelais0000scre_o0r2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScreech1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Screech, Michael A. (1992). Rabelais. Tel (in French). Translated by Marie-Anne de Kisch. Paris: Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/377631583">377631583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Tel&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F377631583&rft.aulast=Screech&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Complete works</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabelais1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabelais, François (1994). Huchon, Mireille; Moreau, François (eds.). Rabelais Oeuvres complètes. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-011340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-011340-8"><bdi>978-2-07-011340-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31599267">31599267</a>. <q>Presented and annotated by François Moreau</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais+Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+Pl%C3%A9iade&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31599267&rft.isbn=978-2-07-011340-8&rft.aulast=Rabelais&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemersonDemerson1995" class="citation book cs1">Rabelais, François (1995). Demerson, Guy; Demerson, Geneviève (eds.). Rabelais: Œuvres complètes. Seuil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais%3A+%C5%92uvres+compl%C3%A8tes&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Rabelais&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bakhtin, Mihail; Laine, Tapani; Nieminen, Paula; Salo, Erkki (2002). François Rabelais: keskiajan ja renessanssin nauru (in Finnish) (3rd ed.). Helsinki: Like. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-471-083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-471-083-1"><bdi>978-952-471-083-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais%3A+keskiajan+ja+renessanssin+nauru&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Like&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-952-471-083-1&rft.aulast=Bakhtin&rft.aufirst=Mihail&rft.au=Laine%2C+Tapani&rft.au=Nieminen%2C+Paula&rft.au=Salo%2C+Erkki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dixon, J. E. G.; Dawson, John L. (1992). Concordance des Oeuvres de François Rabelais (in French). Geneva: Librairie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-471-083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-471-083-1"><bdi>978-952-471-083-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concordance+des+Oeuvres+de+Fran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-952-471-083-1&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=J.+E.+G.&rft.au=Dawson%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Febvre, Lucien (1982). The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais. Translated by Beatrice Gottlieb. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-70825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-70825-9"><bdi>978-0-674-70825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Unbelief+in+the+Sixteenth+Century%3A+The+Religion+of+Rabelais&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-674-70825-9&rft.aulast=Febvre&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kinser, Samuel (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft596nb3q0/">Rabelais's Carnival: Text, Context, Metatext</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais%27s+Carnival%3A+Text%2C+Context%2C+Metatext&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kinser&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft596nb3q0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rabelais, François (1999). Frame, Donald Murdoch (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeworksoff00rabe">The complete works of François Rabelais</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520064010" title="Special:BookSources/9780520064010"><bdi>9780520064010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+works+of+Fran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520064010&rft.aulast=Rabelais&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteworksoff00rabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> François Rabelais at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" class="extiw" title="c:Category:François Rabelais">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" class="extiw" title="q:François Rabelais">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" class="extiw" title="s:Author:François Rabelais">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131018" class="extiw" title="d:Q131018">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/551">Works by François Rabelais</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Rabelais%2C%20François%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22François%20Rabelais%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rabelais%2C%20François%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22François%20Rabelais%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rabelais%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22François%20Rabelais%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Rabelais%2C%20François%22%20OR%20description%3A%22François%20Rabelais%22%20OR%20%28Fran%2Aois+Rabelais%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about François Rabelais</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1151">Works by François Rabelais</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabelais.nl/">Rabelais.nl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226125756/http://rabelais.nl/">Archived</a> 26 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111041744/http://www.renaissance-france.org/rabelais/pages/pagrablais2.html">Rabelais et la Renaissance</a>, sur le <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110055916/http://www.renaissance-france.org/">Portail de la Renaissance française</a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-rabelais.fr/">François Rabelais Museum on the Internet</a> (in French)</li> <li>Henry Émile Chevalier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmlisieux.com/curiosa/rabelais.htm">Rabelais and his editors</a>, 1868 (in French)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintsbury1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">Saintsbury, George</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rabelais,_Fran%C3%A7ois">"Rabelais, François" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 769–773.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rabelais%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=769-773&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Saintsbury&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/The+Monks+And+Nuns">The Monks and Nuns from Thélème's Abbey</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011804574X">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122775067">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000455541648">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172635016">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100209737">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1842968/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjqV4HV4DhCK7TMwQjcqXq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118597450">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79088892">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920939s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920939s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00453539">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000608">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35438532">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990006776&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000080377&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX912122">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/62451">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068489404">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07180689X">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90067726">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000032788&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000025156&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=122375">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199622344">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cd45h36kr9m3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628475105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/38461">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302814905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514122906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00345261?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500060429">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/49f6cad9-f4e6-4822-a5af-eb9d455c7d1c">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/65332">RKD Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/952915">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118597450.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118597450">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02708695X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65b06wz">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30067675">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=François_Rabelais&oldid=1257651068">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=François_Rabelais&oldid=1257651068</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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