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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Supreme courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Constitutional_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Constitutional_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The Constitutional Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Constitutional_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Court_of_Cassation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Court_of_Cassation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>The Court of Cassation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Court_of_Cassation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Council_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Council_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>The Council of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Council_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>The Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Judicial courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Civil courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Criminal courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Administrative courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_of_Accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_of_Accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Court of Accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_of_Accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_dispute_resolution_(ADR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_dispute_resolution_(ADR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_dispute_resolution_(ADR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Former courts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Former_courts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Former courts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Former_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Civilian justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence_Tribunal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_Tribunal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Independence Tribunal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_Tribunal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Security_Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Security_Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>State Security Courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Security_Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Military justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Military courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Court_of_Cassation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Court_of_Cassation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Military Court of Cassation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Court_of_Cassation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_High_Court_of_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_High_Court_of_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Military High Court of Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_High_Court_of_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Judicial system of Turkey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiets_retssystem" title="Tyrkiets retssystem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkiets retssystem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerichtsorganisation_in_der_T%C3%BCrkei" title="Gerichtsorganisation in der Türkei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerichtsorganisation in der Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_turc" title="Droit turc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit turc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%82%AC%EB%B2%95_%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%84" title="튀르키예의 사법 체계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예의 사법 체계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcijas_ties%C4%ABbu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Turcijas tiesību sistēma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcijas tiesību sistēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="トルコの司法制度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコの司法制度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_yarg%C4%B1_te%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1" title="Türkiye'de yargı teşkilatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye'de yargı teşkilatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2007958#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/110px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/165px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey#Legislative_branch" title="Politics of Turkey">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> (Parliament) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey" title="List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey">Leader of the Main Opposition</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Turkey">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of Turkey">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey" title="Vice President of Turkey">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Cevdet Yılmaz">Cevdet Yılmaz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Turkey" title="List of cabinets of Turkey">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Erdo%C4%9Fan_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Erdoğan V">Current cabinet (67th)</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Turkey" title="Ministries of Turkey">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(Turkey)" title="Governor (Turkey)">Governors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Kadir_%C3%96zkaya" title="Kadir Özkaya">Kadir Özkaya</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akarca" title="Mehmet Akarca">Mehmet Akarca</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Turkish_Court_of_Accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal System in the Republic of Turkey">Court of Accounts</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metin_Yener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metin Yener (page does not exist)">Metin Yener</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeki_Yi%C4%9Fit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeki Yiğit (page does not exist)">Zeki Yiğit</a></dd></dl></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_cycle_of_Turkey" title="Electoral cycle of Turkey">Electoral cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Election_Council_(Turkey)" title="Supreme Election Council (Turkey)">Supreme Election Council</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Turkish_general_election" title="November 2015 Turkish general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Turkish parliamentary election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Turkish parliamentary election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2014 Turkish presidential election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2018 Turkish presidential election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2023 Turkish presidential election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey#Local_elections" title="Elections in Turkey">Local</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_local_elections" title="2014 Turkish local elections">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendum</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hakan_Fidan" title="Hakan Fidan">Hakan Fidan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_affairs_of_Turkey" title="List of ministers of foreign affairs of Turkey">list</a>)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions of Turkey">Diplomatic missions of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions in Turkey">Diplomatic missions in Turkey</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_passport" title="Turkish passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Turkish_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Turkish citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Turkey" title="Visa policy of Turkey">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_membership_of_international_organizations" title="Turkey's membership of international organizations">Membership of international<br />organizations</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">Turkey and the United Nations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Turkey_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations">Permanent Representative</a></dd></dl></li> <li>European Union <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey–European Union relations">relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_Customs_Union" title="European Union–Turkey Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">History of the Republic</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Template:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>judicial system of Turkey</b> is defined by Articles 138 to 160 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of Turkey</a>. </p><p>With the founding of the Republic, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> adopted a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> legal system, replacing <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Ottoman law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> courts. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_civil_code_(1926)" title="Turkish civil code (1926)">Civil Code</a>, adopted in 1926, was based on the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code" title="Swiss Civil Code">Swiss Civil Code</a> of 1907 and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Code_of_Obligations" title="Swiss Code of Obligations">Swiss Code of Obligations</a> of 1911. Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, it retains much of the basis of the original Code. The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Code">Criminal Code</a>, originally based on the Italian Criminal Code, was replaced in 2005 by a Code with principles similar to the <a href="/wiki/German_Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="German Penal Code">German Penal Code</a> and German law generally. <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> is based on the French equivalent and <a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">procedural law</a> generally shows the influence of the Swiss, German and French legal systems.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_legal_profession">The legal profession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The legal profession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%B6lge_idare_mahkemesi_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/B%C3%B6lge_idare_mahkemesi_-_panoramio.jpg/270px-B%C3%B6lge_idare_mahkemesi_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/B%C3%B6lge_idare_mahkemesi_-_panoramio.jpg/405px-B%C3%B6lge_idare_mahkemesi_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/B%C3%B6lge_idare_mahkemesi_-_panoramio.jpg/540px-B%C3%B6lge_idare_mahkemesi_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Historical Court of Justice building in <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The general term for members of the legal profession in Turkey is <i>hukukçu</i>. In Turkey, any man or woman, after having graduated from a law faculty at a university, can become <a href="/wiki/Attorney-at-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-at-law">attorney-at-law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> (<i>avukat</i>), <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> (<i>hâkim</i> or <i>yargıç</i>), <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a> (<i>savcı</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">notary</a> (<i>noter</i>) after terms of internship specified in separate laws. However, for the judges and <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutors</a> before getting the title of training judge (<i>stajyer</i>), they have to pass through a written exam which is held by <a href="/wiki/Measuring,_Selection_and_Placement_Center" title="Measuring, Selection and Placement Center">Measuring, Selection and Placement Center</a> (ÖSYM) and an interview carried out by a Committee mainly consisting of judges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_education">Legal education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Turkey" title="List of law schools in Turkey">List of law schools in Turkey</a></div> <p>Legal education in Turkey results in a master of law degree after about 4–5 years of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyers_(Attorneys)"><span id="Lawyers_.28Attorneys.29"></span>Lawyers (Attorneys)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lawyers (Attorneys)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private lawyers spend one year of traineeship and then join a <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">bar association</a> (<i>baro</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Turkish_Bar_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Turkish Bar Associations">Union of Turkish Bar Associations</a>. All Turkish lawyers are required to wear black robes in court. All cities have their own bar association and they are under the authority of general Turkey Bar Association. All law school graduates has a right to be included their city's bar association. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judges">Judges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg/270px-%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg/405px-%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg/540px-%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Court of Justice building in Kartal, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Turkish court system does not recognize the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdicts</a> for both criminal and civil trials are decided by a <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a>, or usually a panel of three judges, who have to base their verdicts on the law and their conviction. A judge is also a law school graduate and can be one of the following: </p> <ul><li>Criminal Judge (wears a black robe with a red collar),</li> <li>Civil Judge (wears a black robe with a green collar),</li> <li>Administrative Judge (wears a black robe with a gray collar).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The criminal judges serve at a penal court. These courts (<i>mahkemeler</i>) are separated into <i>ağır ceza</i> (assize court), <i>asliye ceza</i> (penal court of first instance), and <i>sulh ceza</i> (penal court of peace). The civil judges serve at civil courts of first instance or at civil courts of peace (<i>sulh</i> or <i>asliye hukuk mahkemeleri</i>), while administrative judges serve in administrative courts (<i>idari mahkemeler</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-interpol_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interpol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors (<i>Hâkimler ve Savcılar Kurulu</i>) deals with the admission of judges and public prosecutors of courts of justice and administrative courts into the profession, appointments, transfers to other posts, the delegation of temporary powers, promotion to the first category, the allocation of posts; decisions concerning those whose continuation in the profession is found to be unsuitable; the imposition of disciplinary penalties and removal from office.<sup id="cite_ref-interpol_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interpol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Constitutional amendment which took place 2010, the composition of The High Council of Judges and Prosecutors was completely changed. It currently consists of 22 members. Ten members out of 22 are elected among the judges and prosecutors by their colleagues working in first instance courts. While five members are supreme judges elected by other supreme judges, four members of High Council are appointed among lawyers and law professors by the President of Republic and one comes from Judicial Academy. Minister of Justice is the president of High Council and The Undersecretary of the Justice Minister is also an ex-officio member. In the existing system, the High Council of Judges and Prosecutors has its own Secretariat. In addition, the Inspection Board operates under the authority of High Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosecutors">Prosecutors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prosecutors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public charges are brought by <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutors</a> (<i>savcı</i>). Their full title is Prosecutor of the Republic (<i>Cumhuriyet savcısı</i>) and they have a chief office of prosecution (<i>Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı</i>). Prosecutors are also divided into branches regarding their area in laws, similar to that of the judges. The Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors deals with administrative matters concerning judges of the Administrative and Judicial Courts and Public Prosecutors who are not members of the Court of Cassation or the Council of State.<sup id="cite_ref-byegm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byegm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Turkey in 2006</i> (released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor in the US State Department on March 6, 2007) it was stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The High Council of Judges and Prosecutors was widely criticized for undermining the independence of the judiciary. The minister of justice serves as chairman of the seven-member high council, and the justice ministry undersecretary also serves on the council. The high council selects judges and prosecutors for the higher courts and is responsible for oversight of the lower courts. The high council is located in the Ministry of Justice and does not have its own budget. While the constitution provides for job security through tenure, the high council controls the careers of judges and prosecutors through appointments, transfers, promotions, reprimands, and other mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-state_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Courts">Courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara.jpg/220px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara.jpg/330px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara.jpg/440px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> is the last instance for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/220px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/330px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/440px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_State_(Turkey).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg/220px-Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg/330px-Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg/440px-Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a> in Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>The judicial system is composed of general law courts; specialized heavy penal courts; the Constitutional Court, the nation's highest court; and three other high courts. The Court of Cassation hears appeals for criminal cases, the council of state hears appeals of administrative cases or cases between government entities, and the audit court audits state institutions. Most cases were prosecuted in the general law courts, which include civil, administrative, and criminal courts. In 2004 parliament adopted legislation providing for the establishment of regional appeals courts to relieve the high court's caseload and allow the judiciary to operate more efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-state_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_courts">Supreme courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Supreme courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution mentions the following 4 organizations as higher courts in the country:<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> (<i>Anayasa Mahkemesi</i>), for constitutional adjudication and review of individual applications concerning human rights violations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation of Turkey">Court of Cassation</a> (<i>Yargıtay</i>), the final decision maker in <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_court" title="Ordinary court">ordinary judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Council of State">Council of State</a> (<i>Danıştay</i>), the final decision maker in administrative judiciary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a> (<i>Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi</i>), for resolving the disputes between these courts for constitutional jurisdiction</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Constitutional_Court">The Constitutional Court</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Constitutional Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court of Turkey</a></div> <p>The basic function of the Constitutional Court (<i>Anayasa Mahkemesi</i>), established in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">1961 Constitution</a>, is to examine the constitutionality, in both form and substance, of laws, and decrees with the power of law and the Rules of Procedure of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> (GNAT). Other functions of the Court are as follows: </p> <ul><li>With the capacity of the High Tribunal, the Constitutional Court judges the following: the President, members of the Council of Ministers, members of supreme courts, the chairman and members of the Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors and of the Supreme Council of Public Accounts, the Chief Republic Prosecutors and the Deputy Republic Chief Prosecutors for crimes related to their offices.</li> <li>It audits the finances of political parties.</li> <li>It examines GNAT decisions to revoke the immunities of deputies, or to dismiss members of parliament.</li> <li>It chooses the chairman and deputy chairman of the Court of <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdictional</a> Disputes.</li></ul> <p>The Constitutional Court is composed of 11 regular and four substitute members. Decisions are made when the eleven members convene. The decisions of the Constitutional Court are final. These decisions cannot be amended in any manner and their application cannot be delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-byegm_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byegm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, the head of the Turkish Constitutional Court is Mr. <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCht%C3%BC_Arslan" title="Zühtü Arslan">Zühtü Arslan</a>, who holds the title President of the Constitutional Court (<i>Anayasa Mahkemesi Başkanı</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Court_of_Cassation">The Court of Cassation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Court of Cassation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation (Turkey)</a></div> <p>The Court of Cassation (<i>Yargıtay</i>) is the last instance for reviewing rulings and judgments rendered by justice courts, criminal courts, the examination courts and renders verdicts upon appeal. The opinions rendered by the Court of Cassation are taken as precedents for legal rulings in the first instance courts throughout the country, so that uniform application may be achieved. It is also able to modify its own ruling upon request.<sup id="cite_ref-byegm_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byegm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court of Cassation is divided into civil law and penal law chambers (<i>hukuk ve ceza daireleri</i>).Though Yargitay currently 20 civil and 20 criminal chambers, after the amendment of Yargitay Act in 2016 by the Parliament, the number of chambers will be decreased to 12 civil and 12 criminal chambers and total number of member of Court will be decreased to 210 until the end of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest judge, who holds the title First President (<i>Birinci Başkan</i>), is currently <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akarca" title="Mehmet Akarca">Mehmet Akarca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court of Cassation also has a Chief Public Prosecutor (<i>Yargitay Cumhuriyet Başsavcısı</i>), who is currently <a href="/wiki/Bekir_%C5%9Eahin" title="Bekir Şahin">Bekir Şahin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In case of indictments against political parties, the Chief Public Prosecutor of the Court of Cassation appears before the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court">Constitutional Court</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Council_of_State">The Council of State</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Council of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Council of State">Turkish Council of State</a></div> <p>The Turkish Council of State (<i>Danıştay</i>) is the highest <a href="/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">administrative court</a> in Turkey. It is equivalent to a federal supreme administrative court such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Conseil d'Etat</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Administrative Court of Germany">Federal Administrative Court of Germany</a> (Bundesverwaltungsgericht). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes">The Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Court of Jurisdictional Disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></div> <p>The Court of Jurisdictional Disputes (<i>Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi</i>) is the final authority to settle disputes concerning verdicts and the competences of the Justice, Administrative or Military Courts. This court is made up of members from the Court of Cassation's General Assembly and the Council of State's General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_courts">Judicial courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judicial courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SINOP.ADALET_SARAYI_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SINOP.ADALET_SARAYI_-_panoramio.jpg/270px-SINOP.ADALET_SARAYI_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SINOP.ADALET_SARAYI_-_panoramio.jpg/405px-SINOP.ADALET_SARAYI_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SINOP.ADALET_SARAYI_-_panoramio.jpg/540px-SINOP.ADALET_SARAYI_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Civil Court Building in <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinop</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_courts">Civil courts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Civil courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil law (area)">Civil courts</a> look at cases related to subjects like ownership, contract violation, divorce and inheritance. There are two forms of civil courts: the Peace Courts and the Civil Courts of First Instance. The Peace Courts (<i>Sulh Mahkemeleri</i>) are the lowest civil courts in Turkey with a single judge. There is at least one in every district. Its jurisdiction covers all cases assigned to the court by the Code of Civil Procedure and other laws. The second form is the Civil Courts of First Instance (<i>Asliye Hukuk Mahkemeleri</i>), which are the basic courts. Their jurisdiction covers all civil cases other than those assigned to the peace courts. There is one in every city and district, and sometimes divided into several branches according to the need and necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-interpol_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interpol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the scope of Civil Courts of First Instance, there are specialized courts for certain legal areas: </p> <ul><li>Cadastral courts</li> <li>Commercial courts</li> <li>Consumer courts</li> <li>Enforcement courts</li> <li>Family courts</li> <li>Intellectual and industrial property courts</li> <li>Labour courts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_courts">Criminal courts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criminal courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Say%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Say%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay.jpg/270px-Say%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Say%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay.jpg/405px-Say%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Say%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay.jpg/540px-Say%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Court of Accounts building in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal courts</a> look at cases related to subjects like assault, robbery, murder, arson and rape. Even though the penalties are no longer divided into light and heavy sentences, the criminal courts still are named according to the penalties they were entitled to pass. Penal courts of first instance (or simply penal courts, <i>asliye ceza</i>) are courts with a single judge deciding on <i>minor</i> cases. There is one in every city and in every district, sometimes divided into several branches according to the need and population. The heavy penal courts (Interpol terms them <i>Central Criminal Courts</i>) consist of a presiding judge and two members with a public prosecutor. Offenses and crimes involving a penalty of over five years of imprisonment are under the jurisdiction of these courts of which there is one in every city, but it is sometimes divided into several branches according to the need and population.<sup id="cite_ref-interpol_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interpol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_courts">Administrative courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Administrative courts (<i>idari mahkemeler</i>) exist at provincial level. The next instance are regional administrative courts (<i>bölge idari mahkemeleri</i>). Administrative courts solved cases involving probate, bankruptcy, and citizenship matters. Tax and family law were handled in separate courts. The highest administrative court in Turkey is the Turkish Council of State (<i>Danıştay</i> also called Supreme Administrative Court) or, equivalent to a federal supreme administrative court such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Conseil d'Etat</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Administrative Court of Germany">Federal Administrative Court of Germany</a> (Bundesverwaltungsgericht). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Court_of_Accounts">Court of Accounts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Court of Accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of Accounts (Turkey)</a></div> <p>The Court of Accounts (<i>Sayıştay</i>) is Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">supreme audit institution</a> charged with auditing, on behalf of the Parliament, all accounts related to the revenues, expenditures and property of government departments financed by general and subsidiary budgets. No applications for judicial review of its decisions shall be filed in administrative courts.<sup id="cite_ref-byegm_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byegm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There's a debate on whether <i>Sayıştay</i> is a supreme court, or even a court in the strictest sense.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish constitution is said to contradict with itself by not listing Sayıştay amongst supreme courts in articles 146-159 while allowing no appeals to most of its decisions, effectively giving it supreme court power.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_dispute_resolution_(ADR)"><span id="Alternative_dispute_resolution_.28ADR.29"></span>Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TFFRivaFacility_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TFFRivaFacility_%286%29.jpg/220px-TFFRivaFacility_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TFFRivaFacility_%286%29.jpg/330px-TFFRivaFacility_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TFFRivaFacility_%286%29.jpg/440px-TFFRivaFacility_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4704" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Football_Federation" title="Turkish Football Federation">Turkish Football Federation</a> Facility at <a href="/wiki/Riva,_Beykoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Riva, Beykoz">Riva, Beykoz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Province">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In certain disputes, the parties are not permitted by law to apply to court before exhausting <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution" title="Alternative dispute resolution">alternative dispute resolution</a> (ADR) processes, whereas in some other disputes, the parties can voluntarily apply to have their dispute settled through ADR. For instance, it is required to undergo mediation in disputes between an employee and an employer regarding employee receivables and reemployment claims before filing a lawsuit in the matter. Likewise, it is mandatory to undergo a mediation process in relation to commercial disputes before initiating litigation proceedings before the relevant court. Some other quasi-legal authorities that must be used before applying to court are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Nihan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nihan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Arbitration Committee for Consumer Problems.</li> <li>Sports Arbitration Committee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Football_Federation" title="Turkish Football Federation">Turkish Football Federation</a> Arbitration Committee.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_courts">Former courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Former courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_justice">Civilian justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Civilian justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence_Tribunal">Independence Tribunal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Independence Tribunal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abidin_Bey_walking_into_court.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abidin_Bey_walking_into_court.JPG/270px-Abidin_Bey_walking_into_court.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abidin_Bey_walking_into_court.JPG/405px-Abidin_Bey_walking_into_court.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abidin_Bey_walking_into_court.JPG/540px-Abidin_Bey_walking_into_court.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2297" /></a><figcaption>Abidin Bey walking into the Independence Tribunal in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independence_Tribunal" title="Independence Tribunal">Independence Tribunal</a></div> <p>An Independence Tribunal (<i>İstiklâl Mahkemesi</i>) was a court invested with superior authority and the first were established in 1920 during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> in order to prosecute those who were against the system of the government. Eight such courts were established. They were located in Ankara, Eskişehir, Konya, Isparta, Sivas, Kastamonu, Pozantı, and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Tribunal_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Tribunal of Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>. The last one was abolished in 1927. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_Security_Courts">State Security Courts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: State Security Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_constitution_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish constitution of 1982">1982 Constitution</a> the then military government established State Security Courts (<i>Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemeleri</i>, DGM) to try cases involving crimes against the security of the state, and organized crime. It would also act as a domestic tribunal to try cases involving genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The DGMs began to operate from May 1984 and replaced military courts which had been in operation during the martial law period. They existed only in eight (of then 67 and now 81) provinces. </p><p>In April 1991 the Law to Fight Terrorism (Law 3713) entered into force and cases involving crimes against the security of the state were now punishable under this law. The panel of three judges in each DGM included a military judge. As armed forces officers, such military judges remained dependent on the military for salary and pension, subject to military discipline and therefore not independent of military control. In a number of cases the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> has found the presence of military judges in the State Security Courts to be a violation of the fair trial principles set out in Article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms</a> (ECHR). </p><p>On the 18 June 1999 the then <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> voted to ban military judges from the bench of State Security Courts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of a package of reforms to the Constitution passed in June 2004, the DGMs were formally abolished. The DGMs were transformed into Heavy Penal Courts, authorized to try only cases involving organized crime and terrorism. In cases of state security, genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, the military discipline courts would take over.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the entering into law of a new Criminal Procedure Code on 1 June 2005, the official name for these courts has been "Heavy Penal Courts (competent to examine crimes under article 250 of the Criminal Procedure Code)". Most of the cases heard in these courts concern cases of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_justice">Military justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abolished in 2017, the military related cases were picked up by the Heavy Penal Courts and the Criminal Courts of first instance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military court system exercised jurisdiction over military personnel and during periods of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. The duties are described in Article 11 of Law 1402 on Martial Law of May 1971. Further details are laid out in Articles 11 to 14 of Law 353 on the Foundation and Criminal Procedures at Military Courts of October 1963 (revised in October 2006). </p><p>The military court system consisted of </p> <ul><li>military courts,</li> <li>a supreme military administrative court, and</li> <li>the military court of cassation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_courts">Military courts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Military courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military Courts had jurisdiction to try military personnel for military offenses, for offenses committed by them against other military personnel or crimes committed in military places, or for offenses connected with military service and duties. Under martial law military courts were competent to try all offences that led to the announcement of martial law. Article 14 of Law 353 described the offences to be tried at military courts in time of war.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Article 2 of Law 353 the courts consisted of two military judges (<i>askeri hâkim</i>) and an officer. In cases involving more than 200 defendants the bench had four judges and one officer. Military prosecutors (<i>askeri savcı</i>) would be appointed according to the need.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges and prosecutors held the title judge (<i>hâkim</i> or <i>yargıç</i>) along with their ordinary officer's ranks whether they are on the bench or prosecutors. </p><p>In military courts, there rarely were defense lawyers to the accused, although the defendants were entitled to legal counsel from military personnel with the title <i>askeri hâkim</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_Court_of_Cassation">Military Court of Cassation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Military Court of Cassation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Military Court of Cassation (<i>Askeri Yargıtay</i>) was the court of final instance for all rulings and verdicts rendered by military courts. It was also a court of first and final instance with jurisdiction over certain military personnel, stipulated by law, with responsibility for any specific trials of these persons.<sup id="cite_ref-byegm_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byegm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a President, usually a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> and a Chief Prosecutor usually a <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_High_Court_of_Administration">Military High Court of Administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Military High Court of Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Military High Court of Administration or the Supreme Military Administrative Court (<i>Askeri Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi</i>) had jurisdiction over military personnel in administrative cases or active military service. Its organization was similar to that of the Military Court of Cassation. </p><p>Note that military courts and civilian courts did not act as subordinates to each other. They were independent from each other and should be immune to political influence. Also note that military courts are exceptional and were only available in military restricted areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Judges_and_Prosecutors" title="Council of Judges and Prosecutors">Council of Judges and Prosecutors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTarman2012" class="citation book cs1">Tarman, Z. Derya (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_otpAA1EIoC&dq=Turkish+legal+system+european+civil+law&pg=PA940">"Turkey"</a>. In Smits, Jan M. (ed.). <i>Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law</i> (2nd ed.). Edward Elgar. p. 940. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849804158" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849804158"><bdi>978-1849804158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey&rft.btitle=Elgar+Encyclopedia+of+Comparative+Law&rft.pages=940&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1849804158&rft.aulast=Tarman&rft.aufirst=Z.+Derya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_otpAA1EIoC%26dq%3DTurkish%2Blegal%2Bsystem%2Beuropean%2Bcivil%2Blaw%26pg%3DPA940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Images of the robes can be found on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inisiyatif.net/hukukmuzesi/hukukmuzesi/hm25.html">the website of H.Argun Bozkurt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928141102/http://www.inisiyatif.net/hukukmuzesi/hukukmuzesi/hm25.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interpol-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interpol_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interpol_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interpol_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interpol_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040624222558/http://www.interpol.int/public/Region/Europe/pjsystems/turkey.asp#31">Description of the various courts in Turkey</a> Interpol (uses slightly different terms)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byegm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-byegm_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byegm_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byegm_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byegm_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byegm_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm">Political Structure of TURKEY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005085413/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm">Archived</a> 2006-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER, DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF PRESS AND INFORMATION</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor2007" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2007-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78844.htm">"Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Report+on+Human+Rights+Practices+in+Turkey&rft.pub=U.S.+State+Department&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft.au=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2006%2F78844.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution2019_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/">"Turkish Constitution"</a>. <i>www.anayasa.gov.tr</i>. Anayasa Mahkemesi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anayasa.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Turkish+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anayasa.gov.tr%2Fen%2Flegislation%2Fturkish-constiution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yargitay.gov.tr/content/blogcategory/0/43/">the Turkish website of the Court of Cassation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070501184618/http://www.yargitay.gov.tr/content/blogcategory/0/43/">Archived</a> 2007-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yargitay-baskanligina-mehmet-akarca-secildi/1777640">"Yargıtay Başkanlığına Mehmet Akarca seçildi"</a>. <i>www.aa.com.tr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=Yarg%C4%B1tay+Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1na+Mehmet+Akarca+se%C3%A7ildi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fturkiye%2Fyargitay-baskanligina-mehmet-akarca-secildi%2F1777640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/top-turkish-prosecutor-files-case-to-close-pro-kurdish-hdp/46457076">"Top Turkish prosecutor files case to close pro-Kurdish HDP"</a>. <i>SWI swissinfo.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Top+Turkish+prosecutor+files+case+to+close+pro-Kurdish+HDP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Ftop-turkish-prosecutor-files-case-to-close-pro-kurdish-hdp%2F46457076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uyusmazlik.gov.tr/uyusmazlik-mahkemesinin-kurulusu">"Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesinin Kuruluşu"</a>. <i>www.uyusmazlik.gov.tr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.uyusmazlik.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Uyu%C5%9Fmazl%C4%B1k+Mahkemesinin+Kurulu%C5%9Fu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uyusmazlik.gov.tr%2Fuyusmazlik-mahkemesinin-kurulusu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yenisafak.com.tr/arsiv/2001/MART/07/g8.html">Sayıştay tartışması</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015014/http://www.yenisafak.com.tr/arsiv/2001/MART/07/g8.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (2001-03-07) <i>Yeni Safak</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hukukcu.com/bilimsel/kitaplar/turk_hukuk_sistemi.htm">Türk Hukuk Sistemi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814134032/http://www.hukukcu.com/bilimsel/kitaplar/turk_hukuk_sistemi.htm">Archived</a> 2007-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nihan-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nihan_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacanak2020" class="citation news cs1">Bacanak, Nihan (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-016-2851?transitionType=Default&contextData=%28sc.Default%29">"Legal systems in Turkey: overview"</a>. <i>signon.thomsonreuters.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=signon.thomsonreuters.com&rft.atitle=Legal+systems+in+Turkey%3A+overview&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Bacanak&rft.aufirst=Nihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2Fw-016-2851%3FtransitionType%3DDefault%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Default%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlman1999" class="citation web cs1">Ulman, Seva (18 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1999/06/18/Military-judge-dumped-from-Ocalan-trial/9896929678400/">"Military judge dumped from Ocalan trial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Military+judge+dumped+from+Ocalan+trial&rft.date=1999-06-18&rft.aulast=Ulman&rft.aufirst=Seva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1999%2F06%2F18%2FMilitary-judge-dumped-from-Ocalan-trial%2F9896929678400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:18_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiapetta2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chiapetta, Hans (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46711807.pdf">"Rome, 11/15/1998: Extradition or Political Asylum for the Kurdistan Workers Party's Leader Abdullah Ocalan?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pace International Law Review</i>. <b>13</b>: 145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58948%2F2331-3536.1206">10.58948/2331-3536.1206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pace+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Rome%2C+11%2F15%2F1998%3A+Extradition+or+Political+Asylum+for+the+Kurdistan+Workers+Party%27s+Leader+Abdullah+Ocalan%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=145&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58948%2F2331-3536.1206&rft.aulast=Chiapetta&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F46711807.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718165216/http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=36335&l=1">"DGM'lerin Yerine 18 Ağir Ceza Mahkemesi"</a> (Press release) (in Turkish). Avrupa Birliği Genel Sekreterliği. 2004-07-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=36335&l=1">the original</a> on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DGM%27lerin+Yerine+18+A%C4%9Fir+Ceza+Mahkemesi&rft.pub=Avrupa+Birli%C4%9Fi+Genel+Sekreterli%C4%9Fi&rft.date=2004-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abgs.gov.tr%2Findex.php%3Fp%3D36335%26l%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR440132006?open&of=ENG-TUR">Justice Delayed and Denied</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218011307/http://news.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR440132006?open&of=ENG-TUR">Archived</a> 2007-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, September 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also see a private source with an article on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ob.nubati.net/wiki/index.php?title=Background_to_the_Legal_System">background to the legal system</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000842/http://www.ecoi.net/190288::trkei/328807.326791.9716...lk.326817/state-security-courts-and-heavy-penal-courts.htm">"Turkey | ecoi.net - European Country of Origin Information Network"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoi.net/190288::trkei/328807.326791.9716...lk.326817/state-security-courts-and-heavy-penal-courts.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+%26%23124%3B+ecoi.net+-+European+Country+of+Origin+Information+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoi.net%2F190288%3A%3Atrkei%2F328807.326791.9716...lk.326817%2Fstate-security-courts-and-heavy-penal-courts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istanbulbarosu.org.tr/HaberDetay.aspx?ID=12517">"Kaldırılan Askeri Mahkemelerin Dosyalarına Bakacak Mahkemeler Belirlendi"</a>. <i>www.istanbulbarosu.org.tr</i>. No. 5 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.istanbulbarosu.org.tr&rft.atitle=Kald%C4%B1r%C4%B1lan+Askeri+Mahkemelerin+Dosyalar%C4%B1na+Bakacak+Mahkemeler+Belirlendi&rft.issue=5+June+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istanbulbarosu.org.tr%2FHaberDetay.aspx%3FID%3D12517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+system+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/askeri-ceza-yargisi.htm">a critical article on military justice</a> in Turkish</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ws:Askeri_Mahkemeler_Kurulu%C5%9Fu_ve_Yarg%C4%B1lama_Usul%C3%BC_Hakk%C4%B1nda_Kanun" class="extiw" title="tr:ws:Askeri Mahkemeler Kuruluşu ve Yargılama Usulü Hakkında Kanun">The complete text of Law 353</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judiciaryofturkey.gov.tr/">Judiciary of Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hukukara.com">Law Search engine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/Terminoloji/yargi-kurumlari-liste-110615.pdf">Translation of Turkish judicial names into English</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciaries_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judiciaries_of_Turkey" title="Template:Judiciaries of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judiciaries_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Judiciaries of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciaries_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciaries of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judiciaries_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judiciaries of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judicial courts</a> <ul><li>Civil courts</li> <li>Criminal courts</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Administrative courts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Court of Accounts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military justice</a> <ul><li>Military courts</li> <li>Military Court of Cassation</li> <li>Military High Court of Administration</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civilian justice</a> <ul><li>State Security Courts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Tribunal" title="Independence Tribunal">Independence Tribunal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/80px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions<br />and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court of Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCht%C3%BC_Arslan" title="Zühtü Arslan">Zühtü Arslan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey" title="List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey">Main Opposition Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Alliance" title="Charter of Alliance">Charter of Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Edict of 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Kurdish rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Turkey" title="Child marriage in Turkey">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" title="Block of Wikipedia in Turkey">Wikipedia ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Template:Constitution of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Constitution of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Constitution of the Republic of Turkey</a>.</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Justice (Turkey)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/100px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/150px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/200px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitution of 1982">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of the Republic of Turkey">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of the Constitutional Court of Turkey">Presidents</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supreme Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court of Accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of Accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciaries_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judiciaries_of_Asia" title="Template:Judiciaries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judiciaries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Judiciaries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciaries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciaries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judiciaries_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judiciaries of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Afghanistan" title="Judiciary of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Azerbaijan" title="Judiciary of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bahrain" title="Judiciary of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bangladesh" title="Judiciary of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cambodia" title="Judiciary of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cyprus" title="Judiciary of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Indonesia" title="Judiciary of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel" title="Judiciary of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_North_Korea" title="Judiciary of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Korea" title="Judiciary of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Judiciary of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Maldives" title="Judiciary of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Mongolia" title="Judiciary of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Judiciary of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Judiciary of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciaries_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judiciaries_of_Europe" title="Template:Judiciaries of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judiciaries_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Judiciaries of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciaries_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciaries of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judiciaries_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judiciaries of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Andorra" title="Judiciary of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Austria" title="Judiciary of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Azerbaijan" title="Judiciary of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Belgium" title="Judiciary of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Croatia" title="Judiciary of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cyprus" title="Judiciary of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Judiciary of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Greece" title="Judiciary of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Luxembourg" title="Judiciary of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malta" title="Judiciary of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Netherlands" title="Judiciary of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Norway" title="Judiciary of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Poland" title="Judiciary of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Romania" title="Judiciary of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_San_Marino" title="Judiciary of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Serbia" title="Judiciary of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Slovenia" title="Judiciary of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Scotland" title="Judiciary of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Judiciary of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Gibraltar" title="Judiciary of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Judiciary of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Jersey" title="Judiciary of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supreme_Courts_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supreme_Courts_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Supreme Courts of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Azerbaijan" title="Supreme Court of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bhutan" title="Supreme Court of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cambodia" title="Supreme Court of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cyprus" title="Supreme Court of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Court of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kazakhstan" title="Supreme Court of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Supreme Court of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Maldives" title="Supreme Court of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Supreme Court of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Myanmar" title="Supreme Court of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Tajikistan" title="Supreme Court of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Turkmenistan" title="Supreme Court of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Uzbekistan" title="Supreme Court of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supreme_courts_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supreme_Courts_of_Europe" title="Template:Supreme Courts of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supreme_Courts_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Supreme Courts of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supreme_Courts_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supreme Courts of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supreme_courts_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme courts</a> of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_supreme_courts_by_country" title="List of supreme courts by country">List of supreme courts by country</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Albania" title="Supreme Court of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_of_Armenia" title="Court of Cassation of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_(Austria)" title="Supreme Court of Justice (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Azerbaijan" title="Supreme Court of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Belarus" title="Supreme Court of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Belgium)" title="Court of Cassation (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_of_Bulgaria" title="Supreme Court of Cassation of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Croatia" title="Supreme Court of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cyprus" title="Supreme Court of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Denmark)" title="Supreme Court (Denmark)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Finland" title="Supreme Court of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Hungary" title="Curia of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kazakhstan" title="Supreme Court of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Latvia" title="Supreme Court of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_(Liechtenstein)" title="Constitutional Court (Liechtenstein)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Lithuania" title="Supreme Court of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Moldova" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Monaco" title="Supreme Court of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Montenegro" title="Supreme Court of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Supreme Court of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Court of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_(Portugal)" title="Supreme Court of Justice (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Serbia)" title="Supreme Court (Serbia)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Slovak_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Slovenia" title="Supreme Court of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sweden" title="Supreme Court of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Supreme_courts">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ukraine" title="Supreme Court of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City#Judiciary" title="Law of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo#Supreme_Court" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Northern_Cyprus#Supreme_Court" title="Judiciary of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>International</b>: <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFTA_Court" title="EFTA Court">EFTA Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Court_of_Justice" title="Benelux Court of Justice">Benelux Court of Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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