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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification and dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_clusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_clusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Consonant clusters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns_and_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns_and_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns and prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns_and_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals_and_counting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals_and_counting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Numerals and counting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals_and_counting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns_and_noun_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_noun_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Nouns and noun phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_noun_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Noun phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_sequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Verb sequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complement_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complement_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Complement clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complement_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositional_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositional_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Prepositional verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositional_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>Motion verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Complex sentences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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title="Maybrat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maybrat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Maybrat" title="Yaren Maybrat – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Maybrat" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Brat_jezik" title="Mai Brat jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mai Brat jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Maybrat" title="Pagsasao a Maybrat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Maybrat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ayamaru" title="Bahasa Ayamaru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ayamaru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimai-Brat" title="Kimai-Brat – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimai-Brat" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Mai_Brat" title="Lenga Mai Brat – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Mai Brat" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_maybrat" title="Język maybrat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język maybrat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4830892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara language</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language of West Papua</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Maybrat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Maybrat–Karon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tambrauw_Regency" title="Tambrauw Regency">Tambrauw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maybrat_Regency" title="Maybrat Regency">Maybrat Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maybrat people (page does not exist)">Maybrat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(25,000 cited 1987)<sup id="cite_ref-e22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">? <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a>, or<br />? <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's Head languages">Bird's Head</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Maybrat</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Mayhapeh</li> <li>Maymaru</li> <li>Mayasmaun</li> <li>Maymare</li> <li>Mayte</li> <li>Karon Dori (Miyah)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ayz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ayz">ayz</a></code> – Mai Brat<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kgw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kgw">kgw</a></code> – Karon Dori</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maib1239">maib1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Maybrat is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Maybrat is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png/250px-Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png/375px-Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png/500px-Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.96%;left:28.72%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maybrat"><img alt="Approximate location where Maybrat is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Maybrat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Western New Guinea</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Maybrat is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Maybrat is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/250px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/375px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/500px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="460" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.722%;left:81.043%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maybrat"><img alt="Approximate location where Maybrat is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Maybrat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Indonesia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maybrat_language&params=1.37_S_132.59_E_region:ID_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°22′S</span> <span class="longitude">132°35′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.37°S 132.59°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.37; 132.59</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Maybrat</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan</a> language spoken in the central parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> in the Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a>. </p><p>Maybrat is also known as <b>Ayamaru</b>, after the name of its principal dialect, while the divergent <b>Karon Dori</b> dialect has sometimes been counted as a separate language. Maybrat has not been demonstrated to be related to any other language, and so is often considered a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. Nevertheless, in its grammatical structure, it has a number of features that are shared with the neighbouring languages. </p><p>Maybrat is characterised by a relatively small consonant inventory and an avoidance of most types of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>. There are two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine and unmarked. Morphology is simple. Verbs and <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienably possessed</a> nouns alike take <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> prefixes. There is an elaborate system of <a href="/wiki/Demonstratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstratives">demonstratives</a> (words like "this" or "that"), with encoding for distance from the speaker, specificity, and syntactic function. In the clause, there is a fairly rigid <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> word order, and within noun phrases modifiers follow the head noun. Verb sequences, including <a href="/wiki/Serial_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial verbs">serial verbs</a> are very common, and verbs are used for a number of functions which in languages like English are served by adjectives or prepositions. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With around 25,000 speakers (as of 1987),<sup id="cite_ref-e22_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maybrat is among the most populous languages of Indonesian Papua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20071_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20071-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its speakers are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maybrat people (page does not exist)">Maybrat people</a>, whose main occupations have been hunting, fishing, and <a href="/wiki/Swidden_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Swidden agriculture">swidden agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20073_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20073-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have traditionally lived in scattered homesteads, with the organisation into villages (<a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">kampongs</a>) initiated by the efforts of the Dutch administration between the 1930s and the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGratton1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGratton1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has had an effect on the language. For example, the establishment of the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Ayawasi" title="Ayawasi">Ayawasi</a> in 1953 brought together scattered local groups where each family had spoken a slightly different "family dialect", resulting in a "melting pot" where these small dialectal differences are levelled in the speech of the younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20078_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20078-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maybrat is spoken in a large area in the central parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula and a large portion of its speakers are concentrated around the <a href="/wiki/Ayamaru_Lakes" title="Ayamaru Lakes">Ayamaru Lakes</a>, although many are also found in urban areas of Indonesian Papua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199043_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199043-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maybrat is surrounded by a number of languages. To the north are two other isolates: <a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a>; to the east are <a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a>, both members of the <a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a> language family; the <a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bird's Head">South Bird's Head</a> languages <a href="/wiki/Arandai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arandai language">Arandai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaburi_language" title="Kaburi language">Kaburi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kais_language" title="Kais language">Kais</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a> are spoken to the south; the neighbouring languages to the west are <a href="/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a>, both of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017571_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017571-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/Language_of_wider_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Language of wider communication">language of wider communication</a> in this area during the Dutch administration, while more recently the related <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> has taken up this role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200747_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200747-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Maybrat speakers in Ayawasi, for example, are fully bilingual in Indonesian, with the use of Indonesian loanwords and <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> between the two languages fairly common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20077_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20077-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "Maybrat" is a compound of <i>mai</i> 'sound, language',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20076,_301_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20076,_301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to one explanation, its meaning is "the language Brat", where "Brat" is the name of a hill near the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semetu (page does not exist)">Semetu</a> in the Ayamaru region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmberg19558_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmberg19558-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_dialects">Classification and dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification and dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maybrat is often considered to be a language isolate, as a genetic relationship to any other language has not been established. There have been attempts to subsume it under putative families like the "Toror languages" (also including <a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head languages</a>), or the broader <a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan phylum</a>. Even if not demonstrably related to any other language and sharing only a small percentage of its vocabulary with its neighbours, Maybrat nevertheless has a great deal in its grammatical structure that resembles other languages of the Bird's Head.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been various classifications and listings of the dialects of Maybrat.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local tradition of the speakers recognises the following six dialects (the districts and villages where each is spoken are given in brackets):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20078–9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20078–9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mayhapeh (<a href="/wiki/Ayawasi" title="Ayawasi">Ayawasi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokas,_Southwest_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokas, Southwest Papua (page does not exist)">Kokas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosun,_Southwest_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosun, Southwest Papua (page does not exist)">Mosun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konya,_Southwest_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konya, Southwest Papua (page does not exist)">Konya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumurkek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumurkek (page does not exist)">Kumurkek</a>)</li> <li>Mayasmaun (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayata,_Southwest_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayata, Southwest Papua (page does not exist)">Ayata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamat,_Southwest_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamat, Southwest Papua (page does not exist)">Kamat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aisa,_Southwest_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aisa, Southwest Papua (page does not exist)">Aisa</a>)</li> <li>Karon Dori or Miyah (Miyah, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senopi (page does not exist)">Senopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fef,_Southwest_Papua" title="Fef, Southwest Papua">Fef</a>, Syujak).<sup id="cite_ref-Ronsumbre-2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronsumbre-2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maymare (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suswa,_Southwest_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suswa, Southwest Papua (page does not exist)">Suswa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sire,_Southwest_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sire, Southwest Papua (page does not exist)">Sire</a>)</li> <li>Maymaru (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayamaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayamaru (page does not exist)">Ayamaru</a>): in Ayamaru District and Ayamaru Timur District<sup id="cite_ref-Ronsumbre-2020_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronsumbre-2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mayte (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aytinyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aytinyo (page does not exist)">Aytinyo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuoh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuoh (page does not exist)">Fuoh</a>): in Aytinyo District<sup id="cite_ref-Ronsumbre-2020_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronsumbre-2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The most distinct dialect, at least in comparison to Mayhapeh, is Karon, which in some previous surveys has been listed as a separate language. The differences between Maymaru and Mayhapeh on the other hand are very small, but the two are nevertheless regarded by their speakers as distinct dialects. This is largely because the Maymaru speak significantly faster, so much so that the Mayhapeh often have difficulties understanding them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20079–10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20079–10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialect whose phonology and grammar are described in the following sections is Mayhapeh, as analysed by Dol in her <a href="#CITEREFDol2007">2007 grammar</a>. The two papers by Brown (<a href="#CITEREFBrown1990">1990</a>, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">1991</a>) are on noun phrases and phonology and they are based on the Maymaru dialect as spoken in the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambuaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kambuaya (page does not exist)">Kambuaya</a>. </p><p>Irires is also known as Karon Dori, Meon, or Maiyach. Some exonyms include:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Karon</a> name: <i>Meon</i> ‘people who speak language speedly’</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a> name: <i>Bakatan</i> ‘people who produce and wear bracelets’</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a> name: <i>Meyah mewi</i> ‘language root’</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maybrat has five vowel <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> and a small consonant inventory consisting of between nine and eleven consonant phonemes, depending on the analysis. Closed syllables are not uncommon, but most types of consonant clusters are broken up with the insertion of a schwa vowel. The placement of stress is not predictable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table presents the five Maybrat vowels along with their <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> as documented in the Mayhapeh dialect:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200715–17_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200715–17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">in the Mayhapeh dialect</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">Allophones</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">a </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td>obligatory before [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>], in free variation with [ɑ] otherwise </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></td> <td>obligatory before /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>/, in free variation with [a] otherwise </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">e </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td>in open syllables </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td>in closed syllables </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">i </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td>everywhere </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></td> <td>optionally before /k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td>optionally at the end of the word after a vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">o </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></td> <td>in open syllables; also optionally before /m/ in one-syllable words </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></td> <td>in closed syllables, or when preceded by /i/ or /u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></td> <td>optionally when preceded by /u/ and followed by either /k/ or /x/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></td> <td>optionally when preceded by /u/ and followed by /t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">u </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></td> <td>everywhere </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></td> <td>optionally before /o/: /kuo/ ➜ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkuwo]</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkywo]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></td> <td>optionally at the end of the word after a vowel </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A non-phonemic <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is used, mostly to break up consonant clusters (see <a href="#Consonant_clusters">below</a>). A schwa is also optionally inserted before the initial consonant in a small number of short words: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ti]</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əˈti]</span> 'night'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200717–18_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200717–18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vowels are phonetically lengthened in stressed one-syllable words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200719_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200719-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vowel at the start of a word is optionally preceded, and a vowel at the end of a word is optionally followed, by a non-phonemic <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>, typically when the word is uttered in isolation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔm]</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔom]</span> 'rain', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmata]</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmataʔ]</span> 'they drink'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200718_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200718-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all of these allophones have been documented in the Maymaru dialect. However, it does have the following allophone rules not described for the Mayhapeh dialect: word-final /o/ is pronounced as [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>] after /i/, while unstressed word-final /a/ is realised as [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199122–23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199122–23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">in the Mayhapeh dialect</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Mayhapeh dialect, the bilabial stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> does not occur at the end of the word. It has two <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> – voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> and voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> – which are in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> in all positions: /tapam/ 'land' → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtapɑm]<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈtabɑm]</span>; the voiceless allophone is more common, even between vowels. The velar stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> is voiceless, but it has an optional voiced allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> between vowels and an optional <a href="/wiki/Unreleased_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Unreleased stop">unreleased</a> allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">k̚</a>]</span> at the end of the word. The alveolar stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> is always voiceless, and in word-final position <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> is in free variation with the <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span> and the unreleased <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">t̚</a>]</span>: /poiit/ 'food' → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['pɔiːt]<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈpɔiːtʰ]<span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈpɔiːt̚]</span>. The labial fricative /f/ has two allophones in free variation: the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Velar_fricative" title="Velar fricative">velar fricative</a> /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span>/, which in the practical orthography is written as <i>h</i>, can be either voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> or voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span>: /xren/ 'they sit' → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xəˈrɛn]<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɣəˈrɛn]</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a> is always an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> at the start of the word, while in other positions it is in free variation with the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200721–24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200721–24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voiced allophones are generally more common in the other dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200710_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200710-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the Maymaru dialect, spoken in the area of Ayamaru, the bilabial stop is always voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span>, while the alveolar stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> becomes voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>. The velar stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> becomes voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span> either before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199116–17_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199116–17-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The semivowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> are treated as distinct consonantal phonemes in Dol's study of the Mayhapeh dialect of Ayawasi, but Brown's analysis of the Maymaru dialect they are instead analysed as allophones of the vowels /i/ and /u/ respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200727–28_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200727–28-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the remainder of this article, the semivowel /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span>/ is represented with <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>, following the practical orthography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_clusters">Consonant clusters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonant clusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the phonemic level, <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> do occur, either at the start or in the middle of the word, but they are invariably broken up by the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic vowel">epenthetic vowel</a> schwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>. Thus, /tre/ 'bracelet' is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[təˈre]</span>, /twok/ → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[təˈwɔk]</span> 'they enter', /mti/ → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[məˈti]</span> 'evening'.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also happens when the consonant cluster is in the middle of the word between vowels (/mfokfok/ → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[məˌfɔkəˈfɔk]</span> 'they roll'), except if the first consonant of the cluster is a nasal: /nimpon/ → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈnimpɔn]</span> 'watermelon'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200730–38_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200730–38-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epenthetic schwa can assimilate in quality to the following vowel: /mtie/ → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪˈtije]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those Maybrat speakers who are also fluent in Indonesian, can and do pronounce clusters of a consonant + r (which are also found in Indonesian), for example /pron/ 'bamboo' → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[prɔn]</span> (in contrast to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pəˈrɔn]</span>, as pronounced by people who speak only Maybrat).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200733_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200733-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The placement of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> is not predictable, although it most often falls on the first syllable (schwa vowels getting skipped: /tfo/ → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[təˈfo]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200738–39_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200738–39-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stress is phonemic at least in the Maymaru dialect. In his description of this dialect, Brown adduces several minimal pairs of words that differ solely in the placement of stress: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈana/</span> 'they' (with the stress falling on the first syllable) vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aˈna/</span> 'fence' (stress falling on the second syllable), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/moˈo/</span> 'she itches' vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmoo/</span> 'she takes'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19912_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19912-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her study of the Mayhapeh dialect of Ayawasi, Dol notes that such pairs, though perceived by the native speakers as distinct, are acoustically indistinguishable, thus "they" and "fence" are both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈana/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007p._27,_f._20;_p._54,_fn._3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007p._27,_f._20;_p._54,_fn._3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her conclusion, which has received some criticism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonohue2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonohue2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that stress is only weakly phonemic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200738_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200738-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of a sentence, many older speakers blow a puff of air through their nose, which appears to be a common phenomenon in the languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200741_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200741-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns_and_prefixes">Personal pronouns and prefixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns and prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maybrat has a set of independent <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">personal pronouns</a> and the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> prefixes that are used with verbs and some nouns: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns and prefixes<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(Mayhapeh dialect)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200762_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200762-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Independent<br />pronoun</th> <th>Prefix </th></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr> 'I'</td> <td><i>tuo</i></td> <td>t- </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2S</abbr> 'You (singular)'</td> <td><i>nuo</i></td> <td>n- </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person singular masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr> 'He'</td> <td><i>ait</i></td> <td>y- </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr> 'She/it'</td> <td><i>au</i></td> <td>m- </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1P</abbr> 'We'</td> <td><i>amu</i></td> <td>p- </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2P</abbr> 'You (plural)'</td> <td><i>anu</i></td> <td>n- </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3P</abbr> 'They'</td> <td><i>ana</i></td> <td>m- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Maymaru dialect <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">distinguishes</a> between inclusive 'we' (meaning 'I + you') and exclusive 'we' ('I + he/she'). The inclusive form is <i>anu</i> (with corresponding person prefix <i>b-</i>) and the exclusive one is <i>amu</i> (with prefix <i>n-</i>). It also has somewhat different pronouns for the first and second person singular: <i>tyo</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'I', and <i>nyo</i> 'you (singular)'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199045–46_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199045–46-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The person prefixes are obligatory for verbs and for <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienably possessed</a> nouns (see <a href="#Possession">below</a> for these possession constructions). When added to a verb, the prefix indexes the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> (<i><span style="text-decoration: underline;">y</span>-amo</i> '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">He</span> goes'), and when added to an inalienably possessed noun, it indexes the possessor (<i><span style="text-decoration: underline;">y</span>-ana</i> '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">his</span> head'). If the verb or noun begins with the vowel <i>a-</i> then this vowel is dropped before prefixes for the first and second person plural.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table lists the prefixes of the Mayhapeh dialect along with an example paradigm:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200762–3,_68,_85_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200762–3,_68,_85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Prefix</th> <th>Example verb</th> <th>Example noun </th></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr> 'I'</td> <td><i>t-</i></td> <td><i>t-tien</i> 'I sleep'</td> <td><i>t-ana</i> 'my head' </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1P</abbr> 'We'</td> <td><i>p-</i></td> <td><i>p-tien</i> 'We sleep'</td> <td><i>p-na</i> 'our heads' </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2S</abbr> 'You' (singular)</td> <td><i>n-</i></td> <td><i>n-tien</i> 'You sleep'</td> <td><i>n-ana</i> 'your head' </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2P</abbr> 'You' (plural)</td> <td><i>n-</i></td> <td><i>n-tien</i> 'You sleep'</td> <td><i>n-na</i> 'your heads' </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr> 'He'</td> <td><i>y-</i></td> <td><i>y-tien</i> 'He sleeps'</td> <td><i>y-ana</i> 'his head' </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, unmarked gender/number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr> 'She/it/they'</td> <td><i>m-</i></td> <td><i>m-tien</i> 'She/it/they sleep'</td> <td><i>m-ana</i> 'her/their head/s' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are words, nouns or verbs, that do not take person prefixes. This is largely determined phonologically: the prefix is not allowed if its addition would result in a word of three or more syllables. There are also five verbs that are exceptions: they do not allow person prefixes even though they are otherwise phonologically eligible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200752–55_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200752–55-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maybrat has an elaborate system of <a href="/wiki/Demonstratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstratives">demonstratives</a> (these are words like "this", "that", or "there").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol1998535_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol1998535-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are morphologically complex and consist of a prefix, a demonstrative base, and a suffix. The four demonstrative bases are differentiated based on distance from the speaker: <i>-f-</i> is for objects that are within physical reach of the speaker, <i>-t-</i> indicates objects a little further away but still near, <i>-n-</i> refers to objects that are far away, while <i>-au</i> does not specify a distance and so is used when the distance from the speaker is irrelevant. The demonstrative base is followed by a suffix specifying gender: <i>-o</i> is unmarked for gender, and <i>-i</i>, <i>-ait</i> or <i>-e</i> are for the masculine. Which of the three masculine suffixes to choose depends on the base: <i>-ait</i> is only used after <i>-t</i>, <i>-e</i> is used with <i>-n-</i>, while <i>-i</i> usually combines with <i>-f-</i>. Gender is relevant only with certain prefixes (<i>re-</i> and <i>me-</i>/<i>-fi-</i> + <i>-t-</i>); otherwise, the unmarked suffix <i>-o</i> is used. Examples of the masculine and the unmarked forms:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200796–99_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200796–99-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rae</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-f-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location-very.near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">rae re-f-i</p><p style="display: none;">man specific.location-very.near-3M</p><p style="clear: left;">'this man very near'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-f-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location-very.near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">fai re-f-o</p><p style="display: none;">woman specific.location-very.near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'this woman very near'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rae</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-t-ait</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location-near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">rae re-t-ait</p><p style="display: none;">man specific.location-near-3M</p><p style="clear: left;">'this man'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-t-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location-near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">fai re-t-o</p><p style="display: none;">woman specific.location-near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'this woman'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rae</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-n-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location-far-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">rae re-n-e</p><p style="display: none;">man specific.location-far-3M</p><p style="clear: left;">'that man'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro-n-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location-far-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">fai ro-n-o</p><p style="display: none;">woman specific.location-far-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'that woman'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The demonstratives in the examples above have the prefix <i>re-</i>, which is used when the specific location of the object is known. If the exact location of the object is not known, then another prefix <i>we-</i> is employed:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007100–1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007100–1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pokom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>we</b>-f-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">general.location-very.near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">pokom <b>we</b>-f-o</p><p style="display: none;">pen general.location-very.near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'this pen very near around here' (The pen is within reach but its exact position with respect to the speaker is not known.)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pokom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>re</b>-f-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location-very.near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">pokom <b>re</b>-f-o</p><p style="display: none;">pen specific.location-very.near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'this pen very near' (The location of the pen can be pinpointed.)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Another prefix is <i>te-</i>, which refers to area, and so demonstratives with this prefix correspond to English words like "here" or "there", unlike ones with <i>re-</i> and <i>we-</i>, which can usually be translated as <i>this</i> or <i>that</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007101_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007101-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amah</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>re</b>-t-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location-near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">amah <b>re</b>-t-o</p><p style="display: none;">house specific.location-near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'this house' (The demonstrative refers to the house itself.)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amah</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>te</b>-t-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">area.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="attributive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ATTR</abbr>-near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">amah <b>te</b>-t-o</p><p style="display: none;">house area.ATTR-near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'the house here' (The demonstrative refers to the place where the house is situated.)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>All three prefixes discussed above – <i>re-</i>, <i>we-</i> and <i>te-</i> – mark their demonstratives for attributive use, that is, such demonstratives typically occur within a noun phrase and modify the head noun. Another set of prefixes is used for <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbial</a> demonstratives, ones that can be used as adverbs to modify a clause. The following two examples contrast attributive and adverbial demonstratives:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200799_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200799-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amah</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>te</b>-t-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">area.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="attributive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ATTR</abbr>-near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(attributive)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">amah <b>te</b>-t-o</p><p style="display: none;">house area.ATTR-near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'the house near here'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-tien</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-sleep</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>pe</b>-t-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">area.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adverb(ial)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADV</abbr>-near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(adverbial)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">y-tien <b>pe</b>-t-o</p><p style="display: none;">3M-sleep area.ADV-near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'He sleeps near here.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Another prefix is <i>me-</i>. It expresses a <a href="/wiki/Presentative_(linguistics)" title="Presentative (linguistics)">presentative</a>: it introduces a new referent, which will normally be the topic of what follows next. Examples are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007103_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007103-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-ama</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>me</b>-t-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">presentative-near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">m-ama <b>me</b>-t-o</p><p style="display: none;">3U-come presentative-near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'Here she comes.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rae</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-ros</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-stand</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>m</b>-n-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">presentative-far-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">rae y-ros <b>m</b>-n-o</p><p style="display: none;">man 3M-stand presentative-far-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'There the man stands.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Two further prefixes are <i>fi-</i> 'similar.to', and <i>ti-</i> 'side': </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-no</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>fi</b>-f-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">similar.to-very.near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-no</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>fi</b>-n-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">similar.to-far-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="prohibitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROHIB</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">n-no <b>fi</b>-f-o n-no <b>fi</b>-n-o mai</p><p style="display: none;">2-do similar.to-very.near-U 2-do similar.to-far-U PROHIB</p><p style="clear: left;">'Do it like this, don't do it like that. (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 104)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-piet</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-throw</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ti</b>-n-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">side-far-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-piet</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-throw</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ti</b>-f-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">side-very.near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">m-piet m-amo <b>ti</b>-n-o m-piet m-amo <b>ti</b>-f-o</p><p style="display: none;">3U-throw 3U-go side-far-U 3U-throw 3U-go side-very.near-U</p><p style="clear: left;">'She throws it to the side there and she throws it to the side here.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 103)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The specific demonstratives mentioned earlier, <i>refo</i>, <i>reto,</i> and <i>rono</i>, can also be used without the <i>re-</i> prefix – as <i>fo</i>, <i>to</i> and <i>no</i> – without a significant change of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200798,_100_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200798,_100-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of these – <i>fo</i> and <i>to</i> – have an additional function. They can serve as <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphoric</a> pronouns, referring to entities mentioned earlier in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007175_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007175-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the demonstrative prefixes can also combine with the interrogative base <i>-yo</i>/<i>-ye</i>, resulting in the question words <i>fi-ye</i> 'how?', <i>ro-yo</i> 'which one?' and three more that translates into English as 'where?': <i>to-yo</i>, <i>wo-yo</i> and <i>mi-yo</i>. The difference between the three parallels the difference between the corresponding demonstratives. <i>Mi-yo</i> is used adverbially, while <i>wo-yo</i> and <i>to-yo</i> are normally used to question the locational object of verbs, with the distinguishing feature between these two being the degree of specificity:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007105–6_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007105–6-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">presentative-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="interrogative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ku mi-yo</p><p style="display: none;">child presentative-INT</p><p style="clear: left;">'Where is the child?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">area.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="attributive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ATTR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="interrogative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">n-amo to-yo</p><p style="display: none;">2-go area.ATTR-INT</p><p style="clear: left;">'Where are you going?' (It is understood that there is a specific destination.)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wo-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">general.location-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="interrogative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">m-amo wo-yo</p><p style="display: none;">3U-go general.location-INT</p><p style="clear: left;">'Where does she go?' (The implication is that she does not have a clear goal.)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Other question words are <i>awiya</i> 'who?', <i>r-awiya</i> 'whose?', <i>p-awiya</i> 'what?', <i>tiya</i> 'how much/many?' and <i>titiya</i> 'when?'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals_and_counting">Numerals and counting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Numerals and counting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The younger people, noted Philomena Dol in the 1990s, normally count in Indonesian. Maybrat's traditional counting system described in the rest of this section is nowadays mostly confined to the older generation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007p._110,_n._56_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007p._110,_n._56-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It employs <a href="/wiki/Quinary" title="Quinary">base-5</a> numerals, in common with other non-Austronesian languages of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017622_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017622-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counting usually starts at the little finger of either hand,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proceeds along the fingers of this hand using the dedicated number words: <i>sait</i> (for masculine) and <i>sau</i> (non-masculine) for 'one', <i>ewok</i> (or <i>eok</i>) meaning 'two', <i>tuf</i> 'three', <i>tiet</i> 'four', and <i>mat</i> 'five'. The numbers from six to nine are counted on the other hand, again starting from the little finger, using the complex numerals <i>krem sau</i> (literally 'one finger') for 'six', <i>krem ewok</i> (lit. 'two fingers') for 'seven', etc. 'Ten' is the word <i>statem</i>, which is derived from <i>t-atem</i> 'my hand'. Counting then proceeds with the little toe on one of the feet, where 'eleven' is <i>oo krem sau</i> (lit. 'foot toe one'), 'twelve' is <i>oo krem ewok</i> (lit. 'foot toe two'), etc. until 'fifteen' <i>oo sau muf</i> (lit. 'one full foot'). After that, counting moves to the big toe of the other foot, with 'sixteen' being <i>oo sau krem sau</i> (lit. 'one foot, one toe'). Counting ends at the little toe, with the word for 'twenty' <i>rae sait yhai</i> literally meaning 'one man is gone'. Multiples of twenty then count the number of 'men gone', thus 'forty' is <i>rae ewok mhai</i>, lit. 'two men are gone'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007108–10_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007108–10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Maybrat </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Maybrat </th> <th>Indonesian </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><i>sait</i><br /><i>sau</i> </td> <td><i>satu</i> </td> <th>13 </th> <td><i>oo krem tuf</i> </td> <td><i>tiga belas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><i>ewok</i><br /><i>eok</i> </td> <td><i>dua</i> </td> <th>14 </th> <td><i>oo krem tiet</i> </td> <td><i>empat belas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><i>tuf</i> </td> <td><i>tiga</i> </td> <th>15 </th> <td><i>oo sau muf</i> </td> <td><i>lima belas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><i>tiet</i> </td> <td><i>empat</i> </td> <th>16 </th> <td><i>oo sau krem sau</i> </td> <td><i>enam belas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><i>mat</i> </td> <td><i>lima</i> </td> <th>17 </th> <td><i>oo sau krem ewok</i><br /><i>oo sau krem eok</i> </td> <td><i>tujuh belas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><i>krem sau</i> </td> <td><i>enam</i> </td> <th>18 </th> <td><i>oo sau krem tuf</i> </td> <td><i>delapan belas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><i>krem ewok</i><br /><i>krem eok</i> </td> <td><i>tujuh</i> </td> <th>19 </th> <td><i>oo sau krem tiet</i> </td> <td><i>delapan belas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><i>krem tuf</i> </td> <td><i>delapan</i> </td> <th>20 </th> <td><i>rae sait yhai</i> </td> <td><i>dua puluh</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><i>krem tiet</i> </td> <td><i>sembilan</i> </td> <th>40 </th> <td><i>rae ewok mhai</i><br /><i>rae eok mhai</i> </td> <td><i>empat puluh</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><i>statem</i> </td> <td><i>sepuluh</i> </td> <th>60 </th> <td><i>rae tuf mhai</i> </td> <td><i>enam puluh</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td><i>oo krem sau</i> </td> <td><i>sebelas</i> </td> <th>80 </th> <td><i>rae tiet mhai</i> </td> <td><i>delapan puluh</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td><i>oo krem ewok</i><br /><i>oo krem eok</i> </td> <td><i>dua belas</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_and_noun_phrases">Nouns and noun phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns and noun phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maybrat nouns referring to male humans have a masculine <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. This is not expressed on the noun but shows up in the choice of a personal prefix on words <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement (grammar)">agreeing</a> with this noun. The masculine prefix <i>y-</i> contrasts with <i>m-</i>, which is used for female humans, inanimate nouns, and in the plural (regardless of gender).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the feminine the <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> form, which is in common with most of the Papuan languages that make a gender distinction in their grammar and it is in contrast to such languages in the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2017898_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2017898-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nouns do not take number marking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200790_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200790-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nouns can be derived from verbs using the prefix <i>po-</i> (which can be a standalone word meaning "thing"): <i>-iit</i> 'eat' -> <i>poiit</i> 'food', <i>hren</i> 'sit' -> <i>pohren</i> 'chair', <i>-kah</i> 'burn' -> <i>pokah</i> 'garden', <i>kom</i> 'write' -> <i>pokom</i> 'pen'. If forming an <a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">agent noun</a>, the verb will then also take the person prefix <i>m-</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, unmarked" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr> (provided its phonological form allows it): <i>afit</i> 'bite' -> <i>pomafit</i> 'mosquito' (lit. 'thing that bites'), <i>haf</i> 'pregnant' -> <i>pomhaf</i> 'pumpkin' (lit. 'thing that is pregnant').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200790–91_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200790–91-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Compound_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound nouns">Compound nouns</a> can be formed of either noun + noun, or noun + verb. In both cases, the second element modifies the first one, for example <i>fane rapuoh</i>, a compound of <i>fane</i> 'pig' and <i>rapuoh</i> 'forest', means <i>wild pig</i>, which is a kind of pig. A compound noun is phonologically a single word, but each of the two elements retains its stress (unless this would result in two consecutive stressed syllables, in which case the stress of the first element is moved to the left), with the stress on the second element becoming the main stress of the compound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200793_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200793-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possession">Possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In common with most languages of the peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017600_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017600-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maybrat expresses possession differently depending on whether it is <a href="/wiki/Alienable_and_inalienable_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienable and inalienable possession">alienable or inalienable</a>. Compare the two constructions:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200783–89_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200783–89-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Yan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-asoh</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-mouth</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(inalienable)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Yan y-asoh</p><p style="display: none;">Yan 3M-mouth</p><p style="clear: left;">'Yan's mouth' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 85)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pig</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro-Yan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-Yan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(alienable)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">fane ro-Yan</p><p style="display: none;">pig POSS-Yan</p><p style="clear: left;">'Yan's pig' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 89)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Inalienably possessed nouns are the nouns for body parts (like "head", "root" etc.), <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship terms">kinship terms</a> ("father", "wife" etc.), and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial noun">spatial nouns</a> (<i>m-aom</i> 'outside', <i>m-asuf</i> 'middle', etc.). Such nouns <a href="/wiki/Obligatory_possession" title="Obligatory possession">obligatorily</a> take a pronominal prefix, which agrees in person with the possessor; if the possessor is explicitly stated, then it precedes the possessed noun. For alienable nouns, on the other hand, the possessor follows the possessed noun, which does not feature a pronominal prefix but instead takes the possessive marker <i>ro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200783–89,_135–6_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200783–89,_135–6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inalienably possessed construction can itself be embedded in another possessed construction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tfo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">machete</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro-Yan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-Yan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-atia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-father</p></div><p style="display: none;">tfo ro-Yan y-atia</p><p style="display: none;">machete POSS-Yan 3M-father</p><p style="clear: left;">'Yan's father's knife' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 136)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_phrases">Noun phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Noun phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The order of constituents in a <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> generally follows the pattern: </p> <dl><dd>head noun + adjectival verb + numeral or quantifying verb + demonstrative</dd></dl> <p>The so-called 'adjectival verbs' (see <a href="#Verbs">below</a>) are verbs that serve the function of what in English would have been an adjective. They take a person prefix that agrees with the head noun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007127–29_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007127–29-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tfo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">machete</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(head noun)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-kek</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-red</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(adjectival</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-aku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-small</p><p style="margin: 0px;">verbs)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">s-au</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">(numeral)</p></div><p style="display: none;">tfo m-kek m-aku s-au</p><p style="display: none;">machete 3U-red 3U-small one-3U</p><p style="display: none;">{(head noun)} (adjectival verbs) (numeral)</p><p style="clear: left;">'one small red machete' (The choice of the <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr> affix is determined by the person and gender of the head noun <i>tfo</i>.) (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 128)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>A numeral can be preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifier</a>, whose use is optional and does not affect the meaning of the noun phrase. Classifiers agree in person with the head noun. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">awiah</p><p style="margin: 0px;">taro</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">m-ake</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-fruit</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eok</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><p style="display: none;">awiah <span style="text-decoration: underline;">m-ake</span> eok</p><p style="display: none;">taro <span style="text-decoration: underline;">3U-fruit</span> two</p><p style="clear: left;">'two taros' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 130)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>There are four classifiers: <i>-ana</i> 'head' (a general classifier that is most commonly used for humans and animates), <i>-akan</i> 'seed/stone' (for seeds and fruit), <i>m-ake</i> 'fruit' (for fruit), and <i>-ata</i> 'leaf' (for money/banknotes). A similar use is made of the noun <i>yu</i> 'bag' when giving the quantity of uncountables: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pasa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rice</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">yu</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">bag</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eok</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><p style="display: none;">pasa <span style="text-decoration: underline;">yu</span> eok</p><p style="display: none;">rice <span style="text-decoration: underline;">bag</span> two</p><p style="clear: left;">'two bags of rice' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 131)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Quantifying verbs include verbs like <i>waro</i> 'little' and <i>-siar</i> 'many'. There are several verbs that correspond to the English "everyone/everything", these include: <i>-kak</i> 'absolutely everything/everyone', <i>pria(n)</i> 'everyone/everything', <i>-tut</i> 'everyone/everything' (for small groups), and <i>wisau</i> 'everyone/everything' (for large groups).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200772–73_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200772–73-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Last in the noun phrase comes the demonstrative: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rae</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(head noun)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-anes</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-old</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(adjectival verb)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wisau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">all</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(quantifying verb)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-t-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">specific.location.near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">U</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">(demonstrative)</p></div><p style="display: none;">rae m-anes wisau re-t-o</p><p style="display: none;">person 3U-old all specific.location.near-U</p><p style="display: none;">{(head noun)} {(adjectival verb)} {(quantifying verb)} {(demonstrative)}</p><p style="clear: left;">'all these old people' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 133)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs in Maybrat obligatorily take person prefixes agreeing with the subject (see <a href="#Personal_pronouns_and_prefixes">above</a> for more details). </p><p>Verbs can be either <a href="/wiki/Intransitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Intransitive">intransitive</a> (taking a single argument, a subject) or transitive (taking two arguments: a subject and an object). A subclass of intransitive verbs carry out functions for which languages like English use <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a>. Such 'adjectival' verbs can function both as predicates ("The book <i>is red</i>") and as attributes ("the <i>red</i> book"):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200770–72_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200770–72-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pig</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">reto</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">m-api</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-big</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(predicative)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">fane reto <span style="text-decoration: underline;">m-api</span></p><p style="display: none;">pig this <span style="text-decoration: underline;">3U-big</span></p><p style="clear: left;">'This pig is big.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 71)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tuo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fnak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stab</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pig</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">m-api</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-big</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">reto</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(attributive)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">tuo fnak fane <span style="text-decoration: underline;">m-api</span> reto</p><p style="display: none;">1S stab pig <span style="text-decoration: underline;">3U-big</span> this</p><p style="clear: left;">'I stab this big pig.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 71)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clauses">Clauses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> consists of a predicate (typically a verb) and its arguments (typically expressed by noun phrases), with optional adverbial modifiers. In Maybrat, the order of the constituents in a clause is rigid; this is common in the languages of the Bird's Head, whether Papuan or Austronesian, but unusual for the Papuan languages broader afield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017588_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017588-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clauses show a single <a href="/wiki/Intonation_contour" class="mw-redirect" title="Intonation contour">intonation contour</a>, which involves a rise in <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> on the stressed syllable of the last vowel in the clause, and a subsequent sharp drop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200744_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200744-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because verbs take obligatory person prefixes, there is no need for a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> to be explicitly given if it is readily identifiable from the context. Thus, sentences consisting solely of a verb (with a person prefix) are acceptable: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-api</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-big</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-api</p><p style="display: none;">1S-big</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am big.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 144)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>If expressed, the subject precedes the verb, while an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> follows the verb. Thus, Maybrat has a rigid <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> word order. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rae</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(subject)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-fat</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-fell</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(verb)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ara</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tree</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(object)</p></div><p style="display: none;">rae m-fat ara</p><p style="display: none;">person 3U-fell tree</p><p style="display: none;">(subject) (verb) (object)</p><p style="clear: left;">'The people fell a tree.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 144)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The object can also be omitted if it can easily be inferred from the context: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-kai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-find</p></div><p style="display: none;">m-kai</p><p style="display: none;">3U-find</p><p style="clear: left;">'She finds (something).' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 146)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>An object can be given more <a href="/wiki/Topicalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Topicalisation">prominence as a topic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Left_dislocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Left dislocation">moving</a> it to the start of the clause. The object then has an intonation contour of its own and it is separated from the rest of the clause by a pause: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-ata</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-drink</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">aya fó / t-ata fe</p><p style="display: none;">water this / 1S-drink NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'This water, I won't drink it.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 149)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">Adverbials</a> for time are placed before the verb, and if there is a subject they can either precede or follow it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">is</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yesterday</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">night</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-tien</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-sleep</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">is mti y-tien fe</p><p style="display: none;">yesterday night 3M-sleep NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'Last night he did not sleep.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 151)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>All other types of adverbials (for manner, location, etc.) follow the verb: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ait</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-no</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rere</p><p style="margin: 0px;">carefully</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">u</p><p style="margin: 0px;">again</p></div><p style="display: none;">ait y-no rere u</p><p style="display: none;">3M 3M-do carefully again</p><p style="clear: left;">'He carefully does it again.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 163)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ait</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to-tis</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-behind</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amah</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iye</p><p style="margin: 0px;">too.</p></div><p style="display: none;">ait y-amo to-tis amah iye</p><p style="display: none;">3M 3M-go LOC-behind house too.</p><p style="clear: left;">'He goes behind the house too.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 166)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In common with other languages of the region,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017608_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017608-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maybrat expresses negation by a clause-final particle. This particle is <i>fe</i>, whose typical use is given in the first example below. But <i>fe</i> can also function as a verb and take a person prefix, as in the second example. These two uses of <i>fe</i> can have different meanings, but the distinction between the two is not consistently maintained. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ait</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kumurkek</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kumurkek</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ait y-amo Kumurkek fe</p><p style="display: none;">3M 3M-go Kumurkek NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'He does not go to Kumurkek.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 167)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">arko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">firewood</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-fe,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ita</p><p style="margin: 0px;">leaf</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-ata</p><p style="margin: 0px;">leaf</p></div><p style="display: none;">arko m-fe, y-o ita m-ata</p><p style="display: none;">firewood 3U-NEG 3M-take leaf leaf</p><p style="clear: left;">'There is no firewood, he takes leafes.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 168)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Questions have the same <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> pattern as other sentence types; this is in contrast to many other languages, like English, where questions typically have a high or rising pitch. Yes/No questions are formed by the addition of <i>a</i> at the end of the clause:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007177_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007177-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Petrus</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Petrus</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-ama</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">already</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="interrogative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Petrus y-ama oh a</p><p style="display: none;">Petrus 3M-come already INT</p><p style="clear: left;">'Has Petrus already come?' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 178)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Content questions feature a question word replacing whatever part of the clause information is being sought for: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yul</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Yul</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yumte</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Yumte</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-pet</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-marry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">awiya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><p style="display: none;">Yul Yumte m-pet awiya</p><p style="display: none;">Yul Yumte 3U-marry who</p><p style="clear: left;">'Who did Yul Yumte marry?' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 180)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_sequences">Verb sequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verb sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable feature of Maybrat is the extensive use that it makes of sequences of verbs without any overt marking of their relation. Such verb sequences are typified in a number of different constructions, which might be superficially similar, but show upon closer inspection to be syntactically distinct. For example, there might be differences in the readiness with which the verbs can take distinct intonation contours or allow to be separated by pauses, the availability of their objects for extraction into relative clauses, or the possibility for an interrogative particle to take scope over only one of the two verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various types of verb sequences described in the rest of this section can be contrasted to <a href="/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)" title="Coordination (linguistics)">coordinated constructions</a> in which each verb forms a separate clause: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-wian</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-scoop</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>-burn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tafoh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fire</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">saruk</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cook</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">poiit</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><p style="display: none;">m-wian aya m-ko tafoh saruk poiit</p><p style="display: none;">3U-scoop water 3S-burn fire cook food</p><p style="clear: left;">'She scoops water, burns a fire and cooks food.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 190)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complement_clauses">Complement clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Complement clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of constructions feature a <a href="/wiki/Complement_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement clause">complement clause</a>: the second verb (and its clause) functions as the object of the first verb. The first verb can be a perception verb, a mental activity verb or a verb of saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fnia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-ama</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-come</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-he fnia m-ama</p><p style="display: none;">1S-see woman 3U-come</p><p style="clear: left;">'A see a woman coming.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 196)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-har</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-know</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-kom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-write</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">am</p><p style="margin: 0px;">letter</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-har t-kom am</p><p style="display: none;">1S-know 1S-write letter</p><p style="clear: left;">'I can write a letter.' ( = 'I know how to write a letter.') (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 197)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-sam</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-afraid</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-aut</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-climb</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ara</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tree</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-sam t-aut ara</p><p style="display: none;">1S-afraid 1S-climb tree</p><p style="clear: left;">'I'm afraid to climb the tree'. (<a href="#CITEREFDol1996">Dol 1996</a>, p. 30) However, if a pause is inserted after <i>t-sam</i> 'I'm afraid', then the sentence will be interpreted as consisting in two clauses and its meaning will be 'I'm afraid and (so) I climb the tree.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-awe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-say</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-ame</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-stab</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pig</p></div><p style="display: none;">y-awe n-ame fane</p><p style="display: none;">3M-say 2-stab pig</p><p style="clear: left;">'He says that you stabbed a pig.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 198) If a pause is inserted after <i>y-awe</i> 'he says', then the second clause will be interpreted as direct speech: 'He says: "You stab a pig."'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mister</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">guru</p><p style="margin: 0px;">teacher</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-awe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-say</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pron</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bamboo</p></div><p style="display: none;">Pak guru y-awe y-o pron</p><p style="display: none;">mister teacher 3M-say 3M-take bamboo</p><p style="clear: left;">'The teacher wants to take the bamboo'. (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 203) This is the same indirect speech construction as above. The verb <i>-awe</i> 'say' has a wide range of meanings that can be rendered in English with verbs like "want", "think", "believe" or "intend". This is common in Papuan languages. <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prepositional_verbs">Prepositional verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prepositional verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A construction that bears certain resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial verb">serial verb</a> constructions known in other languages<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007221_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007221-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involves the four so-called prepositional verbs. These are <i>-ae</i> 'at', <i>-kit</i> 'towards', <i>-pat</i> 'from', and <i>-kah</i> 'with/to/for': </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-ama</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">t-pat</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-from</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sorong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Sorong</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-ama <span style="text-decoration: underline;">t-pat</span> Sorong</p><p style="display: none;">1S-come <span style="text-decoration: underline;">1S-from</span> Sorong</p><p style="clear: left;">'I came from Sorong.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 205)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-amus</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-wash</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">onfuk</p><p style="margin: 0px;">clothes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">m-kah</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-with</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sabun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">soap</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-amus onfuk <span style="text-decoration: underline;">m-kah</span> sabun</p><p style="display: none;">1S-wash clothes <span style="text-decoration: underline;">3U-with</span> soap</p><p style="clear: left;">'I wash the clothes with soap.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 207) The prepositional verb <i>-kah</i> takes only the 3rd person unmarked prefix <i>m-</i> irrespective of the person of the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200780_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200780-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>There is a cline between typical verbs on the one hand and typical prepositions on the other. The four "prepositional verbs" of Maybrat each fall on different points along this cline and possess different combinations of verbal or prepositional characteristics. One typically verbal characteristic is the ability to serve as the main verb of a clause: <i>-ae</i> 'at' alone among these four can function as the main verb of a clause. Another verbal characteristic is the ability to show agreement with the subject of the clause. In this respect, the two verbs <i>-kit</i> 'towards' and <i>-pat</i> 'from' are more verbal in that they always take person prefixes agreeing with the subject; this contrasts both with <i>-kah</i> 'with/to/for', which always takes only the unmarked third-person prefix <i>m-</i> regardless of the subject, and with <i>-ae</i>, which may follow either pattern. These four verbs also differ in the extent to which their objects can be extracted into relative clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007209_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007209-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motion_verbs">Motion verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Motion verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to serial verb constructions is also the construction with a second verb of motion (like <i>-amo</i> 'go') whose subject is the same as the object of the first verb: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-ai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-throw</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bola</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ball</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-go</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-ai bola m-amo</p><p style="display: none;">1S-throw ball 3U-go</p><p style="clear: left;">'I throw the ball away.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 217)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-aru</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-pull</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">awiah</p><p style="margin: 0px;">taro</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-ama</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-come</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-aru awiah m-ama</p><p style="display: none;">1S-pull taro 3U-come</p><p style="clear: left;">'I pull the taro towards me.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol1996">Dol 1996</a>, p. 25)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>A similar construction involving the verbs <i>-o</i> 'take' and <i>-e</i> 'give' is available to express the meaning of 'giving something <i>to someone</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>; such a construction is necessary because verbs in Maybrat can only take two arguments (a subject and an object) and so <i>-e</i> 'give' on its own cannot take arguments for both the object given and the person who received it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tapak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tobacco</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-give</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ait</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">n-o tapak n-e ait</p><p style="display: none;">2-take tobacco 2-give 3M</p><p style="clear: left;">'Take the tobacco and give it to him.', 'Give him the tobacco.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 218)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_sentences">Complex sentences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Complex sentences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from the more or less tightly integrated verb sequences from the previous section, there also exist a number of ways of combining full clauses into complex sentences. For example, a number of <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a> can be used for joining clauses referring to events in a sequence: <i>mati</i>, <i>na</i>, <i>mnan</i>, or <i>o</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and then</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-kuk</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-pull</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">intape</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rope</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">o</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="enumerator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ENUM</abbr></span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-kuk</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-pull</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ara</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tree</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="enumerator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ENUM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">na m-kuk intape <span style="text-decoration: underline;">o</span> m-kuk ara o</p><p style="display: none;">{and then} 3U-pull rope <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ENUM</span> 3U-pull tree ENUM</p><p style="clear: left;">'Then she pulled a rope and she pulled at a tree.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 230)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Disjunction ('either, or') can be expressed with the negator <i>fe</i>. Subordinate clauses for purpose or cause are introduced with <i>re</i> 'in order to', <i>mi</i> 'so that', or <i>ke</i> 'because': </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amah</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiyam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ill</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">re</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">in order to</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">suster</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nurse</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-ao</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-foot</p></div><p style="display: none;">t-amo amah kiyam <span style="text-decoration: underline;">re</span> suster m-he t-ao</p><p style="display: none;">1S-go house ill <span style="text-decoration: underline;">in order to</span> nurse 3U-see 1S-foot</p><p style="clear: left;">'I'm going to the hospital in order for the nurse to look at my foot.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 231)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a> is introduced by the relativiser <i>ro</i>: this is the same particle as the one used in possessive constructions (see <a href="#Possession">above</a>), and it may be related to the demonstrative <i>re-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007136–39_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007136–39-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Simon</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Simon</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relativiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-men</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-marry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Maria</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Maria</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiyam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ill</p></div><p style="display: none;">Simon ro y-men Maria kiyam</p><p style="display: none;">Simon REL 3M-marry Maria ill</p><p style="clear: left;">'Simon who married Maria is ill. (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 137)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Similar constructions are available for several kinds of subordinate adverbial clauses. Temporal adverbial clauses are introduced by <i>um ro</i> (lit. 'the moment when') or <i>kine wo</i> (lit. 'the time when') – the difference between these two relativisers parallels the difference between the related demonstrative prefixes <i>re-</i> (specific, can be pinpointed) and <i>we-</i> (non-specific).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007234–36_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007234–36-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kine</p><p style="margin: 0px;">time</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relativiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sorong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Sorong</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tim</p><p style="margin: 0px;">send</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">am</p><p style="margin: 0px;">letter</p></div><p style="display: none;">kine wo t-amo Sorong tim am</p><p style="display: none;">time REL 1S-go Sorong send letter</p><p style="clear: left;">'When I go down to Sorong, I will send a letter' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 235) The moment of going to Sorong is non-specific, the implication of the use of <i>kine wo</i> is that there is no concrete plan yet.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Adverbial clauses for manner are introduced with <i>fi-re</i>, where <i>fi-</i> is the demonstrative prefix meaning "similar to". The marker for locative adverbial clauses can be one of <i>wo</i>, <i>wo-yo</i> or <i>wo-re</i>, without an apparent difference in meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007237–38_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007237–38-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a locative clause: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ana</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3P</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-suoh</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-clean</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wore</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relativiser" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stone</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><p style="display: none;">ana m-suoh wore fra m-hu</p><p style="display: none;">3P 3U-clean REL stone 3U-stay</p><p style="clear: left;">'They clean where the stone is. (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 237)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>A style figure common in narratives is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tail-head_linkage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tail-head linkage (page does not exist)">tail-head linkage</a>, where the last predicate of one sentence is repeated at the start of the next one: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">frok</p><p style="margin: 0px;">emerge</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">just</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>amah</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>m-api</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-big</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>amah</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>m-api</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-big</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-f-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">there</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>hropit</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;">umbilical.cord</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>ktus</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;">break</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>hropit</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;">umbilical.cord</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>ktus</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;">break</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and.then</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">u</p><p style="margin: 0px;">again</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third-person, unmarked gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3U</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">re-f-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">there</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>y-anes</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-old</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>y-anes</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-old</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-apum</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-crawl</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="enumerator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ENUM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-ros</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-stand</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="enumerator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ENUM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pua-puo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">toddle-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="enumerator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ENUM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-amo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">trit</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fluent</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="enumerator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ENUM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tipuo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">immediately</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ayz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">y-anes</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr>-old</p></div><p style="display: none;">frok m-hu sai <u>amah</u> <u>m-api</u> / m-hu <u>amah</u> <u>m-api</u> m-hu m-hu m-hu ku re-f-i <u>hropit</u> <u>ktus</u> / <u>hropit</u> <u>ktus</u> na m-hu u m-hu m-hu ku re-f-i <u>y-anes</u> / <u>y-anes</u> y-apum o y-ros o y-amo pua-puo o y-amo trit o tipuo y-anes</p><p style="display: none;">emerge 3U-stay just house 3U-big / 3U-stay house 3U-big 3U-stay 3U-stay 3U-stay child there umbilical.cord break / umbilical.cord break and.then 3U-stay again 3U-stay 3U-stay child there 3M-old / 3M-old 3M-crawl ENUM 3M-stand ENUM 3M-go toddle-REDUP ENUM 3M-go fluent ENUM immediately 3M-old</p><p style="clear: left;">'She arrives and just lives at the big house. She lives at the big house and she lives there for a long time and the child's umbilical cord comes off and se still lives there and she lives there for a long time and the child gets older. He gets older and he crawls, he stands, he toddles, he walks well, and then he is grown up.' (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 242)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For various dialect classifications and for an exhaustive list of villages, see <a href="#CITEREFHays2003">Hays (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The schwas are not phonemic and hence not represented in writing. <a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">Brown (1991</a>, p. 25) reports that in an earlier proposed practical orthography the schwa was represented using the letter <i>e</i>, mirroring the practice in the Indonesian language familiar to Maybrat speakers, but that was found to be confusing to users.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The spelling has been adapted to Dol's system; <i>ty</i> is pronounced as an affricate and written <i>j</i> in Brown's proposed orthography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is according to the analysis in <a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol (2007</a>, pp. 55). A different treatment, based on the Maymaru dialect, is presented in <a href="#CITEREFBrown1990">Brown (1990)</a>, where the vowel <i>a</i> is analysed as part of the prefix for all but the first and second person plurals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is another small set of verbs that do not take person prefixes when they appear as second verbs in a certain rarely used construction.(<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 192–95) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fo</i> can also function as an adverb, with the meaning of <i>-f-</i> 'near' extended to 'very near in time': at the end of a clause, <i>fo</i> adds the meaning of an inceptive aspect 'beginning to'. (<a href="#CITEREFDol1998">Dol 1998</a>, pp. 550–51) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElmberg1955">Elmberg (1955</a>, p. 25), who worked in the Ayamaru area, noted that counting starts on the little finger of the left hand.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, there do exist separate verbs meaning for example "think" (<i>-not</i>), or "hope" (<i>-winaut</i>). (<a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 77) </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e22_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e22_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/22/language/ayz">Mai Brat</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (22nd ed., 2019) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/22/language/kgw">Karon Dori</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (22nd ed., 2019) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20071-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20071_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20073-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20073_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGratton1991-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGratton1991_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGratton1991">Gratton 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20078-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20078_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199043-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199043_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1990">Brown 1990</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017571-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017571_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltonKlamer2017">Holton & Klamer 2017</a>, p. 571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200747-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200747_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20077-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20077_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20076,_301-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20076,_301_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 6, 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmberg19558-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmberg19558_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElmberg1955">Elmberg 1955</a>, p. 8. See <a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol (2007</a>, p. 6) for a different interpretation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFReesink2005">Reesink (2005)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFHoltonKlamer2017">Holton & Klamer (2017</a>, p. 582), among others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20078–9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20078–9_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 8–9. This seems to be largely consistent with the classification in <a href="#CITEREFBrown1990">Brown (1990</a>, p. 43), where the four dialect areas (not counting Karon) generally correspond to each of the four subdistricts of Ayamaru, Aitinyo, Aifat and Mare.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronsumbre-2020-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ronsumbre-2020_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronsumbre-2020_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronsumbre-2020_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRonsumbre2020" class="citation book cs1">Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020). <i>Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat</i>. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-356-318-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-356-318-0"><bdi>978-602-356-318-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensiklopedia+Suku+Bangsa+di+Provinsi+Papua+Barat&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Penerbit+Kepel+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-602-356-318-0&rft.aulast=Ronsumbre&rft.aufirst=Adolof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol20079–10-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol20079–10_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyufi2023" class="citation conference cs1">Syufi, Yafed (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indoling.com/wlp/1/abstracts/Syufi.pdf"><i>Sociolinguistic Overview of the Irires Language: A Native Speaker Perspective</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Overview+of+the+Irires+Language%3A+A+Native+Speaker+Perspective&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Syufi&rft.aufirst=Yafed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findoling.com%2Fwlp%2F1%2Fabstracts%2FSyufi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200715–17-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200715–17_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200717–18-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200717–18_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200719-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200719_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200718-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200718_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199122–23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199122–23_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">Brown 1991</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200721–24-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200721–24_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 21–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200710-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200710_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199116–17-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199116–17_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">Brown 1991</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200727–28-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200727–28_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 27–28. It is possible that the discrepancy could to a certain degree be due to the different behaviour of stress in the two varieties.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200730–38-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200730–38_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 30–38. A different formal analysis is presented in <a href="#CITEREFBrown1990">Brown (1990)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol (2007</a>, p. 37) gives examples of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> before /i/, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> before /w/ and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʏ]</span> before /wi/. <a href="#CITEREFBrown1990">Brown (1990</a>, p. 7) lists the variants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200733-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200733_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200738–39-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200738–39_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19912-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19912_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">Brown 1991</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007p._27,_f._20;_p._54,_fn._3-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007p._27,_f._20;_p._54,_fn._3_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 27, f. 20; p. 54, fn. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonohue2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonohue2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonohue2011">Donohue 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200738-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200738_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200741-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200741_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200762-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200762_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199045–46-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199045–46_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1990">Brown 1990</a>, p. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200762–3,_68,_85-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200762–3,_68,_85_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 62–3, 68, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200752–55-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200752–55_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol1998535-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol1998535_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol1998">Dol 1998</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200796–99-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200796–99_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 96–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007100–1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007100–1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 100–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007101-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007101_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200799-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200799_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007103-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007103_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200798,_100-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200798,_100_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 98, 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007175-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007175_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007105–6-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007105–6_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 105–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007p._110,_n._56-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007p._110,_n._56_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 110, n. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017622-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017622_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltonKlamer2017">Holton & Klamer 2017</a>, p. 622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007108–10-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007108–10_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 108–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2017898-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2017898_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley2017">Foley 2017</a>, p. 898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200790-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200790_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200790–91-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200790–91_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200793-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200793_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017600-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017600_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltonKlamer2017">Holton & Klamer 2017</a>, p. 600.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200783–89-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200783–89_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 83–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200783–89,_135–6-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200783–89,_135–6_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 83–89, 135–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007127–29-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007127–29_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 127–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200772–73-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200772–73_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200770–72-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200770–72_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017588-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017588_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltonKlamer2017">Holton & Klamer 2017</a>, p. 588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200744-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200744_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017608-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltonKlamer2017608_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltonKlamer2017">Holton & Klamer 2017</a>, p. 608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007177-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007177_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 221 "The most striking feature of the Maybrat language is that it makes extensive use of strings of juxtaposed verbs without overt coordinators between them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007221-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007221_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 221. This might be too conservative. Other sources have less difficulty identifying these, and other constructions, as involving serial verbs, see for example <a href="#CITEREFHoltonKlamer2017">Holton & Klamer (2017</a>, pp. 612–13).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol200780-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol200780_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007209-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007209_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007136–39-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007136–39_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 136–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007234–36-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007234–36_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, p. 234–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDol2007237–38-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDol2007237–38_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDol2007">Dol 2007</a>, pp. 237–38.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1990" class="citation book cs1">Brown, William U. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v32-p43-62.pdf">"Mai Brat nominal phrases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti (ed.). <i>Miscellaneous studies of Indonesian and other languages in Indonesia, part X</i>. NUSA : Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia. Vol. 32. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 43–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mai+Brat+nominal+phrases&rft.btitle=Miscellaneous+studies+of+Indonesian+and+other+languages+in+Indonesia%2C+part+X&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.series=NUSA+%3A+Linguistic+Studies+of+Indonesian+and+Other+Languages+in+Indonesia&rft.pages=43-61&rft.pub=Universitas+Katolik+Indonesia+Atma+Jaya&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fnusa%2Fpdf%2Fnusa-v32-p43-62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation book cs1">Brown, William U. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145736/1/PL-A73.pdf#page=7">"A quantitative phonology of Mai Brat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Dutton, Tom (ed.). <i>Papes in Papuan linguistics no. 1</i>. Dept. of Linguistics, Australian National University. pp. 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F145736">1885/145736</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-393-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-393-X"><bdi>0-85883-393-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+quantitative+phonology+of+Mai+Brat&rft.btitle=Papes+in+Papuan+linguistics+no.+1&rft.pages=1-27&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Linguistics%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F145736&rft.isbn=0-85883-393-X&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F145736%2F1%2FPL-A73.pdf%23page%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDol1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dol, Philomena Hedwig (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v40-p21-40.pdf">"Sequences of verbs in Maybrat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NUSA - Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia</i>. <b>40</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NUSA+-+Linguistic+Studies+of+Indonesian+and+Other+Languages+in+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Sequences+of+verbs+in+Maybrat&rft.volume=40&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Dol&rft.aufirst=Philomena+Hedwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fnusa%2Fpdf%2Fnusa-v40-p21-40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDol1998" class="citation book cs1">Dol, Philomena Hedwig (1998). "Form and function of demonstratives in Maybrat". <i>Perspectives on the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia : proceedings of a conference Leiden, 13 - 17 October 1997</i>. Jelle Miedema et al. (eds.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 535–553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0644-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0644-7"><bdi>978-90-420-0644-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Form+and+function+of+demonstratives+in+Maybrat&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+Bird%27s+Head+of+Irian+Jaya%2C+Indonesia+%3A+proceedings+of+a+conference+Leiden%2C+13+-+17+October+1997&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=535-553&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0644-7&rft.aulast=Dol&rft.aufirst=Philomena+Hedwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDol2007" class="citation book cs1">Dol, Philomena Hedwig (2007). <i>A grammar of Maybrat : A language of the Bird's Head Peninsula, Papua province, Indonesia</i>. Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146742">1885/146742</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-573-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-573-3"><bdi>978-0-85883-573-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Maybrat+%3A+A+language+of+the+Bird%27s+Head+Peninsula%2C+Papua+province%2C+Indonesia&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F146742&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-573-3&rft.aulast=Dol&rft.aufirst=Philomena+Hedwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohue2011" class="citation journal cs1">Donohue, Mark (2011). "A grammar of Maybrat : A language of the Bird's Head Peninsula, Papua Province, Indonesia (review)". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 279–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2011.0011">10.1353/ol.2011.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-9421">1527-9421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144586710">144586710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+grammar+of+Maybrat+%3A+A+language+of+the+Bird%27s+Head+Peninsula%2C+Papua+Province%2C+Indonesia+%28review%29&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=279-283&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144586710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-9421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2011.0011&rft.aulast=Donohue&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmberg1955" class="citation journal cs1">Elmberg, John-Erik (1955). "Field notes on the Mejbrat people in the Ajamaru District of the Bird's Head (Vogelkop), Western New Guinea". <i>Ethnos</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 1–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00141844.1955.9980787">10.1080/00141844.1955.9980787</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1844">0014-1844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnos&rft.atitle=Field+notes+on+the+Mejbrat+people+in+the+Ajamaru+District+of+the+Bird%27s+Head+%28Vogelkop%29%2C+Western+New+Guinea&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-102&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00141844.1955.9980787&rft.issn=0014-1844&rft.aulast=Elmberg&rft.aufirst=John-Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2017" class="citation book cs1">Foley, William A. (2017). "The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages". <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area : A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029525-2"><bdi>978-3-11-029525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+morphosyntactic+typology+of+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area+%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-029525-2&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratton1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gratton, Nancy E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_q6n9/page/195">"Mejbrat"</a>. In Hays, Terence E. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of world cultures</i>. Vol. II : Oceania. New York: G.K. Hall. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_q6n9/page/195">195–97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816118094" title="Special:BookSources/0816118094"><bdi>0816118094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mejbrat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+cultures&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=195-97&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0816118094&rft.aulast=Gratton&rft.aufirst=Nancy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse_q6n9%2Fpage%2F195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHays2003" class="citation web cs1">Hays, Terence (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papuaweb.org/bib/hays/loc/MAIBRAT.pdf">"Mai Brat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mai+Brat&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapuaweb.org%2Fbib%2Fhays%2Floc%2FMAIBRAT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltonKlamer2017" class="citation book cs1">Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2017). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area : A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029525-2"><bdi>978-3-11-029525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Papuan+languages+of+East+Nusantara+and+the+Bird%E2%80%99s+Head&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area+%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-029525-2&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Klamer%2C+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReesink2005" class="citation book cs1">Reesink, Ger (2005). "West Papuan languages : Roots and development". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). <i>Papuan pasts : Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 185–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622" title="Special:BookSources/0858835622"><bdi>0858835622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782">67292782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Papuan+languages+%3A+Roots+and+development&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts+%3A+Cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=185-218&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67292782&rft.isbn=0858835622&rft.aulast=Reesink&rft.aufirst=Ger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDol2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dol, Philomena (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v47-p45-58.pdf">"Maybrat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NUSA - Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia</i>. <b>47</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NUSA+-+Linguistic+Studies+of+Indonesian+and+Other+Languages+in+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Maybrat&rft.volume=47&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dol&rft.aufirst=Philomena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fnusa%2Fpdf%2Fnusa-v47-p45-58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaybrat+language" class="Z3988"></span> Contains a Maybrat story along with interlinear glosses and a translation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maybrat_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/CLV1">An open access collection of Mai Brat language (CVL1)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paradisec" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisec">Paradisec</a> (requires registration)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=852">A wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database</a> (the more fragmentary list at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transnewguinea.org/family/maybrat">TransNewGuinea.org</a> includes items from the Karon Dori dialect)</li></ul> <div title="List of glossing abbreviations" style="display:none;"> <p>1S:first person, singular 2:second person 3M:third person, masculine 3S:third person, singular 3U:third-person, unmarked gender ADV:adverb(ial) ATTR:attributive ENUM:enumerator INT:interrogative NEG:negative particle POSS:possessive marker PROHIB:prohibitive REDUP:reduplication REL:relativiser U:unmarked gender </p> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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languages">Trans-New Guinea</a> <br />subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok-Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat-Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marori language">Marori</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala-Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikori_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama–Kikori languages">Turama-Kikori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin-Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna-Bogaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna-Bogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="Nuclear South Bird's Head languages">Nuclear South Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan%E2%80%93Duriankere_languages" title="Inanwatan–Duriankere languages">Inanwatan–Duriankere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda%E2%80%93Yahadian_languages" title="Konda–Yahadian languages">Konda–Yahadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantion%E2%80%93Meax_languages" title="Mantion–Meax languages">Nuclear East Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam–Mansim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maybrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanah Merah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor-Kwerba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Sko</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki%E2%80%93Murkim_languages" title="Lepki–Murkim languages">Lepki-Murkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angor_language" title="Angor language">Angor</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma%E2%80%93Namla_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofanma–Namla languages">Tofanma-Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yapen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapauri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauri language">Kapauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu">Ramu</a> basin <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schultze_languages" title="Leonhard Schultze languages">Leonhard Schultze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walio_languages" title="Walio languages">Walio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Papi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Papi languages">Papi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arafundi_languages" title="Arafundi languages">Arafundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yad%C3%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadë language">Yadë</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marienberg_languages" title="Marienberg languages">Marienberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapesh_languages" title="Arapesh languages">Arapesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_languages" title="Urim languages">Urim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimai_languages" title="Maimai languages">Maimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapei_languages" title="Wapei languages">Wapei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palei_languages" title="Palei languages">Palei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_languages" title="One languages">One</a> (West Wapei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumbo_languages" title="Monumbo languages">Monumbo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Sepik_languages" title="Middle Sepik languages">Middle Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuma_languages" title="Nukuma languages">Nukuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_languages" title="Yellow River languages">Yellow River</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yerakai_language" title="Yerakai language">Yerakai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sepik_languages" title="Upper Sepik languages">Upper Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wogamus_languages" title="Wogamus languages">Wogamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwam_languages" title="Iwam languages">Iwam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abau_language" title="Abau language">Abau</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Hill_languages" title="Sepik Hill languages">Sepik Hill</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_languages" title="Tama languages">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_languages" title="Ram languages">Ram</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amal_language" title="Amal language">Amal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Ramu_languages" title="Lower Ramu languages">Lower Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottilien_languages" title="Ottilien languages">Ottilien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misegian_languages" title="Misegian languages">Misegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ramu_languages" title="Middle Ramu languages">Middle Ramu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grass_languages" title="Grass languages">Grass</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamolan_languages" title="Tamolan languages">Tamolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataitan_languages" title="Ataitan languages">Ataitan</a> (Tanggu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoturi River languages">Pahoturi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriomo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriomo languages">Oriomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso-Turumsa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Doso-Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek-Maklew_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelmek-Maklew languages">Yelmek-Maklew</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulil%E2%80%93Butam_languages" title="Taulil–Butam languages">Butam-Taulil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makolkol_language" title="Makolkol language">Makolkol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a> <br />isolate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River_languages" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages">Trans-Fly–Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" title="Dani–Kwerba languages">Dani–Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Fas_languages" title="Kwomtari–Fas languages">Kwomtari–Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_%E2%80%93_Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Left May – Kwomtari languages">Left May – Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba%E2%80%93Nimboran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran languages">Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_Highlands_languages" title="West Papuan Highlands languages">West Papuan Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central West New Guinea languages">Central West New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">East New Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea">Proto-Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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