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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Income approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expenditure_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expenditure_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expenditure approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expenditure_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components_of_GDP_by_expenditure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_of_GDP_by_expenditure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Components of GDP by expenditure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components_of_GDP_by_expenditure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDP_and_GNI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDP_and_GNI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>GDP and GNI</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-GDP_and_GNI-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle GDP and GNI subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-GDP_and_GNI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>International standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>National measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDP_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDP_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>GDP growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDP_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDP_per_capita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDP_per_capita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>GDP per capita</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-GDP_per_capita-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle GDP per capita subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-GDP_per_capita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists_of_GDP_per_capita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_GDP_per_capita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Lists of GDP per capita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_GDP_per_capita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_of_living:_income_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_of_living:_income_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Standard of living: income distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_of_living:_income_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_and_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_and_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Limitations and criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations_and_criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations and criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations_and_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limitations_at_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_at_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Limitations at introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_at_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Further criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_and_development_about_the_relation_between_GDP_and_use_of_GDP_and_reality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_development_about_the_relation_between_GDP_and_use_of_GDP_and_reality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Research and development about the relation between GDP and use of GDP and reality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_development_about_the_relation_between_GDP_and_use_of_GDP_and_reality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_to_overcome_GDP_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_to_overcome_GDP_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Proposals to overcome GDP limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_to_overcome_GDP_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_with_GDP_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_with_GDP_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Problems with GDP data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_with_GDP_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_countries_by_their_GDP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_countries_by_their_GDP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lists of countries by their GDP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_countries_by_their_GDP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gross domestic product</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bruto binnelandse produk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttoinlandsprodukt" title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ناتج محلي إجمالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناتج محلي إجمالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producto_Interior_Bruto" title="Producto Interior Bruto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Producto Interior Bruto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productu_interior_brutu" title="Productu interior brutu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Productu interior brutu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="ГӀаммаб жанисеб продукт – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀаммаб жанисеб продукт" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmumi_daxili_m%C9%99hsul" title="Ümumi daxili məhsul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ümumi daxili məhsul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84" title="عومومی داخیلی محصول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عومومی داخیلی محصول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakrunba_Sok%C9%94n%C9%94_Karajago" title="Bakrunba Sokɔnɔ Karajago – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bakrunba Sokɔnɔ Karajago" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8" title="স্থূল অভ্যন্তরীণ উৎপাদন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থূল অভ্যন্তরীণ উৎপাদন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-l%C4%81i_ch%C3%B3ng_seng-s%C3%A1n" title="Kok-lāi chóng seng-sán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-lāi chóng seng-sán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Эске тулайым продукт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эске тулайым продукт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Валавы ўнутраны прадукт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валавы ўнутраны прадукт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Сукупны ўнутраны прадукт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сукупны ўнутраны прадукт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सकल घरेलू उत्पाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सकल घरेलू उत्पाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Брутен вътрешен продукт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брутен вътрешен продукт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttoinlandsprodukt" title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_doma%C4%87i_proizvod" title="Bruto domaći proizvod – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bruto domaći proizvod" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produadur_diabarzh_gros" title="Produadur diabarzh gros – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Produadur diabarzh gros" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Дотоодын ниитэ бүтээгдэхүүн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дотоодын ниитэ бүтээгдэхүүн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producte_interior_brut" title="Producte interior brut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Producte interior brut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD_produkt" title="Hrubý domácí produkt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hrubý domácí produkt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynnyrch_mewnwladol_crynswth" title="Cynnyrch mewnwladol crynswth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cynnyrch mewnwladol crynswth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttonationalprodukt" title="Bruttonationalprodukt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bruttonationalprodukt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ناتج داخلي خام – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ناتج داخلي خام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutto%C3%A1lbmotbuvttadus" title="Bruttoálbmotbuvttadus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bruttoálbmotbuvttadus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttoinlandsprodukt" title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisemajanduse_kogutoodang" title="Sisemajanduse kogutoodang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sisemajanduse kogutoodang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%95%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ακαθάριστο Εγχώριο Προϊόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακαθάριστο Εγχώριο Προϊόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Масторпотмонь вейсэньлувонь эрьметеевть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Масторпотмонь вейсэньлувонь эрьметеевть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producto_interno_bruto" title="Producto interno bruto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Producto interno bruto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malneta_enlanda_produkto" title="Malneta enlanda produkto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malneta enlanda produkto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produtu_interiol_brutu" title="Produtu interiol brutu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Produtu interiol brutu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barne_produktu_gordin" title="Barne produktu gordin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barne produktu gordin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تولید ناخالص داخلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولید ناخالص داخلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttotj%C3%B3%C3%B0ar%C3%BArt%C3%B8ka" title="Bruttotjóðarúrtøka – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bruttotjóðarúrtøka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut" title="Produit intérieur brut – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Produit intérieur brut" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_Ynl%C3%A2nsk_Produkt" title="Bruto Ynlânsk Produkt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bruto Ynlânsk Produkt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollt%C3%A1irgeacht_int%C3%ADre" title="Olltáirgeacht intíre – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Olltáirgeacht intíre" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_troar_sthie" title="Lane troar sthie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lane troar sthie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0n-thoradh_D%C3%B9thchail" title="Làn-thoradh Dùthchail – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Làn-thoradh Dùthchail" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produto_interior_bruto" title="Produto interior bruto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Produto interior bruto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍄𐍉𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍄𐍉𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koet-nui_S%C3%AAn-s%C3%A1n_Ch%C3%BAng-chh%E1%B9%B3%CC%8Dt" title="Koet-nui Sên-sán Chúng-chhṳ̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Koet-nui Sên-sán Chúng-chhṳ̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%82%B4%EC%B4%9D%EC%83%9D%EC%82%B0" title="국내총생산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국내총생산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Համախառն ներքին արդյունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համախառն ներքին արդյունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सकल घरेलू उत्पाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सकल घरेलू उत्पाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_doma%C4%87i_proizvod" title="Bruto domaći proizvod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bruto domaći proizvod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totala_nacionala_produkturo" title="Totala nacionala produkturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Totala nacionala produkturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagup_ti_domestiko_a_produkto" title="Dagup ti domestiko a produkto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagup ti domestiko a produkto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Produk domestik bruto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Æмткæй мидæг продукт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æмткæй мидæг продукт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imveliso_yasekhaya_encangathi" title="Imveliso yasekhaya encangathi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imveliso yasekhaya encangathi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg_landsframlei%C3%B0sla" title="Verg landsframleiðsla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verg landsframleiðsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodotto_interno_lordo" title="Prodotto interno lordo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prodotto interno lordo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="תוצר מקומי גולמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוצר מקומי גולמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodhuk_dhom%C3%A8stik_bruto" title="Prodhuk dhomèstik bruto – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prodhuk dhomèstik bruto" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8" title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Бютеулюк ич продукт – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бютеулюк ич продукт" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მთლიანი შიდა პროდუქტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთლიანი შიდა პროდუქტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Жалпы ішкі өнім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жалпы ішкі өнім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato_la_taifa" title="Pato la taifa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pato la taifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwodui_entery%C3%A8_brit" title="Pwodui enteryè brit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwodui enteryè brit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AArb%C3%BBna_berhem%C3%AAn_hundir%C3%AE" title="Têrbûna berhemên hundirî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Têrbûna berhemên hundirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%A3_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Ички дүң өнүм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ички дүң өнүм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudot_intern_brutto" title="Prudot intern brutto – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Prudot intern brutto" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%99" title="ລວມຍອດຜະລິດຕະພັນພາຍໃນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລວມຍອດຜະລິດຕະພັນພາຍໃນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productus_domesticus_generalis" title="Productus domesticus generalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Productus domesticus generalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iek%C5%A1zemes_kopprodukts" title="Iekšzemes kopprodukts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iekšzemes kopprodukts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttoinlandsprodukt" title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendrasis_vidaus_produktas" title="Bendrasis vidaus produktas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bendrasis vidaus produktas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodott_interno_lord" title="Prodott interno lord – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prodott interno lord" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutt%C3%B3_hazai_term%C3%A9k" title="Bruttó hazai termék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bruttó hazai termék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="कुल घरेलु उत्पादन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कुल घरेलु उत्पादन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Бруто-домашен производ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бруто-домашен производ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harin-karena_faobe" title="Harin-karena faobe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Harin-karena faobe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="മൊത്ത ആഭ്യന്തര ഉത്പാദനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊത്ത ആഭ്യന്തര ഉത്പാദനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="सकल राष्ट्रीय उत्पादन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सकल राष्ट्रीय उत्पादन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ედომუშამი დინოხოლენი პროდუქტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედომუშამი დინოხოლენი პროდუქტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="ناتج محلى اجمالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناتج محلى اجمالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="جی‌دی‌پی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جی‌دی‌پی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B3k-n%C3%B4%CC%A4i_s%C4%95ng-s%C4%81ng_c%C5%ABng-d%C4%ADk" title="Guók-nô̤i sĕng-sāng cūng-dĭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guók-nô̤i sĕng-sāng cūng-dĭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Дотоодын нийт бүтээгдэхүүн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дотоодын нийт бүтээгдэхүүн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="စုစုပေါင်း ပြည်တွင်းထုတ်ကုန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စုစုပေါင်း ပြည်တွင်းထုတ်ကုန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_binnenlands_product" title="Bruto binnenlands product – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bruto binnenlands product" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="कुल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%B7%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3" title="国内総生産 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国内総生産" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Дерриге чоьхьара сурсат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дерриге чоьхьара сурсат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIP" title="BIP – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="BIP" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttonasjonalprodukt" title="Bruttonasjonalprodukt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bruttonasjonalprodukt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttonasjonalprodukt" title="Bruttonasjonalprodukt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bruttonasjonalprodukt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produch_interior_brut" title="Produch interior brut – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Produch interior brut" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalpi_ichki_mahsulot" title="Yalpi ichki mahsulot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yalpi ichki mahsulot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੁੱਲ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਉਤਪਾਦਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁੱਲ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਉਤਪਾਦਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خام ملکی پیداوار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خام ملکی پیداوار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE" title="စီဒီပီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="စီဒီပီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نا خالص داخلي تولید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نا خالص داخلي تولید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%94" title="ផលិតផលក្នុងស្រុកសរុប – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផលិតផលក្នុងស្រុកសរុប" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttobinnenlandprodukt" title="Bruttobinnenlandprodukt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bruttobinnenlandprodukt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_krajowy_brutto" title="Produkt krajowy brutto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Produkt krajowy brutto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produto_interno_bruto" title="Produto interno bruto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Produto interno bruto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produsul_intern_brut" title="Produsul intern brut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Produsul intern brut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Грубый домашный продукт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грубый домашный продукт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Валовой внутренний продукт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валовой внутренний продукт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BE%D2%A5%D0%BEh%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Брутто ис оҥоhук – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Брутто ис оҥоhук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oloa_Totonu_o_le_Atunuu_Atoa" title="Oloa Totonu o le Atunuu Atoa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Oloa Totonu o le Atunuu Atoa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produtu_Internu_Brutu" title="Produtu Internu Brutu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Produtu Internu Brutu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gross domestic product" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttoinloundsprodukt" title="Bruttoinloundsprodukt – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bruttoinloundsprodukt" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodhimi_i_Brendsh%C3%ABm_Bruto" title="Prodhimi i Brendshëm Bruto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prodhimi i Brendshëm Bruto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudottu_Nternu_Lordu" title="Prudottu Nternu Lordu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prudottu Nternu Lordu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gross domestic product" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڪل ديسي پيداوار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪل ديسي پيداوار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_dom%C3%A1ci_produkt" title="Hrubý domáci produkt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hrubý domáci produkt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_doma%C4%8Di_proizvod" title="Bruto domači proizvod – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bruto domači proizvod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_soo_saarka_gudaha" title="Wax soo saarka gudaha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wax soo saarka gudaha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%95%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تێکڕای بەرھەمی ناوخۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێکڕای بەرھەمی ناوخۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Бруто домаћи производ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бруто домаћи производ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_doma%C4%87i_proizvod" title="Bruto domaći proizvod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bruto domaći proizvod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produk_dom%C3%A9stik_bruto" title="Produk doméstik bruto – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Produk doméstik bruto" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttokansantuote" title="Bruttokansantuote – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bruttokansantuote" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttonationalprodukt" title="Bruttonationalprodukt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bruttonationalprodukt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuuang_domestikong_produkto" title="Kabuuang domestikong produkto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabuuang domestikong produkto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afars_amadday_ustiy" title="Afars amadday ustiy – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Afars amadday ustiy" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Тулаем эчке продукт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тулаем эчке продукт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="స్థూల దేశీయోత్పత్తి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్థూల దేశీయోత్పత్తి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="ผลิตภัณฑ์มวลรวมในประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผลิตภัณฑ์มวลรวมในประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B7%D0%BC%D3%AF%D1%8A%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Маҷмӯъи маҳсулоти дохилӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маҷмӯъи маҳсулоти дохилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayrisafi_yurt_i%C3%A7i_has%C4%B1la" title="Gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemi_i%C3%A7erki_%C3%B6n%C3%BCm" title="Jemi içerki önüm – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jemi içerki önüm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%92%D0%9F" title="ВВП – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="ВВП" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Валовий внутрішній продукт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валовий внутрішній продукт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خام ملکی پیداوار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خام ملکی پیداوار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%DA%86%D9%83%D9%89_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%95%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%B4_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%85%DB%87%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%89%D9%85%D9%85%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ئىچكى ئىشلەپچىقىرىش ئۇمۇمىي قىممىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىچكى ئىشلەپچىقىرىش ئۇمۇمىي قىممىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIL" title="PIL – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="PIL" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_ph%E1%BA%A9m_n%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Tổng sản phẩm nội địa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổng sản phẩm nội địa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prod%C3%BBt_dvintrin_brute" title="Prodût dvintrin brute – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Prodût dvintrin brute" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" title="國內生產總值 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="國內生產總值" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabug-osan_nga_produkto_han_pansakob" title="Kabug-osan nga produkto han pansakob – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabug-osan nga produkto han pansakob" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" title="國內生產總值 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="國內生產總值" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98" title="ברוטא אינלענדישער פראדוקט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברוטא אינלענדישער פראדוקט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbogbo_%C3%8Cpaw%C3%B3_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8" title="Gbogbo Ìpawó Orílẹ̀-èdè – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gbogbo Ìpawó Orílẹ̀-èdè" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" title="本地生產總值 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="本地生產總值" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%97ndros_v%C4%97daus_pruodokts" title="Bėndros vėdaus pruodokts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bėndros vėdaus pruodokts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国内生产总值" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Produk domestik bruto" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%99_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A2" title="ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12638#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Market value of goods and services produced within a country</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GDP" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/GDP_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="GDP (disambiguation)">GDP (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_GDP_(Nominal)_in_2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Countries_by_GDP_%28Nominal%29_in_2014.svg/400px-Countries_by_GDP_%28Nominal%29_in_2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Countries_by_GDP_%28Nominal%29_in_2014.svg/600px-Countries_by_GDP_%28Nominal%29_in_2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Countries_by_GDP_%28Nominal%29_in_2014.svg/800px-Countries_by_GDP_%28Nominal%29_in_2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>A 2014 <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> map of world economies by the size of GDP (nominal) in U.S. dollars<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches and <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts, theory and techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">Middle income trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_complex" title="Industrial complex">Industrial complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">By application</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gross domestic product</b> (<b>GDP</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">monetary</a> <a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_economics" title="Measurement in economics">measure</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Market_value" title="Market value">market value</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of all the <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">final goods</a> and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GDP is often used to measure the economic health of a country or region.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several national and international economic organizations maintain definitions of GDP, such as the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the GDP <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> and can approximate a concept of a <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">Nominal GDP</a> does not reflect differences in the <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation rates</a> of the countries; therefore, using a basis of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP)</a> may be more useful when comparing <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">living standards</a> between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GDP is often used as a metric for <a href="/wiki/International_comparisons" title="International comparisons">international comparisons</a> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">broad measure of economic progress</a>. It is often considered to be the world's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress. However, critics of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_imperative" title="Growth imperative">growth imperative</a> often argue that GDP measures were never intended to measure progress, and leave out key other <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">resource extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental impact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unpaid_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaid labor">unpaid domestic work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative economic indicators such as <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_(economic_model)" title="Doughnut (economic model)">doughnut economics</a> use other measures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> or <a href="/wiki/OECD_Better_Life_Index" title="OECD Better Life Index">Better Life Index</a>, as better approaches to measuring the effect of the economy on <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(economics)" title="Human development (economics)">human development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well being</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quarterly_gross_domestic_product.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quarterly_gross_domestic_product.png/220px-Quarterly_gross_domestic_product.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quarterly_gross_domestic_product.png/330px-Quarterly_gross_domestic_product.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quarterly_gross_domestic_product.png/440px-Quarterly_gross_domestic_product.png 2x" data-file-width="4837" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/year-over-year" class="extiw" title="wikt:year-over-year">YoY</a> Quarterly gross domestic product growth rate</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Petty" title="William Petty">William Petty</a> came up with a concept of GDP, to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Tax_burden" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax burden">tax burden</a>, and argue landlords were unfairly taxed during <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">warfare between the Dutch and the English</a> between 1652 and 1674.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenant" title="Charles Davenant">Charles Davenant</a> developed the method further in 1695.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern concept of GDP was first developed by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> for a 1934 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> report, where he warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under <i><a href="#Limitations_and_criticisms">limitations and criticisms</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-kuznets_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuznets-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> (GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country's citizens at home and abroad rather than its "resident institutional units" (see <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> definition above). The switch from GNP to GDP in the United States occurred in 1991. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crucial role was played here by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> under <a href="/wiki/Milton_Gilbert" title="Milton Gilbert">Milton Gilbert</a> where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>. </p><p>The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in many ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>, by financial industries, and by <a href="/wiki/Intangible_asset" title="Intangible asset">intangible asset</a> creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic economist, "The actual number for GDP is, therefore, the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> officially adopted GDP in 1993 as its indicator of economic performance. Previously, China had relied on a Marxist-inspired national accounting system.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determining_gross_domestic_product_(GDP)"><span id="Determining_gross_domestic_product_.28GDP.29"></span>Determining gross domestic product (GDP)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Determining gross domestic product (GDP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_is_GDP_calculated%3F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/How_is_GDP_calculated%3F.png/220px-How_is_GDP_calculated%3F.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="646" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/How_is_GDP_calculated%3F.png/330px-How_is_GDP_calculated%3F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/How_is_GDP_calculated%3F.png/440px-How_is_GDP_calculated%3F.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="2642" /></a><figcaption>An infographic explaining how GDP is calculated in the UK</figcaption></figure> <p>GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, theoretically, give the same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within an economy. </p><p>The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums up the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the products must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers", colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_approach">Production approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as the Value Added Approach, it calculates how much value is contributed at each stage of production. </p><p>This approach mirrors the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) definition given above. </p> <ol><li>Estimate the gross value of domestic output out of the many various economic activities;</li> <li>Determine the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_consumption" title="Intermediate consumption">intermediate consumption</a>, i.e., the cost of material, supplies and services used to produce final goods or services.</li> <li>Deduct intermediate consumption from gross value to obtain the gross value added.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">Gross value added</a> = gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption. </p><p>Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus the value of changes in the inventory. </p><p>The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities is known as "GDP at factor cost". </p><p>GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price". </p><p>For measuring the output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods: </p> <ol><li>By multiplying the output of each sector by their respective market price and adding them together</li> <li>By collecting data on gross sales and inventories from the records of companies and adding them together</li></ol> <p>The value of output of all sectors is then added to get the gross value of output at factor cost. Subtracting each sector's intermediate consumption from gross output value gives the GVA (=GDP) at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies to GVA (GDP) at factor cost gives the "GVA (GDP) at producer prices". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_approach">Income approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Income approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If GDP is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported by national statistical agencies. </p><p>This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire – wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship. </p><p>The US "National Income and Product Accounts" divide incomes into five categories: </p> <ol><li>Wages, salaries, and supplementary labor income</li> <li>Corporate profits</li> <li>Interest and miscellaneous investment income</li> <li>Income earned by sole proprietors and from the Housing subsector (net of expenses)</li> <li>Net income from transfer payments from businesses</li></ol> <p>These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost. </p><p>Two adjustments must be made to get GDP: </p> <ol><li>Taxes on production and imports minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices.</li> <li>Depreciation (or <a href="/wiki/Capital_consumption_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital consumption allowance">capital consumption allowance</a>) is added to get from net domestic product to gross domestic product.</li></ol> <p>Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by the income approach. A common one is:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Common where? (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><b>GDP</b> = <span class="sfrac nowrap;"><span style="display:none; display:inline-block; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:0.8em; font-size:70%;">Compensation of employees</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em;"><b>COE</b></span></span></span> + <span class="sfrac nowrap;"><span style="display:none; display:inline-block; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:0.8em; font-size:70%;"><a href="/wiki/Gross_operating_surplus" title="Gross operating surplus">gross operating surplus</a></span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em;"><b>GOS</b></span></span></span> + <span class="sfrac nowrap;"><span style="display:none; display:inline-block; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:0.8em; font-size:70%;"><a href="/wiki/Gross_mixed_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross mixed income">gross mixed income</a></span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em;"><b>GMI</b></span></span></span> + <span class="sfrac nowrap;"><span style="display:none; display:inline-block; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:0.8em; font-size:70%;"> taxes less subsidies on production and imports</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em;"><b>T<sub>P&M</sub></b> − <b>S<sub>P&M</sub></b></span></span></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Compensation of employees</b> (COE) measures the total remuneration to employees for work done. It includes wages and salaries, as well as employer contributions to <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> and other such programs.</li> <li><b>Gross operating surplus</b> (GOS) is the surplus due to owners of incorporated businesses. Often called <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profits</a>, although only a subset of total costs are subtracted from <a href="/wiki/Gross_output" title="Gross output">gross output</a> to calculate GOS.</li> <li><b>Gross mixed income</b> (GMI) is the same measure as GOS, but for unincorporated businesses. This often includes most small businesses.</li></ul> <p>The sum of <b>COE</b>, <b>GOS</b> and <b>GMI</b> is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP(I) at <a href="/wiki/Factor_cost" title="Factor cost">factor cost</a> to GDP(I) at final prices. </p><p>Total factor income is also sometimes expressed as: </p> <dl><dd><i>Total factor income</i> = <i>employee compensation</i> + <i>corporate profits</i> + <i>proprietor's income</i> + <i>rental income</i> + <i>net interest</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expenditure_approach">Expenditure approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expenditure approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Market goods that are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Components_of_GDP_by_expenditure">Components of GDP by expenditure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Components of GDP by expenditure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_Categories_-_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GDP_Categories_-_United_States.png/230px-GDP_Categories_-_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GDP_Categories_-_United_States.png/345px-GDP_Categories_-_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GDP_Categories_-_United_States.png/460px-GDP_Categories_-_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>U.S. GDP computed on the expenditure basis</figcaption></figure> <p><b>GDP (Y)</b> is the sum of <b>consumption (C)</b>, <b>investment (I)</b>, <b>government expenditures (G)</b> and <b>net exports (X − M)</b>. </p> <dl><dd><b>Y</b> = <b>C</b> + <b>I</b> + <b>G</b> + <b>(X − M)</b></dd></dl> <p>Here is a description of each GDP component: </p> <ul><li><b>C (consumption)</b> is normally the largest GDP component in the economy, consisting of private expenditures in the economy (<a href="/wiki/Household_final_consumption_expenditure" title="Household final consumption expenditure">household final consumption expenditure</a>). These personal expenditures fall under one of the following categories: <a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">durable goods</a>, nondurable goods, and services. Examples include food, rent, jewelry, gasoline, and medical expenses, but not the purchase of new housing.</li> <li><b>I (investment)</b> includes, for instance, business investment in equipment, but does not include exchanges of existing assets. Examples include the construction of a new <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mine</a>, the purchase of software, or the purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not the government) on new houses is also included in investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, "investment" in GDP does not mean purchases related to financial investments. Buying <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial products</a> is classed as '<a href="/wiki/Saving" title="Saving">saving</a>', as opposed to investment. This avoids double-counting: if one buys shares in a company, and the company uses the money received to buy plant, equipment, etc., the amount will be counted toward GDP when the company spends the money on those things; to also count it when one gives it to the company would be to count two times an amount that only corresponds to one group of products. Buying <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> or companies' <a href="/wiki/Share_capital" title="Share capital">equity shares</a> is a swapping of <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deeds</a>, a transfer of claims on future production, not directly an expenditure on products; buying an existing building will involve a positive investment by the buyer and a negative investment by the seller, netting to zero overall investment.</li> <li><b>G (government spending)</b> is the sum of <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government expenditures</a> on <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">final goods</a> and services. It includes salaries of <a href="/wiki/Public_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Public servants">public servants</a>, purchases of weapons for the military and any investment expenditure by a government. It does not include any <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payment" title="Transfer payment">transfer payments</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment benefits</a>. Analyses outside the US will often treat government investment as part of <i>investment</i> rather than <i>government spending</i>.</li> <li><b>X (exports)</b> represents gross exports. GDP captures the amount a country produces, including goods and services produced for other nations' consumption, therefore exports are added.</li> <li><b>M (imports)</b> represents gross imports. Imports are subtracted since imported goods will be included in the terms <b>G</b>, <b>I</b>, or <b>C</b>, and must be deducted to avoid counting foreign <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply</a> as domestic.</li></ul> <p><b>C</b>, <b>I</b>, and <b>G</b> are expenditures on <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">final goods</a> and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) So for example if a <a href="/wiki/Car_manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Car manufacturer">car manufacturer</a> buys <a href="/wiki/Auto_parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto parts">auto parts</a>, assembles the car and sells it, only the final car sold is counted towards the GDP. Meanwhile, if a person buys replacement auto parts to install them on their car, those are counted towards the GDP. </p><p>According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components [see income method, above]."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encyclopedia Britannica records an alternate way of measuring exports minus imports: notating it as the single variable NX.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GDP_and_GNI">GDP and GNI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: GDP and GNI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GDP can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> (GNP) or, as it is now known, <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Income">gross national income</a> (GNI). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, <a href="/wiki/Gross_world_product" title="Gross world product">world GDP and world GNI</a> are, therefore, equivalent terms. </p><p>GDP is a product produced within a country's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within a country's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP. </p><p>For example, the GNI of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> is the value of output produced by American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets. </p><p>Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Income_and_Product_Accounts" title="National Income and Product Accounts">National Income and Product Accounts</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example that amplifies the difference between GDP and GNI is the comparison of developed and developing country indicators. The GDP of Japan for 2020 is US$5,040,107.75 (in a million).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predictably, as a developed country, Japan has a higher GNI (by 182,779.46, in millions of USD), which is indicative that the production level in the country is higher than that of national production.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the case with <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> is the opposite, with GDP being lower than GNI by US$196.12 (in million). This demonstrates that countries receive investments and foreign aid from abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Total income divided by the population is the <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">Per capita income</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_standards">International standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: International standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_of_National_Accounts_(UNSNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA)">System of National Accounts</a></i> (2008), which was prepared by representatives of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. The publication is normally referred to as SNA2008 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1993 (SNA93) or 1968 (called SNA68) <sup id="cite_ref-Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Central_Bureau_of_Statistics-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SNA2008 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_measurement">National measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_agencies_responsible_for_GDP_measurement" title="National agencies responsible for GDP measurement">National agencies responsible for GDP measurement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._GDP_Income_Basis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U.S._GDP_Income_Basis.png/300px-U.S._GDP_Income_Basis.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U.S._GDP_Income_Basis.png/450px-U.S._GDP_Income_Basis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U.S._GDP_Income_Basis.png/600px-U.S._GDP_Income_Basis.png 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>U.S 2015 GDP computed on the income basis</figcaption></figure> <p>Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> organizations normally do not have access to the information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP">Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The raw GDP figure as given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current GDP. When one compares GDP figures from one year to another, it is desirable to compensate for changes in the value of money—for the effects of inflation or deflation. To make it more meaningful for year-to-year comparisons, it may be multiplied by the ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year. </p><p>For example, suppose a country's GDP in 1990 was <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008100000000000000♠"></span>$100 million</span> and its GDP in 2000 was <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008300000000000000♠"></span>$300 million</span>. Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one-half, to make it relative to 1990 as a base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008300000000000000♠"></span>$300 million</span> × <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008150000000000000♠"></span>$150 million</span>, <i>in 1990 monetary terms.</i> We would see that the country's GDP had realistically increased 50 <a href="/wiki/Percentage#Percentage_increase_and_decrease" title="Percentage">percent</a> over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the <a href="/wiki/Real_gross_domestic_product" title="Real gross domestic product">real GDP</a>. </p><p>The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way is called the <i><a href="/wiki/GDP_deflator" title="GDP deflator">GDP deflator</a></i>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">consumer price index</a>, which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GDP_growth">GDP growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: GDP growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_in_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_in_2023.png/360px-Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_in_2023.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_in_2023.png/540px-Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_in_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_in_2023.png/720px-Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_in_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="6816" data-file-height="4085" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">Real GDP Growth Rate</a> in 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Real GDP can be used to calculate the GDP growth rate, which indicates how much a country's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year, typically expressed as <a href="/wiki/Relative_change#Percentage_change" title="Relative change">percentage change</a>. The economic growth can be expressed as <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">real GDP growth rate</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by real GDP per capita growth">real GDP per capita growth rate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GDP_per_capita">GDP per capita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: GDP per capita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_in_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg/420px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg/630px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg/840px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5834" data-file-height="3021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">Countries by GDP (PPP) per capita</a> in 2024 <table width="100%h"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00008a; color:white;"> </span> > $60,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003c00; color:white;"> </span> $50,000–$60,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008f00; color:black;"> </span> $40,000–$50,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00f900; color:black;"> </span> $30,000–$40,000</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3ff00; color:black;"> </span> $20,000–$30,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> $10,000–$20,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd215; color:black;"> </span> $5,000–$10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff852f; color:black;"> </span> $2,500–$5,000</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> $1,000–$2,500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a30000; color:white;"> </span> < $1,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9b9b9; color:black;"> </span> No data</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita_in_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita_in_2023.svg/420px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita_in_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita_in_2023.svg/630px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita_in_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita_in_2023.svg/840px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita_in_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">Countries by GDP (nominal) per capita</a> in 2023: <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00008a; color:white;"> </span> > $60,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003c00; color:white;"> </span> $50,000–$60,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008f00; color:black;"> </span> $40,000–$50,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00f900; color:black;"> </span> $30,000–$40,000</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3ff00; color:black;"> </span> $20,000–$30,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> $10,000–$20,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd215; color:black;"> </span> $5,000–$10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff852f; color:black;"> </span> $2,500–$5,000</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> $1,000–$2,500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a30000; color:white;"> </span> $500–$1,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#660000; color:white;"> </span> < $500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9b9b9; color:black;"> </span> No data</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>GDP can be adjusted for population growth, also called <i>Per-capita GDP</i> or <i>GDP per person</i>. This measures the average production of a person in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists_of_GDP_per_capita">Lists of GDP per capita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lists of GDP per capita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_of_living:_income_distribution">Standard of living: income distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Standard of living: income distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gross_domestic_product_per_capita_and_level_of_urbanization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gross_domestic_product_per_capita_and_level_of_urbanization.svg/220px-Gross_domestic_product_per_capita_and_level_of_urbanization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gross_domestic_product_per_capita_and_level_of_urbanization.svg/330px-Gross_domestic_product_per_capita_and_level_of_urbanization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gross_domestic_product_per_capita_and_level_of_urbanization.svg/440px-Gross_domestic_product_per_capita_and_level_of_urbanization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Gross domestic product per capita and level of urbanization</figcaption></figure> <p>GDP per capita is often used as an indicator of living standards.<sup id="cite_ref-HDWMSL_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDWMSL-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of the standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP every quarter, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that some measure of GDP is available for almost every country in the world, allowing inter-country comparisons. It is measured consistently in that the technical definition of GDP is relatively consistent among countries. </p><p>GDP does not include several factors that influence the standard of living. In particular, it fails to account for: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">Externalities</a></b> – Economic growth may entail an increase in negative externalities that are not directly measured in GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-soL_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soL-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-limitations_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limitations-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased industrial output might grow GDP, but any pollution is not counted.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Non-market transactions</b> – GDP excludes activities that are not provided through the market, such as household production, bartering of goods and services, and volunteer or unpaid services.</li> <li><b>Non-monetary economy</b> – GDP omits economies where no money comes into play at all, resulting in inaccurate or abnormally low GDP figures. For example, in countries with major business transactions occurring informally, portions of local economy are not easily registered. <a href="/wiki/Barter_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barter (economics)">Bartering</a> may be more prominent than the use of money, even extending to services.<sup id="cite_ref-limitations_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limitations-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Quality improvements and inclusion of new products</b> – by not fully adjusting for quality improvements and new products, GDP understates true <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. For instance, although computers today are less expensive and more powerful than computers from the past, GDP treats them as the same products by only accounting for their monetary value. The introduction of new products is also difficult to measure accurately and is not reflected in GDP although it may increase the standard of living. For example, even the richest person in 1900 could not purchase standard products, such as antibiotics and cell phones, that an average consumer can buy today, since such modern conveniences did not exist then.</li> <li><b>Sustainability of growth</b> – GDP is a measurement of economic historic activity and is not necessarily a projection.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">Income distribution</a></b> – GDP does not account for variances in incomes of various demographic groups. See <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics" title="Income inequality metrics">income inequality metrics</a> for discussion of a variety of inequality-based economic measures.<sup id="cite_ref-limitations_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limitations-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It can be argued that GDP per capita as an indicator of standard of living is correlated with these factors, capturing them indirectly.<sup id="cite_ref-HDWMSL_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDWMSL-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, GDP per capita as a standard of living is a continued usage because most people have a fairly accurate idea of what it is and know it is tough to come up with quantitative measures for such constructs as happiness, quality of life, and well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-HDWMSL_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDWMSL-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the perspective of environmental, social and governance (ESG) measures, GDP per capita trends can be influenced by factors such as gender parity and elements of regulatory quality. In an example of a developing country with a mixed economy from 2008 to 2021, elements such as the per capita gross domestic product and the unemployment rate have a significant effect on the number of MSMEs in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_and_criticisms">Limitations and criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Limitations and criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gross_domestic_product##" title="Talk:Gross domestic product">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations_at_introduction">Limitations at introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Limitations at introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a>, the economist who developed the first comprehensive set of measures of national income, stated in his second report to the U.S. Congress in 1937, in a section titled "Uses and Abuses of National Income Measurements":<sup id="cite_ref-kuznets_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuznets-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. [...] All these qualifications upon estimates of national income as an index of productivity are just as important when income measurements are interpreted from the point of view of economic welfare. But in the latter case additional difficulties will be suggested to anyone who wants to penetrate below the surface of total figures and market values. Economic welfare cannot be adequately measured unless the personal distribution of income is known. And no income measurement undertakes to estimate the reverse side of income, that is, the intensity and unpleasantness of effort going into the earning of income. The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.</p></blockquote><p> In 1962, Kuznets stated:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for what.</p></blockquote> <p>GDP as initially defined includes spending on goods and services that would shrink if underlying problems were solved or reduced - for example, medical care, crime-fighting, and the military. During World War II, Kuznets came to argue that military spending should be excluded during peacetime. This idea did not become popular; these activities are tracked because they fit into macroeconomic models (e.g. military spending uses up capital and labor).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_criticisms">Further criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ever since the development of GDP, multiple observers have pointed out limitations of using GDP as the overarching measure of economic and social progress. For example, many <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalists</a> argue that GDP is a poor measure of social progress because it does not take into account harm to the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the GDP does not consider human health nor the educational aspect of a population.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American politician <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> famously<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criticized GDP (or GNP), listing many examples of bad things it does count and good things it does not count: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gross National Product counts air pollution and cigarette advertising, and ambulances to clear our highways of carnage. It counts special locks for our doors and the jails for the people who break them. It counts the destruction of the redwood and the loss of our natural wonder in chaotic sprawl. It counts napalm and counts nuclear warheads and armored cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities. It counts Whitman's rifle and Speck's knife, and the television programs which glorify violence in order to sell toys to our children. Yet the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although a high or rising level of GDP is often associated with increased economic and social progress, the opposite sometimes occurs. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dr%C3%A8ze" title="Jean Drèze">Jean Drèze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> have pointed out that an increase in GDP or in GDP growth does not necessarily lead to a higher standard of living, particularly in areas such as healthcare and education.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important area that does not necessarily improve along with GDP is political liberty, which is most notable in China, where GDP growth is strong yet political liberties are heavily restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GDP does not account for the distribution of income among the residents of a country, because GDP is merely an aggregate measure. An economy may be highly developed or growing rapidly, but also contain a wide gap between the rich and the poor in a society. These inequalities often occur on the lines of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other minority status within countries.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can lead to misleading characterizations of economic well-being if the <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a> is heavily skewed toward the high end, as the poorer residents will not directly benefit from the overall level of wealth and income generated in their country (their purchasing power can decline, even as the mean <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> rises). GDP per capita measures (like aggregate GDP measures) do not account for income distribution (and tend to overstate the average income per capita). For example, South Africa during apartheid ranked high in terms of GDP per capita, but the benefits of this immense wealth and income were not shared equally among its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations has aimed in its <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, amongst other global initiatives, to address wealth inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GDP excludes the value of household and other <a href="/wiki/Unpaid_work" title="Unpaid work">unpaid work</a>. Some, including <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a>, argue that this value should be included in measuring GDP, as household labor is largely a <a href="/wiki/Substitute_good" title="Substitute good">substitute</a> for goods and services that would otherwise be purchased with money.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even under conservative estimates, the value of unpaid labor in Australia has been calculated to be over 50% of the country's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later study analyzed this value in other countries, with results ranging from a low of about 15% in Canada (using conservative estimates) to high of nearly 70% in the United Kingdom (using more liberal estimates). For the United States, the value was estimated to be between about 20% on the low end to nearly 50% on the high end, depending on the methodology being used.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because many public policies are shaped by GDP calculations and by the related field of <a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">national accounts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public policy might differ if unpaid work were included in total GDP. Some economists have advocated for changes in the way public policies are formed and implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK's <a href="/wiki/Natural_Capital_Committee" title="Natural Capital Committee">Natural Capital Committee</a> highlighted the shortcomings of GDP in its advice to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> Government in 2013, pointing out that GDP "focuses on flows, not stocks. As a result, an economy can run down its assets yet, at the same time, record high levels of GDP growth, until a point is reached where the depleted assets act as a check on future growth". They then went on to say that "it is apparent that the recorded GDP growth rate overstates the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable growth</a> rate. Broader measures of wellbeing and wealth are needed for this and there is a danger that short-term decisions based solely on what is currently measured by national accounts may prove to be costly in the long-term". </p><p>It has been suggested that countries that have authoritarian governments, such as the People's Republic of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, inflate their GDP figures.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_and_development_about_the_relation_between_GDP_and_use_of_GDP_and_reality">Research and development about the relation between GDP and use of GDP and reality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Research and development about the relation between GDP and use of GDP and reality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem-solving" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem-solving">Problem-solving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_evaluation" title="Impact evaluation">Impact evaluation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_data" title="Economic data">Economic data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Eco-economic decoupling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png/370px-Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="436" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png/555px-Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png/740px-Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>Eco-economic decoupling between GDP growth and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> decrease.</figcaption></figure> <p>Instances of GDP measures have been considered numbers that are artificial constructs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 scientists, as part of a <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity</a>-associated series, warned that worldwide growth in <a href="/wiki/Affluence" class="mw-redirect" title="Affluence">affluence</a> in terms of GDP-metrics has increased <a href="/wiki/Resource_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource use">resource use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutant emissions</a> with affluent <a href="/wiki/Global_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Global citizen">citizens of the world</a> – in terms of e.g. resource-intensive consumption – being responsible for most negative environmental impacts and central to a transition to safer, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> conditions. They summarised evidence, presented solution approaches and stated that far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">changes</a> need to <a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">complement technological advancements</a> and that existing societies, economies and cultures <a href="/wiki/Incentive" title="Incentive">incite</a> <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">consumption expansion</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Structural_change" title="Structural change">structural imperative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">growth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economies</a> inhibits <a href="/wiki/Societal_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal change">societal change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phys-affluence_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phys-affluence-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gdp-affluence_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdp-affluence-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarah Arnold, Senior Economist at the <a href="/wiki/New_Economics_Foundation" title="New Economics Foundation">New Economics Foundation</a> (NEF) stated that "GDP includes activities that are detrimental to our <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> in the long term, such as <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, strip mining, overfishing and so on".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of trees that are net lost annually is estimated to be approximately 10 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global average annual deforested land in the 2015–2020 demi-decade was 10 million hectares and the average annual net forest area loss in the 2000–2010 decade 4.7 million hectares, according to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_(FRA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)">Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one study, depending on the level of <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequality">wealth inequality</a>, higher GDP-growth can be associated with more deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 "agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a>" accounted for 24% of the GDP of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires" title="2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires">where a large share of annual net tropical forest loss occurred and is associated with sizable portions of this economic activity domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a> adults was approximately 600 million (12%) in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2017_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 scientists reported that large <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">improvements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> only lead to modest long-term increases in GDP per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After developing an abstract metric similar to GDP, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Partnership_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Partnership Studies">Center for Partnership Studies</a> highlighted that GDP "and other metrics that reflect and perpetuate them" may not be useful for facilitating the production of products and provision of services that are useful – or comparatively more useful – to society, and instead may "actually encourage, rather than discourage, destructive activities".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steven_A._Cohen_(academic)" title="Steven A. Cohen (academic)">Steve Cohen</a> of the Earth Institute elucidated that while GDP does not distinguish between different activities (or <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyles</a>), "all consumption behaviors are not created equal and do not have the same impact on <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johan_Rockstr%C3%B6m" title="Johan Rockström">Johan Rockström</a>, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, noted that "it's difficult to see if the current G.D.P.-based <a href="/wiki/Economic_model" title="Economic model">model</a> of economic growth can go hand-in-hand with rapid <a href="/wiki/Mitigation_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigation of climate change">cutting of emissions</a>", which nations have agreed to attempt under the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> in order to mitigate real-world impacts of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have pointed out that GDP did not adapt to sociotechnical changes to give a more accurate picture of the modern economy and does not encapsulate the <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">value</a> of new activities such as delivering price-free information and entertainment on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 <a href="/wiki/Diane_Coyle" title="Diane Coyle">Diane Coyle</a> explained that GDP excludes much unpaid work, writing that "many people contribute free digital <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">work</a> such as writing <a href="/wiki/FOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="FOSS">open-source software</a> that can substitute for marketed equivalents, and it clearly has great economic value despite a price of zero", which constitutes a common criticism "of the reliance on GDP as the measure of economic success" especially after the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">digital economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly GDP does not value or distinguish for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>. A 2020 study found that "poor regions' GDP grows faster by attracting more polluting <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> after connection to China's expressway system.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GDP may not be a tool capable of recognizing how much <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a> agents of the economy are building or protecting.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_to_overcome_GDP_limitations">Proposals to overcome GDP limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proposals to overcome GDP limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to these and other limitations of using GDP, alternative approaches have emerged. </p> <ul><li>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">capability approach</a>, which focuses on the functional capabilities enjoyed by people within a country, rather than the aggregate wealth held within a country. These capabilities consist of the functions that a person is able to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub ul Haq</a>, a Pakistani economist at the United Nations, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI). The HDI is a composite index of life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate and standard of living measured as a logarithmic function of GDP, adjusted to purchasing power parity.</li> <li>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Cobb" title="John B. Cobb">John B. Cobb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Herman Daly</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Sustainable_Economic_Welfare" title="Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare">Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare</a> (ISEW) by taking into account other factors such as consumption of nonrenewable resources and degradation of the environment. ISEW is roughly defined as: personal consumption + public non-defensive expenditures − private defensive expenditures + capital formation + services from domestic labour − costs of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> − depreciation of natural capital</li> <li>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Med_Jones" title="Med Jones">Med Jones</a>, an American Economist, at the International Institute of Management, introduced the first secular Gross National Happiness Index a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Well-being" title="Gross National Well-being">Gross National Well-being</a> framework and Index to complement GDP economics with additional seven dimensions, including environment, education, and government, work, social and health (mental and physical) indicators. The proposal was inspired by the King of Bhutan's <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">GNH</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> released a communication titled <i>GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world</i><sup id="cite_ref-euro_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that identified five actions to improve indicators of progress in ways that make them more responsive to the concerns of its citizens.</li> <li>In 2009 Professors <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Fitoussi" title="Jean-Paul Fitoussi">Jean-Paul Fitoussi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Measurement_of_Economic_Performance_and_Social_Progress" title="Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress">Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress</a> (CMEPSP), formed by French President, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> published a proposal to overcome the limitation of GDP economics to expand the focus to well-being economics with a well-being framework consisting of health, environment, work, physical safety, economic safety, and political freedom. This has been adopted in a number of countries as a <a href="/wiki/Wellbeing_economy" title="Wellbeing economy">wellbeing economy</a> policy.</li> <li>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Bhutan_Studies_and_GNH_Research" title="Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Research">Centre for Bhutan Studies</a> began publishing the <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness#Bhutanese_GNH_index" title="Gross National Happiness">Bhutan Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index</a>, whose contributors to happiness include physical, mental, and spiritual health; time balance; social and community vitality; cultural vitality; education; living standards; good governance; and ecological vitality.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/OECD_Better_Life_Index" title="OECD Better Life Index">OECD Better Life Index</a> was published by the OECD. The dimensions of the index included health, economic, workplace, income, jobs, housing, civic engagement, and <a href="/wiki/Life_satisfaction" title="Life satisfaction">life satisfaction</a>.</li> <li>Since 2012, John Helliwell, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Layard,_Baron_Layard" title="Richard Layard, Baron Layard">Richard Layard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> have edited an annual <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> which reports a national measure of subjective well-being, derived from a single survey question on satisfaction with life. GDP explains some of the cross-national variation in life satisfaction, but more of it is explained by other, social variables (See 2013 World Happiness Report).</li> <li>In 2019, Serge Pierre Besanger published a "GDP 3.0" proposal which combines an expanded GNI formula which he calls GNIX, with a <a href="/wiki/Palma_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma ratio">Palma ratio</a> and a set of environmental metrics based on the Daly Rule.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, Erik Brynjolfsson and Avinash Collis argued that GDP does not reflect the growing value of many digital goods because they have zero price.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with several coauthors, they proposed an alternative approach, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/research/gdp-b-a-new-well-being-metric-in-the-era-of-the-digital-economy/">GDP-B</a>, which is based on measuring the <i>benefits</i> of goods and services, rather than their price or cost.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the beginning of the 21st century the World Economic Forum published a series of analyses and propositions to create economic measurement tools more effective than GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>China launched the <a href="/wiki/Gross_Ecosystem_Product_(GEP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP)">Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP)</a> in 2020. It measures the contribution of ecosystems to the economy, including by regulating climate. It spread widely across the country. The first province to issue local rules about GEP was <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang </a>, and a year later it has already decided the fate of a project in the <a href="/wiki/Deqing_County,_Zhejiang" title="Deqing County, Zhejiang">Deqing</a> region. For example, the GEP of Chengtian Radon Spring Nature Reserve has been calculated as US$43 million.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems_with_GDP_data">Problems with GDP data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Problems with GDP data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A peer-reviewed study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i> in October 2022 found signs of manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> statistics in the majority of countries.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the study, this mainly applied to countries that were governed semi-authoritarian/authoritarian or did not have a functioning <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. The study took the annual growth in the brightness of lights at night, as measured by satellites, and compared it to officially reported economic growth. Authoritarian states had consistently higher reported growth in GDP than their growth in night lights would suggest. An effect that also cannot be explained by different economic structures, sector composition or other factors. Incorrect growth statistics can also falsify indicators such as GDP or GDP per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_countries_by_their_GDP">Lists of countries by their GDP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lists of countries by their GDP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP" title="List of continents by GDP">List of continents by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_countries_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of countries by GDP">Lists of countries by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">List of countries by GDP (nominal)</a>, (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">List of countries by GDP (PPP)</a>, (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition" title="List of countries by GDP sector composition">List of countries by GDP sector composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)">List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)</a>, (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a>), (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)">nominal</a>), (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita">nominal per capita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">List of countries by real GDP growth rate</a>, (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by real GDP per capita growth">real GDP per capita growth</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chained_volume_series" title="Chained volume series">Chained volume series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_flow_of_income" title="Circular flow of income">Circular flow of income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost-of-living_crisis" title="Cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income" title="Disposable household and per capita income">Disposable household and per capita income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_monetization" title="Economy monetization">Economy monetization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDP_density" title="GDP density">GDP density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product" title="Gross regional domestic product">Gross regional domestic product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_investment" title="Inventory investment">Inventory investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">List of countries by average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by GNI per capita growth">List of countries by GNI per capita growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_reports_by_U.S._government_agencies" title="List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies">List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery index (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">Median income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">Modified gross national income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_average_salary" title="National average salary">National average salary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_output" title="Potential output">Potential output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Progress_Index" title="Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf">"GDP (Official Exchange Rate)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a 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Another term, "business current transfer payments", may be added. Also, the document indicates that the capital consumption adjustment (CCAdj) and the inventory valuation adjustment (IVA) are applied to the proprietor's income and corporate profits terms; and CCAdj is applied to rental income.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer Watkins, San José State University Department of Economics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/gdp.htm">"Gross Domestic Product from the Transactions Table for an Economy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214316/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/gdp.htm">Archived</a> 2012-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, commentary to the first table, " Transactions Table for an Economy". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Kids&rft.atitle=gross+domestic+product+%E2%80%93+Scholars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkids.britannica.com%2Fscholars%2Farticle%2Fgross-domestic-product%2F389903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLequillerDerek_Blades2006" class="citation book cs1">Lequiller, François; Derek Blades (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpJL6f8b3wC&q=%22To+convert+GDP+into+GNI%22"><i>Understanding National Accounts</i></a>. OECD. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02566-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02566-0"><bdi>978-92-64-02566-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312185510/https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpJL6f8b3wC&q=%22To+convert+GDP+into+GNI%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span></span>. <q>To convert GDP into GNI, it is necessary to add the income received by resident units from abroad and deduct the income created by production in the country but transferred to units residing abroad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+National+Accounts&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-64-02566-0&rft.aulast=Lequiller&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Derek+Blades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXpJL6f8b3wC%26q%3D%2522To%2Bconvert%2BGDP%2Binto%2BGNI%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Glossary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/glossary/glossary.cfm">"GDP"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140050/https://www.bea.gov/glossary/glossary.cfm">Archived</a> 29 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved November 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034830/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y">"U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis"</a>. Bea.gov. 21 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce.+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft.pub=Bea.gov&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbea.gov%2Fnational%2Fnipaweb%2FSelectTable.asp%3FSelected%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=JP&start=1960">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207195307/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=JP&start=1960">Archived</a> 2022-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GDP (current US$) – Japan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=JP&start=1960">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207190758/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=JP&start=1960">Archived</a> 2022-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GNI (current US$) – Japan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=AM&start=1990">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207184248/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=AM&start=1990">Archived</a> 2022-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GNI (current US$) – Armenia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=AM&start=1990">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207182744/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=AM&start=1990">Archived</a> 2022-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GDP (current US$) – Armenia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Central_Bureau_of_Statistics-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110416055514/http://www.central-bureau-of-statistics.an/SNA/sna_intro.asp">"National Accounts"</a>. Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.central-bureau-of-statistics.an/SNA/sna_intro.asp">the original</a> on 16 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Accounts&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.central-bureau-of-statistics.an%2FSNA%2Fsna_intro.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HM Treasury, <i>Background information on GDP and GDP deflator</i><br /> Some of the complications involved in comparing national accounts from different years are explained in this World Bank <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20908551~menuPK:2648276~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html">document</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616033552/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20908551~menuPK:2648276~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html">Archived</a> 16 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDWMSL-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDWMSL_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDWMSL_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDWMSL_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonfed.org/education/ledger/ledger03/winter/measure.pdf">"How Do We Measure Standard of Living?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331123630/http://bostonfed.org/education/ledger/ledger03/winter/measure.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Boston&rft.atitle=How+Do+We+Measure+Standard+of+Living%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonfed.org%2Feducation%2Fledger%2Fledger03%2Fwinter%2Fmeasure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soL-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soL_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankiwTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">Mankiw, N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Introduction+to+the+World+Economy&rft.atitle=Gross+Domestic+Product&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Kwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.econ.iastate.edu%2Fclasses%2Fecon355%2Fchoi%2Fgdp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-real-gdp-per-capita-affects-the-standard-of-living.html">"How Real GDP per Capita Affects the Standard of Living"</a>. <i>Study.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520003910/http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-real-gdp-per-capita-affects-the-standard-of-living.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study.com&rft.atitle=How+Real+GDP+per+Capita+Affects+the+Standard+of+Living&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fhow-real-gdp-per-capita-affects-the-standard-of-living.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanArceo2024" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, Jackson; Arceo, Virginia (2024-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-024-00398-0">"Women driving Philippine entrepreneurship: Social and governance issues as mediated by economic development"</a>. <i>Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Entrepreneurship+Research&rft.atitle=Women+driving+Philippine+entrepreneurship%3A+Social+and+governance+issues+as+mediated+by+economic+development&rft.date=2024-08-24&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Jackson&rft.au=Arceo%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs40497-024-00398-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rdcu.be/dRUEh">https://rdcu.be/dRUEh</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Kuznets. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Dialogue&rft.atitle=Zhejiang+counts+%27gross+ecosystem+product%27+of+nature+reserve&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft.aulast=Mengnan&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinadialogue.net%2Fen%2Fdigest%2Fzhejiang-counts-gross-ecosystem-product-of-nature-reserve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/09/29/a-study-of-lights-at-night-suggests-dictators-lie-about-economic-growth">"A study of lights at night suggests dictators lie about economic growth"</a></span>. <i>The Economist</i>. Sep 29, 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024204043/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/09/29/a-study-of-lights-at-night-suggests-dictators-lie-about-economic-growth">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+study+of+lights+at+night+suggests+dictators+lie+about+economic+growth&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fgraphic-detail%2F2022%2F09%2F29%2Fa-study-of-lights-at-night-suggests-dictators-lie-about-economic-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2022" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez, Luis R. (2022-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/720458">"How Much Should We Trust the Dictator's GDP Growth Estimates?"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>130</b> (10): 2731–2769. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F720458">10.1086/720458</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158256267">158256267</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206193357/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/720458">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=How+Much+Should+We+Trust+the+Dictator%27s+GDP+Growth+Estimates%3F&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2731-2769&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158256267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F720458&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Luis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F720458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Australian Bureau for Statistics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3F880EE1D366198CCA2569A400061616?opendocument"><i>Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080817182931/http://abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3F880EE1D366198CCA2569A400061616?opendocument">Archived</a> 2008-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), 2000. Retrieved November 2009. In depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Coyle" title="Diane Coyle">Coyle, Diane</a> (2014). <i>GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15679-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15679-8"><bdi>978-0-691-15679-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GDP%3A+A+Brief+but+Affectionate+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15679-8&rft.aulast=Coyle&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lepenies, Philipp. <i>The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP</i>.</li> <li>Philipsen, Dirk. <i>The Little Big Number: How GDP Came to Rule the World and What to Do About It</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Stiglitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph E. Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a>, "Measuring What Matters: Obsession with one financial figure, GDP, has worsened people's health, happiness and the environment, and economists want to replace it", <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, vol. 323, no. 2 (August 2020), pp. 24–31.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusskind2024" class="citation book cs1">Susskind, Daniel (2024). <i>Growth: A History and a Reckoning</i>. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674294493" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674294493"><bdi>978-0674294493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth%3A+A+History+and+a+Reckoning&rft.pub=Belknap+Press%3A+An+Imprint+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0674294493&rft.aulast=Susskind&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108104038/https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/NIPAhandbookch1-4.pdf"><i>Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/NIPAhandbookch1-4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+and+Methods+of+the+United+States+National+Income+and+Product+Accounts&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.gov%2Fnational%2Fpdf%2FNIPAhandbookch1-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span> In-depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gross_domestic_product" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="extiw" title="q:Gross Domestic Product">Gross Domestic Product</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Global</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/246647">Gross domestic product</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/66f306f503e529a5ca25697e0017661f/3f880ee1d366198cca2569a400061616!OpenDocument">Australian Bureau of Statistics Manual on GDP measurement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm">OECD GDP chart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918013624/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/databases.htm">UN Statistical Databases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx">World Development Indicators (WDI)</a> at World Bank</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=wb-wdi&met=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&idim=country:USA:CHN:FRA:DEU:JPN:GBR">World GDP Chart (since 1960)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Data</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm#gdp">Bureau of Economic Analysis: Official United States GDP data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalstatistics.org/">Historicalstatistics.org: Links to historical statistics on GDP for countries and regions</a>, maintained by the Department of Economic History at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.org/usgdp/">Historical U.S. GDP (yearly data)</a>, 1790–present, maintained by Samuel H. Williamson and Lawrence H. Officer, both professors of economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020?lang=en">The Maddison Project</a> of the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>. This project extends the work of <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a> in collating all the available, credible data estimating GDP for countries around the world. This includes data for some countries for over 2,000 years and for all countries since 1950.</li></ul> <p><b>Articles and books</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Gross domestic product</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Gross+domestic+product">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallen" class="citation web cs1">Callen, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm">"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=Gross+Domestic+Product%3A+An+Economy%27s+All&rft.aulast=Callen&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2Fbasics%2Fgdp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitzSenFitoussi2010" class="citation web cs1">Stiglitz, JE; Sen, A; Fitoussi, J-P (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515010559/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/6224">"Mismeasuring our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up"</a>. New Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/6224">the original</a> on May 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mismeasuring+our+Lives%3A+Why+GDP+Doesn%27t+Add+Up&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stiglitz&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Sen%2C+A&rft.au=Fitoussi%2C+J-P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcfia.harvard.edu%2Fnode%2F6224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612235855/http://dieoff.org/page11.htm">"What's wrong with the GDP?"</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a>: Summary of Data and Methodology, Redefining Progress C1995</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/MEASURE.HTM">Whether output and CPI inflation are mismeasured</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nouriel_Roubini" title="Nouriel Roubini">Nouriel Roubini</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="David Backus">David Backus</a>, in Lectures in Macroeconomics</li> <li>Rodney Edvinsson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdvinsson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Edvinsson, Rodney (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-378">"Growth, Accumulation, Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800–2000"</a>. <i>Diva</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diva&rft.atitle=Growth%2C+Accumulation%2C+Crisis%3A+With+New+Macroeconomic+Data+for+Sweden+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Edvinsson&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Asu%3Adiva-378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+domestic+product" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/politics/ecbig/gdp.htm">Clifford Cobb, Ted Halstead and Jonathan Rowe. "If the GDP is up, why is America down?" The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 276, no. 4, October 1995, pages 59–78</a></li> <li>Jerorn C.J.M. van den Bergh, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=962343">Abolishing GDP</a>"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/1507/GDP_and_GNI.html">GDP and GNI in OECD Observer No246-247, Dec 2004-Jan 2005</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_GDP_rankings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GDP_country_lists" title="Template:GDP country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GDP_country_lists" title="Template talk:GDP country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GDP_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GDP country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_GDP_rankings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">GDP</a> rankings</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">Nominal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">Per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)">Past and projected</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition" title="List of countries by GDP sector composition">Sector composition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">Purchasing power parity<br />(PPP)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">Per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_by_past_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of regions by past GDP (PPP)">Past</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_by_past_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of regions by past GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)">Past and projected</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_household_final_consumption_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by household final consumption expenditure per capita">Private consumption per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_person_employed" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per person employed">Per person employed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_largest_historical_GDP" title="List of countries by largest historical GDP">Ten largest historically</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">Growth rate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_growth" title="List of African countries by GDP growth">African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_states_by_GDP_growth" title="List of Asian states by GDP growth">Asian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_GDP_growth" title="List of European Union member states by GDP growth">European Union member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_GDP_growth" title="List of European countries by GDP growth">European countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_countries_by_GDP_growth" title="List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP growth">Latin American and Caribbean countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_GDP_growth" title="List of Oceanian countries by GDP growth">Oceanian countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by real GDP per capita growth">Per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_growth_1980%E2%80%932010" title="List of countries by GDP growth 1980–2010">1980–2010 growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_industrial_production_growth_rate" title="List of countries by industrial production growth rate">Industrial growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">Gross national income (GNI)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">PPP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">Nominal per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">Real income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by GNI per capita growth">Per capita growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income" title="Disposable household and per capita income">Disposable income</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Commonwealth of Nations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Latin America & Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal</a></li></ul></li> <li>North America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of North American countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of North American countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of North American countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">nominal per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li>South America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_and_dependencies_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of South American countries and dependencies by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arab League <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal and per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP and per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">ASEAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_GDP" title="List of Asian countries by GDP">Asia</a></li> <li>Asia & Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_Asia-Pacific_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries in Asia-Pacific by GDP (nominal)">nominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_and_Pacific_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Asian and Pacific countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states#Economy" title="Post-Soviet states">Former Soviet Republics</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">PPP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">nominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">nominal per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_GDP" title="List of Oceanian countries by GDP">GDP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subnational divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Albania_by_GDP" title="List of counties of Albania by GDP">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_provinces_by_gross_regional_product" title="List of Argentine provinces by gross regional product">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia#Regional_GDP" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Austrian states by GDP">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Baltic_States_by_gross_regional_product_(GRP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Baltic States by gross regional product (GRP)">Baltic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus#Gross_Regional_Domestic_Product_(GRDP)" title="Economy of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Belgian provinces by GDP">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_gross_regional_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian federative units by gross regional product">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Bulgarian provinces by GDP">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product#Census_metropolitan_areas_(CMA)_by_GDP,_2020" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Chilean_regions#By_regional_GDP_(PPP)" title="Ranked lists of Chilean regions">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Chilean_regions#By_regional_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="Ranked lists of Chilean regions">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_prefecture-level_cities_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP">cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prefecture-level_divisions_of_China_by_GDP" title="List of prefecture-level divisions of China by GDP">prefectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombian_departments_by_GDP" title="List of Colombian departments by GDP">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_counties_by_GDP" title="List of Croatian counties by GDP">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czech_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Czech regions by GDP">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Egypt_by_GDP" title="List of governorates of Egypt by GDP">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Finnish regions by GDP">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_departments_by_GRP_per_capita" title="List of French regions and overseas departments by GRP per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Georgian regions by GDP">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GRP">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GRP per capita">per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_cities_by_GDP" title="List of German cities by GDP">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_counties_by_GDP" title="List of Hungarian counties by GDP">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Indian_states_and_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="Comparison between Indian states and countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP per capita">per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian cities by GDP">cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_regencies_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian regencies by GDP">regencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian regions by GRP per capita">nominal per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_GDP" title="List of Japanese prefectures by GDP">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Japanese prefectures by GDP per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Kazakhstan_by_GDP" title="List of regions of Kazakhstan by GDP">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Kenya_by_GCP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counties of Kenya by GCP">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Mexican states by GDP per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova#Regional_GDP" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongolian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Mongolian provinces by GDP">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands#Geography" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Nigerian states by GDP">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Nepalese provinces by GDP">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_New_Zealand_by_GDP" title="List of regions of New Zealand by GDP">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_counties_by_GDP" title="List of Norwegian counties by GDP">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_provinces_by_gross_state_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani provinces by gross state product">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Peru_by_GDP" title="List of regions of Peru by GDP">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Philippines_by_GDP" title="List of regions of the Philippines by GDP">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Poland_by_GDP" title="List of regions of Poland by GDP">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Portuguese administrative divisions by GDP">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_counties_by_GDP" title="List of Romanian counties by GDP">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia#Regional_GDP" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Serbian regions by GDP">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovak_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Slovak regions by GDP">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of South African provinces by GDP">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_regions_by_GDP" title="List of South Korean regions by GDP">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_GDP" title="List of Swedish counties by GDP">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_cantons_by_GRP" title="List of Swiss cantons by GRP">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_subdivisions_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ukrainian subdivisions by GRP">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_GRDP" title="List of regions of the United Kingdom by GRDP">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_GRP_per_capita" title="List of regions of the United Kingdom by GRP per capita">Level 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">English counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_cities_by_GDP" title="List of UK cities by GDP">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of the United States by GDP">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_US_counties_by_GDP" title="List of US counties by GDP">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan#Economy_by_region" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Tanzania_by_GDP" title="List of regions of Tanzania by GDP">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_provinces_by_GPP" title="List of Thai provinces by GPP">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Turkish provinces by GDP">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Vietnamese subdivisions by GDP">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_OECD_regions_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of OECD regions by GDP (PPP) per capita">OECD</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions_by_GDP_over_200_billion_US_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion US dollars">*Top country subdivisions by GDP</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_first-level_administrative_country_subdivisions_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first-level administrative country subdivisions by GDP per capita">*Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_GDP_over_US$100_billion" title="List of metropolitan areas by GDP over US$100 billion">*Top country metropolitan by GDP</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Finance_country_lists" title="Template:Finance country lists">Lists of countries by financial rankings</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_classification_of_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_economic_classifications" title="Template:Global economic classifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_economic_classifications" title="Template talk:Global economic classifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_economic_classifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global economic classifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_classification_of_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economic classification of countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Developed country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Developing country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavily_indebted_poor_countries" title="Heavily indebted poor countries">Heavily indebted poor countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">World Bank high-income economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four-World Model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gross domestic product</a> (GDP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP">Nominal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">By country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal)">past and projected</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cross-border_comparison_and_PPP">Purchasing <br /> power parity</a> (PPP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">By country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_future_GDP_(PPP)_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by future GDP (PPP) estimates">future estimates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_future_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by future GDP (PPP) per capita estimates">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_person_employed" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per person employed">per person employed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">Gross national income</a> (GNI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">Nominal per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">Real income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">PPP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by GNI per capita growth">Per capita growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income" title="Disposable household and per capita income">Disposable income</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">Average wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employee_compensation_(per_hour)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by employee compensation (per hour)">Employee compensation (per hour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by median wage">List of countries by median wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minimum wages by country">Minimum wages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minimum wages in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_minimum_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult" title="List of countries by wealth per adult">Wealth per adult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution_in_Europe" title="Wealth distribution in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_financial_assets_per_capita" title="List of countries by financial assets per capita">Financial assets per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">national accounts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by research and development spending">Research and development spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_stock_market_capitalization" title="List of countries by stock market capitalization">Stock market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">Patents, trademarks, and industrial design filing activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(humanity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (humanity)">Human development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">inequality-adjusted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_planetary_pressures%E2%80%93adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted HDI">planetary pressures–adjusted HDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Percentage living in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Capital_Index" title="Human Capital Index">Human Capital Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Household income">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Progress_Index" title="Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICT_Development_Index" title="ICT Development Index">ICT Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Number of broadband Internet subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Number of Internet users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_smartphone_penetration" title="List of countries by smartphone penetration">Smartphone penetration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_international_investment_position" title="Net international investment position">Net international <br /> investment position</a> (NIIP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creditor_nations_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of creditor nations by net international investment position per capita">Per capita (creditors)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_debtor_nations_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of debtor nations by net international investment position per capita">Per capita (debtors)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33001">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&oldid=1258603347">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&oldid=1258603347</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gross_domestic_product" title="Category:Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomic_indicators" title="Category:Macroeconomic 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