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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design of the floor plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_of_the_floor_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overall_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overall construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roofing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roofing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roofing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roofing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmhouse_interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmhouse_interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Farmhouse interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmhouse_interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_Edo_period_farmhouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_Edo_period_farmhouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Typical Edo period farmhouses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typical_Edo_period_farmhouses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typical Edo period farmhouses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typical_Edo_period_farmhouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gasshou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasshou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Gasshou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasshou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honmune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honmune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Honmune</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honmune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Minka</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka" title="Minka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka_(Japan)" title="Minka (Japan) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minka (Japan)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Μίνκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μίνκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka_(Jap%C3%B3n)" title="Minka (Japón) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minka (Japón)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مینکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مینکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka_(Japon)" title="Minka (Japon) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minka (Japon)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka" title="Minka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka_(architettura)" title="Minka (architettura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minka (architettura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95" title="മിൻക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിൻക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6" title="日本の民家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の民家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka" title="Minka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka" title="Minka – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Минка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka" title="Minka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka" title="Minka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka_(arhitektura)" title="Minka (arhitektura) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Minka (arhitektura)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="மின்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minka" title="Minka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мінка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q935445#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minka&params=36_24_N_136_53_E_source:eswiki_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">136°53′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.400°N 136.883°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.400; 136.883</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese vernacular house</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minka_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Minka (disambiguation)">Minka (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirakawago_Japanese_Old_Village_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shirakawago_Japanese_Old_Village_001.jpg/220px-Shirakawago_Japanese_Old_Village_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shirakawago_Japanese_Old_Village_001.jpg/330px-Shirakawago_Japanese_Old_Village_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shirakawago_Japanese_Old_Village_001.jpg/440px-Shirakawago_Japanese_Old_Village_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gasshō-zukuri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>-styled <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> home in <a href="/wiki/Shirakawa,_Gifu_(village)" title="Shirakawa, Gifu (village)">Shirakawa village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture" title="Gifu Prefecture">Gifu Prefecture</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Minka</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:民家">民家</a></span>, lit. "folk houses")</span> are <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular</a> houses constructed in any one of several traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese building styles</a>. In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Four_divisions_of_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Four divisions of society">four divisions of society</a>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> were the dwellings of farmers, artisans, and merchants (i.e., the three non-<a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-nishi,_p82_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi,_p82-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This connotation no longer exists in the modern Japanese language, and any traditional Japanese-style residence of appropriate age could be referred to as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okugame_minka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Okugame_minka.jpg/220px-Okugame_minka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Okugame_minka.jpg/330px-Okugame_minka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Okugame_minka.jpg/440px-Okugame_minka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Okugame minka farmhouse </figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> are characterized by their basic structure, their roof structure, and their roof shape. <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> developed through history with distinctive styles emerging in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-03.jpg/220px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-03.jpg/330px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-03.jpg/440px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gasshō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>-style roof</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg/220px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg/330px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg/440px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gasshō-zukuri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> under repair</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm/220px-seek%3D1-Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm/Kominka_-_Tokyo_-_Sept_10_2021.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Looking around a preserved old minka in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> come in a wide range of styles and sizes, largely as a result of differing geographic and climatic conditions as well as the lifestyle of the inhabitants. They generally fall into one of four classifications: farmhouses <i>nōka</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">農家</span></span>)</span> town houses <i><a href="/wiki/Machiya" title="Machiya">machiya</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">町屋</span></span>)</span>, fishermen's dwellings <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyoka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyoka (page does not exist)">gyoka</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漁家</span></span>)</span> and mountain dwellings <i>sanka</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">山家</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike other forms of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese architecture</a> (such as those of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">sukiya</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">数寄屋</span></span>)</span> style), it is the structure rather than the plan that is of primary importance to the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p44_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p44-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> are divided up with primary posts that form the basic framework and bear the structural load of the building; secondary posts are arranged to suit the functional arrangements of the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p43_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p43-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the wide variety of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>, there are eight basic forms: </p> <ul><li>The 'inverted U' consists of two vertical posts fixed at the top with a horizontal beam; these units can then be joined with side girders. The beam can be fixed to the top of the post either by resting upon it or via a <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> joint. This latter method is often found in <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p44_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p44-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 'ladder' has post and beam units connected with larger beams including beams that are closer to the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundation</a> level. This form of structure originated in townhouses of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. The system allows the irregular placement of posts and, therefore, allows flexibility in the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p44_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p44-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>With the 'umbrella' style, four beams radiate out from a central post. These posts sit at the centre of the square rather than the corners. <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> of this type are often found in <a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga Prefecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p45_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p45-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 'cross' has two beams at right angles to one another with the posts in the centre of the sides. It is often used for very small <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> that have no other posts erected in the space or for large <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> in the earth-floored area. The style is most often found in Shiga and <a href="/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture" title="Fukui Prefecture">Fukui</a> prefectures.</li> <li>'Parallel crosses' are found in <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka Prefecture</a> and cover an area 5 metres by 10 metres. This system doubles up the 'cross' structure with two crosses and eight posts.</li> <li>The 'box' structure connects four or more post and beam units to create a box-like structure. It was devised in the Edo period and can be found in <a href="/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture" title="Toyama Prefecture">Toyama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">Ishikawa</a> prefectures.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p46_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p46-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 'interconnected box' can be found in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>.</li> <li>'Rising beams' is a form that enables better use of the second storey. It uses beams that rise from the posts to a secondary ridge that is below the one formed by the rafters.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p47_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p47-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Thatched roof farmhouses based upon the 'rising beam' structure can be further classified into four major types. The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yojiro-gumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">wagoya</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和小屋</span></span>)</span> are rare. The latter of these, the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">wagoya</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>, is popular for <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">machiya</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> houses. Far more common are the <i>sasu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">扠首</span></span>)</span> (also known as <i>gasshou</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合掌</span></span>)</span>) and the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">odachi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> types.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p81_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p81-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sasu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">odachi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> style has rafters, crossbeams and short vertical posts to support the ridge. Historically, these posts would have extended to the ground resulting in a row of posts extending down the centre of the house and dividing it. Although these could be accommodated in the layout of the main house, they were impractical in the earth-floored entrance area—so they were omitted and a special beam structure used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p111_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style was in wide use until the Edo period when a shift was made to the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sasu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> style (although both types had been used since historic times).<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p84_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p84-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sasu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> style is a simpler triangular shape with a pair of rafters joined at the top to support the ridge pole. The ends of these rafters were sharpened to fit into mortice holes at either end of crossbeam.<sup id="cite_ref-sasu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this system does not rely on central posts it leaves a more unobstructed plan than the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">odachi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> style.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p111_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_of_the_floor_plan">Design of the floor plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design of the floor plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%83%A7%E5%B0%BE%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6P9149865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%83%A7%E5%B0%BE%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6P9149865.jpg/220px-%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%83%A7%E5%B0%BE%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6P9149865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%83%A7%E5%B0%BE%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6P9149865.jpg/330px-%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%83%A7%E5%B0%BE%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6P9149865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%83%A7%E5%B0%BE%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6P9149865.jpg/440px-%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%83%A7%E5%B0%BE%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%B6P9149865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Decorative roof projections on the ridge of a thatched roof</figcaption></figure> <p>There were two main methods for setting out the floor plan of the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>. The <i>kyoma</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">京間</span></span>)</span> method uses a standard size of <i><a href="/wiki/Tatami" title="Tatami">tatami</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">畳</span></span>)</span> mat, whereas the <i>inakama</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">田舎間</span></span>)</span> method is based upon column spacing.<sup id="cite_ref-engel,_p78-81_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engel,_p78-81-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyoma</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> method works well for <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> without central columns as the mats and the sliding partitions (<i><a href="/wiki/Fusuma" title="Fusuma">fusuma</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">襖</span></span>)</span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōji">shōji</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">障子</span></span>)</span>) can be based on a standard size. It was mainly used in <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> in western Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p112_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method has its disadvantages if used with posts because variations in post width can make the prefabrication of the sliding partitions difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-engel,_p78-81_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engel,_p78-81-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">inakama</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> method is based upon the distance between centre of one post and centre of the post adjacent to it and it was mainly used on the eastern side of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p112_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overall_construction">Overall construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overall construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udatsu_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Udatsu_closeup.jpg/220px-Udatsu_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Udatsu_closeup.jpg/330px-Udatsu_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Udatsu_closeup.jpg/440px-Udatsu_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Tiled <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">udatsu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> projecting above the roof</figcaption></figure> <p>The size, construction and decoration of a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> was dependent upon its location, climate, and social status of its owner.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p70-72_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p70-72-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> were influenced by local building techniques and were built with materials that were abundant in the immediate locality. For example, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> in Shizuoka used abundant bamboo for roofs, eaves, doors and floors. When <a href="/wiki/Miscanthus" title="Miscanthus">miscanthus</a> reeds were difficult to obtain for thatched roofs, shingles were used instead; in volcanic areas rushes or boards were used instead of clay for the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p118_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p118-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate had a bearing on construction: In Kyoto in the late <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a> periods, roofs were clad in thin wooden shingles so owners would put stones on top to prevent the shingles from flying away in the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p124_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p124-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social status of the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> owner was indicated by the size and complexity of the building. For thatched roof <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> the number of crossed wooden members (<i>umanori</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">馬乗り</span></span>)</span>) or bundles of miscanthus reeds along the ridge are a good indicator of the importance of the owner's status in the village.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p120_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p120-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">machiya</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>, the presence and elaborateness of an <i>udatsu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">卯立</span></span>)</span>—a wall that projects above the roof line—has a similar status. The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">udatsu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> inherited the function of a fire break, but initially it was a method of establishing the extent of ownership in long terraces of row houses.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p122_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p122-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the evolution of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>, the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">machiya</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> townhouses gradually changed its construction away from perishable and flammable materials to those of a more durable nature. Thatched roofs were replaced with tiles and exposed timbers were covered up with layers of clay plastering.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> owned by people of a higher social status began to incorporate elements of the <a href="/wiki/Shoin-zukuri" title="Shoin-zukuri">shoin</a> style, particularly in living rooms. The types of elements incorporated were limited by <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary laws</a> to preserve strict class distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi,_p82_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi,_p82-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roofing">Roofing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roofing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gokayama_Japanese_Old_Village_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gokayama_Japanese_Old_Village_002.jpg/220px-Gokayama_Japanese_Old_Village_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gokayama_Japanese_Old_Village_002.jpg/330px-Gokayama_Japanese_Old_Village_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gokayama_Japanese_Old_Village_002.jpg/440px-Gokayama_Japanese_Old_Village_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gasshō-zukuri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> homes in <a href="/wiki/Gokayama" title="Gokayama">Gokayama</a> surrounded by snow</figcaption></figure> <p>There are four types of roof shape that can be differentiated for <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>. Most <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">machiya</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> have gabled <i>kirizuma</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">切妻</span></span>)</span> roofs, covered in shingles or tiles, and slanting down on either side of the house. The majority of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nōka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> have either thatched <i>yosemune</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寄せ棟</span></span>)</span>-style hipped roofs, which slant down on four sides, or the more elaborate <i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">irimoya</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">入母屋</span></span>)</span> roof with multiple gables and a combination of thatched sections and shingled sections. Finally, the <i>hogyo</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">方形</span></span>)</span> also slopes in four directions but is more pyramidal in shape.<sup id="cite_ref-fahr,_p196_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahr,_p196-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary purpose of shaping <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> roofs was to accommodate the extensive precipitation experienced in many parts of Japan. A steeply peaked roof allows rain and snow to fall straight off, preventing water from getting through the roof into the home and, to a lesser extent, preventing the thatch from getting too wet and beginning to rot.<sup id="cite_ref-fahr,_p196_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahr,_p196-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the peak and other places where roof sections came together decorations were added. Thatched roofs would have trimmed or transverse layers of straw, bamboo poles or planks of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-fahr,_p196_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahr,_p196-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiled roofs have a variety of decorative plates to the ends of the ridge, for example, <i>shachi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鯱</span></span>)</span> (fish).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also had circular plates to the ends of the tiles at the eaves called <i>gatou</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">瓦当</span></span>)</span> that helped to deflect rain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farmhouse_interior">Farmhouse interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Farmhouse interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Traditional_Hearth_L4817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Japanese_Traditional_Hearth_L4817.jpg/220px-Japanese_Traditional_Hearth_L4817.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Japanese_Traditional_Hearth_L4817.jpg/330px-Japanese_Traditional_Hearth_L4817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Japanese_Traditional_Hearth_L4817.jpg/440px-Japanese_Traditional_Hearth_L4817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>(<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Irori</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">囲炉裏</span></span>)</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabuto_Kazari_-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kabuto_Kazari_-01.jpg/220px-Kabuto_Kazari_-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kabuto_Kazari_-01.jpg/330px-Kabuto_Kazari_-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kabuto_Kazari_-01.jpg/440px-Kabuto_Kazari_-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jizai kagi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> hearth hook with fish-shaped counterbalance</figcaption></figure> <p>The deep eaves of the farmhouse roof helped to protect the interior from driving rain. They stop the sun from entering the interior during the summer, and they allow the low rays of sun to warm the house during the winter. Often there is a timber-floored veranda (<i><a href="/wiki/Engawa" title="Engawa">engawa</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">縁側 or 掾側</span></span>)</span>) around the house under the eaves and protected on the outside by storm shutters. In areas where there is heavy snow there may be a lowered earth-floored area outside the veranda further protected by shutters which helps to stop snow from blowing inside.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p66-68_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p66-68-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interior of a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> was generally divided into two sections: a floor of compacted earth, called a <i>doma</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E9%96%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:土間">土間</a></span></span>)</span> (the precursor to a <i><a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></i>) and a raised floor (generally around 20 inches (50 cm) above the level of the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">doma</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>), called a <i>hiroma</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E9%96%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:広間">広間</a></span></span>)</span>, and, in larger, richer houses, an area or set of rooms covered in tatami or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mushiro</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> mats, called a <i>zashiki</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%A7%E6%95%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:座敷">座敷</a></span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-minka_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minka-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large farmhouses sometimes had a raised, timber-floored internal veranda (<i>hiroshiki</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E6%95%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:広敷">広敷</a></span></span>)</span>) that separated the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">doma</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> and the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> areas.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi,_p82_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi,_p82-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In older houses, like the 17th century Yoshimura house, this separating zone was up to 2.5 m wide and servants apparently slept there.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The raised floor often included a built-in hearth, called an <i><a href="/wiki/Irori" title="Irori">irori</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B2%E7%82%89%E8%A3%8F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:囲炉裏">囲炉裏</a></span></span>)</span>. Above the ash-filled hearth would hang a kettle suspended from the ceiling by an adjustable hearth hook made of wood, metal and bamboo. This <i>jizai kagi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%9C%A8%E9%88%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:自在鈎">自在鈎</a></span></span>)</span> could be raised or lowered depending on the amount of heat required and was often shaped into decorative fish or blade shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-fahr,_p191_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahr,_p191-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no chimney in the farmhouse and the smoke from the <i>irori</i> would rise through the roof drying the reeds and deterring insects. The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">irori</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> was the centre of communication for the house where the family gathered to chat and eat, and it was a cozy place around which to sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-fahr,_p193_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahr,_p193-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though there were many possible arrangements of the rooms in a home, one of the most common, called <i>yomadori</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%96%93%E5%8F%96%E3%82%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:四間取り">四間取り</a></span></span>)</span>, comprised four rooms in the raised floor portion of the house, adjacent to the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">doma</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-minka_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minka-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrangement and size of these rooms was made more flexible with the use of sliding <i><a href="/wiki/Fusuma" title="Fusuma">fusuma</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōji">shōji</a></i> partitions.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p27_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p27-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social status of the owner of house governed the conventions of their social relationships in the house. For example, the lowliest ranked people would sit on the earth floor whilst those above them would sit on the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hiroshiki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> and those above them on the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> floored inner rooms. Honoured guests would sit next with their back to the <i><a href="/wiki/Tokonoma" title="Tokonoma">tokonoma</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%8A%E3%81%AE%E9%96%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:床の間">床の間</a></span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p72_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p72-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirements for social etiquette extended to the family and there were particular seating positions (<i>yokoza</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E5%BA%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:横座">横座</a></span></span>)</span>) positioned around the hearth.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_Edo_period_farmhouses">Typical Edo period farmhouses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Typical Edo period farmhouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babake_house_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Babake_house_2010.jpg/220px-Babake_house_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Babake_house_2010.jpg/330px-Babake_house_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Babake_house_2010.jpg/440px-Babake_house_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Honmune</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>-style house with birdlike decoration on the gable</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of styles of farmhouses came to maturity during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>; some typical examples follow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gasshou">Gasshou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gasshou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>gasshō-zukuri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合掌造</span></span>)</span>-style <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> have vast roofs that are a large form of the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sasu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> structural system. Their name derives from the similarity of the roof shape to two hands in prayer. They are frequently found in Gifu Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p150_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p150-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper floors of the two- and three-story houses are used for <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a>, with storage space for trays of silkworms and mulberry leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-fahr,_p194_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahr,_p194-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honmune">Honmune</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honmune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Honmune-zukuri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">本棟造</span></span>)</span> literally means "true ridge": The style has a nearly square plan with a gabled roof that is board covered. The gable end of the house is particularly impressive with its composition of beams, eaves and braces. The gable is topped by a birdlike ornament called a <i>suzume-odori</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">雀踊り</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-itoh,_p150_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itoh,_p150-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houses of this type can be found in Gunma, Nara, Yamaguchi and Kouchi prefectures.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogimachi_Village-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ogimachi_Village-02.jpg/220px-Ogimachi_Village-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ogimachi_Village-02.jpg/330px-Ogimachi_Village-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ogimachi_Village-02.jpg/440px-Ogimachi_Village-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gasshō-zukuri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>, Ogimachi village</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> are generally treated as historic <a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmarks</a>, and many have been designated for preservation by municipalities or the national government. The tremendous regional variation of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> has also been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">open-air museums</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Minka-en" title="Nihon Minka-en">Nihon Minka-en</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki</a>, where examples from around Japan are on display.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minka have also been used as hotels and restaurants to be preserved. </p><p>Of particular note is the <i>gasshō-zukuri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合掌造り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">literally "clasped-hands" style</i></span>)</span>, which is preserved in two villages in central Japan — <a href="/wiki/Shirakawa,_Gifu_(village)" title="Shirakawa, Gifu (village)">Shirakawa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture" title="Gifu Prefecture">Gifu Prefecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gokayama" title="Gokayama">Gokayama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture" title="Toyama Prefecture">Toyama Prefecture</a> — that together have been designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the Japan Minka Reuse and Recycle Association (JMRA) was established to promote the benefits and conservation of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>. One <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">minka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span> that belonged to the Yonezu family was acquired by the JMRA and donated to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Kew Gardens</a> as part of the Japan 2001 Festival. The wooden structure was dismantled, shipped and re-assembled in Kew with new walls and a thatched roof.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Villages_of_Shirakawa-g%C5%8D_and_Gokayama" title="Historic Villages of Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama">Historic Villages of Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Minka-en" title="Nihon Minka-en">Nihon Minka-en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-frame_house" class="mw-redirect" title="A-frame house">A-frame house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiya" title="Machiya">Machiya</a>, traditional Japanese <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(storehouse)" title="Kura (storehouse)">Kura (storehouse)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nishi,_p82-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nishi,_p82_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi,_p82_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi,_p82_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nishi & Hozumi (1996), p82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/m/minka.htm">"minka"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=minka&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fm%2Fminka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p44-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p44_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p44_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p44_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p43-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p43_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p45-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p45_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p46-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p46_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p47-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p47_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p81-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p81_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sasu_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sasu_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sasu.htm">"sasu"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sasu&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fs%2Fsasu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p111-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p111_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p111_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p84-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p84_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engel,_p78-81-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-engel,_p78-81_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-engel,_p78-81_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel (1980), p78-81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p112-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p112_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p112_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p70-72-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p70-72_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p70-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p118-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p118_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p124-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p124_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p120-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p120_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p122-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p122_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/m/machiya.htm">"machiya"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=machiya&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fm%2Fmachiya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fahr,_p196-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fahr,_p196_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fahr,_p196_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fahr,_p196_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahr-Becker (2001), p196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/k/kayabuki.htm">"kayabuki"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=kayabuki&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fk%2Fkayabuki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/shachi.htm">"shachi"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=shachi&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fs%2Fshachi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/g/gatou.htm">"gatou"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gatou&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fg%2Fgatou.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p66-68-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p66-68_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p66-68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minka-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minka_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minka_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/m/minka.htm">"minka"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=minka&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fm%2Fminka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/h/hiroshiki.htm">"hiroshiki"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hiroshiki&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fh%2Fhiroshiki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fahr,_p191-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fahr,_p191_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahr-Becker (2001), p191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fahr,_p193-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fahr,_p193_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahr-Becker (2001), p193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p27-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p27_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p72-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p72_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/y/yokoza.htm">"yokoza"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=yokoza&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fy%2Fyokoza.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itoh,_p150-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p150_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itoh,_p150_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh (1979), p150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fahr,_p194-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fahr,_p194_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahr-Becker (2001), p194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/suzumeodori.htm">"suzumeodori"</a>. JAANUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=suzumeodori&rft.pub=JAANUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fs%2Fsuzumeodori.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110195335/http://www.nihonminkaen.jp/minka_e.php">"Nihon Minkaen"</a>. Japan Open-Air Folk House Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihonminkaen.jp/minka_e.php">the original</a> on 2013-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nihon+Minkaen&rft.pub=Japan+Open-Air+Folk+House+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihonminkaen.jp%2Fminka_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/734">"Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama"</a>. Unesco<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Villages+of+Shirakawa-go+and+Gokayama&rft.pub=Unesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kew.org/kew-gardens/attractions/bamboo-garden-and-minka-house">"Japanese Minka"</a>. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Minka&rft.pub=Kew+Royal+Botanic+Gardens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kew.org%2Fkew-gardens%2Fattractions%2Fbamboo-garden-and-minka-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahr-Becker2001" class="citation book cs1">Fahr-Becker, Gabriele (2001) [2000]. <i>Ryokan: A Japanese Tradition</i>. Cologne: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8290-4829-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-8290-4829-7"><bdi>3-8290-4829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ryokan%3A+A+Japanese+Tradition&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann+Verlagsgesellschaft+mbH&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-8290-4829-7&rft.aulast=Fahr-Becker&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel1980" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Heinrich (1980) [1964]. <i>The Japanese House: A Tradition for Contemporary Architecture</i>. Rutland/Tokyo: Charles E Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-0304-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-0304-8"><bdi>0-8048-0304-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+House%3A+A+Tradition+for+Contemporary+Architecture&rft.place=Rutland%2FTokyo&rft.pub=Charles+E+Tuttle&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8048-0304-8&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItoh1979" class="citation book cs1">Itoh, Teiji (1979) [1972]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/traditionaldomes0000itte"><i>Traditional Domestic Architecture of Japan</i></a></span>. New York/Tokyo: Weatherhill/Heibonsha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-1004-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-1004-2"><bdi>0-8348-1004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Domestic+Architecture+of+Japan&rft.place=New+York%2FTokyo&rft.pub=Weatherhill%2FHeibonsha&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8348-1004-2&rft.aulast=Itoh&rft.aufirst=Teiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftraditionaldomes0000itte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Japan Live. (2020). Komika. 2nd ed.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishiKazuo_Hozumi1996" class="citation book cs1">Nishi, Kazuo; Kazuo Hozumi (1996). <i>What is Japanese Architecture: A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture</i>. Tokyo: Kondansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-1992-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-1992-9"><bdi>978-4-7700-1992-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Japanese+Architecture%3A+A+Survey+of+Traditional+Japanese+Architecture&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kondansha+International&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-1992-9&rft.aulast=Nishi&rft.aufirst=Kazuo&rft.au=Kazuo+Hozumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Suzuki Mitsuru (1985). "Minka." <u>Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan</u>. Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.</li> <li>Taro Sakamoto, et al. (1964). <u><i>Fuzoku jiten</i> (A Dictionary of Popular Culture)</u>. Tokyo: KK Tokyodō</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130185156/http://www.pem.org/library/collections/offen">The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/m/minka.htm">Definition of Minka at JAANUS</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Template:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Template talk:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_Japanese_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azekurazukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Azekurazukuri">Azekura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buke-zukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Buke-zukuri">Buke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gassho-zukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gassho-zukuri">Gassho</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giy%C5%8Df%C5%AB_architecture" title="Giyōfū architecture">Giyōfū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirairi" title="Hirairi">Hirairi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_Style" title="Imperial Crown Style">Imperial Crown Style</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jutaku" title="Jutaku">Jutaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoya" title="Omoya">Omoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinden-zukuri" title="Shinden-zukuri">Shinden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoin-zukuri" title="Shoin-zukuri">Shoin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">Sukiya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azekura" class="mw-redirect" title="Azekura">Azekura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachiman-zukuri" title="Hachiman-zukuri">Hachiman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiyoshi-zukuri" title="Hiyoshi-zukuri">Hiyoshi (<i>Hie</i>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ishi-no-ma-zukuri" title="Ishi-no-ma-zukuri">Ishi-no-ma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kasuga-zukuri" title="Kasuga-zukuri">Kasuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kibitsu-zukuri" title="Kibitsu-zukuri">Kibitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagare-zukuri" title="Nagare-zukuri">Nagare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinmei-zukuri" title="Shinmei-zukuri">Shinmei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-zukuri" title="Sumiyoshi-zukuri">Sumiyoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisha-zukuri" title="Taisha-zukuri">Taisha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daibutsuy%C5%8D" title="Daibutsuyō">Daibutsuyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku_Zen_architecture" title="Ōbaku Zen architecture">Ōbaku Zen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Setch%C5%ABy%C5%8D" title="Setchūyō">Setchūyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Way%C5%8D" title="Wayō">Wayō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zensh%C5%ABy%C5%8D" title="Zenshūyō">Zenshūyō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;background:whitesmoke;padding:0 1.0em 0 2.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himeji_model7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Model of Himeji Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/150px-Himeji_model7.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/225px-Himeji_model7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/300px-Himeji_model7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span><br />Model of <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Castle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kura_(storehouse)" title="Kura (storehouse)">Kura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machiya" title="Machiya">Machiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)" title="Haiden (Shinto)">Haiden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heiden_(Shinto)" title="Heiden (Shinto)">Heiden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hokora" title="Hokora">Hokora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honden" title="Honden">Honden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">Kofun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Setsumatsusha" title="Setsumatsusha">Setsumatsusha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">Torii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Butsuden" class="mw-redirect" title="Butsuden">Butsuden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D_(architecture)" title="Dō (architecture)">Dō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dky%C5%8Dint%C5%8D" title="Hōkyōintō">Hōkyōintō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dz%C5%8D" title="Kyōzō">Kyōzō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Hall_(Japanese_Buddhism)" title="Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)">Main Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pagoda" title="Japanese pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shichid%C5%8D_garan" title="Shichidō garan">Shichidō garan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Shōrō">Shōrō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tah%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Tahōtō">Tahōtō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roof styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_roof" title="Hidden roof">Hidden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karahafu" title="Karahafu">Karahafu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mokoshi" title="Mokoshi">Mokoshi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structural and spatial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burdock_piling" title="Burdock piling">Burdock piling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chigi_(architecture)" title="Chigi (architecture)">Chigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disordered_piling" title="Disordered piling">Disordered piling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engawa" title="Engawa">Engawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hisashi_(architecture)" title="Hisashi (architecture)">Hisashi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya-zukuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irori" title="Irori">Irori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8Dmado" title="Katōmado">Katōmado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katsuogi" title="Katsuogi">Katsuogi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruwa" title="Kuruwa">Kuruwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moya_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moya (architecture)">Moya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakazonae" title="Nakazonae">Nakazonae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namako_wall" title="Namako wall"><i>Namako</i> wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_floor" title="Nightingale floor">Nightingale floor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onigawara" title="Onigawara">Onigawara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranma_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranma (architectural)">Ranma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Drin" title="Sōrin">Sōrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamagaki" title="Tamagaki">Tamagaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatami" title="Tatami">Tatami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenshu" title="Tenshu">Tenshu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokonoma" title="Tokonoma">Tokonoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toky%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyō">Tokyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsumairi" title="Tsumairi">Tsumairi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shibi_(roof_tile)" title="Shibi (roof tile)">Shibi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Gates</li><li>Approaches</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kair%C5%8D" title="Kairō">Kairō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karamon" title="Karamon">Karamon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mon_(architecture)" title="Mon (architecture)">Mon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%ABmon" title="Nijūmon">Nijūmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%8Dmon" title="Niōmon">Niōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmon" title="Rōmon">Rōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%8D" title="Sandō">Sandō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanmon" title="Sanmon">Sanmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmon" title="Sōmon">Sōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">Torii</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mihashira_Torii" title="Mihashira Torii">Mihashira</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_kitchen" title="Japanese kitchen">Daidokoro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">Mizuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nando_(architecture)" title="Nando (architecture)">Nando</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoin" title="Shoin">Shoin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_Japan" title="Toilets in Japan">Toilets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washitsu" title="Washitsu">Washitsu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Furnishings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chabudai" title="Chabudai">Chabudai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">Emakimono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Furo" title="Furo">Furo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futon" title="Futon">Futon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getabako" title="Getabako">Getabako</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamado" title="Kamado">Kamado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamidana" title="Kamidana">Kamidana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotatsu" title="Kotatsu">Kotatsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitamaya" title="Mitamaya">Mitamaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oshiire" title="Oshiire">Oshiire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tansu" title="Tansu">Tansu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabuton" title="Zabuton">Zabuton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zafu" title="Zafu">Zafu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_partition_furniture_of_traditional_Japanese_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="List of partition furniture of traditional Japanese architecture">Partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dbu" title="Byōbu">Byōbu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusuma" title="Fusuma">Fusuma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinmaku" title="Jinmaku">Jinmaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kich%C5%8D" title="Kichō">Kichō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noren" title="Noren">Noren</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shitomi" title="Shitomi">Shitomi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoji" title="Shoji">Shōji</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">washi</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudare" title="Sudare">Sudare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuitate" title="Tsuitate">Tsuitate</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dzuya" title="Chōzuya">Chōzuya (Temizuya)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giboshi" title="Giboshi">Giboshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shigandang" title="Shigandang">Ishigantō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komainu" title="Komainu">Komainu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōrō">Tōrō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Measurements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ken_(unit)" title="Ken (unit)">Ken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">Ri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaku_(unit)" title="Shaku (unit)">Shaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">Sun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Institute_of_Japan" title="Architectural Institute of Japan">Architectural Institute of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Institute_of_Architects" title="Japan Institute of Architects">Japan Institute of Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolist Movement">Metabolist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">Groups of Traditional Buildings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iki_(aesthetics)" title="Iki (aesthetics)">Iki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">rock (Zen)</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kumiko_(woodworking)" title="Kumiko (woodworking)">Kumiko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ryokan_(inn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryokan (inn)">Ryokan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabo" title="Yabo">Yabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan" title="Lists of National Treasures of Japan">National Treasures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(castles)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (castles)">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(residences)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (residences)">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(shrines)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines)">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(temples)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(miscellaneous_structures)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (miscellaneous structures)">Other structures</a></li></ul> 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