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Large Electron-Positron Collider - Wikipedia
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Beschikbaar in 25 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مصادم إلكترون-بوزيترون الكبير – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصادم إلكترون-بوزيترون الكبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEP" title="LEP – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="LEP" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_elektron-pozitronov%C3%BD_urychlova%C4%8D" title="Velký elektron-pozitronový urychlovač – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velký elektron-pozitronový urychlovač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron-Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron-Positron Collider – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Large Electron-Positron Collider" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Large Electron–Positron Collider" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Elektron-Pozitrona_Koliziigilo" title="Granda Elektron-Pozitrona Koliziigilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Elektron-Pozitrona Koliziigilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_colisionador_de_electrones_y_positrones" title="Gran colisionador de electrones y positrones – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran colisionador de electrones y positrones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_Elektronide-Positronide_P%C3%B5rguti" title="Suur Elektronide-Positronide Põrguti – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur Elektronide-Positronide Põrguti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="برخورددهنده بزرگ الکترون-پوزیترون – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برخورددهنده بزرگ الکترون-پوزیترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEP-t%C3%B6rm%C3%A4ytin" title="LEP-törmäytin – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="LEP-törmäytin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_collisionneur_%C3%A9lectron-positron" title="Grand collisionneur électron-positron – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand collisionneur électron-positron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A5_LEP" title="מאיץ LEP – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאיץ LEP" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_elektron%E2%80%93pozitron" title="Nagy elektron–pozitron – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy elektron–pozitron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron-Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron-Positron Collider – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Large Electron-Positron Collider" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%98%95_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90-%EC%96%91%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%B6%A9%EB%8F%8C%EA%B8%B0" title="대형 전자-양전자 충돌기 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대형 전자-양전자 충돌기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_elektron%C5%B3-pozitron%C5%B3_prie%C5%A1prie%C5%A1ini%C5%B3_sraut%C5%B3_greitintuvas" title="Didysis elektronų-pozitronų priešpriešinių srautų greitintuvas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis elektronų-pozitronų priešpriešinių srautų greitintuvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Large Electron–Positron Collider" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Large Electron–Positron Collider" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcelerator_LEP" title="Akcelerator LEP – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akcelerator LEP" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Colisor_de_El%C3%A9trons_e_P%C3%B3sitrons" title="Grande Colisor de Elétrons e Pósitrons – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Colisor de Elétrons e Pósitrons" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Большой электрон-позитронный коллайдер – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большой электрон-позитронный коллайдер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_elektr%C3%B3novo-pozitr%C3%B3nov%C3%BD_ur%C3%BDch%C4%BEova%C4%8D" title="Veľký elektrónovo-pozitrónový urýchľovač – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľký elektrónovo-pozitrónový urýchľovač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Elektron-Pozitron_%C3%87arp%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Büyük Elektron-Pozitron Çarpıştırıcısı – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Elektron-Pozitron Çarpıştırıcısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Великий електрон-позитронний колайдер – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий електрон-позитронний колайдер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Inside_the_CERN_LHC_tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Inside_the_CERN_LHC_tunnel.jpg/260px-Inside_the_CERN_LHC_tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Inside_the_CERN_LHC_tunnel.jpg/390px-Inside_the_CERN_LHC_tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Inside_the_CERN_LHC_tunnel.jpg/520px-Inside_the_CERN_LHC_tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Plaatsing van magneten voor de <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a> in de voormalige LEP-tunnel bij <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></figcaption></figure> <p>De <b>Large Electron-Positron Collider</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>LEP</b>, letterlijk: grote elektron-positronbotser) was een <a href="/wiki/Deeltjesversneller" title="Deeltjesversneller">deeltjesversneller</a> van <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> bij <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A8ve_(stad)" title="Genève (stad)">Genève</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zwitserland" title="Zwitserland">Zwitserland</a>. </p><p>LEP had een omtrek van 27 km en lag 50 tot 175 m onder de grond in een ringvormige tunnel aan de grens tussen Zwitserland en Frankrijk. Het was een van de grootste deeltjesversnellers die ooit zijn gebouwd, en de krachtigste <a href="/wiki/Lepton_(subatomair_deeltje)" title="Lepton (subatomair deeltje)">leptonversneller</a>. </p><p>LEP was in bedrijf van <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> tot <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> en diende als versneller voor <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positronen</a>; daarbij werden zwaartepuntsenergieën bereikt tot 209 <a href="/wiki/GeV" class="mw-redirect" title="GeV">GeV</a> in de laatste opstelling (LEP2). In de elf jaar dat LEP in gebruik was werden enkele belangrijke wetenschappelijke ontdekkingen gedaan. De precieze massa's van het <a href="/wiki/W-boson" title="W-boson">W-</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Z-boson" title="Z-boson">Z-boson</a> werden er bepaald, en het bewijs werd er geleverd dat er precies drie soorten <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>'s bestaan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Historie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na de inbedrijfname van LEP in 1989 werden elektronen en positronen versneld tot een totale energie van elk 45 <a href="/wiki/GeV" class="mw-redirect" title="GeV">GeV</a> om de productie van het <a href="/wiki/Z-boson" title="Z-boson">Z-boson</a> (met een massa van ca. 91 GeV/<a href="/wiki/Lichtsnelheid" title="Lichtsnelheid">c</a><sup>2</sup>) mogelijk te maken. De versneller werd later opgevoerd om de productie van paren van <a href="/wiki/W-boson" title="W-boson">W-bosonen</a> (elk met een massa van ca. 80 GeV/c<sup>2</sup>) mogelijk te maken. De hoogste energie die met LEP werd gehaald was 209 GeV, kort voor de buitenbedrijfstelling aan het eind van 2000. Daarna werd de versneller ontmanteld om plaats te maken voor de bouw van de <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Werking">Werking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Werking" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Werking"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:LEP_RF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LEP_RF.jpg/260px-LEP_RF.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LEP_RF.jpg/390px-LEP_RF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LEP_RF.jpg/520px-LEP_RF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Een oude RF-resonator van <b>LEP</b>, nu te zien bij de Microkosmos-tentoonstelling bij <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_Proton_Synchrotron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super Proton Synchrotron (de pagina bestaat niet)">Super Proton Synchrotron</a> (SPS, een oudere ringvormige versneller) werd gebruikt om elektronen en positronen te versnellen tot vrijwel de <a href="/wiki/Lichtsnelheid" title="Lichtsnelheid">lichtsnelheid</a>. Ze worden dan in de ring geïnjecteerd. De ring van LEP bestaat, net als alle ringvormige versnellers, uit vele magneten die de elektrisch geladen deeltjes in een cirkelvormige baan houden (zodat ze binnen de ring blijven), RF-versnellers die de deeltjes versnellen met <a href="/wiki/Radiofrequente" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiofrequente">radiofrequente</a> golven, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrupool (de pagina bestaat niet)">quadrupolen</a> die de deeltjes gebundeld houden. De functie van de versneller is niet zozeer het verhogen van de snelheid (die is al vrijwel gelijk aan de lichtsnelheid ), maar het verhogen van de energie, zodat bij botsingen nieuwe zware deeltjes kunnen ontstaan. </p><p>De deeltjes worden versneld tot de hoogst mogelijke energie en gebundeld in groepjes (zogenaamde <i>bunches</i>). Dan worden deze groepjes elektronen en positronen met elkaar in botsing gebracht op de daarvoor bestemde plekken in de detectoren. Bij een botsing tussen elektron en positron annihileren de deeltjes elkaar en er ontstaat een virtueel <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Z-boson" title="Z-boson">Z-boson</a>. Dat virtuele deeltje vervalt vrijwel onmiddellijk tot andere <a href="/wiki/Elementair_deeltje" title="Elementair deeltje">elementaire deeltjes</a>, die vervolgens worden gedetecteerd door enorme deeltjesdetectoren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detectoren">Detectoren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Detectoren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Detectoren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LEP had vier detectoren, gebouwd in ondergrondse ruimtes rond de botsingslocaties. Elke detector was zo groot als een klein huis en kon deeltjes waarnemen aan de hand van hun <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a>, hun <a href="/wiki/Impuls_(natuurkunde)" title="Impuls (natuurkunde)">impuls</a> en hun <a href="/wiki/Elektrische_lading" title="Elektrische lading">elektrische lading</a>. Daaruit konden natuurkundigen afleiden wat voor botsing er had plaatsgevonden en wat voor deeltjes daarbij betrokken waren. Door <a href="/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek">statistische analyse</a> van deze gegevens wordt kennis opgedaan over de fysica van elementaire deeltjes. De vier detectoren (ook "experimenten" genoemd) waren ALEPH, Delphi, L3 en OPAL. Ze waren gemaakt naar verschillend ontwerp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resultaten">Resultaten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Resultaten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Resultaten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met de resultaten van de LEP-experimenten konden precieze waarden worden bepaald van vele grootheden in het <a href="/wiki/Standaardmodel_van_de_deeltjesfysica" title="Standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica">standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica</a>, met name de massa's van het <a href="/wiki/Z-boson" title="Z-boson">Z-boson</a> en het <a href="/wiki/W-boson" title="W-boson">W-boson</a> (die werden ontdekt in 1983 met een eerdere versneller van CERN). Daarmee kreeg het standaardmodel een stevige basis van experimentele gegevens. </p><p>Nauwkeurige metingen die betrekking hadden op de massa van het Z-boson leidden tot de conclusie dat er precies drie <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>'s in het standaardmodel pasten, niet meer en niet minder. Kort voor het buiten bedrijf stellen van LEP werden er onduidelijke aanwijzingen gevonden dat het <a href="/wiki/Higgsboson" title="Higgsboson">higgsboson</a> zou kunnen zijn waargenomen. Er werd een aantal maanden extra geëxperimenteerd, echter zonder resultaat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alle onderstaande websites zijn Engelstalig. </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.web.cern.ch/aleph/aleph/Public.html">Website van Aleph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://l3.web.cern.ch/l3/">Website van L3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122135000/http://delphiwww.cern.ch/">Website van het Delphi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/research/LEPExp-en.html">The LEP experiments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cern.ch/sl-div/history/lep_doc.html"><i>The LEP Collider from Design to Approval and Commissioning</i></a> uittreksels van de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Adams_(natuurkundige)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Adams (natuurkundige) (de pagina bestaat niet)">John Adams</a> memorial lecture</i> gehouden te CERN op 26 november 1990</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040714083204/http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/pub/bigbang/part1.html">Online overzicht van LEP en verwante onderwerpen</a> van de Britse <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (de pagina bestaat niet)">Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Als bron voor de eerste versie van dit artikel werden gebruikt de artikelen op de <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&oldid=51189049">Duitse</a> en <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&oldid=241117433">Engelse</a> Wikipedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908020548/https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_Electron-Positron_Collider&oldid=51189049">Gearchiveerd</a> op 8 september 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐594d4bbbb‐tmdj9 Cached time: 20241102141809 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.053 seconds Real time usage: 0.160 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 128/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 585/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 6/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 946/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.003/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 584334/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 22.520 1 -total 100.00% 22.520 1 Sjabloon:Appendix 87.35% 19.671 1 Sjabloon:References --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key nlwiki:pcache:idhash:1456308-0!canonical and timestamp 20241102141809 and revision id 65750291. 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