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</a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Zellij (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: زليج, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: zillīj), also spelled zillij or zellige, is a style of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> tilework made from individually hand-chiseled <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> pieces.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 335 <a href="#cite_note-:122-2">[2]</a>: 41 <a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 166 The pieces were typically of different colours and fitted together to form various patterns on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellations</a>, most notably elaborate <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_motifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geometric motifs">Islamic geometric motifs</a> such as radiating star patterns composed of various <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1323-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> This form of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> is one of the main characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">architecture in the western Islamic world</a>. It is found in the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Morocco">architecture of Morocco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Algeria" title="Architecture of Algeria">architecture of Algeria</a>, early Islamic <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tunisia" title="Architecture of Tunisia">sites in Tunisia</a>, and in the historic monuments of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>). From the 14th century onwards, zellij became a standard decorative element along lower walls, in fountains and pools, on <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, and for the paving of floors.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg/220px-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg/330px-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg/440px-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></a><figcaption>A wall covered in zellīj at the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa">Ben Youssef Madrasa</a> in Marrakesh</figcaption></figure> After the 15th century the traditional mosaic zellij fell out of fashion in most countries except for Morocco, where it continues to be produced today.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 414–415 Zellij is found in modern buildings making use of traditional designs such as the <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_Mosque" title="Hassan II Mosque">Hassan II Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> which adds a new color palette with traditional designs.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The influence of zellij patterns was also evident in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> tiles produced during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period and is seen in some modern imitations painted on square tiles.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a>: 102 <a href="#cite_note-:122-2">[2]</a>: 41 <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origins_(10th_to_13th_centuries)">2.1 Origins (10th to 13th centuries)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Generalization_across_the_region_(14th_to_15th_centuries)">2.2 Generalization across the region (14th to 15th centuries)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Later_history_(16th_century_and_after)">2.3 Later history (16th century and after)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fabrication">3 Fabrication</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Forms_and_patterns">4 Forms and patterns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Clays">5 Clays</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Zellij_craftsmen">6 Zellij craftsmen</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word zillīj (زليج) is derived from the verb zalaja (زَلَجَ) meaning "to slide,"<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> in reference to the smooth, glazed surface of the tiles. The word <a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">azulejo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, referring to a style of painted tile in Portugal and Spain, derives from the word zillīj.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In Spain, the mosaic tile technique used in historical Islamic monuments like the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> is also referred to as alicatado, a Spanish word deriving from the Arabic verb qata'a (ﻗَﻄَﻊَ) meaning "to cut".<a href="#cite_note-:15-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 166 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_(10th_to_13th_centuries)">Origins (10th to 13th centuries)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins (10th to 13th centuries)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg/170px-Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg/170px-Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg/255px-Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg/340px-Panneau_de_mosa%C3%AFque_en_fa%C3%AFence_Kal%C3%A2a_des_B%C3%A9ni_Hammad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mosaic tiling from the <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad" title="Qal'at Bani Hammad">Qal'at Bani Hammad</a> (present-day Algeria), 11th century</figcaption></figure> Zellij fragments from <a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">al-Mansuriyya</a> (Sabra) in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, possibly dating from either the mid-10th century <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> foundation or from the mid-11th <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a> occupation, suggest that the technique may have developed in the western Islamic world around this period.<a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Mar%C3%A7ais" title="Georges Marçais">Georges Marçais</a> argued that these fragments, along with similar decoration found at <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a>, indicate that the technique likely originated in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> and was subsequently exported further west.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 99, 335 It was probably inspired or derived from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">Byzantine mosaics</a> and then adapted by Muslim craftsmen for <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> tiles.<a href="#cite_note-:1323-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a>: 28 By the 11th century, the zellij technique had reached a sophisticated level in the western Islamic world, as attested in the elaborate pavements found at the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid</a> capital, <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad" title="Qal'at Bani Hammad">Qal'at Bani Hammad</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a> Modern excavations here have uncovered a series of interlocking tiles including cross-shaped <a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">lustre-painted</a> tiles and eight-pointed star-shaped tiles of <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> green or turquoise. Found in palaces built between 1068 and 1091, these might be attributable to Ifriqiyan craftsmen who fled the <a href="/wiki/Hilalian_invasion_of_Ifriqiya" title="Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya">Banu Hilal invasions</a> to the east and sought refuge with the Hammadids around this time,<a href="#cite_note-:10-13">[13]</a> though the lustre tiles may have been imported from elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 93 In general, the Hammadid palaces made greater use of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazed</a> ceramic architectural decoration than earlier <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> and may have played a role in promoting this architectural fashion to the rest of the western Islamic lands.<a href="#cite_note-:10-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_(49131613737).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_%2849131613737%29.jpg/220px-Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_%2849131613737%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="2862"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_%2849131613737%29.jpg/220px-Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_%2849131613737%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_%2849131613737%29.jpg/330px-Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_%2849131613737%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_%2849131613737%29.jpg/440px-Morocco_-_Marrakech_-_mosque_tiles_%2849131613737%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tile decoration on the upper part of the minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakesh)">Kasbah Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> (modern restoration of original 12th-century tiles)</figcaption></figure> During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> period, prominent bands of ceramic decoration in green and white were already features on the minarets of the <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakesh)">Kasbah Mosque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>. Relatively simple in design, they may have reflected artistic influences from <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja Berber</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 231 <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Bloom">Jonathan Bloom</a> cites the glazed tiles on the minaret of the Kutubiyya Mosque, dating from the mid-12th century, as the earliest reliably-dated example of zellij in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:06-14">[14]</a>: 26 The individual tile pieces are large, allowing the pattern to be visible from afar. Each piece was pierced with a small hole prior to being baked so that the tiles could be affixed by nails to a wooden frame set into a mortar surface on this part of the minaret.<a href="#cite_note-:132-15">[15]</a>: 329 The minaret of the Kasbah Mosque, built slightly later in the 1190s, makes greater use of ceramic decoration generally, including geometric mosaics on the upper parts of the minaret in the same technique as those of the Kutubiyya (though slightly more varied in design).<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> The tiles on both minarets today are modern reproductions of the originals, of which fragments have been preserved in the reserve collection of the <a href="/wiki/Badi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Badi Palace">Badi Palace</a> museum.<a href="#cite_note-:132-15">[15]</a>: 326–333 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalization_across_the_region_(14th_to_15th_centuries)">Generalization across the region (14th to 15th centuries)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Generalization across the region (14th to 15th centuries)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg/220px-Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2219" data-file-height="1847"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg/220px-Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg/330px-Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg/440px-Alhambra_Mirador_of_Lindaraja_DSCF6953_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Zellij panel with complex geometry and mosaic-formed Arabic letters in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions#Mirador_de_Lindaraja" title="Court of the Lions">Mirador de Lindaraja</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> (14th century)</figcaption></figure> The more complex zellij style that we know today became widespread during the first half of the 14th century under the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Nasrid</a> dynastic periods in Morocco, Algeria, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 335–336 <a href="#cite_note-:13-17">[16]</a> Due to the significant cultural unity and relations between al-Andalus and the western <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, the forms of zellij under Marinid, Nasrid, and Zayyanid patronage are extremely similar.<a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 188–189 In Ifriqiya (Tunisia), under the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a>, zellij tiling largely fell out of style during this same period and was replaced by a preference for stone and marble paneling.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 486–487 Zellij tiling was most typically used to pave floors and to cover the lower walls inside buildings. Zellij was also used on the exterior of minarets and on some entrance portals.<a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric motifs</a> predominated, with patterns of increasing complexity being formed during this period. Less frequently, vegetal or floral <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> motifs were also created. On walls, zellij geometric <a href="/wiki/Dado_(architecture)" title="Dado (architecture)">dadoes</a> were commonly topped by an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">epigraphic</a> frieze.<a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a> By this period, more colours were employed such as yellow (using <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chrome_yellow" title="Chrome yellow">chrome yellow</a>), blues, and a dark brown <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> colour.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 336 This style of tile mosaic, formed by assembling a large number of small hand-cut pieces to form a pattern, is evident in famous buildings of the period such as the Alhambra palaces of the Nasrids, the mosques of <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, and the Marinid <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a>. It is also found in some Christian Spanish palaces of the same period who employed Muslim or <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a> craftsmen, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcazar of Seville</a>, whose 14th-century sections are contemporary with the Alhambra and contain zellij tilework in the same style, although of slightly lesser sophistication.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 63–64 <a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 172 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg/220px-Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg/220px-Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg/330px-Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg/440px-Chellah_DSCF7049.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Zellij remains in <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a> (14th century), in bright colours and floral motifs that may have been a hallmark of craftsmen from <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 206 </figcaption></figure>Among the most exceptional surviving examples of Nasrid zellij art are the dadoes of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions#Mirador_de_Lindaraja" title="Court of the Lions">Mirador de Lindaraja</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Torre_de_la_Cautiva" title="Torre de la Cautiva">Torre de la Cautiva</a> in the Alhambra, both from the 14th century. Whereas <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic epigraphy</a> was usually carved in stucco or painted on larger square tiles, these two examples contain very fine Arabic inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskhi</a> script that are made from the assembly of coloured tile pieces cut in the form of the letters themselves and set into a white background.<a href="#cite_note-:44-19">[18]</a> The tiles of the Torre de la Cautiva are further distinguished by the use of a purple colour which is unique in architectural zellij decoration.<a href="#cite_note-:44-19">[18]</a> The dado of the Mirador of Lindaraja also contains a particularly advanced geometric composition with very fine mosaic pieces below the level of the inscription.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Some of the tile pieces in this composition measure as little as 2 millimeters in width.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a>: 129 In addition to zellij work further west, a somewhat distinctive style of zellij with brightly coloured pieces, often in floral patterns of <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scroll_(art)" title="Scroll (art)">scrollwork</a>, developed among the craftsmen of Tlemcen. The most important early example of this style was the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Tashfiniya_Madrasa" title="Tashfiniya Madrasa">Tashfiniya Madrasa</a> (no longer extant), founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tashufin_I" title="Abu Tashufin I">Abu Tashfin I</a> (r. 1318–1337). This type subsequently appeared in later monuments of this era, mainly in Tlemcen (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Boumediene_Mosque" title="Sidi Boumediene Mosque">Mosque and madrasa of Abu Madyan</a>) but also further afield in the Marinid madrasa of <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a>, suggesting that the same workshop of craftsmen may have been employed by the Marinids around this time.<a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 187, 195, 206 <a href="#cite_note-:132-15">[15]</a>: 526 <a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[20]</a> The use of zellij decoration on entrance portals, otherwise not common in the rest of the Maghreb, was also most characteristic of the architecture of Tlemcen.<a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[20]</a>: 178 Today, the archaeological museum of Tlemcen contains many remains of panels and fragments of zellij from various medieval monuments dating back to the Zayyanid dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_(52341035906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_%2852341035906%29.jpg/220px-Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_%2852341035906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2142"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_%2852341035906%29.jpg/220px-Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_%2852341035906%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_%2852341035906%29.jpg/330px-Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_%2852341035906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_%2852341035906%29.jpg/440px-Panel_de_cer%C3%A1mica_%2852341035906%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tiles in the <a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a>-style technique from an epigraphic frieze of the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> (14th century)</figcaption></figure> The epigraphic friezes in Marinid tilework, which typically topped the main mosaic dadoes, were made through a different technique known more widely as <a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> word for "scratched"<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 67 <a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a> In this technique, square panels were glazed in a black colour and the glaze was then chipped away around the desired motif, leaving the Arabic inscription and other decorative flourishes in black relief against a bare earth ground.<a href="#cite_note-:4-24">[23]</a>: 138 <a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a>: 74 <a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 336 <a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 67 Occasionally the earth background is covered with a white coating, and on some occasions a green glaze is used instead of black in order to leave a green motif in relief. An example of the latter is seen on the ceramic decoration of the minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> in Fez (1350–1355), within the sunken spaces of the <a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">sebka</a> motif.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 336 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history_(16th_century_and_after)">Later history (16th century and after)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later history (16th century and after)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 16th century most of North Africa came under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule. In Algeria, the indigenous zellij style was mostly supplanted by small square tiles imported from Europe – especially from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delftware" title="Delftware">Delft</a> – and sometimes from <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. Some examples of more traditional mosaic tiles found in this late period may have continued to be produced in Tlemcen.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 449 In Tunisia, another style of tile decoration, <a href="/wiki/Qallaline_tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Qallaline tiles">Qallaline tiles</a>, became common during the 18th century and was produced locally. It consisted of square panels of fixed size, painted with scenes and flowers, in a technique similar to Italian <a href="/wiki/Maiolica" title="Maiolica">maiolica</a> rather than to the earlier mosaic technique.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 487 <a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 84–86 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg/220px-Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="1533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg/220px-Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg/330px-Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg/440px-Panel_of_4_cuenca_tiles_MET_sf33_46.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Example of cuenca or arista tiles with Islamic geometric motifs, produced in 16th-century Spain, at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> In Spain, where former Muslim-controlled territories had come under Christian rule, new techniques of tilemaking developed. As wealthy Spaniards favoured the Mudéjar style to decorate their residences, the demand for mosaic tilework in this style increased beyond what tilemakers could produce, requiring them to consider new methods.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a>: 102 Towards the late 15th and early 16th centuries <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> became an important production center for a type of tile known as cuenca ("hollow") or arista ("ridge"). In this technique, motifs were formed by pressing a metal or wooden mould over the unbaked tile, leaving a motif delineated by thin ridges of clay that prevented the different colours in between from bleeding into each other during baking. This was similar to the older <a href="/wiki/Cuerda_seca" title="Cuerda seca">cuerda seca</a> technique but more efficient for mass production.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 64–65 <a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a>: 102 <a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The motifs on these tiles imitated earlier Islamic and Mudéjar designs from the zellij mosaic tradition or blended them with contemporary European influences such as <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> or Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a>: 102 <a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 64–65 <a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Fine examples of these tiles can be found in the early 16th-century decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Pilatos" title="Casa de Pilatos">Casa de Pilatos</a> in Seville.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 65 This type of tile was produced well into the 17th century and was widely exported from Spain to other European countries and to the Spanish colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a>: 102 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_(zellij_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_%28zellij_crop%29.jpg/220px-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_%28zellij_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_%28zellij_crop%29.jpg/220px-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_%28zellij_crop%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_%28zellij_crop%29.jpg/330px-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_%28zellij_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_%28zellij_crop%29.jpg/440px-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF_1048_%28zellij_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Zellij in the <a href="/wiki/Saadian_Tombs" title="Saadian Tombs">Saadian Tombs</a> (late 16th century), using a different colouring method and thinner individual pieces for finer patterns</figcaption></figure>In Morocco, existing architectural styles were perpetuated with relatively few outside influences.<a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 243 Here, traditional zellij continued to be used after the 15th century and continues to be produced up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 414–415 Under the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a> in the 16th century and in subsequent centuries, the usage of zellij became even more ubiquitous within Morocco and covered more and more surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 415 During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawi</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Moulay Isma'il</a> (1672–1727), zellij was used extensively on the facades of the monumental gates of the new <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Moulay_Ismail" title="Kasbah of Moulay Ismail">imperial citadel</a> in Meknes.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 78 Under the Saadis, the complexity of geometric patterns was increased for the decoration of the most luxurious buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Badi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Badi Palace">Badi Palace</a> (now ruined).<a href="#cite_note-:3-29">[28]</a>: 268 Some of the zellij compositions in the <a href="/wiki/Saadian_Tombs" title="Saadian Tombs">Saadian Tombs</a> are among the best examples of this type in situ.<a href="#cite_note-:3-29">[28]</a>: 194–200 <a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 415 In this example, craftsmen employed finer (thinner) mosaic pieces and the thin, linear pieces that form the <a href="/wiki/Strapwork" title="Strapwork">strapwork</a> are coloured whereas the larger pieces that form the "background" are white. This scheme reversed the colouring pattern generally seen in older zellij (where the ground was coloured and the linear strapwork was white).<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 415 Over the centuries since the Saadi period, the sgraffito technique previously used for Marinid epigraphic friezes came into more general usage in Morocco as a simpler and more economic alternative to mosaics. This type of tile was often employed on the <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a> of large gateways and portals. The motifs are often relatively simpler and less colourful than the traditional mosaic zellij style.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 415 In addition to black glaze, green or blue glaze was also used in later examples of this type to obtain motifs in these colours. An example of this can be seen on the blue and green tiled façades of the <a href="/wiki/Bab_Bou_Jeloud" title="Bab Bou Jeloud">Bab Bou Jeloud</a> gate in Fez, built in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-:4-24">[23]</a>: 138 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg/220px-Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg/220px-Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg/330px-Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg/440px-Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Example of a large-scale geometric rosette composition from later periods in Morocco, covering a fountain built in 1913 at Place el-Hedim in Meknes<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> In later centuries, the interlacing strapwork that once separated the polygons in geometric mosaics was no longer standard and Moroccan craftsmen created rosette-style geometric compositions on an increasingly large scale.<a href="#cite_note-:4-24">[23]</a>: 152 <a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 415 The culmination of this latter style is visible in the palaces built during the 19th and 20th centuries. New colours were also introduced into the palette during this period, including red, a bright yellow, and dark blue.<a href="#cite_note-:4-24">[23]</a>: 152 Zellij was employed on a wider array of architectural elements. The geometric rosette motifs were used to decorate fountains (or the ground around a fountain), the spandrels of arched doorways, or wall surfaces framed by arches of carved stucco. Simpler checkerboard-like motifs were used as backgrounds for the rosette compositions or to cover other large surfaces. In more modern houses and mansions, even cylindrical pillars were covered in tilework up to the level of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 415 In Morocco today, zellij art form remains one of the hallmarks of Moroccan cultural and artistic identity<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[30]</a> and continues to be used in modern Moroccan architecture.<a href="#cite_note-:122-2">[2]</a>: 41 Fez remains its most important center of production.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-32">[31]</a> Workshops in other cities like Meknes, Salé and Marrakesh generally emulate the same style as the craftsmanship of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-:5-32">[31]</a> The exception to this is the city of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a> (in northern Morocco), which since the 19th century has hosted its own mosaic zellij industry employing a technique differing from that of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-:5-32">[31]</a> The patterns of traditional zellij are also still used in some Spanish decorative tiles, but in modern Spanish tiles the geometric motifs are simply painted and baked on large tiles rather than formed by mosaic.<a href="#cite_note-:122-2">[2]</a>: 41 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Fabrication">Fabrication</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fabrication" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Zellij tiles are first fabricated in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazed</a> squares, typically 10 cm per side, then cut by hand with a small <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adze</a>-like hammer into a variety of pre-established shapes (usually memorized by rote learning) necessary to form the overall pattern.<a href="#cite_note-:122-2">[2]</a>: 41 <a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 414 Although the exact patterns vary from case to case, the underlying principles have been constant for centuries and Moroccan craftsmen are still adept at making them today.<a href="#cite_note-:122-2">[2]</a>: 41–43 The small shapes (cut according to a precise <a href="/wiki/Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">radius gauge</a>) of different colours are then assembled in a geometrical structure as in a puzzle to form the completed mosaic. Uniquely in the city of Tétouan, zellij tiles are cut into the desired shapes before being baked. This results in a harder enamel that lasts longer, but the colours are not as bright and the tile pieces generally do not fit together as tightly as those produced in other cities like Fez.<a href="#cite_note-:022-1">[1]</a>: 414–415 <a href="#cite_note-:122-2">[2]</a>: 41 Once baked and cut, the tiles were laid face down on the ground and assembled together into the intended pattern. The back of the tile pieces were coated together with thin layers of plaster or whitewash. Once dry, this coating bonded the tile pieces together into larger panels.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a>: 55 <a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a>: 33 <a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 166 <a href="#cite_note-:42-33">[32]</a>: 287–288 In Nasrid tilework the plaster was mixed with threads of <a href="/wiki/Esparto" title="Esparto">esparto</a> grass and <a href="/wiki/Cane_(grass)" title="Cane (grass)">cane</a> to provide them with more tensile strength.<a href="#cite_note-:8-3">[3]</a>: 166 The panels were then affixed to the walls with a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">grout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:132-15">[15]</a>: 563 <a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a>: 33 In the case of the Almohad tilework on the minarets of the Kutubiyya and Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh, the tiles were nailed to a wooden framework set into the surface of the wall behind them.<a href="#cite_note-:132-15">[15]</a>: 330 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zellige_Art2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An eight sided star tile after being cut from a tile, a mainstay of Moorish/Islamic design"><noscript><img alt="An eight sided star tile after being cut from a tile, a mainstay of Moorish/Islamic design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zellige_Art2.jpg/120px-Zellige_Art2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="839"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zellige_Art2.jpg/120px-Zellige_Art2.jpg" data-alt="An eight sided star tile after being cut from a tile, a mainstay of Moorish/Islamic design" data-width="120" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zellige_Art2.jpg/180px-Zellige_Art2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zellige_Art2.jpg/240px-Zellige_Art2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An eight sided star tile after being cut from a tile, a mainstay of Moorish/Islamic design</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artisan workers chipping zellij pieces, Fez, Morocco."><noscript><img alt="Artisan workers chipping zellige pieces, Fez, Morocco." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg/90px-Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg/90px-Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg" data-alt="Artisan workers chipping zellige pieces, Fez, Morocco." data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg/135px-Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg/180px-Zellige_factory-24116015119.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artisan workers chipping zellij pieces, <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez, Morocco</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Loose tiles after chiseling the main glazed tile. Fez, Morocco."><noscript><img alt="Loose tiles after chiseling the main glazed tile. Fez, Morocco." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg/120px-Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg/120px-Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg" data-alt="Loose tiles after chiseling the main glazed tile. Fez, Morocco." data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg/180px-Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg/240px-Zellige_loose_tile_shapes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Loose tiles after chiseling the main glazed tile. Fez, Morocco.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij being assembled for an installation in Fez, Morocco."><noscript><img alt="Zellige being assembled for an installation in Fez, Morocco." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg/120px-Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg/120px-Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg" data-alt="Zellige being assembled for an installation in Fez, Morocco." data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg/180px-Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg/240px-Zellige_upside-down_assembly.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij being assembled for an installation in Fez, Morocco.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Forms_and_patterns">Forms and patterns</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forms and patterns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_classic_detail_of_azulejos,_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_classic_detail_of_azulejos%2C_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg/260px-A_classic_detail_of_azulejos%2C_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5982" data-file-height="3988"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_classic_detail_of_azulejos%2C_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg/260px-A_classic_detail_of_azulejos%2C_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_classic_detail_of_azulejos%2C_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg/390px-A_classic_detail_of_azulejos%2C_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_classic_detail_of_azulejos%2C_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg/520px-A_classic_detail_of_azulejos%2C_Patio_de_las_Doncellas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Example of zellij with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric pattern</a> in the Courtyard of the Maidens in the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>. This common pattern features 12-pointed, 6-pointed, and 8-pointed stars.</figcaption></figure> In traditional zellij decoration, geometric patterns of varying complexity were the most prominent and widespread motif. Vegetal arabesque motifs were also used, though less frequently.<a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a> Geometric patterns were created on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellation</a>: the method of covering a surface with the use of forms that can be repeated and fitted together without overlapping or leaving empty spaces between them. These patterns can be extended infinitely.<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a>: 21 In <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, the most important types of tessellation in geometric motifs are based on regular polygons.<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[33]</a> This form of expression within the conceptual framework of Islamic art valued the creation of spatial decorations that avoided depictions of living things, consistent with taboos of <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">aniconism in Islam</a> on such depictions.<a href="#cite_note-:1323-4">[4]</a> Traditions of mosaic tilework were also prevalent across various periods in other parts of the Islamic world, including <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-35">[34]</a> Whereas in the eastern Islamic world blues and turquoises were the dominant colours, in western zellij yellows, greens, black, and light brown were very common, with blues and turquoise also appearing in the mix, and they were typically set against a white ground.<a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-36">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_(24188205260).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_%2824188205260%29.jpg/290px-20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_%2824188205260%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="2678"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_%2824188205260%29.jpg/290px-20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_%2824188205260%29.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_%2824188205260%29.jpg/435px-20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_%2824188205260%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_%2824188205260%29.jpg/580px-20151118_Morocco_2477_Fez_sRGB_%2824188205260%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Example of geometric pattern in the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> of Fez. This example employs a fivefold geometric system with 10-pointed stars, while also adding visual diversity through colour.</figcaption></figure>In western Islamic art, under the Nasrid and Marinid dynasties, a great variety of geometric patterns were created for architectural decoration. Among the most common was a pattern employing six-pointed and twelve-pointed star compositions, with eight-pointed stars inserted between them.<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[33]</a>: 107 A popular trend was the use of patterns based on systems of fourfold symmetry. This family of patterns was widely used in other Muslim cultures further east, but in the Maghreb and al-Andalus artists excelled at their use and introduced several innovations. One innovation was to make the repeating unit of the patterns larger, with broader compositions involving many different polygonal forms. Other innovations were the incorporation of more complex sixteen-pointed stars into some of these patterns and the insertion of further "arbitrary" design elements within the wider patterns. These innovations not only increased the complexity of the motifs but also increased their visual diversity.<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[33]</a>: 107–109 The family of patterns involving fivefold symmetry, which was widely used and developed throughout the rest of the Islamic world, was less common in the Maghreb and al-Andalus.<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[33]</a>: 110 Some exceptional examples of this pattern from the Marinid period are found in the zellij tilework of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">al-Attarine</a> and Bou Inania madrasas in Fez, where greater visual diversity was once again achieved by using large repeating units.<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[33]</a>: 111 In these examples and in others, additional visual diversity was also achieved through the use of colour. By varying the colours of the pieces, different patterns could be highlighted within the same geometric motif.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a>: 85 <a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[33]</a>: 111 Other types of compositions were also employed, many of them much simpler. Some mosaics were simply composed of coloured squares.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1323-4">[4]</a> One variation of this is a "checkerboard"-like pattern made up of repeating squares/lozenges separated by white strips with eight-pointed stars at their intersections.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 60–72 In the Alhambra of the Nasrids, some zellij motifs were composed of interlacing ribbons or tracery, sometimes as part of a narrow frieze wrapping around doorways or running above larger zellij dadoes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> Another motif distinctive to the Alhambra is the so-called "Nasrid bird" (Spanish: pajarita nazarí), which is composed of a three-pointed star with curved arms that is repeated in a wheel-like motif.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> Yet another motif consists of one repeating curvilinear form resembling a double-headed axe, which is found in the Alhambra and is also common in the zellij of Tétouan in Morocco, where it is known in Arabic as the "four hammers" (arba'a matariq). A straight-lined version of this motif, similar to the 12th-century zellij on the minaret of the Kutubiyya Mosque, is also found in the Alhambra, where it is referred to in Spanish as the "bone" (hueso) motif.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a>: 22–23 <a href="#cite_note-:122-2">[2]</a>: 32–36 A darj-wa-ktaf (or sebka) motif is also employed in some Marinid tilework, including examples at the al-Attarine and Bou Inania madrasas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-24">[23]</a>: 138–153 <a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[17]</a>: 70–71 Numerous other tessellated motifs are attested. An <a href="/wiki/Aramco_World" title="Aramco World">Aramco World</a> article about zellij states: <blockquote>An encyclopedia could not contain the full array of complex, often individually varied patterns and the individually shaped, hand-cut <a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a>, or furmah, found in zillij work. Star-based patterns are identified by their number of points—'itnashari for 12, 'ishrini for 20, arba' wa 'ishrini for 24 and so on, but they are not necessarily named with exactitude. The so-called khamsini, for 50 points, and mi'ini, for 100, actually consist of 48 and 96 points respectively, because geometry requires that the number of points of any star in this sequence be divisible by six. (There are also sequences based on five and on eight.) Within a single star pattern, variations abound—by the mix of colors, the size of the furmah, and the complexity and size of interspacing elements such as strapping, braids, or "lanterns." And then there are all the non-star patterns— <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycombs</a>, webs, steps and shoulders, and <a href="/wiki/Checkerboard" title="Checkerboard">checkerboards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of zellij across periods and styles</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of Zellij with eight-pointed star motif, in the Marinid ruins of Chellah in Rabat, Morocco (14th century)"><noscript><img alt="Remains of Zellij with eight-pointed star motif, in the Marinid ruins of Chellah in Rabat, Morocco (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg/120px-Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg/120px-Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg" data-alt="Remains of Zellij with eight-pointed star motif, in the Marinid ruins of Chellah in Rabat, Morocco (14th century)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg/180px-Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg/240px-Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of Zellij with eight-pointed star motif, in the Marinid ruins of <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, Morocco (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij applied to curved surfaces in the Marinid Madrasa of Salé (14th century)"><noscript><img alt="Zellij applied to curved surfaces in the Marinid Madrasa of Salé (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg/120px-Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg/120px-Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg" data-alt="Zellij applied to curved surfaces in the Marinid Madrasa of Salé (14th century)" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg/180px-Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg/240px-Mederssa_Sal%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij applied to curved surfaces in the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_of_Abu_al-Hasan" title="Madrasa of Abu al-Hasan">Marinid Madrasa of Salé</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij on the minaret of the Bou Inania Madrasa in Fez (14th century), with mosaic panels below and green sgraffito tiles above"><noscript><img alt="Zellij on the minaret of the Bou Inania Madrasa in Fez (14th century), with mosaic panels below and green sgraffito tiles above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg/86px-Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg/86px-Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg" data-alt="Zellij on the minaret of the Bou Inania Madrasa in Fez (14th century), with mosaic panels below and green sgraffito tiles above" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg/129px-Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg/173px-Bou_inania_minaret_detail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij on the minaret of the Bou Inania Madrasa in Fez (14th century), with mosaic panels below and green sgraffito tiles above</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij fragment from Tlemcen, Algeria, from the 14th century"><noscript><img alt="Zellij fragment from Tlemcen, Algeria, from the 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg/120px-Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4678" data-file-height="3119"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg/120px-Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg" data-alt="Zellij fragment from Tlemcen, Algeria, from the 14th century" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg/180px-Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg/240px-Mosaic_Louvre_74.1962.518-520_n01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij fragment from <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, Algeria, from the 14th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watercolour drawing recording various zellij patterns in the 14th-century Tashfiniya Madrasa of Tlemcen, prior to its demolition in the 19th century"><noscript><img alt="Watercolour drawing recording various zellij patterns in the 14th-century Tashfiniya Madrasa of Tlemcen, prior to its demolition in the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg/120px-Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="495"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 78px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg/120px-Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg" data-alt="Watercolour drawing recording various zellij patterns in the 14th-century Tashfiniya Madrasa of Tlemcen, prior to its demolition in the 19th century" data-width="120" data-height="78" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg/180px-Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg/240px-Madrasa_Tachfinia_16-572162.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">Watercolour</a> drawing recording various zellij patterns in the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Tashfiniya_Madrasa" title="Tashfiniya Madrasa">Tashfiniya Madrasa</a> of Tlemcen, prior to its demolition in the 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij with 16-pointed star motifs in the Mexuar of the Alhambra in Granada (14th century; with later Spanish emblem inserted in the center)"><noscript><img alt="Zellij with 16-pointed star motifs in the Mexuar of the Alhambra in Granada (14th century; with later Spanish emblem inserted in the center)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG/120px-ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2301"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG/120px-ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG" data-alt="Zellij with 16-pointed star motifs in the Mexuar of the Alhambra in Granada (14th century; with later Spanish emblem inserted in the center)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG/180px-ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG/240px-ReconquistaAlhambra.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij with 16-pointed star motifs in the <a href="/wiki/Mexuar" title="Mexuar">Mexuar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> (14th century; with later <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> emblem inserted in the center)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_wall_07_(7005708199).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij with checkerboard pattern with eight-pointed stars, in the Court of the Myrtles of the Alhambra"><noscript><img alt="Zellij with checkerboard pattern with eight-pointed stars, in the Court of the Myrtles of the Alhambra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alhambra_wall_07_%287005708199%29.jpg/120px-Alhambra_wall_07_%287005708199%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alhambra_wall_07_%287005708199%29.jpg/120px-Alhambra_wall_07_%287005708199%29.jpg" data-alt="Zellij with checkerboard pattern with eight-pointed stars, in the Court of the Myrtles of the Alhambra" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alhambra_wall_07_%287005708199%29.jpg/180px-Alhambra_wall_07_%287005708199%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alhambra_wall_07_%287005708199%29.jpg/240px-Alhambra_wall_07_%287005708199%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij with checkerboard pattern with eight-pointed stars, in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Myrtles" title="Court of the Myrtles">Court of the Myrtles</a> of the Alhambra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_(32).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij band with interlacing motif at the entrance of the Comares Palace of the Alhambra (14th century)"><noscript><img alt="Zellij band with interlacing motif at the entrance of the Comares Palace of the Alhambra (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_%2832%29.jpg/90px-Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_%2832%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_%2832%29.jpg/90px-Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_%2832%29.jpg" data-alt="Zellij band with interlacing motif at the entrance of the Comares Palace of the Alhambra (14th century)" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_%2832%29.jpg/135px-Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_%2832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_%2832%29.jpg/180px-Alhambra_Granada_mjsm_%2832%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij band with interlacing motif at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Comares_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Comares Palace">Comares Palace</a> of the Alhambra (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Alhambra_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='Zellij with so-called "Nasrid bird" motif in the Court of the Myrtles in the Alhambra (14th century)'><noscript><img alt='Zellij with so-called "Nasrid bird" motif in the Court of the Myrtles in the Alhambra (14th century)' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/La_Alhambra_%2814%29.jpg/110px-La_Alhambra_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/La_Alhambra_%2814%29.jpg/110px-La_Alhambra_%2814%29.jpg" data-alt='Zellij with so-called "Nasrid bird" motif in the Court of the Myrtles in the Alhambra (14th century)' data-width="110" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/La_Alhambra_%2814%29.jpg/166px-La_Alhambra_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/La_Alhambra_%2814%29.jpg/221px-La_Alhambra_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij with so-called "Nasrid bird" motif in the Court of the Myrtles in the Alhambra (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg" class="mw-file-description" title='Digital recreation of the "bone" motif, including the straight-lined (left) and curvilinear (right) variants'><noscript><img alt='Digital recreation of the "bone" motif, including the straight-lined (left) and curvilinear (right) variants' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg/120px-Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2485" data-file-height="1172"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 57px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg/120px-Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg.png" data-alt='Digital recreation of the "bone" motif, including the straight-lined (left) and curvilinear (right) variants' data-width="120" data-height="57" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg/180px-Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg/240px-Mosaico_Nazar%C3%AD_Hueso.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Digital recreation of the "bone" motif, including the straight-lined (left) and curvilinear (right) variants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_(39977436372).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij with darj-wa-ktaf motif in the al-Attarine Madrasa in Fez (14th century)"><noscript><img alt="Zellij with darj-wa-ktaf motif in the al-Attarine Madrasa in Fez (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_%2839977436372%29.jpg/80px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_%2839977436372%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_%2839977436372%29.jpg/80px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_%2839977436372%29.jpg" data-alt="Zellij with darj-wa-ktaf motif in the al-Attarine Madrasa in Fez (14th century)" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_%2839977436372%29.jpg/120px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_%2839977436372%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_%2839977436372%29.jpg/160px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSC_0465_%2839977436372%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij with <a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">darj-wa-ktaf</a> motif in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">al-Attarine Madrasa</a> in Fez (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zellij paving around the fountain of the Al-Attarine Madrasa in Fez"><noscript><img alt="Zellij paving around the fountain of the Al-Attarine Madrasa in Fez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg/120px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="2576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg/120px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg" data-alt="Zellij paving around the fountain of the Al-Attarine Madrasa in Fez" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg/180px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg/240px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zellij paving around the fountain of the Al-Attarine Madrasa in Fez</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa in Marrakesh (16th century)"><noscript><img alt="Ben Youssef Madrasa in Marrakesh (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg/120px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2591"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg/120px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg" data-alt="Ben Youssef Madrasa in Marrakesh (16th century)" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg/180px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg/240px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa">Ben Youssef Madrasa</a> in Marrakesh (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Mansour2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Bab al-Mansour in Meknes (early 18th century)"><noscript><img alt="Detail of Bab al-Mansour in Meknes (early 18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bab_Mansour2.JPG/80px-Bab_Mansour2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="3058"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bab_Mansour2.JPG/80px-Bab_Mansour2.JPG" data-alt="Detail of Bab al-Mansour in Meknes (early 18th century)" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bab_Mansour2.JPG/120px-Bab_Mansour2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bab_Mansour2.JPG/160px-Bab_Mansour2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of <a href="/wiki/Bab_Mansur_al-%27Alj" title="Bab Mansur al-'Alj">Bab al-Mansour</a> in Meknes (early 18th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of zellij in Tétouan (on a fountain in the Mellah)"><noscript><img alt="Example of zellij in Tétouan (on a fountain in the Mellah)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg/85px-Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="3731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg/85px-Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg" data-alt="Example of zellij in Tétouan (on a fountain in the Mellah)" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg/127px-Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg/169px-Mellah_de_Tetouan_10112020_004.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of zellij in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a> (on a fountain in the <a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="20th-century zellij in the Mahkamat al-Pasha in Casablanca, Morocco"><noscript><img alt="20th-century zellij in the Mahkamat al-Pasha in Casablanca, Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg/120px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg/120px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg" data-alt="20th-century zellij in the Mahkamat al-Pasha in Casablanca, Morocco" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg/180px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg/240px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_20_52_01_947000.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">20th-century zellij in the <a href="/wiki/Mahkamat_al-Pasha" title="Mahkamat al-Pasha">Mahkamat al-Pasha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, Morocco</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmond Brion's reinterpreted zellij at Bank Al-Maghrib in Casablanca"><noscript><img alt="Edmond Brion's reinterpreted zellij at Bank Al-Maghrib in Casablanca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg/90px-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg/90px-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg" data-alt="Edmond Brion's reinterpreted zellij at Bank Al-Maghrib in Casablanca" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg/135px-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg/180px-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Brion" title="Edmond Brion">Edmond Brion's</a> reinterpreted zellij at <a href="/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Bank Al-Maghrib</a> in Casablanca</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg/220px-Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4550" data-file-height="3140"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg/220px-Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg/330px-Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg/440px-Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wooden box inlaid with ivory with zellīj-like geometrical motifs. Italy (Florence or Venice) 15th century.</figcaption></figure> Islamic decoration and craftsmanship had a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">significant influence on Western art</a> when <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> merchants brought goods of many types back to Italy from the 14th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The tessellations of zellij tilework in the Alhambra of Granada were also an important source of inspiration for the work of 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> artist M. C. Escher.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The tessellations in the mosaics are currently of interest in academic research in the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">mathematics of art</a>. These studies require expertise not only in the fields of mathematics, art and art history, but also of computer science, computer modelling and software engineering.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Clays">Clays</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clays" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> In Morocco, Fez is still a production center for zellīj tiles due in part to the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> grey clay found in the area. The clay from this region is primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>. In Fez and in other sites including Meknes, Safi, and Salé, the composition of clay used for ceramics is 27–56% clay minerals, of which 3–29% is <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> (around 16% for Fez).<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a> Quartz and muscovite are also present, at around 15–29% and 5–18%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a> A study by Meriam El Ouahabi, L. Daoudi, and Nathalie Fagel states that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">From the other sites (Meknes, Fes, Salé and Safi), the clay mineral composition shows besides kaolinite the presence of <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectite</a> and traces of mixed layer illite/chlorite. Meknes clays belong to illitic clays, characterized by illite (54 – 61%), kaolinite (11 – 43%), smectite (8 – 12%) and chlorite (6 – 19%). Fes clays have a homogeneous composition with illite (40 – 48%). and kaolinite (18 – 28%) as the most abundant clay minerals. Chlorite (12 – 15%) and smectite (9 – 12%) are generally present as small quantities. Mixed layer illite/chlorite is present in trace amounts in all the examined Fes clay materials.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This quote is not found in the article, although the same information is present on p. 42; unclear if this quote comes from another version of the same study or if this is in fact paraphrased. (September 2022)">failed verification</a>]</blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Zellij_craftsmen">Zellij craftsmen</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zellij craftsmen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Zellīj making is considered an art in itself. The art is transmitted from generation to generation by ma'alems (master craftsmen). A long training is required to implant the required skills and training usually starts at childhood. In Fez, craftsmen begin training between the ages of 6 and 14 and the average apprenticeship lasts approximately ten years, with many more years required to achieve the status of ma'alem.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[30]</a> In 1993, the Moroccan government ratified the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> (CRC), abolishing the practice of employing children under 15 in work that is hazardous or impedes their education,<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> but a 2019 study reports that the practice of training children has continued.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[30]</a> Now young people learn zellīj making at one of the 58 artisan schools in Morocco. However, the interest in learning the craft is dropping. As of 2018, at an artisan school in Fez with 400 enrolled students only 7 students learn how to make zellīj.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Different types of tiles are also used on the Kasbah Mosque's minaret. Green ceramic revetment is used within the <a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">sebka</a>-patterned brickwork on the minaret's flanks, a blue-violet revetment covers the small <a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">engaged columns</a> below this, and a band of square tiles in the <a href="/wiki/Cuerda_seca" title="Cuerda seca">cuerda seca</a> technique formed an epigraphic frieze along the top. The epigraphic frieze is no longer present today; only a few preserved fragments were found in the 1920s, of which one remains in the reserve collection of the <a href="/wiki/Badi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Badi Palace">Badi Palace</a> museum.<a href="#cite_note-:132-15">[15]</a>: 330, 332 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:022-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_1-21">v</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1954" class="citation book cs1">Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+musulmane+d%27Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:122_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_2-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1981" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Richard (1981). A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+guide+to+Islamic+Monuments+in+Morocco&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=The+Baraka+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2020" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300218701" title="Special:BookSources/9780300218701"><bdi>9780300218701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780300218701&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRHbDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIslamic%2BPalace%2BArchitecture%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWestern%2BMediterranean%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1323-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1323_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1323_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1323_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1323_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouriBenaboudBoujibar_El-KhatibLakhdar2010" class="citation book cs1">Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTbdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3">Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art</a> (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3902782311" title="Special:BookSources/978-3902782311"><bdi>978-3902782311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalusian+Morocco%3A+A+Discovery+in+Living+Art&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Affaires+Culturelles+du+Royaume+du+Maroc+%26+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3902782311&rft.aulast=Touri&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft.au=Benaboud%2C+Mhammad&rft.au=Boujibar+El-Khatib%2C+Na%C3%AFma&rft.au=Lakhdar%2C+Kamal&rft.au=Mezzine%2C+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTbdBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BloomBlair2009-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_5-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_BloomSheila_S._BlairSheila_Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Bloom; Sheila S. Blair; Sheila Blair (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA201">"Architecture; X. Decoration; B. Tiles"</a>. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture%3B+X.+Decoration%3B+B.+Tiles&rft.btitle=Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.au=Jonathan+Bloom&rft.au=Sheila+S.+Blair&rft.au=Sheila+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruncho2018" class="citation book cs1">Caruncho, Daniel S. 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CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-6098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-6098-0"><bdi>978-1-4987-6098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Geometry&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-6098-0&rft.aulast=Hvidsten&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ6iuDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Descher%2Balhambra%2Btiles%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2020" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Frank (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16H0DwAAQBAJ&dq=escher+alhambra&pg=PA140">Introduction to Crystallography</a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-35110-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-35110-6"><bdi>978-3-030-35110-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Crystallography&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-35110-6&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16H0DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Descher%2Balhambra%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> From Form to Content: Using Shape Grammars for Image Visualization, Source IV archive Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV'05) – Volume 00, IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_OuahabiDaoudiFagel2014" class="citation journal cs1">El Ouahabi, Meriam; Daoudi, L.; Fagel, Nathalie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261479494">"Mineralogical and geotechnical characterization of clays from northern Morocco for their potential use in the ceramic industry"</a>. Clay Minerals. 49 (1): 35–51. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClMin..49...35O">2014ClMin..49...35O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fclaymin.2014.049.1.04">10.1180/claymin.2014.049.1.04</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131441497">131441497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clay+Minerals&rft.atitle=Mineralogical+and+geotechnical+characterization+of+clays+from+northern+Morocco+for+their+potential+use+in+the+ceramic+industry&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-51&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131441497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fclaymin.2014.049.1.04&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ClMin..49...35O&rft.aulast=El+Ouahabi&rft.aufirst=Meriam&rft.au=Daoudi%2C+L.&rft.au=Fagel%2C+Nathalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261479494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/15/lonely-servitude/child-domestic-labor-morocco">"Lonely Servitude | Child Domestic Labor in Morocco"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2019-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Lonely+Servitude+%7C+Child+Domestic+Labor+in+Morocco&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2012%2F11%2F15%2Flonely-servitude%2Fchild-domestic-labor-morocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/06/07/morocco-zellige-mosaic-tile-craftsmanship/660702002/">"Crafting mosaic tile is an endangered tradition. Here are the folks keeping it alive"</a>. USA TODAY. Retrieved 2019-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Crafting+mosaic+tile+is+an+endangered+tradition.+Here+are+the+folks+keeping+it+alive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2018%2F06%2F07%2Fmorocco-zellige-mosaic-tile-craftsmanship%2F660702002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=At-Tanw%C4%ABr_wa-Diw%C4%81n_at-Tahb%C4%ABr_fi_Fan_at-Tast%C4%ABr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="At-Tanwīr wa-Diwān at-Tahbīr fi Fan at-Tastīr (page does not exist)">at-Tanwīr wa-Diwān at-Tahbīr fi Fan at-Tastīr</a> (التنوير وديوان التحبير في فن التسطير) by Khalid Saib (in Arabic)<a href="#cite_note-46">[1]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zellij" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zellij">Zellij</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og6cTlwBTrk">The Moroccan Court in the Metropolitan Museum in New York</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zellige.ma/zellij-moroccan.html">Zellige is kind of art which is typically Moroccan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114080435/http://www.zellige.ma/zellij-moroccan.html">Archived</a> 2016-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zellige.ma/Catalog-Zellij-Moroccan.html">Handmade zellige and Moroccan mosaic images</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327153303/http://www.zellige.ma/Catalog-Zellij-Moroccan.html">Archived</a> 2022-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moroccandesign.com/uncategorized/moroccan-mosaics-the-art-of-zillij">Moroccan Mosaics: Art of Zillij (Zellige)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128060034/http://moroccandesign.com/uncategorized/moroccan-mosaics-the-art-of-zillij">Archived</a> 2015-11-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk1ALI6EZy0">Video of how zellige is made</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFخالد،2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">خالد،, السايب، (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MhcuwEACAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1">كتاب التنوير وديوان التحبير في فن التسطير</a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9954-37-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9954-37-649-2"><bdi>978-9954-37-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9954-37-649-2&rft.aulast=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%8C&rft.aufirst=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_MhcuwEACAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%2B%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%2B%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2B%25D9%2581%25D9%2586%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZellij" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zellij&oldid=1255595714">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zellij&oldid=1255595714</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Zellij&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 5 November 2024, at 19:10 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="زليج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زليج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellige" title="Zellige – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zellige" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zellij" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellige" title="Zellige – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zellige" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellige" title="Zellige – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zellige" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="زلیج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زلیج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellige" title="Zellige – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zellige" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellige" title="Zellige – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zellige" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellige" title="Zellige – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zellige" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeli%C5%BEas" title="Zeližas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zeližas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellige" title="Zellige – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zellige" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zellij" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellige" title="Zellige – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zellige" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Зулляйдж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зулляйдж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%8C" title="ซัลลีจญ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซัลลีจญ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B6" title="Ель Заліж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ель Заліж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 19:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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