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id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Finland</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">This article is about the European country. For other uses, see <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_(disambiguation)" title="Finland (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Finland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"> <tr class="adr"> <th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;">Republic of Finland <div style="padding-top:0.25em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="font-size:88%;">Suomen tasavalta  (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>)</li> <li style="font-size:88%;">Republiken Finland  (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </div> </th> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <table align="center" style="width:100%;background:none;"> <tr> <td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Finland"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="125" height="76" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"/></a></td> <td align="center" style="width:auto;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Finland"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png" width="85" height="106" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></td> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Anthem:  <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Maamme</a>  (Finnish) <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamme#V.C3.A5rt_land" title="Maamme">Vårt land</a>  (Swedish) "Our Land" <center> <div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" style="width:220px" poster="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf24/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png" controls="" preload="none" class="kskin" data-durationhint="46.393469387755" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (140 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="139559"></source><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg.de.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:United+States+Navy+Band+-+Maamme.ogg.de.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="de" data-dir="ltr" label="Deutsch (de) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:United+States+Navy+Band+-+Maamme.ogg.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="en" data-dir="ltr" label="English (en) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg.fi.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:United+States+Navy+Band+-+Maamme.ogg.fi.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="fi" data-dir="ltr" label="suomi (fi) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg.sv.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:United+States+Navy+Band+-+Maamme.ogg.sv.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="sv" data-dir="ltr" label="svenska (sv) subtitles"></track>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div> </center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Finland.svg" class="image" title="Location of Finland (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) – [Legend]"><img alt="Location of Finland (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) – [Legend]" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EU-Finland.svg/250px-EU-Finland.svg.png" width="250" height="210" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EU-Finland.svg/375px-EU-Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EU-Finland.svg/500px-EU-Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"/></a></div> </div> <div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"> <div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;">Location of  Finland  (dark green) – in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>  (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>  (green)  –  [<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Finland.svg" title="File:EU-Finland.svg">Legend</a>] </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2">Capital and largest city</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Finland&params=60_10_N_024_56_E_type:country">60°10′N 024°56′E / 60.167°N 24.933°E / 60.167; 24.933</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Official languages</th> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (89.33%)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> (5.34%)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2">Recognised regional languages</td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages" title="Sami languages">Sami</a> (0.03%)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Religion</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheranism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-state-church-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a><a href="#cite_note-state-church-1">[1]</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th> <td> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finn</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Government</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a><a href="#cite_note-formerly_semi-presidential-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Legislature</th> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Eduskunta</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Independence</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Autonomy</a> within <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></td> <td>29 March 1809 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">Independence</a> from the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></td> <td>6 December 1917 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">First recognized by the Russian SFSR</td> <td>4 January 1918 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Area</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td>338,424 km2 (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">64th</a>) 130,596 sq mi</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Water (%)</td> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Population</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">2014 estimate</td> <td>5,474,094<a href="#cite_note-population_stat-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population" class="mw-redirect">115th</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">2000 census</td> <td>5,180,000</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Density</td> <td>18/km2 (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">201st</a>) 46/sq mi</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td> <td>2014 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td>$221.539 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf3-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td> <td>$40,485<a href="#cite_note-imf3-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (nominal)</td> <td>2014 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td>$276.275 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf3-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td> <td>$50,450<a href="#cite_note-imf3-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> (2012)</td> <td><img alt="negative increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> 25.9<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-5">[5]</a> low</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2013)</td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> 0.879<a href="#cite_note-HDI-6">[6]</a> very high · <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">24th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Currency</th> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2">Time zone</th> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Summer (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time" class="mw-redirect">EEST</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Date format</th> <td>d.m.yyyy</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Drives on the</th> <td>right</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Finland" title="Telephone numbers in Finland">Calling code</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Finland" title="Telephone numbers in Finland">+358</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patron saint</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(bishop_of_Finland)" title="Henry (bishop of Finland)">St Henry of Uppsala</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:FI" title="ISO 3166-2:FI">FI</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fi" title=".fi">.fi</a>a</td> </tr> <tr style="font-size:85%;"> <td align="right">a.</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;">The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states.</td> </tr> </table> Finland (<a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/En-us-Finland.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11"/></a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Finland.ogg" title="File:En-us-Finland.ogg">i</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ˈ</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">f</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ɪ</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">n</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">l</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ə</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">n</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">d</a><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a>; <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Suomi <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Estonian_and_Finnish" title="Help:IPA for Estonian and Finnish">[suomi]</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suomi_Finland.ogg" title="File:Suomi Finland.ogg"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Suomi_Finland.ogg" class="internal" title="Suomi Finland.ogg">listen</a>); <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Finland <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Swedish" title="Help:IPA for Swedish">[ˈfɪnland]</a>), officially the Republic of Finland,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> is a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic country</a> in Northern Europe bordered by <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> to the west, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to the north and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the east; <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> lies to the south across the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>. Finland is part of the collective geographical group of nations <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a>. In 2013, Finland's population was around 5.5 million, with the majority living in its southern regions.<a href="#cite_note-pop_stat-8">[8]</a> In terms of area, it is the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">eighth largest country in Europe</a> and the most <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">sparsely populated</a> country in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Finland is a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> republic with a central government based in the capital <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, local governments in 336 <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipalities</a><a href="#cite_note-yle.fi_20101231-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-kunnat.net-10">[10]</a> and an <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area" title="Autonomous area" class="mw-redirect">autonomous region</a>, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" title="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</a>. Over 1.4 million people live in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Helsinki" title="Greater Helsinki">Greater Helsinki</a> metropolitan area, which produces a third of the country's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. Other large cities include <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a>, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>. From the late 12th century until 1809, Finland was part of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. It was then incorporated into the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as the autonomous <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, until the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 prompted the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">Finnish Declaration of Independence</a>. This was followed by the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> in which the pro-<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a> was defeated by the pro-conservative "<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">Whites</a>" with support from the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. After a brief attempt to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">establish a kingdom</a>, the country became a republic. In <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Finnish forces fought in three separate conflicts: the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> (1939–1940) and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> (1941–1944) against the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a> (1944–1945) against <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. It joined the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) in 1969, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1995, and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> at its inception in 1999. Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialisation, remaining a largely <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agrarian</a> country until the 1950s. Thereafter, it rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Model" title="Nordic Model" class="mw-redirect">Nordic-style</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, resulting in widespread prosperity and one of the highest <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita incomes</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-imf2-11">[11]</a> Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, and human development. The country has a long legacy of social progressivism, in 1906 becoming the second nation in the world to give <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">full suffrage</a> to all adult citizens.<a href="#cite_note-eduskunta-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-full_suffrage-13">[13]</a> In 2010, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> chose Finland as the best country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-World_Audit-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_concept_of_Finland">1 Etymology and concept of Finland</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Suomi">1.1.1 Suomi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Concept">1.2 Concept</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Prehistory">2.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Swedish_era">2.2 Swedish era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Russian_Empire_era">2.3 Russian Empire era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Civil_war_and_early_independence">2.4 Civil war and early independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#World_War_II">2.5 World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cold_War">2.6 Cold War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Recent_history">2.7 Recent history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Biodiversity">3.1 Biodiversity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Regions">3.3 Regions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">3.4 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Politics">4 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Constitution">4.1 Constitution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#President">4.2 President</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Parliament">4.3 Parliament</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Cabinet">4.4 Cabinet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Law">4.5 Law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.6 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Social_security">4.7 Social security</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Armed_forces">4.8 Armed forces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Energy">5.1 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Transport">5.2 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Industry">5.3 Industry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Public_policy">5.4 Public policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Tourism">5.5 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Languages">6.1 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Religion">6.2 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Health">6.3 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Society">6.4 Society</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Education_and_science">7.1 Education and science</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Literature">7.2 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Visual_arts">7.3 Visual arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Television">7.4 Television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Music">7.5 Music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Classical">7.5.1 Classical</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#Pop">7.5.2 Pop</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Cinema">7.6 Cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Media_and_communications">7.7 Media and communications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Cuisine">7.8 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Public_holidays">7.9 Public holidays</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Sports">7.10 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#International_rankings">8 International rankings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Notes_and_references">10 Notes and references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2>Etymology and concept of Finland[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and concept of Finland">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Etymology[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns#Etymology" title="Finns">Finns § Etymology</a></div> The name Finland appears on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a> and have the inscription finlonti (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_expeditions_runestones#U_582" title="Baltic expeditions runestones" class="mw-redirect">U 582</a>). The third was found in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. It has the inscription finlandi (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_expeditions_runestones#G_319" title="Baltic expeditions runestones" class="mw-redirect">G 319</a>) and dates from the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, which is mentioned first known time AD 98 (disputed meaning). <h4>Suomi[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Suomi">edit</a>]</h4> The name Suomi (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> for "Finland") has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a cognate is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, meaning "land". In addition to the close relatives of Finnish (the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>), this name is also used in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>. Alternatively, the Indo-European word *gʰm-on "man" (cf. Gothic guma, Latin homo) has been suggested, being borrowed as *ćoma. The word originally referred only to the province of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Proper" title="Finland Proper" class="mw-redirect">Finland Proper</a>, and later to the northern coast of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, with northern regions such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnia</a> still being sometimes excluded until later. Earlier theories suggested derivation from suomaa (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fen</a> land) or suoniemi (fen cape), and parallels between saame (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people" title="Sami people">Sami</a>, a Finno-Ugric people in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>), and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Häme</a> (a province in the inland) were drawn, but these theories are now considered outdated.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <h3>Concept[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Concept">edit</a>]</h3> In the 12th and 13th centuries, the term "Finland" mostly referred to the area around Åbo (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>), a region that later became known as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Proper" title="Finland Proper" class="mw-redirect">Finland Proper</a>, while the other parts of the country were called <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Tavastia</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, but which could also sometimes be collectively referred to as "<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterland" title="Österland">Österland</a>" (compare <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrland" title="Norrland">Norrland</a>). (Medieval politics concerned tribes such as the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Proper" title="Finland Proper" class="mw-redirect">Finns</a>, the Tavastians and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland)" title="Karelia (historical province of Finland)">Karelians</a> more than geographical boundaries.) In the 15th century, "Finland" became a common name for the whole land area to the east of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a>, possibly even including <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland" class="mw-redirect">Åland</a>, when the archipelago was seen as belonging to Åbo (Turku). What the term actually refers to can vary between sources, also the boundaries to the east and the north were not exact. A sort of establishment for Finland as a unity, if only in name, came when <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a> called his <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> as the "grand duchy of Finland" (about 1580), as a strategy to meet the claims of the Russian <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a>. The term became part of the title of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Sweden" title="King of Sweden" class="mw-redirect">King of Sweden</a> but had little practical meaning. The Finnish land area had the same standing as the area to the west of the Bothnian Sea and the Finnish part of the realm had the same representation in the parliament as the western part had. In 1637, Queen <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a> named <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Brahe_the_Younger" title="Per Brahe the Younger">Per Brahe the Younger</a> as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Finland" title="Governor General of Finland" class="mw-redirect">Governor General of Finland</a>, Åland, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnia</a> (other parts of Sweden had also had <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_general" title="Governor general" class="mw-redirect">governor generals</a>). The modern boundaries of Finland actually came to use only after the end of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden-Finland" title="Sweden-Finland" class="mw-redirect">Sweden-Finland</a>. What was signed over to Russia in 1809 was not so much a "Finland" as six counties, Åland, and a little part of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten_County" title="Västerbotten County">Västerbotten County</a>. The boundary between the new <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> and the remaining part of Sweden could have been drawn along the river <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijoki" title="Kemijoki">Kemijoki</a>, which was the boundary between Västerbotten County and Österbotten County (Ostrobothnia) at the time—which the Swedish proposed in the peace negotiations—or along the river <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalix_River" title="Kalix River">Kalix</a>, thereby including the Finnish-speaking part of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%A4nmaa" title="Meänmaa">Meänmaa</a>—which the Russians proposed. The boundary, which followed the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torne_River" title="Torne River" class="mw-redirect">Torne River</a> and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muonio_River" title="Muonio River" class="mw-redirect">Muonio River</a> to the fells <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saana" title="Saana">Saana</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halti" title="Halti">Halti</a> in the northwest, was a compromise, which later became what the concept of Finland came to stand for—at least after the tsar <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> permitted the parts of Finland located to the east of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymi_River" title="Kymi River" class="mw-redirect">Kymi River</a> which were conquered by Russia in 1721 and 1743, called "<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Finland" title="Old Finland">Old Finland</a>", to be administratively included in "New Finland" in 1812. <h2>History[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History of Finland</a></div> <h3>Prehistory[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Finland#Prehistory" title="History of Finland">History of Finland § Prehistory</a></div> According to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> evidence, the area now comprising Finland was settled at the latest around 8500 BCE during the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> as the ice sheet of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_ice_age" title="Last ice age" class="mw-redirect">last ice age</a> receded. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia, Russia and Norway.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The earliest people were <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, using stone tools.<a href="#cite_note-VF-Pre-23">[23]</a> The first pottery appeared in 5200 BCE when the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit-Comb_Ware_culture" title="Pit-Comb Ware culture" class="mw-redirect">Comb Ceramic culture</a> was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Hist-Fin-Geo-24">[24]</a> The arrival of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> in southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Virt-Mino-25">[25]</a> Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (1500–500 BCE) and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (500 BCE–1200 CE) were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandian</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic regions</a>. There is no consensus on when <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland. During the first millennium AD, early Finnish was spoken in agricultural settlements in southern Finland, whereas Sámi-speaking populations occupied most parts of the country. Although distantly related, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people" title="Sami people">Sami</a> are a different people that retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns. The Sami cultural identity and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages" title="Sami languages">Sami language</a> have survived in Lapland, the northernmost province, but the Sami have been displaced or assimilated elsewhere. <h3>Swedish era[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Swedish era">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland under Swedish rule</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire_(1560-1815)_en2.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Swedish_Empire_%281560-1815%29_en2.png/220px-Swedish_Empire_%281560-1815%29_en2.png" width="220" height="270" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Swedish_Empire_%281560-1815%29_en2.png/330px-Swedish_Empire_%281560-1815%29_en2.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Swedish_Empire_%281560-1815%29_en2.png/440px-Swedish_Empire_%281560-1815%29_en2.png 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="2213"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire_(1560-1815)_en2.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> following the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a> of 1658. Dark green: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_proper" title="Sweden proper">Sweden proper</a>, as represented in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a>. Other greens: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">Swedish dominions</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessions_of_Sweden" title="Possessions of Sweden">possessions</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg/200px-Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg" width="200" height="277" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="378"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkapeliitta" title="Hakkapeliitta">Hakkapeliitta</a> featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suomenlinna.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/220px-Suomenlinna.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/330px-Suomenlinna.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/440px-Suomenlinna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1360"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suomenlinna.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Now lying within Helsinki, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomenlinna" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a> is a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.</div> </div> </div> Swedish kings established their rule in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> from the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade" title="First Swedish Crusade">12th century</a> until <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade" title="Second Swedish Crusade">1249</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The area of present-day Finland became a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_of_Sweden" title="Consolidation of Sweden">fully consolidated part</a> of the Swedish kingdom. Swedish-speaking settlers arrived at the coastal regions during the medieval time. In the 17th century, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a> became the dominant language of the nobility, administration and education; <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> was chiefly a language for the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a>, clergy and local <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas. During the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> gradually converted to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the 16th century, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a> published the first written works in Finnish. The first university in Finland, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="The Royal Academy of Turku" class="mw-redirect">The Royal Academy of Turku</a>, was established in 1640. Finland suffered a severe <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Finland_(1695%E2%80%931697)" title="Great Famine of Finland (1695–1697)" class="mw-redirect">famine in 1696–1697</a>, during which about one-third of the Finnish population died,<a href="#cite_note-empire-28">[28]</a> and a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_plague_during_the_Great_Northern_War" title="The plague during the Great Northern War" class="mw-redirect">devastating plague a few years later</a>. In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces, times known to the Finns as the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Wrath" title="Greater Wrath" class="mw-redirect">Greater Wrath</a> (1714–1721) and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)" class="mw-redirect">Lesser Wrath</a> (1742–1743).<a href="#cite_note-empire-28">[28]</a> It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath, due namely to the destruction of homes and farms and to the burning of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nordstrom.2C_Scandinavia-29">[29]</a> By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a> to the Russian border. Two Russo-Swedish wars in twenty-five years served as reminders to the Finnish people of how precarious their position between Sweden and Russia was. An increasingly vocal elite in Finland soon determined that Finnish ties with Sweden were becoming too costly, and following <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%9390)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)">Gustav III's War</a> (1788–1790), the Finnish elite's desire to break with Sweden only heightened.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> In the late eighteenth century a politically active portion of the Finnish nobility became convinced that, due to Sweden and Russia's repeated use of Finland as a battlefield, it would be in the country's best interests to seek autonomy. Even before the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790, there were conspiring Finns, among them <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Magnus_Sprengtporten" title="Georg Magnus Sprengtporten">Col G. M. Sprengtporten</a>, who had supported <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden#Coup_d.27.C3.A9tat" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III's coup in 1772</a>. Sprengporten fell out with the king and resigned his commission in 1777. In the following decade he tried to secure Russian support for an autonomous Finland, and later became an adviser to Catherine II.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> Notwithstanding the efforts of Finland's elite and nobility to break ties with Sweden, there was no genuine independence movement in Finland until the early twentieth century. As a matter of fact, at this time the Finnish peasantry was outraged by the actions of their elite and almost exclusively supported Gustav's actions against the conspirators. (The High Court of Turku condemned Sprengtporten as a traitor c. 1793.)<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> <h3>Russian Empire era[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian Empire era">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%27s_language_strife" title="Finland's language strife">Finland's language strife</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Russification of Finland</a></div> On 29 March 1809, having been taken over by the armies of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a>, Finland became an autonomous <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a> in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> until the end of 1917. In 1811 Alexander I incorporated Russian <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg_Governorate" title="Vyborg Governorate">Vyborg province</a> into the Grand Duchy of Finland. During the Russian era, the Finnish language began to gain recognition. From the 1860s onwards, a strong Finnish <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">nationalist movement</a> known as the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennoman" title="Fennoman" class="mw-redirect">Fennoman</a> movement grew. Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> – the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> – in 1835, and the Finnish language's achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg/220px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg" width="220" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg/330px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg/440px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1494"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Pioneers in Karelia, 1900. By <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Eero Järnefelt">Eero Järnefelt</a></div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_famine_of_1866%E2%80%931868" title="Finnish famine of 1866–1868" class="mw-redirect">Finnish famine of 1866–1868</a> killed 15% of the population, making it one of the worst <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations, and investment rose in following decades. Economic and political development was rapid.<a href="#cite_note-equity-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-equity-31">[31]</a> In 1906, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area" title="Autonomous area" class="mw-redirect">autonomy</a>. For example, the universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. Desire for independence gained ground, first among radical liberals<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and socialists. <h3>Civil war and early independence[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil war and early independence">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">Finnish Declaration of Independence</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></div> After the 1917 <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, the position of Finland as part of the Russian Empire was questioned, mainly by <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Social Democrats</a>. Since the head of state was the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czar" title="Czar" class="mw-redirect">Czar</a> of Russia, it was not clear who the chief executive of Finland was after the revolution. The parliament, controlled by social democrats, passed the so-called Power Act<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> to give the highest authority to parliament. This was rejected by the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> and by the right-wing parties in Finland. The Provisional Government dissolved the parliament by force, which the social democrats considered illegal since the right to do so had been stripped from the Russians by the Power Act.[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] New elections were conducted, in which right-wing parties won a slim majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament (and thus the ensuing elections) were extralegal. The two nearly equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties and the social democratic party, were highly antagonized. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lammin_suojeluskuntajoukot.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lammin_suojeluskuntajoukot.jpg/220px-Lammin_suojeluskuntajoukot.jpg" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lammin_suojeluskuntajoukot.jpg/330px-Lammin_suojeluskuntajoukot.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lammin_suojeluskuntajoukot.jpg/440px-Lammin_suojeluskuntajoukot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1234"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lammin_suojeluskuntajoukot.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Guard</a> of Lammi</div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia changed the game anew. Suddenly, the right-wing parties in Finland started to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of highest executive power from the Russian government to Finland, as radical Communists took power in Russia. Rather than acknowledge the authority of the Power Law of a few months earlier, the right-wing government <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a> on 6 December 1917. On 27 January 1918, the official opening shots of the war were fired in two simultaneous events. The government started to disarm the Russian forces in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Pohjanmaa</a>, and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democratic Party</a> staged a coup.[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not in citation given</a>] The latter succeeded in controlling southern Finland and Helsinki, but the white government continued in exile from <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a>. This sparked the brief but bitter <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">civil war</a>. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">Whites</a>, who were supported by <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a>, prevailed over the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Reds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After the war, tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps, where thousands died by execution or from malnutrition and disease. Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and beyond. The civil war and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">activist expeditions</a> into Soviet Russia strained Eastern relations. After <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">a brief flirtation with monarchy</a>, Finland became a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> republic, with <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg</a> elected as its first president in 1919. The Finnish–Russian border was determined by the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian%E2%80%93Finnish)" title="Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)">Treaty of Tartu</a> in 1920, largely following the historic border but granting <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechengsky_District" title="Pechengsky District">Pechenga</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Petsamo) and its <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> harbour to Finland. Finnish democracy did not see any Soviet coup attempts and survived the anti-Communist <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a>. The relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union was tense. Germany's relations with democratic Finland cooled also after the Nazis' rise to power.[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Army officers were trained in France, and relations to Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened. In 1917, the population was 3 million. Credit-based <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of capital-owning population.<a href="#cite_note-equity-31">[31]</a> About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany. <h3>World War II[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png/220px-Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png" width="220" height="284" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png/330px-Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png/440px-Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="800"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Areas ceded by Finland to the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> in 1940 and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> in 1944. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porkkala" title="Porkkala">Porkkala</a> land lease was returned to Finland in 1956. Finland covered an area of approximately 385,000 km2 (149,000 sq mi) before the handover.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simo_hayha_second_lieutenant_1940.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Simo_hayha_second_lieutenant_1940.png/220px-Simo_hayha_second_lieutenant_1940.png" width="220" height="336" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Simo_hayha_second_lieutenant_1940.png/330px-Simo_hayha_second_lieutenant_1940.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Simo_hayha_second_lieutenant_1940.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="546"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simo_hayha_second_lieutenant_1940.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simo_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4" title="Simo Häyhä">Simo Häyhä</a>, the "White Death"</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">Military history of Finland during World War II</a></div> During <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Finland fought the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> twice: in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> of 1939–1940 after the Soviet Union had attacked Finland; and in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> of 1941–1944, following <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, in which Germany had invaded the Soviet Union. After fighting a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive">major Soviet offensive</a> in June/July 1944 to a standstill, Finland reached an armistice with the Soviet Union. This was followed by the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a> of 1944–1945, when Finland fought against the retreating German forces in northern Finland. The treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included Finnish obligations, restraints and reparations—as well as further Finnish territorial concessions begun in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a> of 1940. As a result of the two wars, Finland was forced to cede most of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Karelia" title="Finnish Karelia" class="mw-redirect">Finnish Karelia</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salla" title="Salla">Salla</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechengsky_District" title="Pechengsky District">Petsamo</a>, which amounted to 10% of its land area and 20% of its industrial capacity, including the ports of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a> (Viipuri) and ice-free <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liinakhamari" title="Liinakhamari">Liinakhamari</a> (Liinahamari). <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_Finnish_Karelia" title="Evacuation of Finnish Karelia">Almost the whole population, some 400,000 persons</a>, fled these areas. Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces and retained its independence, however, at a loss of about 93,000 soldiers. Finland rejected <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_aid" title="Marshall aid" class="mw-redirect">Marshall aid</a>, in apparent <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">deference to Soviet desires</a>. However, the United States provided secret development aid and helped the (non-communist) Social Democratic Party in hopes of preserving Finland's independence.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the reparations to the Soviet Union caused Finland to transform itself from a primarily <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agrarian</a> economy to an industrialised one. For example, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmet" title="Valmet">Valmet</a> corporation was founded to create materials for war reparations. Even after the reparations had been paid off, Finland— which was poor in certain resources necessary for an industrialized nation (such as iron and oil)—continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_trade" title="Bilateral trade">bilateral trade</a>. <h3>Cold War[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</h3> In 1950, 46% of Finnish workers were occupied in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-populationdevelopment-37">[37]</a> The new jobs in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. The average number of births per woman declined from a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a> peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-populationdevelopment-37">[37]</a> When baby-boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs fast enough, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-populationdevelopment-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Summer Olympics</a> brought international visitors. Finland took part in trade liberalization in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>. <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urho_Kaleva_Kekkonen.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Urho_Kaleva_Kekkonen.jpg/170px-Urho_Kaleva_Kekkonen.jpg" width="170" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Urho_Kaleva_Kekkonen.jpg/255px-Urho_Kaleva_Kekkonen.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Urho_Kaleva_Kekkonen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="400"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urho_Kaleva_Kekkonen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a>, the eighth president of Finland (1956–1982)</div> </div> </div> Officially claiming to be <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country" class="mw-redirect">neutral</a>, Finland lay in the grey zone between the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a> and the Soviet Union. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Soviet_Treaty_of_1948" title="Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948">YYA Treaty</a> (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. This was extensively exploited by president <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> against his opponents. He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on, which was crucial for his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency of avoiding any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was given the name "<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a>" by the German press. Despite close relations with the Soviet Union, Finland remained a Western European market economy. Various industries benefited from <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_trade" title="Bilateral trade">trade privileges</a> with the Soviets, which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland. Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world. In the 1970s and 80s, Finland built one of the most extensive <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a> in the world. Finland negotiated with the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a> (a predecessor of the European Union) a treaty that mostly abolished customs duties towards the EEC starting from 1977, although Finland did not fully join. In 1981, president <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a>'s failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years. Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_banking_crisis_of_1990s" title="Finnish banking crisis of 1990s">banking crisis</a>, the collapse of its largest single trading partner (the Soviet Union) and a global economic downturn caused a deep <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_Finland" title="Early 1990s recession in Finland">early 1990s recession in Finland</a>. The depression bottomed out in 1993, and Finland saw steady economic growth for more than ten years. <h3>Recent history[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recent history">edit</a>]</h3> Like other Nordic countries, Finland has decentralised its economy since the late 1980s. Financial and product market regulation was loosened. Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts. Finland joined the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1995, and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> in 1999. The population is aging with the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_birth_rate" title="List of countries by birth rate" class="mw-redirect">birth rate</a> at 10.42 births per 1,000 population, or a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_rate" title="Fertility rate" class="mw-redirect">fertility rate</a> of 1.8.<a href="#cite_note-populationdevelopment-37">[37]</a> With a median age of 42.7 years, Finland is one of the oldest countries;<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a> was replaced by the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> in 2002. As a preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 1999; this is why the first euro coins from Finland have the year 1999 on them, instead of 2002 like some of the other countries of the Eurozone. Three different designs (one for <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_euro_coin" title="2 euro coin">€2 coin</a>, one for <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_euro_coin" title="1 euro coin">€1 coin</a> and one for the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">other six coins</a>) were selected for the Finnish coins. In 2007, in order to adopt the new common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Finland changed the common side of its coins. <h2>Geography[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Finland-en.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_Finland-en.svg/220px-Map_of_Finland-en.svg.png" width="220" height="322" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_Finland-en.svg/330px-Map_of_Finland-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_Finland-en.svg/440px-Map_of_Finland-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="2007"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Finland-en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Detailed map of Finland. (See also <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Finland" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Finland">Atlas of Finland</a>.)</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography of Finland</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">List of cities and towns in Finland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Finland" title="List of lakes in Finland" class="mw-redirect">List of lakes in Finland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">List of national parks of Finland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Finland" title="Environmental issues in Finland">Environmental issues in Finland</a></div> Lying approximately between latitudes <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60°</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_parallel_north" title="70th parallel north">70° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_meridian_east" title="20th meridian east">20°</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_meridian_east" title="32nd meridian east">32° E</a>, Finland is one of the world's northernmost countries. Of world capitals, only <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> lies more to the north than Helsinki. The distance from the southernmost—<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanko" title="Hanko">Hanko</a>—to the northernmost point in the country—<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuorgam" title="Nuorgam">Nuorgam</a>—is 1,160 kilometres (720 mi). Finland is a country of thousands of lakes and islands—about 188,000 lakes (larger than 500 m2 or 0.12 acres) and 179,000 islands.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Its largest lake, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saimaa" title="Saimaa">Saimaa</a>, is the fourth largest in Europe. The area with the most lakes is called <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Lakeland" title="Finnish Lakeland">Finnish Lakeland</a>. The greatest concentration of islands is found in the southwest in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a> between continental Finland and the main island of Åland. Much of the geography of Finland is explained by the Ice Age. The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a> compared with the rest of Europe. Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains. Its highest point, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halti" title="Halti">Halti</a> at 1,324 metres (4,344 ft), is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridnitsohkka" title="Ridnitsohkka" class="mw-redirect">Ridnitsohkka</a> at 1,316 m (4,318 ft), directly adjacent to Halti. The retreating glaciers have left the land with <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">morainic</a> deposits in formations of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskers" title="Eskers" class="mw-redirect">eskers</a>. These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand, running northwest to southeast, where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay. Among the biggest of these are the three <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpausselk%C3%A4" title="Salpausselkä">Salpausselkä</a> ridges that run across southern Finland. <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cygnus_cygnus_from_zh.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cygnus_cygnus_from_zh.JPG/220px-Cygnus_cygnus_from_zh.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cygnus_cygnus_from_zh.JPG/330px-Cygnus_cygnus_from_zh.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cygnus_cygnus_from_zh.JPG/440px-Cygnus_cygnus_from_zh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="682"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cygnus_cygnus_from_zh.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooper_swan" title="Whooper swan">whooper swan</a>, Finland's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_birds" title="List of national birds">national bird</a></div> </div> </div> Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a>. The effect is strongest around the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>, where land steadily rises about 1 cm (0.4 in) a year. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) annually.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Relatively speaking, Finland is rising from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-EB-41">[41]</a> The landscape is covered mostly (86% of land area<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>) by coniferous <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> forests and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fens</a>, with little cultivated land. The forest consists of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> and other species. Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world. The most common type of rock is <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a> is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> of biological origin. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Podzol</a> profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">Gleysols</a> and peat <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> occupy poorly drained areas. <h3>Biodiversity[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Finland" title="Fauna of Finland">Fauna of Finland</a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European and northern European provinces of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_and_Russian_taiga" title="Scandinavian and Russian taiga">Scandinavian and Russian taiga</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatic_mixed_forests" title="Sarmatic mixed forests">Sarmatic mixed forests</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Montane_Birch_forest_and_grasslands" title="Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands">Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands</a>. Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a> line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bear_Finland.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bear_Finland.png/220px-Bear_Finland.png" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bear_Finland.png/330px-Bear_Finland.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bear_Finland.png/440px-Bear_Finland.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bear_Finland.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> (Ursus arctos) is Finland's national animal.</div> </div> </div> Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> species, 248 breeding bird species, over 70 fish species and 11 reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago. Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> (the national animal), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverine</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">elk</a>. Three of the more striking birds are the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooper_swan" title="Whooper swan">whooper swan</a>, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capercaillie" title="Capercaillie" class="mw-redirect">capercaillie</a>, a large, black-plumaged member of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> family; and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_eagle-owl" title="European eagle-owl" class="mw-redirect">European eagle-owl</a>. The latter is considered an indicator of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forest</a> connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The most common breeding birds are the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_warbler" title="Willow warbler">willow warbler</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chaffinch" title="Common chaffinch">common chaffinch</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwing" title="Redwing">redwing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a> and others are plentiful. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> remains the favourite of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">fly rod</a> enthusiasts. The endangered <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saimaa_ringed_seal" title="Saimaa ringed seal">Saimaa ringed seal</a>, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saimaa" title="Saimaa">Saimaa</a> lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today. It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <h3>Climate[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Finland" title="Climate of Finland" class="mw-redirect">Climate of Finland</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repoveden_Kansallispuisto_Kesayonauringossa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Repoveden_Kansallispuisto_Kesayonauringossa.jpg/220px-Repoveden_Kansallispuisto_Kesayonauringossa.jpg" width="220" height="132" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Repoveden_Kansallispuisto_Kesayonauringossa.jpg/330px-Repoveden_Kansallispuisto_Kesayonauringossa.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Repoveden_Kansallispuisto_Kesayonauringossa.jpg/440px-Repoveden_Kansallispuisto_Kesayonauringossa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="616"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repoveden_Kansallispuisto_Kesayonauringossa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repovesi_National_Park" title="Repovesi National Park">Repovesi National Park</a> in southeastern Finland</div> </div> </div> The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> continent's coastal zone. In the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, the whole of Finland lies in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">boreal zone</a> characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. Within the country, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness" title="Temperateness" class="mw-redirect">temperateness</a> varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> and a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and southern <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Finland.27s_climate-46">[46]</a> Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below 0 °C or 32 °F) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April and on the coastal areas such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, snow often covers the land from late December to late March.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to −30 °C (−22 °F) although on coastal areas like <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> for example, temperatures below −30 °C (−22 °F) are very rare and uncommon. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above 10 °C or 50 °F) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over 35 °C (95 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Finland.27s_climate-46">[46]</a> Although most of Finland lies on the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> belt, the southernmost coastal regions are sometimes classified as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiboreal" title="Hemiboreal">hemiboreal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Havas-48">[48]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isokuru.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Isokuru.JPG/220px-Isokuru.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Isokuru.JPG/330px-Isokuru.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Isokuru.JPG/440px-Isokuru.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="780"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isokuru.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4-Luosto_National_Park" title="Pyhä-Luosto National Park">Pyhä-Luosto National Park</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a></div> </div> </div> In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, while the summers are relatively warm but short. The most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall down to −45 °C (−49 °F). The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months, but can still see maximum daily temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) during heat waves.<a href="#cite_note-Finland.27s_climate-46">[46]</a> No part of Finland has <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_tundra" title="Arctic tundra" class="mw-redirect">Arctic tundra</a>, but <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a> can be found at the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fells</a> Lapland.<a href="#cite_note-Havas-48">[48]</a> The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A quarter of Finland's territory lies within the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.<a href="#cite_note-Finland.27s_climate-46">[46]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="clear:both"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koli_rotated.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Koli_rotated.jpg/1114px-Koli_rotated.jpg" width="1114" height="200" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Koli_rotated.jpg/1670px-Koli_rotated.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Koli_rotated.jpg/2227px-Koli_rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4052" data-file-height="728"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koli_rotated.jpg" title="File:Koli rotated.jpg"></a></div> <center>Lake <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pielinen" title="Pielinen">Pielinen</a> seen from a hill in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koli_National_Park" title="Koli National Park">Koli National Park</a></center> </div> </div> </div> <h3>Regions[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regions">edit</a>]</h3> Finland consists of 19 regions called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish. The regions are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipalities</a> of a region. The main tasks of the regions are regional planning and development of enterprise and education. In addition, the public health services are usually organized on the basis of regions. Currently, the only region where a popular election is held for the council is Kainuu. Other regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population. In addition to inter-municipal cooperation, which is the responsibility of regional councils, each region has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and entrepreneurial affairs. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> regional offices are responsible for the regional defence preparations and for the administration of conscription within the region. Regions represent dialectal, cultural and economic variations better than the former <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">provinces</a>, which were purely administrative divisions of the central government. Historically, regions are divisions of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_provinces_of_Finland" title="Historical provinces of Finland">historical provinces of Finland</a>, areas which represent dialects and culture more accurately. Six <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_State_Administrative_Agencies_of_Finland" title="Regional State Administrative Agencies of Finland" class="mw-redirect">Regional State Administrative Agencies</a> were created by the state of Finland in 2010, each of them responsible for one of the regions called alue in Finnish and region in Swedish; in addition, Åland was designated a seventh region. These take over some of the tasks of the earlier <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces of Finland</a> (the läänis), which were abolished.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <table style="with:100%"> <tr> <td style="width:50%"> <div style="position: relative; float:top;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finland_Regions_Map.svg" class="image"><img alt="Finland Regions Map.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Finland_Regions_Map.svg/400px-Finland_Regions_Map.svg.png" width="400" height="696" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Finland_Regions_Map.svg/600px-Finland_Regions_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Finland_Regions_Map.svg/800px-Finland_Regions_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="3220"/></a> <div style="font-size:85%"> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:224px;top:162px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)"><img alt="Lapin maakunnan vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="22" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1167"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:94px;top:354px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia" title="Northern Ostrobothnia"><img alt="Pohjois-Pohjanmaan vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="595"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia" title="Northern Ostrobothnia">Northern Ostrobothnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:279px;top:367px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu"><img alt="Kainuu.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kainuu.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kainuu.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kainuu.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kainuu.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kainuu.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kainuu.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="595"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:345px;top:482px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia"><img alt="Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/15px-Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/23px-Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/30px-Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia">North Karelia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:246px;top:450px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Savonia" title="Northern Savonia"><img alt="Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg/15px-Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg/23px-Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg/30px-Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Savonia" title="Northern Savonia">Northern Savonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:264px;top:547px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Savonia" title="Southern Savonia"><img alt="Etelä-Savo.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg/15px-Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg/23px-Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg/30px-Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Savonia" title="Southern Savonia">Southern Savonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:101px;top:465px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ostrobothnia" title="Southern Ostrobothnia"><img alt="Etelä-Pohjanmaan maakunnan vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ostrobothnia" title="Southern Ostrobothnia">Southern Ostrobothnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:19px;top:460px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)"><img alt="Pohjanmaan maakunnan vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="691"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:122px;top:552px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaa" title="Pirkanmaa"><img alt="Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="530"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaa" title="Pirkanmaa">Pirkanmaa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:32px;top:567px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta"><img alt="Satakunta.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Satakunta.vaakuna.svg/15px-Satakunta.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Satakunta.vaakuna.svg/23px-Satakunta.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Satakunta.vaakuna.svg/30px-Satakunta.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="705"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:136px;top:404px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ostrobothnia" title="Central Ostrobothnia"><img alt="Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="19" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="643"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ostrobothnia" title="Central Ostrobothnia">Central Ostrobothnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:187px;top:492px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland"><img alt="Keski-Suomi Coat of Arms.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg/15px-Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg/23px-Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg/30px-Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="579"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:14px;top:620px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Proper" title="Finland Proper"><img alt="Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/15px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/23px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/30px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="690"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Proper" title="Finland Proper" class="mw-redirect">Finland Proper</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:294px;top:595px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Karelia" title="South Karelia"><img alt="Etelä-Karjala.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/15px-Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/23px-Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/30px-Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="595"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Karelia" title="South Karelia">South Karelia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:187px;top:572px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nne_Tavastia" title="Päijänne Tavastia"><img alt="Päijät-Häme.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/15px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/23px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/30px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="587"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nne_Tavastia" title="Päijänne Tavastia">Päijänne Tavastia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:139px;top:617px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastia_Proper" title="Tavastia Proper"><img alt="Kanta-Häme.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastia_Proper" title="Tavastia Proper">Tavastia Proper</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:194px;top:642px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa"><img alt="Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="590"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:243px;top:622px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymenlaakso" title="Kymenlaakso"><img alt="Kymenlaakson maakunnan vaakuna.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="644"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymenlaakso" title="Kymenlaakso">Kymenlaakso</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:-6px;top:657px"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" title="Åland Islands"><img alt="Coat of arms of Åland.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" width="15" height="19" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="600"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" title="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</a></div> </div> </div> </td> <td style="width:50%"> <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>In English</th> <th>In Finnish</th> <th>In Swedish</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Regional state administrative agency</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland,_Finland" title="Lapland, Finland" class="mw-redirect">Lapland</a></th> <td>Lappi</td> <td>Lappland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lapland" title="Municipalities of Lapland" class="mw-redirect">Lapland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia" title="Northern Ostrobothnia">Northern Ostrobothnia</a></th> <td>Pohjois-Pohjanmaa</td> <td>Norra Österbotten</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Northern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Northern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a></th> <td>Kainuu</td> <td>Kajanaland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani">Kajaani</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Northern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Northern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia">North Karelia</a></th> <td>Pohjois-Karjala</td> <td>Norra Karelen</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Eastern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Savonia" title="Northern Savonia">Northern Savonia</a></th> <td>Pohjois-Savo</td> <td>Norra Savolax</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Eastern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Savonia" title="Southern Savonia">Southern Savonia</a></th> <td>Etelä-Savo</td> <td>Södra Savolax</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Eastern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ostrobothnia" title="Southern Ostrobothnia">Southern Ostrobothnia</a></th> <td>Etelä-Pohjanmaa</td> <td>Södra Österbotten</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_and_Central_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Western and Central Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Western and Central Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ostrobothnia" title="Central Ostrobothnia">Central Ostrobothnia</a></th> <td>Keski-Pohjanmaa</td> <td>Mellersta Österbotten</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokkola" title="Kokkola">Kokkola</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_and_Central_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Western and Central Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Western and Central Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a></th> <td>Pohjanmaa</td> <td>Österbotten</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_and_Central_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Western and Central Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Western and Central Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaa" title="Pirkanmaa">Pirkanmaa</a></th> <td>Pirkanmaa</td> <td>Birkaland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_and_Central_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Western and Central Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Western and Central Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a></th> <td>Keski-Suomi</td> <td>Mellersta Finland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_and_Central_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Western and Central Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Western and Central Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satakunta_(region)" title="Satakunta (region)" class="mw-redirect">Satakunta</a></th> <td>Satakunta</td> <td>Satakunda</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Western_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="South-Western Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">South-Western Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Proper" title="Finland Proper" class="mw-redirect">Finland Proper</a></th> <td>Varsinais-Suomi</td> <td>Egentliga Finland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Western_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="South-Western Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">South-Western Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Karelia" title="South Karelia">South Karelia</a></th> <td>Etelä-Karjala</td> <td>Södra Karelen</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Southern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Southern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nne_Tavastia" title="Päijänne Tavastia">Päijänne Tavastia</a></th> <td>Päijät-Häme</td> <td>Päijänne Tavastland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Southern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Southern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastia_Proper" title="Tavastia Proper">Tavastia Proper</a></th> <td>Kanta-Häme</td> <td>Egentliga Tavastland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Southern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Southern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusimaa_(region)" title="Uusimaa (region)" class="mw-redirect">Uusimaa</a></th> <td>Uusimaa</td> <td>Nyland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Southern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Southern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymenlaakso" title="Kymenlaakso">Kymenlaakso</a></th> <td>Kymenlaakso</td> <td>Kymmenedalen</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouvola" title="Kouvola">Kouvola</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" title="Southern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency" class="mw-redirect">Southern Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" title="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-.C3.A5land_note-51">[51]</a></th> <td>Ahvenanmaa</td> <td>Åland</td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_%C3%85land" title="Municipalities of Åland">Åland</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> The region of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Uusimaa" title="Eastern Uusimaa">Eastern Uusimaa</a> was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <h3>Administrative divisions[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions of Finland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions of Finland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-regions_of_Finland" title="Sub-regions of Finland">Sub-regions of Finland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities of Finland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_provinces_of_Finland" title="Historical provinces of Finland">Historical provinces of Finland</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS_Suomi_approaching_%C3%84ij%C3%A4l%C3%A4nsalmi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SS_Suomi_approaching_%C3%84ij%C3%A4l%C3%A4nsalmi.jpg/220px-SS_Suomi_approaching_%C3%84ij%C3%A4l%C3%A4nsalmi.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SS_Suomi_approaching_%C3%84ij%C3%A4l%C3%A4nsalmi.jpg/330px-SS_Suomi_approaching_%C3%84ij%C3%A4l%C3%A4nsalmi.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SS_Suomi_approaching_%C3%84ij%C3%A4l%C3%A4nsalmi.jpg/440px-SS_Suomi_approaching_%C3%84ij%C3%A4l%C3%A4nsalmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3131" data-file-height="2087"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS_Suomi_approaching_%C3%84ij%C3%A4l%C3%A4nsalmi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A steam boat on <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nne" title="Lake Päijänne">Lake Päijänne</a> leaving <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, the capital of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a>.</div> </div> </div> The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipalities</a>, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. There are 336 municipalities,<a href="#cite_note-yle.fi_20101231-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-kunnat.net-10">[10]</a> and most have fewer than 6,000 residents. In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-regions_of_Finland" title="Sub-regions of Finland">sub-regions</a> and nineteen <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">regions</a>. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. In the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a> region, there is a pilot project underway with regional elections. Sami people have a semi-autonomous <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Domicile_Area" title="Sami Domicile Area" class="mw-redirect">Sami Domicile Area</a> in Lapland for issues on language and culture. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tammerkoski.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tammerkoski.JPG/220px-Tammerkoski.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tammerkoski.JPG/330px-Tammerkoski.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tammerkoski.JPG/440px-Tammerkoski.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tammerkoski.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammerkoski" title="Tammerkoski">Tammerkoski rapids</a> in the inland city of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>.</div> </div> </div> In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. The land area is given in km², and the density in inhabitants per km² (land area). The figures are as of 30 November 2014. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">capital region</a> – comprising <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauniainen" title="Kauniainen">Kauniainen</a> – forms a continuous <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> of over 1.1 million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Council" title="Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council">Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council</a>. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suomi.kunnat.2009.template.thick.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Suomi.kunnat.2009.template.thick.svg/220px-Suomi.kunnat.2009.template.thick.svg.png" width="220" height="383" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Suomi.kunnat.2009.template.thick.svg/330px-Suomi.kunnat.2009.template.thick.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Suomi.kunnat.2009.template.thick.svg/440px-Suomi.kunnat.2009.template.thick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="3220"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suomi.kunnat.2009.template.thick.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a> (thin borders) and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">regions</a> (thick borders) of Finland (2009).</div> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tr> <th>City</th> <th>Population<a href="#cite_note-population_count-53">[53]</a></th> <th>Land area<a href="#cite_note-total_area-54">[54]</a></th> <th>Density</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Helsinki</td> <td>621,863</td> <td>213.75</td> <td>2,909.3</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a></td> <td>265,201</td> <td>312.26</td> <td>849.3</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></td> <td>223,035</td> <td>525.03</td> <td>424.8</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a></td> <td>210,543</td> <td>238.37</td> <td>883.26</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></td> <td>196,260</td> <td>1,410.17</td> <td>139.17</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></td> <td>184,123</td> <td>245.67</td> <td>749.47</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></td> <td>135,762</td> <td>1,170.99</td> <td>115.94</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></td> <td>107,624</td> <td>1,597.39</td> <td>67.37</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></td> <td>103,806</td> <td>135.05</td> <td>768.65</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouvola" title="Kouvola">Kouvola</a></td> <td>86,548</td> <td>2,558.24</td> <td>33.83</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a></td> <td>83,510</td> <td>834.06</td> <td>100.12</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a></td> <td>75,086</td> <td>2,381.76</td> <td>31.53</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></td> <td>72,904</td> <td>1,433.36</td> <td>50.86</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a></td> <td>68,006</td> <td>1,785.76</td> <td>38.08</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a></td> <td>67,034</td> <td>188.81</td> <td>355.03</td> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finnish_municipalities" title="List of Finnish municipalities">List of Finnish municipalities</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finnish_municipalities_by_population" title="List of Finnish municipalities by population">List of Finnish municipalities by population</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finnish_municipalities_by_area" title="List of Finnish municipalities by area">List of Finnish municipalities by area</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_municipalities_of_Finland" title="Former municipalities of Finland" class="mw-redirect">Former municipalities of Finland</a></div> <h2>Politics[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eduskuntatalo_Helsinki.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eduskuntatalo_Helsinki.jpg/220px-Eduskuntatalo_Helsinki.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eduskuntatalo_Helsinki.jpg/330px-Eduskuntatalo_Helsinki.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eduskuntatalo_Helsinki.jpg/440px-Eduskuntatalo_Helsinki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2731"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eduskuntatalo_Helsinki.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a>'s main building.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics of Finland</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">List of political parties in Finland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights in Finland</a></div> <h3>Constitution[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Constitution">edit</a>]</h3> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution of Finland</a> defines the political system. Finland is a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" title="Parliamentary democracy" class="mw-redirect">parliamentary democracy</a>, and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">prime minister</a> is the country's most powerful politician. The constitution in its current form came into force on 1 March 2000, and was amended on 1 March 2012. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, and presidential elections, and in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_European_Union" title="Elections in the European Union" class="mw-redirect">European Union elections</a>. <h3>President[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: President">edit</a>]</h3> According to the Constitution, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a> is the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Finland was formerly considered a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential" title="Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, but under the 2000 constitution, and even further under its 2012 amendment, the presidency became largely a ceremonial, non-executive position.<a href="#cite_note-formerly_semi-presidential-2">[2]</a> The position still does entail some powers, including responsibility for <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">foreign policy</a> (excluding affairs related to the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>) in cooperation with the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government" class="mw-redirect">cabinet</a>, being <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" title="Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect">the head of the armed forces</a>, some decree powers, and some appointive powers. Direct, one- or two-stage elections are used to elect the president for a term of six years and for a maximum of two consecutive terms. The current president is <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a>; he took office on 1 March 2012. The former presidents were <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">K. J. Ståhlberg</a> (1919–1925), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Kristian_Relander" title="Lauri Kristian Relander">L. K. Relander</a> (1925–1931), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">P. E. Svinhufvud</a> (1931–1937), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a> (1937–1940), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Risto Ryti</a> (1940–1944), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">C. G. E. Mannerheim</a> (1944–1946), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">J. K. Paasikivi</a> (1946–1956), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> (1956–1982), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto" title="Mauno Koivisto">Mauno Koivisto</a> (1982–1994), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> (1994–2000), and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarja_Halonen" title="Tarja Halonen">Tarja Halonen</a> (2000–2012). <h3>Parliament[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parliament">edit</a>]</h3> <table class="vertical-navbox vcard" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:19.5em;"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"> <div class="adr" style="font-size:smaller">Finland</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg" class="image"><img alt="Coat of arms of Finland.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png" width="110" height="138" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid">This article is part of a series on the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">politics and government of Finland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Finland" title="Government of Finland">State</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Finland#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Finland">Executive</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Finland" title="List of presidents of Finland">list</a>) <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a></dd> </dl> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Finland" title="List of Prime Ministers of Finland">list</a>) <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a></dd> </dl> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Finland" title="Cabinet of Finland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Finland#Ministries" title="Government of Finland">Executive departments</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Legislative</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li>36th <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Finland" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Finland">Speaker</a>: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Hein%C3%A4luoma" title="Eero Heinäluoma">Eero Heinäluoma</a></dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#General_Courts" title="Judicial system of Finland">General Courts</a> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Finland" title="Supreme Court of Finland">Supreme Court</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#Courts_of_Appeal" title="Judicial system of Finland">Courts of Appeal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#District_Courts" title="Judicial system of Finland">District Courts</a></dd> </dl> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#Administrative_Courts" title="Judicial system of Finland">Administrative Courts</a> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Finland" title="Supreme Administrative Court of Finland">Supreme Administrative Court</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#Regional_Administrative_Courts" title="Judicial system of Finland">Regional Administrative Courts</a></dd> </dl> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Finland" title="Prosecutor General of Finland">Prosecutor General</a> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Kuusim%C3%A4ki" title="Matti Kuusimäki">Matti Kuusimäki</a></dd> </dl> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Justice_of_Finland" title="Chancellor of Justice of Finland">Chancellor of Justice</a> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Jonkka" title="Jaakko Jonkka">Jaakko Jonkka</a></dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Recent <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">elections</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>Parliamentary: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_parliamentary_election,_2003" title="Finnish parliamentary election, 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_parliamentary_election,_2007" title="Finnish parliamentary election, 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_parliamentary_election,_2011" title="Finnish parliamentary election, 2011">2011</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>Presidential: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_presidential_election,_2000" title="Finnish presidential election, 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_presidential_election,_2006" title="Finnish presidential election, 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_presidential_election,_2012" title="Finnish presidential election, 2012">2012</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>European: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_2004_(Finland)" title="European Parliament election, 2004 (Finland)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_2004_(Finland)" title="European Parliament election, 2004 (Finland)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_2004_(Finland)" title="European Parliament election, 2004 (Finland)">2014</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party (KOK)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democratic Party (SDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party (formerly True Finns, PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party (KESK)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Alliance_(Finland)" title="Left Alliance (Finland)">Left Alliance (VAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_League" title="Green League">Green League (VIHR)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">Swedish People's Party (RKP)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Finland)" title="Christian Democrats (Finland)">Christian Democrats (KD)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_politicians" title="Category:Finnish politicians">Politicians</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a> (Maakunnat, Landskap)</div> </li> <li> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-regions_of_Finland" title="Sub-regions of Finland">Sub-regions</a> (Seutukunnat, Ekonomiska regioner)</div> </li> <li> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a> (Kunnat, Kommuner)</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;text-align:left;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_from_Finland" title="List of Ambassadors from Finland">Ambassadors</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Finland" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Finland">Atlas</a></li> </ul> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Finland" title="Template:Politics of Finland">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Finland" title="Template talk:Politics of Finland">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_Finland&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> The 200-member <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a> exercises supreme legislative authority. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland#Committees" title="Parliament of Finland">constitutional law committee</a>. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> within a number of multi-seat constituencies through open list multi-member districts. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Finland" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Finland">speaker</a> is currently <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Hein%C3%A4luoma" title="Eero Heinäluoma">Eero Heinäluoma</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democrats</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Since <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party</a> (former Agrarian Union), the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a> (conservatives), and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democrats</a>. These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support, and their combined vote has totalled about 65–80% of all votes. Their lowest common total of MPs, 121, was reached in the 2011 elections. For a few decades after 1944, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Finland" title="Communist Party of Finland">Communists</a> were a strong fourth party. Due to the electoral system of proportional representation, and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties, the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another. However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberals_(Finland)" title="Liberals (Finland)">Liberal party</a> and its predecessors from 1906 to about 1980; and the rise of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_League" title="Green League">Green party</a> and its predecessor since 1983. In the 2011 elections, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Finns" title="True Finns" class="mw-redirect">True Finns</a> achieved exceptional success, increasing its representation from 5 to 39 seats, and thus surpassing the Centre Party.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The autonomous province of Åland, which forms a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">federacy</a> with Finland, elects one member to the parliament, who traditionally joins the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">parliamentary group</a> of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">Swedish People's Party of Finland</a>. (The province also holds elections for its own permanent <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_%C3%85land" title="Parliament of Åland">regional council</a>, and in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_legislative_election,_2011" title="Åland legislative election, 2011">2011 elections</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Centre" title="Åland Centre">Åland Centre</a> was the largest party.) The Parliament can be dissolved by a recommendation of the Prime minister endorsed by the President. This procedure has never been used, although the parliament was dissolved several times under the pre-2000 constitution, when this action was the sole prerogative of the president. After the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_parliamentary_election,_2011" title="Finnish parliamentary election, 2011">parliamentary elections on 17 April 2011</a>, the seats were divided among eight parties as follows: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tr> <th>Party</th> <th>Seats</th> <th>Net gain/loss</th> <th> % of seats</th> <th> % of votes</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a></td> <td>44</td> <td>−6 <img alt="Decrease" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>22.0</td> <td>20.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democratic Party</a></td> <td>42</td> <td>  -3 <img alt="Decrease" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>21.0</td> <td>19.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>  +34 <img alt="Increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>19.5</td> <td>19.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>  -16 <img alt="Decrease" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>17.5</td> <td>15.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Alliance_(Finland)" title="Left Alliance (Finland)">Left Alliance</a></td> <td>14</td> <td>  -2 <img alt="Decrease" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>7.0</td> <td>8.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_League" title="Green League">Green League</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>   -5 <img alt="Decrease" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>5.0</td> <td>7.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">Swedish People's Party</a></td> <td>9</td> <td>    0 <img alt="Steady" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>4.5</td> <td>4.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Finland)" title="Christian Democrats (Finland)">Christian Democrats</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>   -1 <img alt="Decrease" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>3.0</td> <td>4.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Others</td> <td> 1a</td> <td>    0 <img alt="Steady" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.4</td> </tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5">a Province of Åland's representative.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Cabinet[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cabinet">edit</a>]</h3> After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government" class="mw-redirect">Finnish Government</a>), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens (the last time in 1957), as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The cabinet exercises most executive powers, and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a>, and consists of him or her, of other ministers, and of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Justice#Finland" title="Chancellor of Justice">Chancellor of Justice</a>. The current prime minister is <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a> (National Coalition Party). Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Finland)" title="Minister of Finance (Finland)">minister of finance</a>. As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest. <h3>Law[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law of Finland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judicial system of Finland</a></div> The judicial system of Finland is a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system divided between <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">administrative courts</a> with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Swedish law</a> and in a wider sense, civil law or <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (käräjäoikeus, tingsrätt), regional appellate courts (hovioikeus, hovrätt), and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#Supreme_Court" title="Judicial system of Finland">Supreme Court</a> (korkein oikeus, högsta domstolen). The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts (hallinto-oikeus, förvaltningsdomstol) and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#Supreme_Administrative_Court" title="Judicial system of Finland">Supreme Administrative Court</a> (korkein hallinto-oikeus, högsta förvaltningsdomstolen). In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#High_Court_of_Impeachment" title="Judicial system of Finland">High Court of Impeachment</a> for criminal charges against certain high-ranking officeholders. Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions.<a href="#cite_note-corruptionpolicing-58">[58]</a> The overall <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">crime rate of Finland</a> is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the highest <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> rate in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-eucrime-59">[59]</a> A <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_fine" title="Day fine" class="mw-redirect">day fine</a> system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeding" title="Speeding" class="mw-redirect">speeding</a>. Finland has successfully fought against government corruption, which was more common in the 1970s and 80s.<a href="#cite_note-corruption-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] For instance, economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished.<a href="#cite_note-corruption-60">[60]</a> Today, Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe. In 2008, Transparency International criticized the lack of transparency of the system of Finnish political finance.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> According to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRECO" title="GRECO" class="mw-redirect">GRECO</a> in 2007 corruption should be taken into account in the Finnish system of election funds better.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_campaign_finance_scandal_of_Finland" title="2007 campaign finance scandal of Finland" class="mw-redirect">A scandal revolving around campaign finance of the 2007 parliamentary elections</a> broke out in spring 2008. Nine Ministers of Government submitted incomplete funding reports and even more of the members of parliament. The law includes no punishment of false funds reports of the elected politicians. <h3>Foreign relations[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations of Finland</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg/170px-Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg" width="170" height="319" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg/255px-Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ahtisaari receives his Nobel prize</div> </div> </div> According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a>) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Finnish_constitution.-63">[63]</a> In 2008, president <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> was awarded the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobelprize-64">[64]</a> Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.<a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicyidea-65">[65]</a> This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkki_Tuomioja" title="Erkki Tuomioja">Erkki Tuomioja</a> made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defence.<a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicyidea-65">[65]</a> <h3>Social security[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social security">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security_in_Finland" title="Social security in Finland" class="mw-redirect">Social security in Finland</a></div> Finland has one of the world's most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents, Finns and non-citizens. Since the 1980s the social security has been cut back, but still the system is one of the most comprehensive in the world. Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II, the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well-being of its citizens, but could intervene benevolently on their behalf. According to some social historians, the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of a free and independent peasantry in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right wing. Finland's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries, but not harsh enough to bar the country from following their path of social development.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-66">[66]</a> <h3>Armed forces[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Armed forces">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG/220px-Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG/330px-Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG/440px-Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu_Auto#Military_trucks" title="Sisu Auto">Sisu</a> tracked transport vehicle of the Finnish Army. Most conscripts receive training for warfare in winter, and transport vehicles such as this give mobility in heavy snow.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history of Finland</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Finland" title="List of wars involving Finland">List of wars involving Finland</a></div> The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_cadre" title="En cadre" class="mw-redirect">cadre</a> of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service. Alternative <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">non-military service</a> for men is possible, as is voluntary military service for women (currently approximately 500 annually).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Finland is the only non-<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> EU country bordering Russia. Finland's official policy states that the 350,000 reservists, armed mostly with ground weaponry, are a sufficient deterrent. The armed forces favour partnerships with Western institutions such as NATO, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEU" title="WEU" class="mw-redirect">WEU</a> and the EU, but are careful to avoid politics.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Finland's defence budget equals about €2 billion or about 1.4–1.6% of the GDP. Finnish defence expenditure is around the sixth highest in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO and EU peacekeeping missions. Residents claim around 80% homeland defence willingness, one of the highest rates in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-jane-70">[70]</a> The armed forces are under the command of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_(Finland)" title="Chief of Defence (Finland)">Chief of Defence</a> (currently General <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarmo_Lindberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarmo Lindberg (page does not exist)">Jarmo Lindberg</a>), who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command. The branches of the military are the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Army" title="Finnish Army">army</a>, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Navy" title="Finnish Navy">navy</a> and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">air force</a>. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Border_Guard" title="Finnish Border Guard">border guard</a> is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness. <h2>Economy[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angry_Birds_Land_S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_11.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Angry_Birds_Land_S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_11.jpg/220px-Angry_Birds_Land_S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_11.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Angry_Birds_Land_S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_11.jpg/330px-Angry_Birds_Land_S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_11.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Angry_Birds_Land_S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_11.jpg/440px-Angry_Birds_Land_S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angry_Birds_Land_S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_11.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Birds" title="Angry Birds">Angry Birds</a>, a mobile phone game developed in Finland, has become a commercial hit both domestically and internationally.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy of Finland</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Finland" title="List of companies of Finland">List of companies of Finland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Stock_Exchange" title="Helsinki Stock Exchange">Helsinki Stock Exchange</a></div> Finland has a highly industrialized mixed economy with a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as France, Germany, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> or the UK. The largest sector of the economy is services at 66%, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31%. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Primary production</a> is 2.9%.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> With respect to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">foreign trade</a>, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> are <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> (22%), machinery, vehicles and other engineered metal products (21.1%), forest industry (13%) and chemicals (11%). Finland has timber and several mineral and freshwater resources. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a>, paper factories, and the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural sector</a> (on which taxpayers spend around 3 billion euros annually) are politically sensitive to rural residents. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Helsinki" title="Greater Helsinki">Greater Helsinki</a> area generates around a third of GDP. In a 2004 OECD comparison, high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland. Knowledge-intensive services have also ranked the smallest and slow-growth sectors – especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing – second largest after Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2004-73">[73]</a> Overall short-term outlook was good and GDP growth has been above many EU peers. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fi_real_gdp_growth.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fi_real_gdp_growth.svg/220px-Fi_real_gdp_growth.svg.png" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fi_real_gdp_growth.svg/330px-Fi_real_gdp_growth.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fi_real_gdp_growth.svg/440px-Fi_real_gdp_growth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fi_real_gdp_growth.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Finland's real-terms <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> growth, 1998–2011.</div> </div> </div> Finland is highly integrated into the global economy, and international trade is a third of GDP. The European Union makes up 60% of the total trade. The largest trade flows are with Germany, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and China. Trade policy is managed by the European Union, where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters, except for agriculture. Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone. Finland's climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge. The country lies between latitudes 60°N and 70°N, and has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frosts. However, because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate, Finland contains half of the world's arable land north of 60° north latitude. Annual precipitation is usually sufficient, but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months, making summer droughts a constant threat. In response to the climate, farmers have relied on quick-ripening and frost-resistant varieties of crops, and they have cultivated south-facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts. Most farmland had originally been either forest or swamp, and the soil had usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize excess acid and to develop fertility. Irrigation was generally not necessary, but drainage systems were often needed to remove excess water. Finland's agriculture was efficient and productive—at least when compared with farming in other European countries.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-66">[66]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg/220px-Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg" width="220" height="224" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg/330px-Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg/440px-Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1220"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanterinkatu" title="Aleksanterinkatu">Aleksanterinkatu</a>, a commercial street in Helsinki.</div> </div> </div> Forests play a key role in the country's economy, making it one of the world's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood-processing industries. As in agriculture, the government has long played a leading role in forestry, regulating tree cutting, sponsoring technical improvements, and establishing long-term plans to ensure that the country's forests continue to supply the wood-processing industries. To maintain the country's comparative advantage in forest products, Finnish authorities moved to raise lumber output toward the country's ecological limits. In 1984 the government published the Forest 2000 plan, drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The plan aimed at increasing forest harvests by about 3% per year, while conserving forestland for recreation and other uses.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-66">[66]</a> Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million, out of which around a third with tertiary education. The average cost of a private sector employee per hour was 25.1 euros in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> As of 2008 average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy, Sweden, Germany and France.<a href="#cite_note-incomecomparison-75">[75]</a> In 2006, 62% of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49% of total business turnover and had the strongest rate of growth.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The female employment rate is high. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US.<a href="#cite_note-niels-77">[77]</a> The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-niels-77">[77]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_map_exports_2009_Finland.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tree_map_exports_2009_Finland.jpeg/220px-Tree_map_exports_2009_Finland.jpeg" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tree_map_exports_2009_Finland.jpeg/330px-Tree_map_exports_2009_Finland.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tree_map_exports_2009_Finland.jpeg/440px-Tree_map_exports_2009_Finland.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="861"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_map_exports_2009_Finland.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Graphical depiction of Finland's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories.</div> </div> </div> The unemployment rate was 8.7% in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> 18% of residents are outside the job market at the age of 50 and less than a third are working at the age of 61.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Unfunded pensions and other promises such as health insurances are a dominant future liability, though Finland is much better prepared than countries such as France or Germany.<a href="#cite_note-ik.C3.A4.C3.A4ntyminen-80">[80]</a> Directly held <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_debt" title="Public debt" class="mw-redirect">public debt</a> has been reduced to around 32% of GDP in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 2007, the average household savings rate was −3.8 and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_debt" title="Household debt">household debt</a> 101% of annual disposable income, a typical level in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_ownership" title="Home ownership" class="mw-redirect">Home ownership</a> rate is 60%. As of 2006, 2.4 million households reside in Finland. The average size is 2.1 persons; 40% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 28% three or more persons. Residential buildings total 1.2 million and the average residential space is 38 m2 per person. The average residential property without land costs 1,187 euro per sq metre and residential land 8.6 euro per sq metre. 74% of households had a car. There are 2.5 million cars and 0.4 million other vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Around 92% have a mobile phone and 83.5% (2009) <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Internet connection at home</a>. The average total household consumption was 20,000 euro, out of which housing consisted of about 5500 euro, transport about 3000 euro, food and beverages excluding alcoholic beverages at around 2500 euro, and recreation and culture at around 2000 euro.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> According to Invest in Finland, private consumption grew by 3% in 2006 and consumer trends included durables, high quality products, and spending on well-being.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <h3>Energy[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg/220px-EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg/330px-EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg/440px-EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="633"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The two existing units of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkiluoto_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant">Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant</a>. On the far left is a visualization of a third unit, which, when completed, will become Finland's fifth commercial nuclear reactor.<a href="#cite_note-olkiluoto_delayed-86">[86]</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_energy_market" title="Nordic energy market">Nordic energy market</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Finland" title="Nuclear power in Finland">Nuclear power in Finland</a></div> Anyone can enter the free and largely privately owned financial and physical <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_energy_market" title="Nordic energy market">Nordic energy markets</a> traded in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ_OMX_Commodities_Europe" title="NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe">NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Pool_Spot" title="Nord Pool Spot">Nord Pool Spot</a> exchanges, which have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries. As of 2007, Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-15" title="EU-15" class="mw-redirect">EU-15</a> (equal to France).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt" title="Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect">gigawatts</a> in winter. This means that the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by energy consumption per capita">energy consumption per capita</a> is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Finland's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> resources are limited to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> and wood. About 10–15% of the electricity is produced by <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> which is low compared with more mountainous Sweden or Norway. In 2008, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> (mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) was high at 31% compared with the EU average of 10.3% in final energy consumption.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png/220px-Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png" width="220" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png/330px-Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png/440px-Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="490"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> comparison of different sources of energy supply in Finland (2013).<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Finland.2C_Energy-92">[92]</a></div> </div> </div> Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18% of the country's energy<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and one research reactor at the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaniemi" title="Otaniemi">Otaniemi</a> campus. The fifth <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AREVA" title="AREVA" class="mw-redirect">AREVA</a>-<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_AG" title="Siemens AG" class="mw-redirect">Siemens</a>-built reactor—the world's largest at 1600 <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MWe" title="MWe" class="mw-redirect">MWe</a> and a focal point of Europe's nuclear industry—has faced many delays and is currently scheduled to be operational by 2018–2020, a decade after the original planned opening.<a href="#cite_note-kauppalehti-02-2014-94">[94]</a> A varying amount (5–17%) of electricity has been imported from Russia (at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity), Sweden and Norway. Finland negotiated itself expensive <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto</a> and EU emission terms. They might be causing an increase in energy prices, amplified by the aging and soon decommissioned production capacity.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Energy companies are about to increase nuclear power production, as in July 2010 the Finnish parliament granted permits for additional two new reactors. <h3>Transport[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport in Finland</a></div> The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual state operated road network expenditure of around 1 billion euro is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around 1.5 billion euro and 1 billion euro. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kontio_towing.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kontio_towing.jpg/220px-Kontio_towing.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kontio_towing.jpg/330px-Kontio_towing.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kontio_towing.jpg/440px-Kontio_towing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kontio_towing.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">Icebreakers</a> enable shipping even during severe winters.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Train_local_Sm4_in_Finland.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Train_local_Sm4_in_Finland.JPG/220px-Train_local_Sm4_in_Finland.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Train_local_Sm4_in_Finland.JPG/330px-Train_local_Sm4_in_Finland.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Train_local_Sm4_in_Finland.JPG/440px-Train_local_Sm4_in_Finland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Train_local_Sm4_in_Finland.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The state-owned <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR Group</a> operates a railway network serving all major cities.</div> </div> </div> The main international passenger gateway is <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki-Vantaa_Airport" title="Helsinki-Vantaa Airport" class="mw-redirect">Helsinki-Vantaa Airport</a> with 15.3 million passengers in 2013. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_Airport" title="Oulu Airport">Oulu Airport</a> is the second largest and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Finland" title="List of airports in Finland">around 25 airports</a> have scheduled passenger services.<a href="#cite_note-finavia_pass_stats-96">[96]</a> The Helsinki-Vantaa based <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue1" title="Blue1">Blue1</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flybe_Nordic" title="Flybe Nordic" class="mw-redirect">Flybe Nordic</a> sell air services both domestically and internationally. Helsinki has an optimal location for <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a> (i.e. the shortest and most efficient) routes between Western Europe and the Far East. Despite low population density, the Government spends annually around 350 million euro in maintaining 5,865 kilometres (3,644 mi) of railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by state owned <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR Group</a>, which has 5% passenger market share (out of which 80% are urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25% cargo market share.<a href="#cite_note-ljvr-97">[97]</a> Since 12 December 2010, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Trains" title="Karelian Trains">Karelian Trains</a>, a joint venture between <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR (Finnish Railways)</a>, has been running <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Trains_Class_Sm6" title="Karelian Trains Class Sm6" class="mw-redirect">Alstom Pendolino</a> operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlyandsky_Rail_Terminal" title="Finlyandsky Rail Terminal" class="mw-redirect">Finlyandsky</a> and Helsinki's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Central_railway_station" title="Helsinki Central railway station">Central</a> railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. Journey from Helsinki to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> takes only three and a half hours. The majority of international cargo utilizes ports. Port logistics prices are low. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuosaari_Harbour" title="Vuosaari Harbour">Vuosaari Harbour</a> in Helsinki is the largest container port after completion in 2008 and others include <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamina" title="Hamina">Hamina</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanko" title="Hanko">Hanko</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a>, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. The Helsinki-Tallinn route, one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world, has also been served by a helicopter line. <h3>Industry[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy of Finland</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nokian_p%C3%A4%C3%A4konttori_Keilaniemess%C3%A4.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nokian_p%C3%A4%C3%A4konttori_Keilaniemess%C3%A4.jpg/220px-Nokian_p%C3%A4%C3%A4konttori_Keilaniemess%C3%A4.jpg" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nokian_p%C3%A4%C3%A4konttori_Keilaniemess%C3%A4.jpg/330px-Nokian_p%C3%A4%C3%A4konttori_Keilaniemess%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nokian_p%C3%A4%C3%A4konttori_Keilaniemess%C3%A4.jpg/440px-Nokian_p%C3%A4%C3%A4konttori_Keilaniemess%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="412"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nokian_p%C3%A4%C3%A4konttori_Keilaniemess%C3%A4.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Former headquarters of electronics corporation <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>.</div> </div> </div> Finland was rapidly industrialized after the Second World War, achieving GDP per capita levels equal to that of Japan or the UK in the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, most development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus). The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the car industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals (steel, copper and chromium). The world's biggest <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> are built in Finnish shipyards. The "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus) includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources (77% of the area is covered by forest, most of it in renewable use). In the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a>, many of the largest companies are based in Finland (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlstrom" title="Ahlstrom">Ahlstrom</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-real" title="M-real" class="mw-redirect">M-real</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPM_(company)" title="UPM (company)">UPM</a>). However, the Finnish economy has diversified, with expansion into fields such as electronics (e.g. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>), metrology (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisala" title="Vaisala">Vaisala</a>), transport fuels (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neste_Oil" title="Neste Oil">Neste Oil</a>), chemicals (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemira" title="Kemira">Kemira</a>), engineering consulting (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6yry" title="Pöyry">Pöyry</a>) and information technology (e.g. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovio_Mobile" title="Rovio Mobile" class="mw-redirect">Rovio</a>, known for <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Birds" title="Angry Birds">Angry Birds</a>), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing, with manufacturing reducing in importance; agriculture is only a minor part. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland more vulnerable to global economic trends. Based on the Economist Intelligence Unit report released in September 2011, Finland has clinched the second place after the United States on Benchmarking IT Industry Competitiveness 2011 which scored on 6 key indicators: overall business environment, technology infrastructure, human capital, legal framework, public support for industry development, and research and development landscape.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <h3>Public policy[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Public policy">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></div> Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model.<a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-99">[99]</a> Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> is relatively new. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-99">[99]</a> Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas.[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a> and 9th in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-100">[100]</a> While the manufacturing sector is thriving, the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The 2007 <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Management_Development" title="International Institute for Management Development">IMD</a> World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitiveness" title="Competitiveness">competitive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries. In the Business competitiveness index 2007–2008 Finland ranked third in the world. Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. According to the OECD, only four <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-15" title="EU-15" class="mw-redirect">EU-15</a> countries have less regulated <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_market" title="Product market">product markets</a> (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a> (Denmark). Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-99">[99]</a> The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-100">[100]</a> Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-100">[100]</a> Finland is rated the least corrupted country in the world in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and 13th in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ease_of_Doing_Business_Index" title="Ease of Doing Business Index" class="mw-redirect">Ease of Doing Business Index</a>. This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading (5th), contract enforcement (7th), business closure (5th), tax payment (83rd) and low worker hardship (127th).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Finnish law <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_validity_of_collective_labour_agreements" title="Universal validity of collective labour agreements">forces all workers to obey the national contracts</a> that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKAVA" title="AKAVA" class="mw-redirect">AKAVA</a>—80%). A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2004-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-99">[99]</a> <h3>Tourism[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism in Finland</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silja_Symphony_Kustaanmiekka.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Silja_Symphony_Kustaanmiekka.jpg/220px-Silja_Symphony_Kustaanmiekka.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Silja_Symphony_Kustaanmiekka.jpg/330px-Silja_Symphony_Kustaanmiekka.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Silja_Symphony_Kustaanmiekka.jpg/440px-Silja_Symphony_Kustaanmiekka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silja_Symphony_Kustaanmiekka.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Silja Symphony, one of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_sea_cruiseferries" title="Baltic sea cruiseferries" class="mw-redirect">Baltic sea cruiseferries</a>, passing Kustaanmiekka strait in Helsinki.</div> </div> </div> In 2005, Finnish tourism grossed over €6.7 billion with a 5% increase from the previous year. Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation" title="Globalisation" class="mw-redirect">globalisation</a> and modernisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness. There are many attractions in Finland which attracted over 8 million visitors in 2013. The Finnish landscape is covered with thick <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> forests, rolling hills and complemented with a labyrinth of lakes and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlets</a>. Much of Finland is pristine and virgin as it contains 37 national parks from the Southern shores of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> to the high <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fells</a> of Lapland. It is also an urbanised region with many cultural events and activities. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea_cruiseferries" title="Baltic Sea cruiseferries">Commercial cruises</a> between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Stockholm and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travem%C3%BCnde" title="Travemünde">Travemünde</a>, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. Finland is regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>, living in the northern Lapland region. Above the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, in midwinter, there is a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a>, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight. Lapland is so far north that the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Borealis" title="Aurora Borealis" class="mw-redirect">Aurora Borealis</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> in the high atmosphere due to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, is seen regularly in the fall, winter and spring. Outdoor activities range from <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Nordic skiing</a>, golf, fishing, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">yachting</a>, lake cruises, hiking, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a> among many others. At Finland's northernmost point, in the heart of summer, the Sun does not completely set for 73 consecutive days. Wildlife is abundant in Finland. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird-watching" title="Bird-watching" class="mw-redirect">Bird-watching</a> is popular for those fond of avifauna, however hunting is also popular. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Elk</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a> are common game in Finland. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olavinlinna" title="Olavinlinna">Olavinlinna</a> in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonlinna" title="Savonlinna">Savonlinna</a> hosts the annual <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonlinna_Opera_Festival" title="Savonlinna Opera Festival">Savonlinna Opera Festival</a>. <h2>Demographics[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics of Finland</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_pyramid_finland_2013.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Population_pyramid_finland_2013.png/220px-Population_pyramid_finland_2013.png" width="220" height="262" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Population_pyramid_finland_2013.png/330px-Population_pyramid_finland_2013.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Population_pyramid_finland_2013.png/440px-Population_pyramid_finland_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="926"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_pyramid_finland_2013.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Population of Finland by age group and sex in 2013<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="barbox tright" style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:380px; background: white;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tr style="background:#AAF"> <th colspan="5">Population of Finland, 1750–2014</th> </tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px;">year</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="width:100px;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;">population</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1750</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:21px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">421,500</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1760</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:25px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">491,100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1770</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:28px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">561,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1780</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:33px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">663,900</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1790</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:35px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">705,600</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1800</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:42px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">832,700</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1810</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:43px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">863,300</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1820</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:59px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">1,177,500</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1830</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:69px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">1,372,100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1840</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:72px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">1,445,600</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1850</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:82px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">1,636,900</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1860</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:87px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">1,746,700</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1870</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:88px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">1,768,800</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1880</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:103px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">2,060,800</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1890</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:119px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">2,380,100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1900</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:133px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">2,655,900</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1910</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:147px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">2,943,400</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1920</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:157px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">3,147,600</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1930</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:173px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">3,462,700</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1940</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:185px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">3,695,617</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1950</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:202px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">4,029,803</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1960</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:222px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">4,446,222</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1970</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:230px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">4,598,336</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1980</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:239px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">4,787,778</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">1990</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:250px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">4,998,478</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">2000</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:259px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">5,181,115</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">2010</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:269px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">5,375,276</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em">2014</td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:teal; width:273px; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em" align="right">5,457,429</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="padding:5px">Sources: <a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> The population of Finland is currently about 5,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-pop_stat-8">[8]</a> Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanisation. The largest cities in Finland are those of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Helsinki" title="Greater Helsinki">Greater Helsinki</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>—<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>. Other cities with population over 100,000 are <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a>.The share of foreign citizens in Finland is 3.4%, among the lowest in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-Foreigners-109">[109]</a> Most of them are from Russia, Estonia and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Foreigners-109">[109]</a> The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <h3>Languages[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages of Finland</a></div> Finnish and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of Åland. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages" title="Sami languages">Sami language</a> is an official language in northern Lapland. Also <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalo_Finnish_Romani_language" title="Kalo Finnish Romani language" class="mw-redirect">Finnish Romani</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish Sign Language</a> are recognized in the constitution. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> languages and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> are also specially treated in some contexts. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_language" title="Native language" class="mw-redirect">native language</a> of 90% of the population is Finnish,<a href="#cite_note-Population_according_to_language-111">[111]</a> which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>. The language is one of only four official <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">EU languages</a> not of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> origin. Finnish is closely related to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and more remotely to the Sami languages and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>. Swedish is the native language of 5% of the population (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-speaking_Finns" title="Swedish-speaking Finns" class="mw-redirect">Swedish-speaking Finns</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Population_according_to_language-111">[111]</a> To the north, in Lapland, are the Sami people, numbering around 7000<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and recognized as an <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous people</a>. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-Population_2006-12-31-113">[113]</a> There are three Sami languages that are spoken in Finland: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari_Sami_language" title="Inari Sami language">Inari Sami</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolt_Sami" title="Skolt Sami" class="mw-redirect">Skolt Sami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people who usually also speak Finnish - see <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalo_Finnish_Romani_language" title="Kalo Finnish Romani language" class="mw-redirect">Kalo Finnish Romani language</a>. The Finnish Sign Language is used as a first language by 4,000–5,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Tatar language is spoken by a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatar</a> minority of about 800 people who moved to Finland mainly during the Russian rule from the 1870s until the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The rights of minority groups (in particular <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people#Finland" title="Sami people">Sami</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish speakers</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Romani people</a>) are protected by the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Immigrant languages include Russian (1.1%), Estonian (0.6%), Somali, English and Arabic (see <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages of Finland</a>).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The best-known foreign languages are English (63%), <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (18%), and French (3%). English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the third or fifth grade (at 9 or 11 years of age respectively) in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead). German, French and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the eighth grade (at 14 years of age; some schools may offer other options). A third foreign language may be studied in upper secondary school or university (at 16 years of age or over). <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and, to some extent, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> are <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with Swedish and are thus understood by a significant minority, although studied only slightly in school. <h3>Religion[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion in Finland</a></div> <table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" rules="all" style="width:300px; float:right; margin:1em; background:#fff; border:2px solid #aaa; font-size:100%;"> <tr style="background:#ddd;"> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;">Religion in Finland<a href="#cite_note-relig_stat-119">[119]</a></td> </tr> <tr style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;"> <th>year</th> <th>Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</th> <th>Finnish Orthodox Church</th> <th>Other</th> <th>No religious affiliation</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1900</td> <td>98.1%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.0%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1950</td> <td>95.0%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>2.8%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1980</td> <td>90.3%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>7.8%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1990</td> <td>87.8%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>10.2%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2000</td> <td>85.1%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>12.7%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2005</td> <td>83.2%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>14.5%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2010</td> <td>78.3%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>19.2%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2011</td> <td>77.3%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>20.1%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2012</td> <td>76.4%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>21.0%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2013</td> <td>75.3%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>22.1%</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2014</td> <td>73.7%<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG/220px-Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG/330px-Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG/440px-Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="1603"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church_from_south.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4vesi_Old_Church" title="Petäjävesi Old Church">Petäjävesi Old Church</a> is an old wooden Lutheran church and a UNESCO World Heritage site.</div> </div> </div> Approximately 4.1 million (or 75.3%<a href="#cite_note-relig_stat-119">[119]</a> at the end of 2013) Finns are members of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a>. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world, although its share of the country's population has declined by roughly one percent annually in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-relig_stat-119">[119]</a> The second largest group, accounting for 22.1% of the population<a href="#cite_note-relig_stat-119">[119]</a> in 2013, has no religious affiliation. The non-religious group is growing quickly from just below 13% in the year 2000. A small minority belong to the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Finnish Orthodox Church</a> (1.1%). Other <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant" class="mw-redirect">Protestant</a> denominations and the Roman Catholic Church in Finland are significantly smaller, as are the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish" title="Jewish" class="mw-redirect">Jewish</a> and other non-Christian communities (totaling 1.4%). The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national churches</a> of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2012, 75.3% of Finnish children were baptized<a href="#cite_note-evl_stat_2012-122">[122]</a> and 82.3% were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 2% of its members attend church services weekly. The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.<a href="#cite_note-state2004-124">[124]</a> According to a 2010 <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that "they believe there is a God"; 42% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 22% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".<a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-125">[125]</a> According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves "highly religious", and 31% "moderately religious".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as "agnostic" and 29% as "non-religious". <h3>Health[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare in Finland</a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> has increased from 71 years for men and 79 years for women in 1990 to 78 years for men and 84 years for women in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The under-five mortality rate has decreased from 51 per 1,000 live births in 1950 to 3 per 1,000 live births in 2012 ranking Finland’s rate among the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The fertility rate in 2012 stood at 1.8 and has been below 2.1 since 1969. With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age by first live birth being 28.5 in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century. Lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise. More than half a million Finns suffer from diabetes, type 1 diabetes being globally the most common in Finland. Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The number of musculoskeletal diseases and cancers are increasing, although the cancer prognosis has improved. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular depression.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> There are 307 residents for each doctor.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation. A recent study by The Lancet medical journal found that Finland has the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries, including UK, France and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In April 2012, Finland was ranked 2nd in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <h3>Society[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare in Finland</a></div> According to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" title="United Nations Children's Fund" class="mw-redirect">UNICEF</a>, Finland ranks fourth in the world in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_well-being" title="Child well-being" class="mw-redirect">child well-being</a> (behind the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark).<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 1906, Finland became the first nation in the world to give <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">full suffrage</a> (the right to vote and to run for office) to all adult citizens, including women.<a href="#cite_note-eduskunta-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-full_suffrage-13">[13]</a> By the 1980s, women routinely constituted about one-third of the membership of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduskunta" title="Eduskunta" class="mw-redirect">Eduskunta</a> (parliament) and held several ministerial posts. In the 1980s, about 75% of adult women worked outside the home; they made up about 48% of the work force. Finnish women were as well educated as their male counterparts, and, in some cases, the number of women studying at the university level, for example, was slightly ahead of the number of men. In addition to an expanding welfare system, which since World War II had come to provide them with substantial assistance in the area of childbearing and child-rearing, women had made notable legislative gains that brought them closer to full equality with men.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-66">[66]</a> The Equality Law that went into effect in 1987 committed the country to achieving full equality for women. In the late 1980s, there was a timetable listing specific goals to be achieved during the remainder of the twentieth century. The emphasis was to be equality for everyone, rather than protection for women. Efforts were undertaken not only to place women in occupations dominated by males, but also to bring males into fields traditionally believed to belong to the women's sphere, such as child care and elementary school teaching. Another aim was for women to occupy a more equal share of decision-making positions.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-66">[66]</a> After examining the position of women around the world, the Washington-based <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Crisis_Committee" title="Population Crisis Committee" class="mw-redirect">Population Crisis Committee</a> reported in 1988 that Finland, slightly behind top-ranked Sweden and just ahead of the United States, was one of the best places in which a woman could live.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The group reached this conclusion after examining the health, educational, economic, and legal conditions that affect women's lives. In a number of areas, however, the country's small feminist movement maintained that the circumstances in which Finnish women lived needed to be improved. Most striking was the disparity in wages. Although women made up just under half the work force and had a tradition of working outside the home, they earned only about two-thirds of the wages paid to men.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-66">[66]</a> Finland also has been relatively slow (by European standards) to deal legally with the problem of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Finland was ranked second in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report">Global Gender Gap Report</a> 2012.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Finland has <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">general elections</a> every fourth year. <h2>Culture[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/220px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" width="220" height="288" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/330px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/440px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="716"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>, the father of the Finnish written language.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture of Finland</a></div> <h3>Education and science[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education and science">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg/220px-Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg" width="220" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg/330px-Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg/440px-Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="450"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Auditorium in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a>'s main building, designed by <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education in Finland</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Finland" title="List of universities in Finland">List of universities in Finland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Finland" title="List of schools in Finland">List of schools in Finland</a></div> Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at municipal level. Even though many or most schools were started as private schools, today only around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools (mostly specialist language and international schools), much less than in Sweden and most other developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Pre-school education is rare compared with other EU countries and formal education is usually started at the age of 7. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years. Most schools are managed by municipal officials. The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16. After lower secondary school, graduates may either enter the workforce directly, or apply to trade schools or gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). Trade schools offer a vocational Education: Approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Academically oriented <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a> have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education. In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_benefit" title="Student benefit" class="mw-redirect">student benefits</a>. There are 20 universities and 30 polytechnics in the country. Helsinki University is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> ranks Finland's tertiary education No. 1 in the world.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan (37%).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The proportion of foreign students is 3% of all tertiary enrollments, one of the lowest in OECD, while in advanced programs it is 7.3%, still below OECD average 16.5%.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.<a href="#cite_note-innovation-146">[146]</a> Finland had a long tradition of adult education, and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year. Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons. Adult education appeared in a number of forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and folk high schools. Study centres allowed groups to follow study plans of their own making, with educational and financial assistance provided by the state. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high schools</a> are a distinctly Nordic institution. Originating in Denmark in the nineteenth century, folk high schools became common throughout the region. Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-66">[66]</a> Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <h3>Literature[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish literature</a></div> Written Finnish could be said to have existed since <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a> translated the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into Finnish during the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, but few notable works of literature were written until the nineteenth century and the beginning of a Finnish national <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic Movement</a>. This prompted <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a> to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>, the Finnish <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksis_Kivi" title="Aleksis Kivi">Aleksis Kivi</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eino_Leino" title="Eino Leino">Eino Leino</a>. Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Johan Ludvig Runeberg</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Zachris Topelius</a>. After Finland became independent, there was a rise of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_literature" title="Modernist literature" class="mw-redirect">modernist writers</a>, most famously the Finnish-speaking <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a> and Swedish-speaking <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_S%C3%B6dergran" title="Edith Södergran">Edith Södergran</a>. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a> was awarded the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1939. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War" class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a> prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Linna" title="Väinö Linna">Väinö Linna</a>. Besides Kalevala and Waltari, the Swedish-speaking <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a> is the most translated Finnish writer. Popular modern writers include <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto_Paasilinna" title="Arto Paasilinna">Arto Paasilinna</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkka_Remes" title="Ilkka Remes">Ilkka Remes</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Hotakainen" title="Kari Hotakainen">Kari Hotakainen</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofi_Oksanen" title="Sofi Oksanen">Sofi Oksanen</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari_Tervo" title="Jari Tervo">Jari Tervo</a>, while the best novel is annually awarded the prestigious <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia_Prize" title="Finlandia Prize">Finlandia Prize</a>. <h3>Visual arts[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finnish_architects" title="List of Finnish architects">List of Finnish architects</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Aino_Myth,_Triptych_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Aino_Myth%2C_Triptych_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Aino_Myth%2C_Triptych_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" width="220" height="110" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Aino_Myth%2C_Triptych_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Aino_Myth%2C_Triptych_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Aino_Myth%2C_Triptych_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Aino_Myth%2C_Triptych_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8066" data-file-height="4042"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Aino_Myth,_Triptych_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Art, such as this triptych depicting the story of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino_(mythology)" title="Aino (mythology)">Aino</a> in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> were important for promoting the idea of a Finnish nation.</div> </div> </div> Finns have made major contributions to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicrafts</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>. Finland's best-known sculptor of the twentieth century was <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Aaltonen" title="Wäinö Aaltonen">Wäinö Aaltonen</a>, remembered for his monumental <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">busts</a> and sculptures. Finnish architecture is famous around the world. Among the top of the twentieth century Finnish architects to win international recognition are <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a> (designer of the widely recognised Helsinki Central railway station and many other public works) and his son <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a>, who helped bring <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalist architecture</a> to Finland, is also famous for his work in furniture, textiles and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassware" title="Glassware" class="mw-redirect">glassware</a>. <h3>Television[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</h3> Finland's most internationally successful TV shows are the backpacking travel documentary series <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madventures" title="Madventures">Madventures</a> and the reality TV show <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dudesons" title="The Dudesons">The Dudesons</a>, about four childhood friends who perform stunts and play pranks on each other (in similar vein to the American TV show <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass_(TV_series)" title="Jackass (TV series)">Jackass</a>). <h3>Music[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_sibelius.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jean_sibelius.jpg/170px-Jean_sibelius.jpg" width="170" height="230" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Jean_sibelius.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Jean_sibelius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="338"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_sibelius.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The Finnish composer <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a> (1865–1957), a significant figure in the history of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music" title="European classical music" class="mw-redirect">classical music</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music of Finland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_rock" title="Finnish rock">Finnish rock</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_music" title="Sami music">Sami music</a></div> <h4>Classical[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Classical">edit</a>]</h4> Much of the Finland's classical music is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples" class="mw-redirect">Finnic</a> myths and beliefs, less influenced by <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> influence than the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_folk_dance_music" title="Nordic folk dance music" class="mw-redirect">Nordic folk dance music</a> that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> has undergone a <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revival</a> in recent decades, and has become a part of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. The people of northern Finland, Sweden and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoik" title="Yoik" class="mw-redirect">Joik</a>. The same word sometimes refers to <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavlu" title="Lavlu" class="mw-redirect">lavlu</a> or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect. The first Finnish opera was written by the German-born composer <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Pacius" title="Fredrik Pacius">Fredrik Pacius</a> in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country)</a>, Finland's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a> became famous for his vocal symphony <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullervo_(Sibelius)" title="Kullervo (Sibelius)">Kullervo</a>. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia_(symphonic_poem)" title="Finlandia (symphonic poem)" class="mw-redirect">Finlandia</a>, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation. Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene and many of Finland's important <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finnish_composers" title="List of Finnish composers">composers</a> are still alive, such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Lindberg" title="Magnus Lindberg">Magnus Lindberg</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevi_Aho" title="Kalevi Aho">Kalevi Aho</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulis_Sallinen" title="Aulis Sallinen">Aulis Sallinen</a>, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a>. The composers are accompanied by a large number of great conductors such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmo_V%C3%A4nsk%C3%A4" title="Osmo Vänskä">Osmo Vänskä</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukka-Pekka_Saraste" title="Jukka-Pekka Saraste">Jukka-Pekka Saraste</a>, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Segerstam" title="Leif Segerstam">Leif Segerstam</a>. Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karita_Mattila" title="Karita Mattila">Karita Mattila</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soile_Isokoski" title="Soile Isokoski">Soile Isokoski</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka_Kuusisto" title="Pekka Kuusisto">Pekka Kuusisto</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli_Mustonen" title="Olli Mustonen">Olli Mustonen</a>, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Brava" title="Linda Brava">Linda Lampenius</a>. <h4>Pop[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Pop">edit</a>]</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apocalyptica1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apocalyptica1.jpg/170px-Apocalyptica1.jpg" width="170" height="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apocalyptica1.jpg/255px-Apocalyptica1.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apocalyptica1.jpg/340px-Apocalyptica1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apocalyptica1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perttu_Kivilaakso" title="Perttu Kivilaakso">Perttu Kivilaakso</a> of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptica" title="Apocalyptica">Apocalyptica</a>.</div> </div> </div> Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlager" title="Schlager" class="mw-redirect">Schlager</a>, meaning "hit") is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>; <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">tango</a>, a style of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentine music</a>, is also popular. The light music in Swedish-speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock bands, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> musicians, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> performers, dance music acts, etc. During the early 1960s, the first significant wave of Finnish rock groups emerged, playing <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">instrumental rock</a> inspired by groups such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">The Shadows</a>. Around 1964, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a> arrived in Finland, resulting in further development of the local rock scene. During the late 1960s and 1970s, Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade, some <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> groups such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasavallan_Presidentti" title="Tasavallan Presidentti">Tasavallan Presidentti</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigwam_(progressive_rock)" title="Wigwam (progressive rock)" class="mw-redirect">Wigwam</a> gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> group <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurriganes" title="Hurriganes">Hurriganes</a>. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terveet_K%C3%A4det" title="Terveet Kädet">Terveet Kädet</a> in the 1980s. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi_Rocks" title="Hanoi Rocks">Hanoi Rocks</a> was a pioneering 1980s <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> act that inspired the hit American <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> group <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIM_(Finnish_band)" title="HIM (Finnish band)">HIM</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightwish" title="Nightwish">Nightwish</a> are some of Finland's most internationally known bands. HIM's 2005 album Dark Light <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification" title="Music recording sales certification">went gold</a> in the United States. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptica" title="Apocalyptica">Apocalyptica</a> are an internationally famous Finnish group who are most renowned for mixing strings-led classical music with classic heavy metal. Other well-known metal bands are <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rasmus" title="The Rasmus">The Rasmus</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphis" title="Amorphis">Amorphis</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Bodom" title="Children of Bodom">Children of Bodom</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaled_Nazarene" title="Impaled Nazarene">Impaled Nazarene</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpiklaani" title="Korpiklaani">Korpiklaani</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenced" title="Sentenced">Sentenced</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_Arctica" title="Sonata Arctica">Sonata Arctica</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovarius" title="Stratovarius">Stratovarius</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turisas" title="Turisas">Turisas</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finntroll" title="Finntroll">Finntroll</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiferum" title="Ensiferum">Ensiferum</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnium" title="Insomnium">Insomnium</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltari" title="Waltari">Waltari</a>. After Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordi" title="Lordi">Lordi</a> won the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2006">2006 Eurovision Song Contest</a>, Finland hosted the competition <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2007">in 2007</a>. <h3>Cinema[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema of Finland</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finnish_films" title="List of Finnish films">List of Finnish films</a></div> In the film industry, notable directors include <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki" title="Aki Kaurismäki">Aki Kaurismäki</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritz_Stiller" title="Mauritz Stiller">Mauritz Stiller</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spede_Pasanen" title="Spede Pasanen">Spede Pasanen</a> and Hollywood film director and producer <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renny_Harlin" title="Renny Harlin">Renny Harlin</a>. Around twelve feature films are made each year.<a href="#cite_note-Media_moves-150">[150]</a> <h3>Media and communications[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Media and communications">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/170px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg" width="170" height="261" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/255px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/340px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="920"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, the Finnish <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineer</a> best known for creating the popular <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications in Finland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Finland" title="List of newspapers in Finland">List of newspapers in Finland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Finland" title="Television in Finland">Television in Finland</a></div> Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Today, there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, three <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital radio</a> channels and one nationwide and five national <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public service radio channels</a>. Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold.<a href="#cite_note-Media_moves-150">[150]</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanoma" title="Sanoma">Sanoma</a> publishes the newspaper <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (its circulation of 412,000<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> making it the largest), the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilta-Sanomat" title="Ilta-Sanomat">Ilta-Sanomat</a>, the commerce-oriented <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloussanomat" title="Taloussanomat">Taloussanomat</a> and the television channel <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelonen" title="Nelonen">Nelonen</a>. The other major publisher <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Media" title="Alma Media">Alma Media</a> publishes over thirty magazines, including the newspaper <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamulehti" title="Aamulehti">Aamulehti</a>, tabloid <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iltalehti" title="Iltalehti">Iltalehti</a> and commerce-oriented <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauppalehti" title="Kauppalehti">Kauppalehti</a>. Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YLE" title="YLE" class="mw-redirect">YLE</a>, Finland's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> station, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. YLE is funded through a mandatory television license and fees for private broadcasters. All TV channels are broadcast <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digitally</a>, both terrestrially and on cable. The commercial television channel <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV3" title="MTV3">MTV3</a> and commercial radio channel <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Nova_(Finland)" title="Radio Nova (Finland)">Radio Nova</a> are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier_Group" title="Bonnier Group">Bonnier</a> and Proventus Industrier). In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country’s information and communication technologies. Finland ranked 1st overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from the year before.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> This is shown in its penetration throughout the country's population. Around 79% of the population use the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FICORA-156">[156]</a> All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers and most residents have a mobile phone. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_service" title="Value-added service">Value-added services</a> are rare.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In October 2009, Finland's Ministry of Transport and Communications committed to ensuring that every person in Finland would be able to access the Internet at a minimum speed of one <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_units#Decimal_multiples_of_bits" title="Data rate units">megabit-per-second</a> beginning July 2010.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <h3>Cuisine[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish cuisine</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karjalanpiirakka-20060227.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Karjalanpiirakka-20060227.jpg/220px-Karjalanpiirakka-20060227.jpg" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Karjalanpiirakka-20060227.jpg/330px-Karjalanpiirakka-20060227.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Karjalanpiirakka-20060227.jpg/440px-Karjalanpiirakka-20060227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1508"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karjalanpiirakka-20060227.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karjalanpiirakat" title="Karjalanpiirakat" class="mw-redirect">Karelian pasty</a> (karjalanpiirakka) is a traditional Finnish dish made from a thin rye crust with a filling of rice. Butter, often mixed with boiled egg (eggbutter or munavoi), is spread over the hot pastries before eating.</div> </div> </div> Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a> with contemporary style cooking. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(food)" title="Fish (food)" class="mw-redirect">Fish</a> and meat play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes from the western part of the country, while the dishes from the eastern part have traditionally included various vegetables and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushrooms</a>. Refugees from Karelia contributed to foods in eastern Finland. Finnish foods often use <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholemeal" title="Wholemeal" class="mw-redirect">wholemeal</a> products (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>) and berries (such as <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberries</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingonberry" title="Lingonberry" class="mw-redirect">lingonberries</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudberry" title="Cloudberry" class="mw-redirect">cloudberries</a>, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_buckthorn" title="Sea buckthorn" class="mw-redirect">sea buckthorn</a>). Milk and its derivatives like <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> are commonly used as food, drink or in various recipes. Various <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a> were common in traditional cooking, but were replaced with the potato after its introduction in the 18th century. According to the statistics, red meat consumption has risen, but still Finns eat less beef than many other nations, and more fish and poultry. This is mainly because of the high cost of meat in Finland. <h3>Public holidays[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Public holidays">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays in Finland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_days_in_Finland" title="Flag days in Finland">Flag days in Finland</a></div> All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament. Christian holidays include Christmas, New Year's Day, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(Christian)" title="Epiphany (Christian)" class="mw-redirect">Epiphany</a>, Easter, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ" title="Ascension of Jesus Christ" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Day</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer Day</a> (St. John's Day) and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>, while secular holidays include May Day, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_of_Finland" title="Independence Day of Finland" class="mw-redirect">Independence Day</a>, New Year's Day, and Midsummer. Christmas is the most extensively celebrated, and at least 24 to 26 December is taken as a holiday. <h3>Sports[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandbronzecelebration2010WinterOlympics.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Finlandbronzecelebration2010WinterOlympics.jpg/220px-Finlandbronzecelebration2010WinterOlympics.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Finlandbronzecelebration2010WinterOlympics.jpg/330px-Finlandbronzecelebration2010WinterOlympics.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Finlandbronzecelebration2010WinterOlympics.jpg/440px-Finlandbronzecelebration2010WinterOlympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandbronzecelebration2010WinterOlympics.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Finland's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Finland men's national ice hockey team">men's national ice hockey team</a> is <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_World_Ranking" title="IIHF World Ranking">ranked</a> as one of the best in the world. The team has won two world championship titles (in 1995 & 2011) and six Olympic medals.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport in Finland</a></div> Various sporting events are popular in Finland. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes%C3%A4pallo" title="Pesäpallo">Pesäpallo</a>, resembling baseball, is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sports in terms of spectators are <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">athletics</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best performing country in Olympic history.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Finland first participated at the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in 1908, while still an autonomous <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a> within the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. At the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Summer Olympics</a>, great pride was taken in the three gold medals won by the original "<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Finn" title="Flying Finn">Flying Finn</a>" <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Kolehmainen" title="Hannes Kolehmainen">Hannes Kolehmainen</a>. Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. At the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a>, Finland, a nation then of only 3.2 million people, came second in the medal count. In the 1920s and 1930s, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics, with <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi" title="Paavo Nurmi">Paavo Nurmi</a> winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time. For over 100 years, Finnish male and female athletes have consistently excelled at the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a>. The event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships and 24 world records. In addition to Kolehmainen and Nurmi, some of Finland's most internationally well-known and successful sportspeople are long-distance runners <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_Ritola" title="Ville Ritola">Ville Ritola</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Vir%C3%A9n" title="Lasse Virén">Lasse Virén</a>; ski-jumpers <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Nyk%C3%A4nen" title="Matti Nykänen">Matti Nykänen</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janne_Ahonen" title="Janne Ahonen">Janne Ahonen</a>; cross-country skiers <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikko_Hakulinen" title="Veikko Hakulinen">Veikko Hakulinen</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_M%C3%A4ntyranta" title="Eero Mäntyranta">Eero Mäntyranta</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja-Liisa_Kirvesniemi" title="Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi">Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Myllyl%C3%A4" title="Mika Myllylä">Mika Myllylä</a>; rower <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertti_Karppinen" title="Pertti Karppinen">Pertti Karppinen</a>; gymnast <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikki_Savolainen_(gymnast)" title="Heikki Savolainen (gymnast)">Heikki Savolainen</a>; professional skateboarder <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto_Saari" title="Arto Saari">Arto Saari</a>; ice hockey players <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari_Kurri" title="Jari Kurri">Jari Kurri</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemu_Sel%C3%A4nne" title="Teemu Selänne">Teemu Selänne</a>, and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saku_Koivu" title="Saku Koivu">Saku Koivu</a>; football players <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari_Litmanen" title="Jari Litmanen">Jari Litmanen</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Hyypi%C3%A4" title="Sami Hyypiä">Sami Hyypiä</a>; basketball player <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_M%C3%B6tt%C3%B6l%C3%A4" title="Hanno Möttölä">Hanno Möttölä</a>; alpine skiers <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalle_Palander" title="Kalle Palander">Kalle Palander</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanja_Poutiainen" title="Tanja Poutiainen">Tanja Poutiainen</a>; Formula One world champions <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keke_Rosberg" title="Keke Rosberg">Keke Rosberg</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_H%C3%A4kkinen" title="Mika Häkkinen">Mika Häkkinen</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen" title="Kimi Räikkönen">Kimi Räikkönen</a>; four-time World Rally champions <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juha_Kankkunen" title="Juha Kankkunen">Juha Kankkunen</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommi_M%C3%A4kinen" title="Tommi Mäkinen">Tommi Mäkinen</a>; 13-time World <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enduro" title="Enduro">Enduro</a> Champion <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juha_Salminen" title="Juha Salminen">Juha Salminen</a>, seven-time champion <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tiainen" title="Kari Tiainen">Kari Tiainen</a>, and the five-time champions <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Ahola" title="Mika Ahola">Mika Ahola</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuli_Aro" title="Samuli Aro">Samuli Aro</a>. The <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Summer Olympics</a> were held in Helsinki. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1983 World Championships in Athletics">1983</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2005 World Championships in Athletics">2005 World Championships in Athletics</a>. Finland also has a great history in Figure Skating. They have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating and are considered one of the best countries at the sport. Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">floorball</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_walking" title="Nordic walking">Nordic walking</a>, running, cycling and skiing, football. Football however is the most played team sport when looking at the amount of players the country consists and the popularity of football is rising year after year.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Especially since the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Basketball_World_Cup" title="2014 Basketball World Cup" class="mw-redirect">2014 Basketball World Cup</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Finland's national basketball team" class="mw-redirect">Finland's national basketball team</a> received widespread public attention. More than 8,000 Finns travelled to Spain to support their team. Overall, they chartered more than 40 airplanes.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <h2>International rankings[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: International rankings">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="hatnote">The following list contains <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">international comparisons of national performance</a>. The list has a maximum of three years per survey. For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Finland" title="International rankings of Finland">International rankings of Finland</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; font-size:95%; margin:0;"> <tr> <th colspan="7"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:International_rankings_of_Finland" title="Template:International rankings of Finland">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:International_rankings_of_Finland" title="Template talk:International rankings of Finland">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:International_rankings_of_Finland&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> International rankings of Finland</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Organisation</th> <th>Survey</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Out of (countries)</th> <th>Ref</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.T._Kearney" title="A.T. Kearney">A.T. Kearney</a> / <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy Magazine</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_Index" title="Globalization Index">Globalization Index</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.atkearney.com/main.taf?p=5,4,1,127">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>18</td> <td>72</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>13</td> <td>62</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>10</td> <td>62</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> / <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://epi.yale.edu/Home">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>4</td> <td>149</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>3</td> <td>133</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Foundation" title="Heritage Foundation" class="mw-redirect">Heritage Foundation</a> / <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>16</td> <td>165</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>16</td> <td>165</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-heritage1-169">[169]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>16</td> <td>165</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-heritage1-169">[169]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Management_Development" title="International Institute for Management Development">IMD International</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Competitiveness_Yearbook" title="World Competitiveness Yearbook">World Competitiveness Yearbook</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www01.imd.ch/wcy/">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>15</td> <td>55*</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a></td> <td>*economies (countries and regions)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>17</td> <td>55</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>10</td> <td>61</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NationMaster" title="NationMaster">NationMaster</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_tec_ach-economy-technological-achievement">Technological Achievement</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>1</td> <td>68</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.oecd.org/pisa">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>→</td> <td>57</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></td> <td>rank 1 in science and ability to use scientific knowledge; rank 2 in reading literacy; rank 2 in mathematics</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>→</td> <td>41</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></td> <td>rank 1 in science (tied with <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>); rank 1 in reading literacy; rank 2 in problem solving; rank 2 in mathematics</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>→</td> <td>43</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></td> <td>rank 1 in reading performance</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index#Worldwide_Press_Freedom_Index" title="Press Freedom Index">Worldwide Press Freedom Index</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025">[website]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>4</td> <td>173</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></td> <td>tied with <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>5</td> <td>169</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></td> <td>tied with <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>1</td> <td>168</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></td> <td>tied with <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/SOWM-2010-INDEX-RANKINGS.PDF">State of the World’s Mothers</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>7</td> <td>43</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></td> <td>Compared against 42 other developed countries</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>5</td> <td>117</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></td> <td>117 developed and developing countries</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">The Economist Intelligence Unit</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.visionofhumanity.org/">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>8</td> <td>140</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>6</td> <td>121</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.icgg.org/corruption..html">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>5</td> <td>180</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></td> <td>tied with <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>1</td> <td>179</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></td> <td>tied with Denmark and <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>1</td> <td>163</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></td> <td>tied with Iceland and New Zealand</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hdr.undp.org/">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007–2008</td> <td>11</td> <td>177</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>11</td> <td>177</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>13</td> <td>177</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm">[website]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008–2009</td> <td>6</td> <td>134</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007–2008</td> <td>6</td> <td>131</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006–2007</td> <td>2</td> <td>125</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_Readiness_Index" title="Networked Readiness Index">Networked Readiness Index (Global Information Technology Report)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://edit.weforum.org/reports/global-information-technology-report-2013">[website]</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td>3</td> <td>142</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>1</td> <td>144</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.worldaudit.org/">WorldAudit.org</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.worldaudit.org/democracy.htm">World Democracy Audit</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>1</td> <td>150</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-worldaudit1-193">[193]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>1</td> <td>150</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-worldaudit1-193">[193]</a></td> <td></td> </tr> </table> <h2>See also[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="32" height="20" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibca_gebco_comp_cover.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ibca_gebco_comp_cover.jpg/28px-Ibca_gebco_comp_cover.jpg" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ibca_gebco_comp_cover.jpg/42px-Ibca_gebco_comp_cover.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ibca_gebco_comp_cover.jpg/56px-Ibca_gebco_comp_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arctic" title="Portal:Arctic">Arctic portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Finland-related_articles" title="Index of Finland-related articles" class="mw-redirect">Index of Finland-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Finland" title="Bibliography of Finland">Bibliography of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_models_of_public_transport" title="Finnish models of public transport">Finnish models of public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fighting_in_Finland" title="Fire fighting in Finland">Fire fighting in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Finland" title="Football in Finland">Football in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Finland" title="Gun politics in Finland">Gun politics in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallisbiografia" title="Kansallisbiografia">Kansallisbiografia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bands_from_Finland" title="List of bands from Finland">List of bands from Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finns" title="List of Finns">List of Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Finland" title="Protected areas of Finland">Protected areas of Finland</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Notes and references[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-state-church-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state-church_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state-church_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.euresisnet.eu/Pages/ReligionAndState/FINLAND.aspx">"State and Church in FINLAND"</a>. European Studies on Religion & State Interaction. EuReSIS NET. 31 October 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=State+and+Church+in+FINLAND&rft.date=31+October+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euresisnet.eu%2FPages%2FReligionAndState%2FFINLAND.aspx&rft.jtitle=European+Studies+on+Religion+%26+State+Interaction&rft.pub=EuReSIS+NET&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-formerly_semi-presidential-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formerly_semi-presidential_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-formerly_semi-presidential_2-1">b</a> Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008), he quotes Jaakko Nousiainen in "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government" (Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2) pp. 95–109) as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitution reduced the powers of the president even further.</li> <li id="cite_note-population_stat-3"><a href="#cite_ref-population_stat_3-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=8672&site=3&id=0">"VÄESTÖTIETOJÄRJESTELMÄ – REKISTERITILANNE – 30.11.2014"</a> (in Finnish). Population Register Centre. Retrieved 29 December 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=V%C3%84EST%C3%96TIETOJ%C3%84RJESTELM%C3%84+%E2%80%93+REKISTERITILANNE+%E2%80%93+30.11.2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvrk.fi%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fdocid%3D8672%26site%3D3%26id%3D0&rft.pub=Population+Register+Centre&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf3_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf3_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf3_4-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=52&pr1.y=16&c=172&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2014%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2014%26ey%3D2014%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26pr1.x%3D52%26pr1.y%3D16%26c%3D172%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurogini-5"><a href="#cite_ref-eurogini_5-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)"</a>. Eurostat Data Explorer. Retrieved 5 January 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%28source%3A+SILC%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fdataset%3Dilc_di12&rft.pub=Eurostat+Data+Explorer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-6"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_6-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf">"2014 Human Development Report Summary"</a>. United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. Retrieved 27 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=2014+Human+Development+Report+Summary&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr14-summary-en.pdf&rft.pages=21-25&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "Republic of Finland", or "Suomen tasavalta" in Finnish, "Republiken Finland" in Swedish, and "<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" title="Northern Sami language" class="mw-redirect">Northern Sami</a>: Suoma dásseváldi" in Sami, is the long protocol name, which is however not defined by law. Legislation only recognizes the short name.</li> <li id="cite_note-pop_stat-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_stat_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_stat_8-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">"Finland in Figures: Population"</a> (in Finnish). Population Register Centre. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Finland+in+Figures%3A+Population&rft.date=27+March+2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_vaesto_en.html&rft.pub=Population+Register+Centre&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yle.fi_20101231-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yle.fi_20101231_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yle.fi_20101231_9-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/2010/12/kuusi_kuntaa_katoaa_kartalta_2257039.html">"Kuusi kuntaa katoaa kartalta"</a>. YLE Uutiset (in Finnish). Helsinki: Yleisradio Oy. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Kuusi+kuntaa+katoaa+kartalta&rft.date=31+December+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yle.fi%2Fuutiset%2Fkotimaa%2F2010%2F12%2Fkuusi_kuntaa_katoaa_kartalta_2257039.html&rft.jtitle=YLE+Uutiset&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Yleisradio+Oy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kunnat.net-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kunnat.net_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunnat.net_10-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.webcitation.org/5nDuLwRH6">"Local Finland—Front page"</a>. Local Finland. Helsinki: The Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.kunnat.net/k_etusivu.asp?path=1;161;279">the original</a> on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Local+Finland%E2%80%94Front+page&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunnat.net%2Fk_etusivu.asp%3Fpath%3D1%3B161%3B279&rft.jtitle=Local+Finland&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=The+Association+of+Finnish+Local+and+Regional+Authorities&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_11-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=65&pr.y=7&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=172&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Finland"</a>. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 April 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Finland&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2013%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D65%26pr.y%3D7%26sy%3D2009%26ey%3D2012%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D172%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eduskunta-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eduskunta_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eduskunta_12-1">b</a> Parliament of Finland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://web.eduskunta.fi/Resource.phx/parliament/aboutparliament/presentation/history.htx">"History of the Finnish Parliament"</a>. eduskunta.fi.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Finnish+Parliament&rft.aulast=Parliament+of+Finland&rft.au=Parliament+of+Finland&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.eduskunta.fi%2FResource.phx%2Fparliament%2Faboutparliament%2Fpresentation%2Fhistory.htx&rft.jtitle=eduskunta.fi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-full_suffrage-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-full_suffrage_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-full_suffrage_13-1">b</a> Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office (in 1906). New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote (in 1893), but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919.</li> <li id="cite_note-World_Audit-14"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Audit_14-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://web.archive.org/web/20131030113921/http://www.worldaudit.org/countries/finland.htm">"Finland: World Audit Democracy Profile"</a>. WorldAudit.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.worldaudit.org/countries/finland.htm">the original</a> on 30 October 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Finland%3A+World+Audit+Democracy+Profile&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldaudit.org%2Fcountries%2Ffinland.htm&rft.jtitle=WorldAudit.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/tertiary-education-graduation-rates_20755120-table1">"Tertiary education graduation rates—Education: Key Tables from OECD"</a>. OECD iLibrary. 14 June 2010. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://dx.doi.org/10.1787%2F20755120-table1">10.1787/20755120-table1</a>. Retrieved 6 March 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Tertiary+education+graduation+rates%E2%80%94Education%3A+Key+Tables+from+OECD&rft.date=14+June+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Feducation%2Ftertiary-education-graduation-rates_20755120-table1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F20755120-table1&rft.pub=OECD+iLibrary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.newsweek.com/feature/2010/the-world-s-best-countries.html">"The World's Best Countries. A Newsweek study of health, education, economy, and politics ranks the globe's top nations, Newsweek, August 2010"</a>. Newsweek.com. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Best+Countries.+A+Newsweek+study+of+health%2C+education%2C+economy%2C+and+politics+ranks+the+globe%27s+top+nations%2C+Newsweek%2C+August+2010&rft.date=16+August+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Ffeature%2F2010%2Fthe-world-s-best-countries.html&rft.pub=Newsweek.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ffp.statesindex.org/rankings-2013-sortable">"The Failed States Index 2013"</a>. Fundforpeace.org. Retrieved 17 October 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=The+Failed+States+Index+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fffp.statesindex.org%2Frankings-2013-sortable&rft.pub=Fundforpeace.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=FI">"The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index"</a>. Prosperity.com. 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Retrieved 6 March 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Her+er+verdens+mest+konkurransedyktige+land%E2%80%94Makro+og+politikk&rft.date=9+September+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe24.no%2Fmakro-og-politikk%2Farticle3803493.ece&rft.pub=E24.no&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.arkisto.fi/">"National Archives Service, Finland (in English)"</a>. Retrieved 22 January 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=National+Archives+Service%2C+Finland+%28in+English%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkisto.fi%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.kotikielenseura.fi/virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/1998_613.pdf">SUOMI(TTAVIA ETYMOLOGIOITA)</a>. kotikielenseura.fi</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514281411/isbn9514281411.pdf">Herkules.oulu.fi</a>. People, material, culture and environment in the north. Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference, University of Oulu, 18–23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa-Pekka Herva Gummerus Kirjapaino</li> <li id="cite_note-VF-Pre-23"><a href="#cite_ref-VF-Pre_23-0">^</a> Dr. Pirjo Uino of the National Board of Antiquities, ThisisFinland—"Prehistory: The ice recedes—man arrives". Retrieved 24 June 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hist-Fin-Geo-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Hist-Fin-Geo_24-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/https://web.archive.org/web/20071123072314/http://www.geocities.com/ojoronen/EARLYFIN.HTM">History of Finland and the Finnish People from stone age to WWII</a>. 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Retrieved 26 August 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.au=Finland&rft.aulast=Finland&rft.btitle=History+of+Finland.+Finland+chronology&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe-cities.com%2Fen%2F657%2Ffinland%2Fhistory%2Fchronology%2F&rft.pub=Europe-cities.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-empire-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-empire_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-empire_28-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm">Finland and the Swedish Empire</a>". Federal Research Division, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Nordstrom.2C_Scandinavia-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Nordstrom.2C_Scandinavia_29-0">^</a> Nordstrom, Byron J. (2000). Scandinavia Since 1500. Minneapolis, US: University of Minnesota Press. p. 142. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2098-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2098-9">0-8166-2098-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.aufirst=Byron+J.&rft.aulast=Nordstrom&rft.au=Nordstrom%2C+Byron+J.&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+Since+1500&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8166-2098-9&rft.pages=142&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+US&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-4">e</a> Nordstrom, Byron J. (2000). Scandinavia Since 1500. 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Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.forest.fi/smyforest/foresteng.nsf/allbyid/BE3C5576C911F822C2256F3100418AFD?Opendocument">Finland is the most forested country in Europe</a>. forest.fi</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514259904/html/x288.html">"Nutritional and genetic adaptation of galliform birds: implications for hand-rearing and restocking"</a>. Oulu University Library (2000). 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Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 3 December 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Finland%27s+climate&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmi.fi%2Fweather%2Fclimate.html&rft.pub=Finnish+Meteorological+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/https://ilmasto-opas.fi/fi/ilmastonmuutos/suomen-muuttuva-ilmasto/-/artikkeli/08848977-fd1a-4e85-8389-7ecf3ca7de7d/uusimaa-merellisen-ilmaston-maakunta.html">"The climate in Finland (finnish)"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 December 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Finland%27s+Northern+Conditions%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities+for+Agriculture&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmm.fi%2Fattachments%2Fmmm%2Fjulkaisut%2Fesitteet%2F5HIspFLpC%2F45920_LFA_esite.pdf&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Forestry%2C+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.avi.fi/fi/Sivut/etusivu.aspx">"Tervetuloa aluehallintoviraston verkkosivuille!"</a> (in Finnish). State Provincial Office. Retrieved 9 June 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Tervetuloa+aluehallintoviraston+verkkosivuille%21&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avi.fi%2Ffi%2FSivut%2Fetusivu.aspx&rft.pub=State+Provincial+Office&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-.C3.A5land_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-.C3.A5land_note_51-0">^</a> The role that the regional councils serve on <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Finland" title="Mainland Finland">Mainland Finland</a> are on the Åland Islands handled by the autonomous <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_%C3%85land" title="Government of Åland">Government of Åland</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/fi.jsp?oid=274585">"Valtioneuvosto päätti Uudenmaan ja Itä-Uudenmaan maakuntien yhdistämisestä"</a> (in Finnish). 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Retrieved 29 December 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=V%C3%84EST%C3%96TIETOJ%C3%84RJESTELM%C3%84+REKISTERITILANNE+30.11.2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fvrk.fi%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fdocid%3D8672%26site%3D3%26id%3D0&rft.pub=Population+Register+Center+of+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-total_area-54"><a href="#cite_ref-total_area_54-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/pinta-alat_2011_kunnannimenmukaan.xls">"Area by municipality as of 1 January 2011"</a> (PDF) (in Finnish and Swedish). Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 9 March 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Area+by+municipality+as+of+1+January+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maanmittauslaitos.fi%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpinta-alat_2011_kunnannimenmukaan.xls&rft.pub=Land+Survey+of+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The Parliament: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://web.eduskunta.fi/Resource.phx/pubman/templates/56.htx?id=4119">Parliament Elected Speakers</a></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> The source for historical information on party support is <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_eduskunta#Kansanedustajat_puolueittain_ja_vaaleittain" class="extiw" title="fi:Suomen eduskunta">the Finnish Wikipedia's article on the parliament</a></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A4luottamuslause" class="extiw" title="fi:Epäluottamuslause">The Finnish Wikipedia's article on Motion of no confidence</a></li> <li id="cite_note-corruptionpolicing-58"><a href="#cite_ref-corruptionpolicing_58-0">^</a> Policing corruption, International Perspectives.</li> <li id="cite_note-eucrime-59"><a href="#cite_ref-eucrime_59-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.gallup-europe.be/downloads/EUICS%20-%20The%20Burden%20of%20Crime%20in%20the%20EU.pdf">"The Burden of Crime in the EU. 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Retrieved 12 December 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Corruption+Perceptions+Index+2012+%E2%80%93+Results&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpi.transparency.org%2Fcpi2012%2Fresults%2F&rft.pub=Transparency.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/">"Ranking of economies - Doing Business - World Bank Group"</a>. doingbusiness.org.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Ranking+of+economies+-+Doing+Business+-+World+Bank+Group&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doingbusiness.org%2Feconomyrankings%2F&rft.jtitle=doingbusiness.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html</a></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tau_001.xls">"Väkiluku sukupuolen mukaan 1750–2006 (Excel) (23.3.2007)"</a>. Statistics Finland. 23 March 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=V%C3%A4kiluku+sukupuolen+mukaan+1750%E2%80%932006+%28Excel%29+%2823.3.2007%29&rft.date=23+March+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftilastokeskus.fi%2Ftil%2Fvaerak%2F2006%2Fvaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tau_001.xls&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_fi.html">"Väestö kielen mukaan 1980–2011"</a>. Statistics Finland. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=V%C3%A4est%C3%B6+kielen+mukaan+1980%E2%80%932011&rft.date=16+March+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftilastokeskus.fi%2Ftil%2Fvaerak%2F2011%2Fvaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_fi.html&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreigners-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foreigners_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreigners_109-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#Foreigners">"Population (Foreigners in Finland)"</a>. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 11 June 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Population+%28Foreigners+in+Finland%29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_vaesto_en.html%23Foreigners&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Syntymäpaikan perusteella lapsi saa Suomen kansalaisuuden silloin, kun lapsi syntyy Suomessa eikä voi saada minkään vieraan valtion kansalaisuutta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.migri.fi/netcomm/content.asp?path=8,2477,2549&language=FI">[1]</a>[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-Population_according_to_language-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_according_to_language_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_according_to_language_111-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_en.html">"Population according to language"</a>. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 16 March 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Population+according+to+language&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftilastokeskus.fi%2Ftil%2Fvaerak%2F2011%2Fvaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_en.html&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> According to the Finnish Population Registry Centre and the Finnish Sami parliament, the Sami population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/https://web.archive.org/web/20080306223521/http://www.samediggi.fi/vanha/suomi/toimieli/vaali/lukumaara_vuoden_2003_vaaleissa.pdf">Regional division of Sami people in Finland by age in 2003</a> (in Finnish).</li> <li id="cite_note-Population_2006-12-31-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Population_2006-12-31_113-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tie_001_en.html">"The population of Finland in 2006"</a>. Statistics Finland. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=The+population+of+Finland+in+2006&rft.date=31+December+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftilastokeskus.fi%2Ftil%2Fvaerak%2F2006%2Fvaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tie_001_en.html&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Unofficial names for Finland in Sami languages are: Suopma (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a>), Suomâ (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari_Sami_language" title="Inari Sami language">Inari Sami</a>) and Lää´ddjânnam (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolt_Sami" title="Skolt Sami" class="mw-redirect">Skolt Sami</a>). See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.geonames.de/coufi.html">Geonames.de</a></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?l=sv&s=206">"Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken—Teckenspråken i Finland"</a> (in Swedish).<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Forskningscentralen+f%C3%B6r+de+inhemska+spr%C3%A5ken%E2%80%94Teckenspr%C3%A5ken+i+Finland&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotus.fi%2Findex.phtml%3Fl%3Dsv%26s%3D206&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://forum.hunturk.net/national-minorities-of-finland-the-tatars-2491.html">"National Minorities of Finland, The Tatars"</a>. Forum.hunturk.net. Retrieved 6 December 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=National+Minorities+of+Finland%2C+The+Tatars&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforum.hunturk.net%2Fnational-minorities-of-finland-the-tatars-2491.html&rft.pub=Forum.hunturk.net&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf">"The Constitution of Finland, 17 § and 121 §"</a> (PDF). FINLEX Data Bank. Retrieved 4 September 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+Finland%2C+17+%C2%A7+and+121+%C2%A7&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlex.fi%2Ffi%2Flaki%2Fkaannokset%2F1999%2Fen19990731.pdf&rft.jtitle=FINLEX+Data+Bank&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/vaerak_en.asp">"Language according to age and gender by region 2011"</a>. Stat.fi: Statistics – Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Language+according+to+age+and+gender+by+region+2011&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpxweb2.stat.fi%2Fdatabase%2FStatFin%2Fvrm%2Fvaerak%2Fvaerak_en.asp&rft.jtitle=Stat.fi%3A+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Population+structure&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-relig_stat-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-relig_stat_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-relig_stat_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-relig_stat_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-relig_stat_119-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#structure">Population structure</a> Statistics Finland</li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> [ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sakasti.evl.fi/sakasti.nsf/0/88F3966F93C98AB2C2257995003C9C2C/$FILE/seurakuntien_vaestonmuutokset_2014.pdf">http://sakasti.evl.fi/sakasti.nsf/0/88F3966F93C98AB2C2257995003C9C2C/$FILE/seurakuntien_vaestonmuutokset_2014.pdf</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Salla Korpela (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=160099&nodeid=41800&culture=en-US">"The Church in Finland today"</a>. Finland Promotion Board; Produced by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for Communications and Culture. Retrieved 11 January 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.aulast=Salla+Korpela&rft.au=Salla+Korpela&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+Finland+today&rft.date=May+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinland.fi%2FPublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D160099%26nodeid%3D41800%26culture%3Den-US&rft.pub=Finland+Promotion+Board%3B+Produced+by+the+Ministry+for+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Department+for+Communications+and+Culture&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evl_stat_2012-122"><a href="#cite_ref-evl_stat_2012_122-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://evl.fi/EVLUutiset.nsf/Documents/A2B2B7B6BFC8B7DCC2257B050023BC62?OpenDocument&lang=FI">Lutheran church member statistics</a> evl.fi 1 February 2013</li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sakasti.evl.fi/sakasti.nsf/0/8A75CE045AD09FE4C22577AE00256611/$FILE/KKH_Tilastollinen_vuosikirja2012_toiminta_lopullinen%20versio.pdf">Church statistical yesrbook 2012</a> The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</li> <li id="cite_note-state2004-124"><a href="#cite_ref-state2004_124-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35453.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2004"</a>. <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. 15 September 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2004&rft.date=15+September+2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2004%2F35453.htm&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-125"><a href="#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_125-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer Biotechnology"</a> (PDF) (Fieldwork: January–February 2010 ed.). October 2010. p. 204. Retrieved 16 October 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+Biotechnology&rft.date=October+2010&rft.edition=Fieldwork%3A+January%E2%80%93February+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_341_en.pdf&rft.pages=204&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65683/uskonto_suomalaisten_elamassa_2011.pdf?sequence=1">http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65683/uskonto_suomalaisten_elamassa_2011.pdf?sequence=1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688">"Life expectancy data by country"</a>. WHO. Retrieved 6 September 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+data+by+country&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fgho%2Fdata%2Fnode.main.688&rft.pub=WHO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.59290322580644;ti=2012$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=ti;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=0ArfEDsV3bBwCcGhBd2NOQVZ1eWowNVpSNjl1c3lRSWc;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=lin;dataMin=1848;dataMax=2120$map_y;scale=log;dataMin=-1.1;dataMax=109$map_s;sma=95;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=i75_t001910,,,,">"Child mortality"</a>. Gapminder. Retrieved 6 September 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Child+mortality&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gapminder.org%2Fworld%2F%23%24majorMode%3Dchart%24is%3Bshi%3Dt%3Bly%3D2003%3Blb%3Df%3Bil%3Dt%3Bfs%3D11%3Bal%3D30%3Bstl%3Dt%3Bst%3Dt%3Bnsl%3Dt%3Bse%3Dt%24wst%3Btts%3DC%24ts%3Bsp%3D5.59290322580644%3Bti%3D2012%24zpv%3Bv%3D0%24inc_x%3Bmmid%3DXCOORDS%3Biid%3Dti%3Bby%3Dind%24inc_y%3Bmmid%3DYCOORDS%3Biid%3D0ArfEDsV3bBwCcGhBd2NOQVZ1eWowNVpSNjl1c3lRSWc%3Bby%3Dind%24inc_s%3BuniValue%3D8.21%3Biid%3DphAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ%3Bby%3Dind%24inc_c%3BuniValue%3D255%3Bgid%3DCATID0%3Bby%3Dgrp%24map_x%3Bscale%3Dlin%3BdataMin%3D1848%3BdataMax%3D2120%24map_y%3Bscale%3Dlog%3BdataMin%3D-1.1%3BdataMax%3D109%24map_s%3Bsma%3D95%3Bsmi%3D2.65%24cd%3Bbd%3D0%24inds%3Di75_t001910%2C%2C%2C%2C&rft.pub=Gapminder&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.unicef.org/eapro/EN-FINAL_FULL_REPORT.pdf">"Under-five mortality rankings"</a>. Unicef. Retrieved 6 September 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Under-five+mortality+rankings&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Feapro%2FEN-FINAL_FULL_REPORT.pdf&rft.pub=Unicef&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.stat.fi/til/synt/2012/synt_2012_2013-04-12_tie_001_en.html">"Birth rate continued deacresing slowly"</a>. Official Statistics of Finland. 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Retrieved 6 September 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Health+care+in+Finland&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stm.fi%2Fc%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file%3FfolderId%3D6511570%26name%3DDLFE-26813.pdf&rft.pub=STM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_terveys_en.html">"Health (2004)"</a>. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 22 January 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Health+%282004%29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_terveys_en.html&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Finland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62187-3/fulltext#article_upsell">"Stillbirths: Where? When? Why? How to make the data count?"</a>. The Lancet. Retrieved 6 December 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Stillbirths%3A+Where%3F+When%3F+Why%3F+How+to+make+the+data+count%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2810%2962187-3%2Ffulltext%23article_upsell&rft.pub=The+Lancet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Hope, Jenny (14 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1376698/Britains-stillbirth-rate-National-scandal-11-day.html">"'National scandal' of 11 stillbirths a day means Britain has one of worst survival rates"</a>. Daily Mail (London).<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=%27National+scandal%27+of+11+stillbirths+a+day+means+Britain+has+one+of+worst+survival+rates&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft.au=Hope%2C+Jenny&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.date=14+April+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Farticle-1376698%2FBritains-stillbirth-rate-National-scandal-11-day.html&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.pakblog.net/2012/04/pakistan-ranked-85th-happiest-nation-in.html">"World Happiness report"</a>. 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=World+Happiness+report&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakblog.net%2F2012%2F04%2Fpakistan-ranked-85th-happiest-nation-in.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/13_02_07_nn_unicef.pdf">"Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries"</a> (PDF). <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" title="United Nations Children's Fund" class="mw-redirect">UNICEF</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund#UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre" title="United Nations Children's Fund" class="mw-redirect">Innocenti Research Centre</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Child+poverty+in+perspective%3A+An+overview+of+child+well-being+in+rich+countries&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fnol%2Fshared%2Fbsp%2Fhi%2Fpdfs%2F13_02_07_nn_unicef.pdf&rft.jtitle=UNICEF+Innocenti+Research+Centre&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> "Country Rankings of the Status of Women: Poor, Powerless and Pregnant". Population Briefing Paper, No. 20. (Washington D.C.: <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Crisis_Committee" title="Population Crisis Committee" class="mw-redirect">Population Crisis Committee</a>). 1988.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Country+Rankings+of+the+Status+of+Women%3A+Poor%2C+Powerless+and+Pregnant&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Briefing+Paper%2C+No.+20.&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Population+Crisis+Committee&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> According to a report by Amnesty International: "Finland is repeatedly reminded of its widespread problem of violence against women and recommended to take more efficient measures to deal with the situation. International criticism concentrates on the lack of measures to combat violence against women in general and in particular on the lack of a national action plan to combat such violence and on the lack of legislation on domestic violence. (...) Compared with Sweden, Finland has been slower to reform legislation on violence against women. In Sweden, domestic violence was already illegal in 1864, while in Finland such violence was not outlawed until 1970, over a hundred years later. In Sweden the punishment of victims of incest was abolished in 1937, but not until 1971 in Finland. Rape within marriage was criminalised in Sweden in 1962, but the equivalent Finnish legislation only came into force in 1994 – making Finland one of the last European countries to criminalise marital rape. In addition, assaults taking place on private property did not become impeachable offences in Finland until 1995. Only in 1997 did victims of sexual offences and domestic violence in Finland become entitled to government-funded counselling and support services for the duration of their court cases." (pp. 89–91) – Case Closed – Rape and human rights in the Nordic countries <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf">http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.eurydice.org/ressources/Eurydice/pdf/047DN/047_NL_EN.pdf">"Summary sheets on education systems in Europe"</a>. Eurydice.org. Retrieved 26 August 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Summary+sheets+on+education+systems+in+Europe&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurydice.org%2Fressources%2FEurydice%2Fpdf%2F047DN%2F047_NL_EN.pdf&rft.pub=Eurydice.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> UNESCO-UNEVOC (18 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=FIN">"Vocational Education in Finland"</a>. Retrieved 9 May 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.aulast=UNESCO-UNEVOC&rft.au=UNESCO-UNEVOC&rft.btitle=Vocational+Education+in+Finland&rft.date=18+November+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unevoc.unesco.org%2Fworldtvetdatabase1.php%3Fct%3DFIN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.topuniversities.com/university/258/university-of-helsinki">"Top University Ranking of 2010: University of Helsinki"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Top+University+Ranking+of+2010%3A+University+of+Helsinki&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity%2F258%2Funiversity-of-helsinki&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf">"The Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014"</a>. p. 36. Retrieved 9 May 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.aulast=World+Economic+Forum&rft.au=World+Economic+Forum&rft.btitle=The+Global+Competitiveness+Report+2013-2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf&rft.pages=36&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/https://www.tilastokeskus.fi/artikkelit/2006/art_2006-07-06_001.html">"Tilastokeskus.fi"</a>. Tilastokeskus.fi. Retrieved 6 March 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Tilastokeskus.fi&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tilastokeskus.fi%2Fartikkelit%2F2006%2Fart_2006-07-06_001.html&rft.pub=Tilastokeskus.fi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/52/39315711.pdf">Education at Glance 2007: Finland</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD" title="OECD" class="mw-redirect">OECD</a></li> <li id="cite_note-innovation-146"><a href="#cite_ref-innovation_146-0">^</a> Kari Sipilä. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://web.archive.org/web/20110707031053/http://www.finland.cn/Public/default.aspx?contentid=99637">"A country that innovates"</a>. Virtual Finland. Ministry for Foreign Affairs / Department for Communication and Culture / Unit for Promotion and Publications / Embassy and Consulates General of Finland in China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.finland.cn/Public/default.aspx?contentid=99637">the original</a> on 7 July 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=A+country+that+innovates&rft.au=Kari+Sipil%C3%A4&rft.aulast=Kari+Sipil%C3%A4&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finland.cn%2FPublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D99637&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Finland&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Foreign+Affairs+%2F+Department+for+Communication+and+Culture+%2F+Unit+for+Promotion+and+Publications+%2F+Embassy+and+Consulates+General+of+Finland+in+China&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.research.fi/en/performance/scientific_publication.html">"Scientific publication—Finnish science and technology Information Service"</a> (in Finnish). Research.fi. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Scientific+publication%E2%80%94Finnish+science+and+technology+Information+Service&rft.date=15+November+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.fi%2Fen%2Fperformance%2Fscientific_publication.html&rft.pub=Research.fi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.research.fi/en/performance/patents/patents_with%20numbers">"Patents with numbers—Finnish science and technology Information Service"</a> (in Finnish). Research.fi. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Patents+with+numbers%E2%80%94Finnish+science+and+technology+Information+Service&rft.date=8+December+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.fi%2Fen%2Fperformance%2Fpatents%2Fpatents_with%2520numbers&rft.pub=Research.fi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Shah, Neil (15 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304587704577333813382925678.html">"Guns N' Roses Can Agree on at Least One Thing: This Finnish Saxophonist Rocks"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 November 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Guns+N%27+Roses+Can+Agree+on+at+Least+One+Thing%3A+This+Finnish+Saxophonist+Rocks&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.au=Shah%2C+Neil&rft.date=15+April+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304587704577333813382925678.html&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Media_moves-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Media_moves_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Media_moves_150-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=162833&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">"Media moves"</a>. ThisisFINLAND (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Finland)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland</a>).<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Media+moves&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinland.fi%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D162833%26contentlan%3D2%26culture%3Den-US&rft.jtitle=ThisisFINLAND+%28Ministry+for+Foreign+Affairs+of+Finland%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.newseum.org/news/2011/05/world-press-freedom.html">2010 Freedom of the Press Survey</a> (retrieved 4 May 2011).</li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.levikintarkastus.fi/english/statistics.php">"Circulation Statistics"</a>. The Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations (Levikintarkastus Oy). Retrieved 25 July 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=Circulation+Statistics&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levikintarkastus.fi%2Fenglish%2Fstatistics.php&rft.pub=The+Finnish+Audit+Bureau+of+Circulations+%28Levikintarkastus+Oy%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.wan-ifra.org/press-releases/2011/10/12/world-press-trends-newspapers-still-reach-more-than-internet">"World Press Trends: Newspapers Still Reach More Than Internet"</a>. World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers. Retrieved 19 November 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=World+Press+Trends%3A+Newspapers+Still+Reach+More+Than+Internet&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wan-ifra.org%2Fpress-releases%2F2011%2F10%2F12%2Fworld-press-trends-newspapers-still-reach-more-than-internet&rft.pub=World+Association+of+Newspapers+and+News+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf">"NRI Overall Ranking 2014"</a>. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 28 June 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=NRI+Overall+Ranking+2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FGITR%2F2014%2FGITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.stat.fi/til/sutivi/2007/sutivi_2007_2007-09-28_tie_001_en.html">"Internet used by 79 per cent of the population at the beginning of 2007"</a>. Statistics Finland. 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Retrieved 2011-03-06.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=The+Global+Competitiveness+Report+%E2%80%93+Finland&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fpdf%2FGcr%2Fprofiles08%2FFinland.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_rankings.pdf">Table 1: Global Competitiveness Index rankings and 2005 comparisons</a>. The Global Competitiveness Report 2006. World Economic Forum. weforum.org</li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.weforum.org/issues/global-information-technology/gitr-2012-data-platform">"GITR 2012 - Data Platform"</a>. GITR 2012 - Data Platform - World Economic Forum.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=GITR+2012+-+Data+Platform&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fissues%2Fglobal-information-technology%2Fgitr-2012-data-platform&rft.jtitle=GITR+2012+-+Data+Platform+-+World+Economic+Forum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.weforum.org/reports/global-information-technology-report-2013/">"Global Information Technology Report 2013"</a>. Global Information Technology Report 2013 - World Economic Forum.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.atitle=Global+Information+Technology+Report+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Freports%2Fglobal-information-technology-report-2013%2F&rft.jtitle=Global+Information+Technology+Report+2013+-+World+Economic+Forum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldaudit1-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldaudit1_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldaudit1_193-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.worldaudit.org/democracy.htm">"World Audit Democracy"</a>. Worldaudit.org. Retrieved 2011-03-06.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland&rft.btitle=World+Audit+Democracy&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldaudit.org%2Fdemocracy.htm&rft.pub=Worldaudit.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h2>Further reading[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li>Chew, Allen F. The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870131672" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87013-167-2</a>).</li> <li>Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri. The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939–1940 (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811724336" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8117-2433-6</a>).</li> <li>Insight Guide: Finland (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9814120391" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 981-4120-39-1</a>).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Jakobson" title="Max Jakobson">Jakobson, Max</a>. Finland in the New Europe (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275963721" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-275-96372-1</a>).</li> <li>Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko. A History of Finland (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880292601" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-88029-260-1</a>).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Klinge" title="Matti Klinge">Klinge, Matti</a>. Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9511111809" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 951-1-11180-9</a>).</li> <li>Lavery, Jason. The History of Finland, Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations, Greenwood Press, 2006 (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313328374" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-313-32837-4</a>, <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> 1096-2905).</li> <li>Lewis, Richard D. Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/193193018X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-931930-18-X</a>).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>: Finland (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740597915" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-74059-791-5</a>)</li> <li>Mann, Chris. Hitler's Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR 1940–1945 (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312311001" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-312-31100-1</a>).</li> <li>Rusama, Jaakko. Ecumenical Growth in Finland (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9516932398" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 951-693-239-8</a>).</li> <li>Singleton, Fred. A Short History of Finland (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521647010" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-64701-0</a>).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Subrenat" title="Jean-Jacques Subrenat">Subrenat, Jean-Jacques</a>. Listen, there's music from the forest; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9529205643" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 952-92-0564-3</a>).</li> <li>Swallow, Deborah. Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558685928" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55868-592-8</a>).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Trotter" title="William R. Trotter">Trotter, William R.</a> A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940 (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565122496" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56512-249-6</a>).</li> </ul> </div> <h2>External links[<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"> <div style="clear:both;">Find more about Finland at Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></a></td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Finland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Finland">Media</a> from Commons</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="Search Wikinews" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Finland">News stories</a> from Wikinews</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Finland">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Finland">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Finland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Finland" title="Search Wikivoyage"><img alt="Search Wikivoyage" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/25px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/50px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Finland" class="extiw" title="voy:Finland">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Finland">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fi.html">Finland</a> entry at <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Finland">Finland</a> at <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17288360">Finland profile</a> from the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=FI">Key Development Forecasts for Finland</a> from <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.stat.fi/til/vaerak/2010/vaerak_2010_2011-03-18_kuv_001_en.html">Population in Finland 1750–2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.stat.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_kuv_002_en.html">Appendix figure 2. The largest groups by native language 2001 and 2011</a> (Statistics Finland)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://findikaattori.fi/en">Official statistical information about Finland</a> from <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Findicator" title="Findicator">Findicator</a>.</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Government</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://finland.fi/">This is Finland</a>, the official English-language online portal (administered by the Finnish <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Finland)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/finland.htm">Finland</a> (<a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" title="University of Colorado at Boulder" class="mw-redirect">University of Colorado at Boulder</a> Libraries Government Publications)</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Maps</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"/> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/54224">Finland</a> at <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Finland" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Finland">Wikimedia Atlas of Finland</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Travel</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.visitfinland.com/">Official Travel Site of Finland</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto"> <tr> <td style="width:0%; padding-right:5px" rowspan="5"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440"/></div> </div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="width:0%; padding-left:5px" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" title="North" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17"/></td> <td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"> <table style="width:100%"> <tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right"> <div class="floatright"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" title="West" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17"/></div> </td> <td style="width:0%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap">  <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"/> Finland  </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left"> <div class="floatleft"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" title="East" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17"/></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" title="South" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Finland_topics" title="Template:Finland topics">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Finland_topics" title="Template talk:Finland topics">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Finland_topics&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Finland <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">topics</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Finnish_wars" title="Early Finnish wars">Early wars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_famine_of_1866%E2%80%931868" title="Finnish famine of 1866–1868" class="mw-redirect">1866–1868 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%27s_language_strife" title="Finland's language strife">Language strife</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">Military history during World War II</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Finland.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png" width="100" height="125" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Finland" title="List of cities in Finland" class="mw-redirect">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Finland" title="Extreme points of Finland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Finland" title="List of rivers of Finland">Rivers</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Finland" title="Government of Finland">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Finland" title="LGBT rights in Finland">LGBT</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Finland" title="Military of Finland" class="mw-redirect">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises" title="List of Finnish government enterprises">Government-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_startup_scene" title="Finnish startup scene">IT innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Markka (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement_(Finland)" title="National income policy agreement (Finland)">National income agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Finland" title="International rankings of Finland">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_maritime_cluster" title="Finnish maritime cluster">Ship-building</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Stock_Exchange" title="Helsinki Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_society" title="Category:Finnish society">Society</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security_in_Finland" title="Social security in Finland" class="mw-redirect">Welfare system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Finland" title="Prostitution in Finland">Prostitution</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_rivalry_in_Finland" title="City rivalry in Finland">City rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnishness" title="Finnishness">Finnishness</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_package" title="Maternity package">Maternity package</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Finland" title="Media of Finland" class="mw-redirect">Media</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Finland" title="Television in Finland">television</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_by_perkele" title="Management by perkele">Management by perkele</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Finland" title="Immigration to Finland">Immigration to Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Finland" title="Assyrians in Finland">Assyrians in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolts" title="Skolts">Skolts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_community_in_Finland" title="Somali community in Finland">Finland Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Finland Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari_Sami_people" title="Inari Sami people">Inari Sami people</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Finland" title="Indians in Finland">Indians in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of Jews in Finland" class="mw-redirect">Jews in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Finn" title="New Finn">New Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Finland" title="Russians in Finland">Russians in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Finland" title="Vietnamese people in Finland">Vietnamese people in Finland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.25em;"> <div> <div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Finland-related_articles" title="Index of Finland-related articles" class="mw-redirect">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Finland" title="Bibliography of Finland">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finland" title="Category:Finland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Finland" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Finland">WikiProject</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;">  <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="image"><img alt="Gnome-globe.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a> Geographic locale</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Template:Nordic countries">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_countries" title="Template talk:Nordic countries">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nordic_countries&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Countries</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="280"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"/> Finland</li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1800"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" title="Nordic Cross flag"><img alt="Flags of the Nordic countries outside the Bella Center, Copenhagen, 2004" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nordiske-flag.jpg/100px-Nordiske-flag.jpg" width="100" height="78" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nordiske-flag.jpg/150px-Nordiske-flag.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nordiske-flag.jpg/200px-Nordiske-flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="562"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Dependencies</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="850"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" title="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Climate of the Nordic countries">Climate of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Comparison of the Nordic countries">Comparison of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_with_close_relations_to_the_Nordic_countries" title="Countries with close relations to the Nordic countries">Countries with close relations to the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" title="Nordic Cross flag">Nordic Cross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Subdivisions of the Nordic countries">Subdivisions of the Nordic countries</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependencies</a> of <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li>Finland</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"> <div><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img alt="Europe (orthographic projection).svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="100" height="100" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Denmark</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_country" title="Constituent country">constituent country</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Finland</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" title="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_region" title="Autonomous region">autonomous region</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Norway</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated areas</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">United Kingdom</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>1 <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_of_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia_in_Cyprus" title="Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">sovereign base areas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">overseas territory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_dependencies" title="Crown dependencies">crown dependencies</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div>1 <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">Partially</a> in <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, or entirely in Asia with cultural links to Europe.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Countries bordering the <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="280"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"/> Finland</li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"/> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Finland&params=64_N_26_E_region:FI_type:country">64°N 26°E / 64°N 26°E / 64; 26</a>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&oldid=655656691">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&oldid=655656691</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150410061901/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finland" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm">Bamanankan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ফিনল্যান্ড – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomi" title="Suomi – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фінляндыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фінляндыя – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनलैंड – भोजपुरी" lang="bh" hreflang="bh">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandya" title="Finlandya – Bikol Central" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥིན་ལན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Финланд – буряад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Финлянди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsko" title="Finsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Ffindir" title="Y Ffindir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ފިންލޭންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahodits%CA%BC%C7%AB%CA%BC%C5%82%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Nahoditsʼǫʼłání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B" title="ཕིན་ལེནཌ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soome" title="Soome – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φινλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Суоми Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnlando" title="Finnlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A1ndia" title="Finlándia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee">Eʋegbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فنلاند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A2n" title="Finlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhionlainn" title="An Fhionlainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnlynn" title="Finnlynn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B2maidh" title="Suòmaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" title="芬蘭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binirandi" title="Binirandi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="ફીનલેંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBn-l%C3%A0n" title="Fûn-làn – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Суһомудин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal">Хальмг</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%80%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="핀란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinilana" title="Pinilana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw">Hawai`i</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆինլանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फ़िनलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlando" title="Finlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinlandia" title="Pinlandia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ফিনল্যান্ড – Bishnupuriya Manipuri" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Финлянди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFinlandi" title="IFinlandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="פינלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandi" title="Finlandi – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫಿನ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinlandya" title="Pinlandya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ფინეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%84sk%C3%B4" title="Fińskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Finn" title="Pow Finn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilande" title="Finilande – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufini" title="Ufini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83" title="Суоми Му – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandi" title="Finlandi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg">Kongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenlann" title="Fenlann – Haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEnlenda" title="Fînlenda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Финлянди – Hill Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj">Кырык мары</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດແຟງລັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomeja" title="Suomeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnia" title="Finnia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somija" title="Somija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomija" title="Suomija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilanda" title="Finilanda – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gugdrsu,omi" title="gugdrsu,omi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">Lojban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilandi" title="Finilandi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg">Luganda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnorsz%C3%A1g" title="Finnország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Финска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandy" title="Finlandy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫിൻലാന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandja" title="Finlandja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinerangi" title="Hinerangi – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ფინეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فينلاندا – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فلاند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADng-l%C3%A0ng" title="Hŭng-làng – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Суоми мастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Финланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဖင်လန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintl%C4%81lpan" title="Fintlālpan – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">Nāhuatl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinrand" title="Pinrand – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na">Dorerin Naoero</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlaand" title="Finlaand – Low Saxon (Netherlands)" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनल्याण्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनल्यान्ड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="フィンランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Финлянди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%B6nj" title="Finlönj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEnlande" title="Fînlande – Nouormand" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Финляндий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଫିନଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiinlaandi" title="Fiinlaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਫ਼ਿਨਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="فنلینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%90%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89" title="فېنلانډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Суоми – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi">Перем Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlinde" title="Finlinde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinlan" title="Pinlan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φινλανδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A2ndia" title="Finlândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlyandiya" title="Finlyandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finerati" title="Finerati – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty">Reo tahiti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy">Romani</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinsuyu" title="Phinsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Фіньско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suopma" title="Suopma – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finalagi" title="Finalagi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फिन्लैंड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlound" title="Finlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ෆින්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFini" title="IFini – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss">SiSwati</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADnsko" title="Fínsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8C" title="Соумь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandyjo" title="Finlandyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فینلاند – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn">Sranantongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Финска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomi" title="Suomi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="பின்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandie" title="Finlandie – tarandíne" lang="roa-Tara" hreflang="roa-Tara">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫిన్‌లాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A1ndia" title="Finlándia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศฟินแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Финланд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏫᏂᎦᏙᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%BDandi%C3%BDa" title="Finlýandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фінляндія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="فن لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="فىنلاندىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlan" title="Finlan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomenma" title="Suomenma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_Lan" title="Phần Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomiy%C3%A4n" title="Suomiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soom%C3%B5" title="Soomõ – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" title="芬蘭 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandya" title="Finlandya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlaand" title="Finlaand – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="פינלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADnl%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Fínlándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" title="芬蘭 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soum%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Soumėjė – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv">Тыва дыл</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410061901/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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