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title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Polanyi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 35 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مايكل بولاني – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل بولاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF" title="মাইকেল পোলান্যি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইকেল পোলান্যি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Майкл Полані – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майкл Полані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Pol%C3%A1nyi" title="Mihály Polányi – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mihály Polányi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مایکل پولانی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل پولانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%ED%8F%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88" title="마이클 폴라니 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 폴라니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="माइकेल पोलान्यी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइकेल पोलान्यी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מייקל פולאני – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל פולאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A1nyi_Mih%C3%A1ly" title="Polányi Mihály – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polányi Mihály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="مايكل بولانى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل بولانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="マイケル・ポランニー – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・ポランニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Полани, Майкл – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полани, Майкл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97" title="Майкл Поланьї – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майкл Поланьї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="迈克尔·波兰尼 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迈克尔·波兰尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163087#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><span class="fn">Michael Polanyi</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Michael_Polanyi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Michael_Polanyi.png/213px-Michael_Polanyi.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Michael_Polanyi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="413" /></a></span> <div style=""></div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><span title="ungerska">Pollacsek Mihály</span><br /><a href="/wiki/11_mars" title="11 mars">11 mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1891" title="1891">1891</a><sup id="cite_ref-00cee5166aafc6650abeb75e8ece2ab43276cd0a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-00cee5166aafc6650abeb75e8ece2ab43276cd0a-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a><sup id="cite_ref-332d162d365fc309135025684aa893bfe39caf21_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332d162d365fc309135025684aa893bfe39caf21-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/22_februari" title="22 februari">22 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a><sup id="cite_ref-81591a4b3cc3c58205e616785f8047f4eb4ca451_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81591a4b3cc3c58205e616785f8047f4eb4ca451-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-00cee5166aafc6650abeb75e8ece2ab43276cd0a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-00cee5166aafc6650abeb75e8ece2ab43276cd0a-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (84 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a><sup id="cite_ref-c2970044d446c90bd046873b0e51f27e8867aaa1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2970044d446c90bd046873b0e51f27e8867aaa1-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Medborgare i</th><td class="kategori" style=""><a href="/wiki/Ungern" title="Ungern">Ungern</a><sup id="cite_ref-44c64bdbaa2236573a134fcfc737160aeeb5d482_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44c64bdbaa2236573a134fcfc737160aeeb5d482-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a><sup id="cite_ref-6f0de658f58f5936c292feea60ca8d3f9ac98382_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6f0de658f58f5936c292feea60ca8d3f9ac98382-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterrike" title="Österrike">Österrike</a><sup id="cite_ref-6f20e02b3267e0803ec61357be550bb63d611db0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6f20e02b3267e0803ec61357be550bb63d611db0-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Utbildad vid</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd-universitetet" title="Eötvös Loránd-universitetet">Eötvös Loránd-universitetet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_doktor" title="Medicine doktor">medicine doktor</a>, <time datetime="1914">1914</time><sup id="cite_ref-abc3ab9e5345d58a9f38e5c9f88efa055ad97908_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc3ab9e5345d58a9f38e5c9f88efa055ad97908-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd-universitetet" title="Eötvös Loránd-universitetet">Eötvös Loránd-universitetet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofie_doktor" title="Filosofie doktor">filosofie doktor</a>, <time datetime="1917">1917</time><sup id="cite_ref-abc3ab9e5345d58a9f38e5c9f88efa055ad97908_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc3ab9e5345d58a9f38e5c9f88efa055ad97908-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163087?uselang=sv#P69"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Sysselsättning</th><td class="roll" style=""><a href="/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof">Filosof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalekonom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalekonom">nationalekonom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemist" title="Kemist">kemist</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Befattning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordf%C3%B6rande_(Q1255921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordförande (Q1255921) [inte skriven än]">Ordförande</a><small> (1944–1946)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Arbetsgivare</th><td class="org" style=""><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Barn</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a> <small>(f. 1929)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Föräldrar</th><td class="" style=""><span class="modulwikidata2_missingswedishlabel" title="danska" data-q="Q5056551">Cecília Wohl</span></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Släktingar</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a><small> (syskon)</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left" class=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Michael_Polanyi" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Michael Polanyi">Redigera Wikidata</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Michael Polanyi</b>, född <a href="/wiki/11_mars" title="11 mars">11 mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1891" title="1891">1891</a> i <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, död <a href="/wiki/22_februari" title="22 februari">22 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> i <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>, var ett ungerskt-brittiskt <a href="/wiki/Universalgeni" title="Universalgeni">universalgeni</a>, som gjorde viktiga insatser inom <a href="/wiki/Fysikalisk_kemi" title="Fysikalisk kemi">fysikalisk kemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalekonomi" title="Nationalekonomi">nationalekonomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a>, vetenskapssociologi och <a href="/wiki/Patentr%C3%A4tt" class="mw-redirect" title="Patenträtt">patenträtt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han var far till <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a> samt bror till <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uppväxt_och_utbildning"><span id="Uppv.C3.A4xt_och_utbildning"></span>Uppväxt och utbildning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Uppväxt och utbildning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Uppväxt och utbildning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polanyi föddes, som det yngsta barnet av fem, i en välbärgad judisk familj i Budapest under en period när landets emanciperade judar upplevde goda tider.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans far Mihaly Pollacsek var järnvägsingenjör, utbildad vid <a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Technische_Hochschule_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich">ETH</a>, och arbetade med att vidareutveckla Ungerns järnvägsnät. Hans mor Cecile, född Wohl, var dotter till chefsrabbinen i <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>. Paret flyttade till Budapest 1890 och bytte 1904 sina fem barns efternamn (men inte sitt eget) från Pollacsek till det mer ungerskklingande Polanyi. Fadern gick i <a href="/wiki/Konkurs" title="Konkurs">konkurs</a> 1899 efter att en översvämning hade svept iväg en järnvägslinje han hade byggt och han dog 1905, vilket försatte familjen i en besvärlig ekonomisk situation. </p><p>Polanyi studerade vid Mintagymnasiet, där han tog examen 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under senare delen av hans uppväxt höll hans mor varje vecka en <a href="/wiki/Litter%C3%A4r_salong" title="Litterär salong">salong</a> där många av Ungerns ledande poeter, författare, målare och intellektuella deltog. </p><p>Efter gymnasiet började Polanyi studera medicin vid <a href="/wiki/Budapests_universitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapests universitet">Budapests universitet</a>, och tog examen 1913. Samma år började han studera <a href="/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi">kemi</a> vid <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe">Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe</a> under <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bredig" title="Georg Bredig">Georg Bredig</a>. </p><p>Vid <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Första världskriget">första världskrigets</a> utbrott 1914 kallades Polanyi för tjänstgöring som <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4kare" title="Läkare">läkare</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterrike-Ungerns_krigsmakt" title="Österrike-Ungerns krigsmakt">Österrike-Ungerns krigsmakt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han tjänstgjorde till 1916 då han blev skadad. Under sin sjukdomstid skrev han sin <a href="/wiki/Doktorsavhandling" title="Doktorsavhandling">doktorsavhandling</a>, om teorin för <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> av <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaser</a> på <a href="/wiki/Fast_form" title="Fast form">fasta ämnen</a>. 1919 försvarade han avhandlingen vid Budapests universitet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ungerns_historia#Två_världskrig" title="Ungerns historia">Oroligheterna i Ungern efter första världskrigets slut</a> fick Polanyi att lämna Ungern 1919, och återvända till <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forskarkarriär"><span id="Forskarkarri.C3.A4r"></span>Forskarkarriär</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Forskarkarriär" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Forskarkarriär"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I september 1920 fick Polanyi en tjänst vid <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm-institut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm-institut">Kaiser Wilhelm-institutet</a> (KWI) för fiberkemi i <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>-stadsdelen <a href="/wiki/Dahlem,_Berlin" title="Dahlem, Berlin">Dahlem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta institut leddes då av den österrikiske biokemisten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Oliver_Herzog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Oliver Herzog [inte skriven än]">Reginald Oliver Herzog</a> och fanns delvis i samma lokaler som <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm-institut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm-institut">Kaiser Wilhelm-institutet</a> för fysikalisk kemi och elektrokemi som leddes av nobelpristagaren <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a>. Polanyis forskningsintressen passade bättre in i Habers institut och Polanyi bytte officiellt till det andra Kaiser Wilhelm-institutet i september 1923. Där blev han föreståndare för institutionen för <a href="/wiki/Kinetik_(kemi)" title="Kinetik (kemi)">kemisk kinetik</a>. </p><p>1923 färdigställde Polanyi sin <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> vid <a href="/wiki/Berlins_universitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlins universitet">Berlins universitet</a> och anställdes som privatdocent vid <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_Charlottenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg">Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg</a>. Förutom verksamheten vid Kaiser-Wilhelm-institutet och tekniska högskolan bedrev Polanyi vid denna tid även industriforskning och konsultverksamhet för att dryga ut sin lön.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I slutet av 1920-talet och början av 1930-talet fick Polanyi flera erbjudanden om professurer vid utländska universitet, men trivdes så bra i den akademiska miljön i Berlin att han stannade där trots de svårigheter som <a href="/wiki/Den_stora_depressionen" title="Den stora depressionen">den stora depressionen</a> förde med sig.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter <a href="/wiki/Nazisternas_makt%C3%B6vertagande" title="Nazisternas maktövertagande">nazisternas maktövertagande</a> i början av 1933 blev dock inte längre möjligt för en judisk forskare att stanna kvar. I augusti 1933 flyttade han därför till <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a> och en professur i kemi vid <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. </p><p>Efter sin andra exil började han engagera sig mer för politisk och ekonomisk frihet i allmänhet och <a href="/wiki/Akademisk_frihet" title="Akademisk frihet">akademisk frihet</a> i synnerhet, och började skriva mer om dessa områden.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> University of Manchester skapade 1948 en professur i samhällsvetenskap <i>(Social Studies)</i> för honom. </p><p>1951 blev Polanyi erbjuden en professur i <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llsfilosofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhällsfilosofi">samhällsfilosofi</a> vid <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Han kunde dock inte tillträda på grund av att han nekades <a href="/wiki/Visum" title="Visum">visum</a> till <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>, efter att ha anklagats för samröre med kommunister, vilket sågs allvarligt på under <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthy-eran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter sin pensionering från Manchester blev Polanyi 1959 seniorforskare vid <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" title="Merton College">Merton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insatser_inom_fysikalisk_kemi">Insatser inom fysikalisk kemi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Insatser inom fysikalisk kemi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Insatser inom fysikalisk kemi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polanyi var verksam inom flera delar av den fysikaliska kemin, men hans insatser inom <a href="/wiki/Kinetik_(kemi)" title="Kinetik (kemi)">kinetik</a> är de mest kända.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polanyis forskargrupp vid KWI i Berlin 1923–1933 lade grunden för en kinetisk teori som var i överensstämmelse med <a href="/wiki/Kvantmekanik" title="Kvantmekanik">kvantmekaniken</a>. I forskargruppen ingick flera unga teoretiker, bland andra <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">nobelpristagare i fysik</a> 1963), <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a> och <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring" title="Henry Eyring">Henry Eyring</a>. Dessa teoretiska utvecklingar ledde under 1960-talet andra forskare vidare till <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemisk_reaktionsdynamik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemisk reaktionsdynamik [inte skriven än]">kemisk reaktionsdynamik</a>. En av de som ägnade sig åt detta område var hans son <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a>, som 1986 tilldelades <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_kemi" title="Nobelpriset i kemi">nobelpriset i kemi</a> tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Herschbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Dudley Herschbach">Dudley Herschbach</a> och <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Lee">Yuan Lee</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insatser_inom_filosofi">Insatser inom filosofi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Insatser inom filosofi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Insatser inom filosofi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polanyis främsta verk inom filosofin är <i>Personal Knowledge</i>, som kom ut 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2016_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2016-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En kortare och mer tillgänglig version gavs 1966 ut som <i>The Tacit Dimension</i> (i svensk översättning <i>Den tysta dimensionen</i>, utgiven 2013). </p><p>Polanyi argumenterade för att <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivismen</a> ger en falsk redogörelse för kunskapen, som om den tas på allvar undergräver mänsklighetens högsta resultat.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi_(urval)"><span id="Bibliografi_.28urval.29"></span>Bibliografi (urval)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bibliografi (urval)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bibliografi (urval)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1946 - <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> (på engelska) <i><span>Science, faith and society.</span></i>. Riddell memorial lectures, 99-0259449-2 ; 18. Oxford: Oxford U.P. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/1359745">1359745</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+faith+and+society.&rft.series=Riddell+memorial+lectures%2C+99-0259449-2+%3B+18&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Michael_Polanyi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>1958 - <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> (på engelska) <i><span>Personal knowledge: towards a post-critical philosophy</span></i>. London: Routledge & K. Paul. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/1014502">1014502</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+knowledge%3A+towards+a+post-critical+philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Michael_Polanyi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>1960 - <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> (på engelska) <i><span>Beyond nihilism.</span></i>. Arthur Stanley Eddington memorial lecture, 99-0381489-5 ; 13. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/755332">755332</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+nihilism.&rft.series=Arthur+Stanley+Eddington+memorial+lecture%2C+99-0381489-5+%3B+13&rft.place=Cambridge&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Michael_Polanyi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>1967 - <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> (på engelska) <i><span>The tacit dimension</span></i>. Anchor books. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/9865338">9865338</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tacit+dimension&rft.series=Anchor+books&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Doubleday&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Michael_Polanyi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>2013 - <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFPolanyi">Polanyi, Michael. <i><span>Den tysta dimensionen</span></i>. Översättning: Eva Backelin. Göteborg: Daidalos. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/13879519">13879519</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9789171734044" title="Special:Bokkällor/9789171734044">ISBN 9789171734044</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Den+tysta+dimensionen&rft.aulast=Polanyi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Polanyi%2C+Michael&rft.place=G%C3%B6teborg&rft.pub=Daidalos&rft.isbn=9789171734044&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Michael_Polanyi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-00cee5166aafc6650abeb75e8ece2ab43276cd0a-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-00cee5166aafc6650abeb75e8ece2ab43276cd0a_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-00cee5166aafc6650abeb75e8ece2ab43276cd0a_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="engelska">Internet Philosophy Ontology project</span></i>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332d162d365fc309135025684aa893bfe39caf21-2"><a href="#cite_ref-332d162d365fc309135025684aa893bfe39caf21_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></i>, läst: 11 december 2014.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81591a4b3cc3c58205e616785f8047f4eb4ca451-3"><a href="#cite_ref-81591a4b3cc3c58205e616785f8047f4eb4ca451_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>SNAC</i>, SNAC Ark-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bz6dd6">w6bz6dd6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica2012.ica.org/files/pdf/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00310.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c2970044d446c90bd046873b0e51f27e8867aaa1-4"><a href="#cite_ref-c2970044d446c90bd046873b0e51f27e8867aaa1_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, <i>BnF Catalogue général : <span title="svenska">öppen dataplattform</span></i>, läst: 26 januari 2018.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44c64bdbaa2236573a134fcfc737160aeeb5d482-5"><a href="#cite_ref-44c64bdbaa2236573a134fcfc737160aeeb5d482_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/36398?login=true">läs online</a>, <i>academic.oup.com</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6f0de658f58f5936c292feea60ca8d3f9ac98382-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6f0de658f58f5936c292feea60ca8d3f9ac98382_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/chicago-scholarship-online/book/21278">läs online</a>, <i>academic.oup.com</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6f20e02b3267e0803ec61357be550bb63d611db0-7"><a href="#cite_ref-6f20e02b3267e0803ec61357be550bb63d611db0_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/019517433X.001.0001">läs online</a>, <i>doi.org</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc3ab9e5345d58a9f38e5c9f88efa055ad97908-8">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-abc3ab9e5345d58a9f38e5c9f88efa055ad97908_8-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc3ab9e5345d58a9f38e5c9f88efa055ad97908_8-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project-ID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=79750">79750</a>, läst: 12 februari 2022.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM2016-9">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-8"><small>i</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-9"><small>j</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-10"><small>k</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM2016_9-11"><small>l</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/mp/friedrich/PDFs/Bunsenmagazin_5_2016-Frie-Polanyi.pdf">Michael Polanyi (1891-1976): The Life of the Mind</a>, <i>Bunsen-Magazin</i>, 5/2016, s. 160–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1977.0016">”Michael Polanyi, 12 March 1891- 22 February 1976”</a> (på engelska). <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i> 23: sid. 413–448. 1977-11. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1977.0016">10.1098/rsbm.1977.0016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1977.0016">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1977.0016</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>35 språk</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Nytt ämne</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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