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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. 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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Tumbuhan+berbunga" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomi_pembuluh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomi_pembuluh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Anatomi pembuluh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomi_pembuluh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah evolusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ciri-ciri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Klasifikasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Klasifikasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembagian_internal_(taksonomi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembagian_internal_(taksonomi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pembagian internal (taksonomi)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembagian_internal_(taksonomi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keanekaragaman_jenis_dan_manfaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keanekaragaman_jenis_dan_manfaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Keanekaragaman jenis dan manfaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keanekaragaman_jenis_dan_manfaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bacaan lanjutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tumbuhan berbunga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 132 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeksadiges" title="Bedeksadiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedeksadiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD" title="ክንንብ ዘር – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክንንብ ዘር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="फूल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फूल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كاسيات البذور – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاسيات البذور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80-%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7%C9%99kli_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Çiçəkli bitkilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çiçəkli bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entikan_masekar" title="Entikan masekar – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Entikan masekar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsama" title="Bedecktsama – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bedecktsama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%97id%C4%97n%C4%93_augal%C4%81" title="Žėidėnē augalā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žėidėnē augalā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinanom_na_namumurak" title="Tinanom na namumurak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinanom na namumurak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кветкавыя – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кветкавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кветкавыя расьліны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кветкавыя расьліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Покритосеменни – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Покритосеменни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="फूलदार पौधा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फूलदार पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetnica" title="Cvjetnica – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cvjetnica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermes" title="Angiospermes – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angiospermes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9" title="Krytosemenné – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krytosemenné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhigyn_blodeuol" title="Planhigyn blodeuol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planhigyn blodeuol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6kfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Dækfrøede planter – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dækfrøede planter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsamer" title="Bedecktsamer – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bedecktsamer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3k%C5%A1yty_semjenjak" title="Pókšyty semjenjak – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pókšyty semjenjak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αγγειόσπερμα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγειόσπερμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Flowering plant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermoj" title="Angiospermoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angiospermoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katteseemnetaimed" title="Katteseemnetaimed – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katteseemnetaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landare_loredun" title="Landare loredun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landare loredun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گیاهان گل‌دار – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاهان گل‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppisiemeniset" title="Koppisiemeniset – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koppisiemeniset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloosenplaanten" title="Bloosenplaanten – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bloosenplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiospermas" title="Anxiospermas – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anxiospermas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27avo_ipot%C3%BDva" title="Ka'avo ipotýva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'avo ipotýva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי פרחים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי פרחים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="सपुष्पक पौधा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सपुष्पक पौधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Kritosjemenjače – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kritosjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosymjenjak" title="Krytosymjenjak – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Krytosymjenjak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjyosp%C3%A8m" title="Anjyospèm – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anjyospèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rvaterm%C5%91k" title="Zárvatermők – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárvatermők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula_nga_agsabsabong" title="Mula nga agsabsabong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mula nga agsabsabong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermi" title="Angiospermi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Angiospermi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulfr%C3%A6vingar" title="Dulfrævingar – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dulfrævingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesdurifsan" title="Timesdurifsan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timesdurifsan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96_%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гүлді өсімдіктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гүлді өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EC%94%A8%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="속씨식물 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="속씨식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek%C3%AAn_kul%C3%AElkdar" title="Riwekên kulîlkdar – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwekên kulîlkdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жабык уруктуулар – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жабык уруктуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9ieplanzen" title="Bléieplanzen – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bléieplanzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantas_florinte" title="Plantas florinte – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plantas florinte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C3%A8kz%C3%A4%C3%B6jige" title="Bedèkzäöjige – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bedèkzäöjige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolij%C5%ABnai" title="Magnolijūnai – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnolijūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segs%C4%93k%C4%BCi" title="Segsēkļi – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Segsēkļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Скриеносеменици – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скриеносеменици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="സപുഷ്പി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സപുഷ്പി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цэцэгт ургамал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэцэгт ургамал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tumbuhan berbunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teconxinachtli" title="Teconxinachtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teconxinachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todecktsadige" title="Todecktsadige – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Todecktsadige" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedektzadigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekkfr%C3%B8plantar" title="Dekkfrøplantar – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dekkfrøplantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomsterplanter" title="Blomsterplanter – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blomsterplanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqiltoota_Daraaraa" title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrytonasienne" title="Okrytonasienne – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okrytonasienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%DA%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="پُھل دار بوٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پُھل دار بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C" title="ګل لرونکی بوټی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګل لرونکی بوټی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatasqa_muruyuq" title="Qatasqa muruyuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qatasqa muruyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цветковые растения – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветковые растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flouerin_plant" title="Flouerin plant – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Flouerin plant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivenosjemenice" title="Skrivenosjemenice – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skrivenosjemenice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A" title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flowering plant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Krytosemenné rastliny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krytosemenné rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosemenke" title="Kritosemenke – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kritosemenke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhirta_ubaxa" title="Dhirta ubaxa – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhirta ubaxa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bim%C3%ABt_me_lule" title="Bimët me lule – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bimët me lule" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Скривеносеменице – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скривеносеменице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_kembangan" title="Tutuwuhan kembangan – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan kembangan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomv%C3%A4xter" title="Blomväxter – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blomväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பூக்கும் தாவரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூக்கும் தாவரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆవృతబీజాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవృతబీజాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="พืชดอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืชดอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang_namumulaklak" title="Halamang namumulaklak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang namumulaklak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBakau_matala" title="ʻakau matala – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻakau matala" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular" title="Kapalı tohumlular – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapalı tohumlular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%99%D1%87%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Покритонасінні – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Покритонасінні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%92" title="پھولدار پودے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھولدار پودے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulli_o%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Gulli oʻsimliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gulli oʻsimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katesemni%C5%BEed" title="Katesemnižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katesemnižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_hoa" title="Thực vật có hoa – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật có hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzoadign" title="Bedektzoadign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bedektzoadign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namumukad_nga_tanaman" title="Namumukad nga tanaman – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Namumukad nga tanaman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9F" title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khui-hoe_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25314#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Tumbuhan_berbunga" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Tumbuhan_berbunga" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&oldid=26478353" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Tumbuhan_berbunga&id=26478353&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTumbuhan_berbunga"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTumbuhan_berbunga"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tumbuhan+berbunga"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnoliopsida" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispesies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25314" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Tumbuhan berbunga</b>, <b>Angiospermae</b>, <b>Angiosperma</b>, atau <b>Anthophyta</b> ("tumbuhan bunga") atau <b>Magnoliophyta</b> ("tumbuhan sekerabat dengan <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnolia">magnolia</a>") adalah kelompok terbesar <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> yang hidup di <a href="/wiki/Daratan" title="Daratan">daratan</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Namanya diambil dari cirinya yang paling khas, yaitu menghasilkan organ <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">reproduksi</a> dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga">bunga</a>. Bunga sebenarnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Rekayasa_genetik" title="Rekayasa genetik">modifikasi</a> daun dan batang untuk mendukung sistem pembuahan tertutup. Sistem pembuahan tertutup ini juga menjadi ciri khasnya yang lain, sehingga kelompok ini dikenal pula sebagai <b>Angiospermae</b> ("berbiji terbungkus/tertutup"). Ciri yang terakhir ini membedakannya dari kelompok <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji" title="Tumbuhan berbiji">tumbuhan berbiji</a> (<b>Spermatophyta</b>) yang lain: <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji_terbuka" title="Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka">tumbuhan berbiji terbuka</a> (Gymnospermae). </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Tumbuhan berbunga (Angiospermae)<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Rentang waktu: <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Kapur_Awal" title="Kapur Awal">Kapur Awal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen">Kini</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.46153846154px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:36.553846153846px; width:18.175384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:54.729230769231px; width:15.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisium" title="Ordovisium">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.824615384615px; width:9.3753846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Silur" title="Silur">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:79.2px; width:19.224615384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Devon_(zaman)" title="Devon (zaman)">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.424615384615px; width:20.375384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon_(zaman)" title="Karbon (zaman)">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.8px; width:16.246153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Perem" title="Perem">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:135.04615384615px; width:17.396923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:152.44307692308px; width:18.310769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Jura_(zaman)" title="Jura (zaman)">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.75384615385px; width:27.076923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Kapur_(zaman)" title="Kapur (zaman)">K</a></div> <span style="font-size:85%; line-height: 1.89em;"><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.83076923077px; width:14.374461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Pg</a></div></span> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen"><span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;">N</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:170.75384615385px; width:49.246153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:170.75384615385px; width:49.246153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:171.75384615385px; width:47.246153846154px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flower_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flower_poster.jpg/220px-Flower_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flower_poster.jpg/330px-Flower_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flower_poster.jpg/440px-Flower_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4462" data-file-height="5932" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Klasifikasi ilmiah</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Taxonomy/Angiospermae" title="Sunting klasifikasi ini"><img alt="Sunting klasifikasi ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kerajaan: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Klad</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berpembuluh" title="Tumbuhan berpembuluh">Tracheophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Klad</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji" title="Tumbuhan berbiji">Spermatophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Klad</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angiospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Grup </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <dl><dd><b>Berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_APG_IV" title="Sistem klasifikasi APG IV">APG IV (2016)</a>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga_purba" title="Tumbuhan berbunga purba">Tumbuhan berbunga purba</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborella_trichopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborella trichopoda">Amborellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Tumbuhan berbunga inti</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliid" title="Magnoliid">magnoliid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monokotil" class="mw-redirect" title="Monokotil">monokotil</a> <small>(tradisional: <a href="/wiki/Liliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliopsida">Liliopsida</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudikotil" title="Eudikotil">eudikotil</a> <small>(tradisional: <a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a>)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_(biologi)" title="Ordo (biologi)">Ordo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a> (mungkin saudari eudikotil)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi)">Sinonim</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Anthophyta <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Konten yang berada didekat tag ini membutuhkan pengecekan fakta dengan sumber referensi. since September 2013" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pemastian" title="Wikipedia:Pemastian">sumber mendukung?</a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li>Angiospermae <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lindley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lindley (halaman belum tersedia)">Lindl.</a></small></li> <li>Magnoliophyta <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_J._Cronquist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur J. Cronquist (halaman belum tersedia)">Cronquist</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takht.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takht. (halaman belum tersedia)">Takht.</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.Zimm.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.Zimm. (halaman belum tersedia)">W.Zimm.</a></small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Nama <b>Angiospermae</b> diambil dari penggabungan dua kata <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno">bahasa Yunani Kuno</a>: αγγειον (<i>aggeion</i>, "penyangga" atau "pelindung") dan σπερμα (<i>sperma</i>, bentuk jamak untuk "biji") yang diperkenalkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Hermann (halaman belum tersedia)">Paul Hermann</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1690" title="1690">1690</a>. Dalam sebagian besar sistem taksonomi modern, kelompok ini sekarang menempati <a href="/wiki/Takson" class="mw-redirect" title="Takson">takson</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Divisio" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisio">divisio</a>. Namun, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_APG_II" title="Sistem klasifikasi APG II">Sistem klasifikasi APG II</a> dan pelanjutnya, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_APG_III" title="Sistem klasifikasi APG III">Sistem klasifikasi APG III</a>, yang berdasarkan pengelompokan filogeni versi <a href="/wiki/APG" class="mw-redirect" title="APG">APG</a>, tumbuhan berbunga ditempatkan dalam suatu <a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a> yang tidak menempati suatu takson dan dinamakan <b>Angiospermae</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomi_pembuluh">Anatomi pembuluh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Anatomi pembuluh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Anatomi pembuluh"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg/220px-Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg/330px-Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg/440px-Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Sayatan melintang batang tumbuhan berbunga <a href="/wiki/Flax" class="mw-redirect" title="Flax">flax</a>:<br /> 1. <a href="/wiki/Sumsum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumsum">Sumsum</a><br /> 2. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoxilem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protoxilem (halaman belum tersedia)">Protoxilem</a><br /> 3. <a href="/wiki/Xilem" class="mw-redirect" title="Xilem">Xilem</a> I<br /> 4. <a href="/wiki/Floem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floem">Floem</a> I<br /> 5. <a href="/wiki/Sklerenkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sklerenkim">Sklerenkim</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serat_semak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serat semak (halaman belum tersedia)">serat semak</a>)<br /> 6. <a href="/wiki/Korteks_(botani)" title="Korteks (botani)">Korteks</a><br /> 7. <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" class="mw-disambig" title="Epidermis">Epidermis</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_evolusi">Sejarah evolusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montsechia_vidalii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montsechia vidalii (halaman belum tersedia)">Montsechia vidalii</a></i>, tanaman air yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, telah diidentifikasi sebagai tumbuhan berbunga tertua, yang tumbuh sekitar 130 juta tahun lalu, dengan fosil dari zaman <a href="/wiki/Kapur" title="Kapur">Kapur</a>. Dalam pemeriksaan ulang lebih dari 1.000 fosil, para ilmuwan menyimpulkan bahwa tanaman ini sudah mampu menghasilkan buah sederhana, suatu sifat dasar yang mendefinisikan angiosperma, dan kemungkinan menghasilkan bunga jantan dan betina pada tanaman terpisah. Mengingat habitatnya yang berada di perairan, penemuan ini menunjukkan bahwa penyerbukan air mungkin lebih penting dalam evolusi bunga daripada yang pernah diperkirakan sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="background-color:#fff9f9; color:DarkSlateGray;border:1px solid #ffdcdc"><i><a href="/wiki/Amborella" title="Amborella">Amborella</a></i> dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga_purba" title="Tumbuhan berbunga purba">tumbuhan berbunga paling purba</a> yang dianggap sudah berada selama 130 juta tahun yang lalu hingga saat ini.</span><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan"><span title="Klaim ini membutuhkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya">rujukan?</span></a></i>]</sup> Selain itu, <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a> juga dianggap purba dan dibedakan dari tumbuhan berbunga modern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri">Ciri-ciri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Ciri-ciri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ciri-ciri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tumbuhan berbunga dibedakan dari kelompok lain berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">apomorfi</a> (ciri-ciri terwariskan) yang khas dikembangkan oleh kelompok ini. Kebanyakan ciri-ciri ini terletak pada bagian reproduktif. Berikut adalah ciri-ciri tersebut: </p> <ul><li>Bunga</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bunga menjadi penciri yang paling nyata dan membedakannya dari kelompok tumbuhan berbiji yang lain. Bunga membantu kelompok tumbuhan ini memperluas kemampuan <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lungkang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lungkang (halaman belum tersedia)">lungkang</a> (ruang prasyarat hidup atau <i>niche</i>) <a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">ekologisnya</a> sehingga membuatnya sangat sesuai untuk hidup di daratan.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Benang sari</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Stamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> atau benang sari jauh lebih ringan daripada <a href="/wiki/Organ" class="mw-disambig" title="Organ">organ</a> dengan fungsi serupa pada tumbuhan berbiji terbuka (yaitu <a href="/wiki/Strobilus" title="Strobilus">strobilus</a>). Benang sari telah berevolusi untuk dapat beradaptasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan" title="Penyerbukan">penyerbuk</a> dan untuk mencegah <a href="/wiki/Pembuahan" title="Pembuahan">pembuahan</a> sendiri. Adaptasi ke arah ini juga memperluas jangkauan ruang hidupnya.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Ukuran gametofit jantan sangat tereduksi</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit">Gametofit</a> jantan yang sangat tereduksi (berada dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbuk (halaman belum tersedia)">serbuk</a> sari dan hanya terdiri dari tiga <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a>) sangat membantu mengurangi waktu antara <a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan" title="Penyerbukan">penyerbukan</a>, di saat serbuk sari mencapai organ betina, dan <a href="/wiki/Pembuahan" title="Pembuahan">pembuahan</a>. Selang waktu normal antara kedua tahap tersebut biasanya 12-24 jam. Pada <a href="/wiki/Gymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnospermae">Gymnospermae</a> waktu yang diperlukan untuk hal tersebut dapat mencapai setahun.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Karpela menutup rapat bakal biji</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Karpela" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpela">Karpela</a> atau daun buah rapat membungkus <a href="/wiki/Bakal_biji" title="Bakal biji">bakal biji</a> atau ovulum, sehingga mencegah pembuahan yang tidak diinginkan. Sel sperma akan dikontrol oleh <a href="/wiki/Putik" title="Putik">putik</a> untuk membuahi <a href="/wiki/Sel_telur" title="Sel telur">sel telur</a> (<i>ovum</i>). Setelah pembuahan, <a href="/wiki/Karpela" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpela">karpela</a> dan beberapa jaringan di sekitarnya juga akan berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Buah" title="Buah">buah</a>. Buah berfungsi adaptif dengan melindungi biji dari <a href="/wiki/Perkecambahan" title="Perkecambahan">perkecambahan</a> yang tidak diinginkan dan membantu proses penyebaran ke wilayah yang lebih luas.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Ukuran gametofit betina sangat tereduksi</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sebagaimana pada gametofit jantan, ukuran gametofit betina juga sangat berkurang menjadi hanya tujuh sel dan terlindung dalam <a href="/wiki/Bakal_biji" title="Bakal biji">bakal biji</a>. Ukuran yang mengecil ini membantu mempercepat perkembangan hidup tumbuhan. Hanya kelompok Angiospermae yang memiliki perilaku <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_semusim" title="Tumbuhan semusim">semusim</a> dalam proses kehidupannya. Perilaku ini membuatnya sangat mudah menjelajah lungkang yang jauh lebih luas.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Endosperma</li></ul> <dl><dd>Pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Endosperma" title="Endosperma">endosperma</a> pada biji adalah ciri khas Angiospermae yang sangat mendukung adaptasi karena melengkapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embrio_(tumbuhan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embrio (tumbuhan) (halaman belum tersedia)">embrio</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kecambah" title="Kecambah">kecambah</a> dengan cadangan makanan dalam perkembangannya. Endosperma secara <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi_tumbuhan" title="Fisiologi tumbuhan">fisiologis</a> juga memperkuat daya serap biji akan hara yang diperlukan tumbuhan muda dalam perkembangannya.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg/150px-Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg/225px-Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Kecambah <a href="/wiki/Monokotil" class="mw-redirect" title="Monokotil">monokotil</a> (kiri) dan <a href="/wiki/Dikotil" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikotil">dikotil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada awalnya, nama Angiospermae dimaksudkan oleh Paul Hermann (1690) bagi seluruh tumbuhan berbunga dengan biji yang terbungkus dalam kapsula, dan dipertentangkan dengan Gymnospermae sebagai tumbuhan berbunga dengan buah <i>achene</i> atau berkarpela terbelah. Dalam pengertiannya, keseluruhan buah atau bagannya dianggap sebagai biji dan "terbuka". Kedua istilah ini dipakai oleh <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> dengan pengertian yang sama tetapi digunakan sebagai nama-nama dari kelas Didynamia. </p><p>Ketika <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown" title="Robert Brown">Robert Brown</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> menemukan bakal biji yang benar-benar terbuka (tak terlindung) pada <a href="/wiki/Sikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikas">sikas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_runjung" title="Tumbuhan runjung">tumbuhan runjung</a>, ia memberikan nama Gymnospermae bagi kedua kelompok tumbuhan ini. Tahun <a href="/wiki/1851" title="1851">1851</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hofmeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Hofmeister (halaman belum tersedia)">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a> menemukanperubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Kantung_embrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantung embrio">kantung embrio</a> dari tumbuhan berbunga (<a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan" title="Penyerbukan">penyerbukan</a> berganda). Hasil penemuan ini menjadikan Gymnospermae sebagai kelas yang benar-benar berbeda dari dikotil, dan istilah Angiospermae mulai diterapkan untuk semua tumbuhan berbiji yang bukan kedua kelompok yang disebutkan Robert Brown. Pengertian terakhir inilah yang masih bertahan hingga sekarang. </p><p>Dalam sistem taksonomi modern, kelompok tumbuhan berbunga ditempatkan pada berbagai takson. Selain Angiospermae, kelompok ini disebut juga dengan <b>Anthophyta</b> ("tumbuhan bunga"). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_Wettstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem Wettstein (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem Wettstein</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_Engler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem Engler (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem Engler</a> menempatkan Angiospermae pada tingkat sub<a href="/wiki/Divisio" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisio">divisio</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_Reveal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem Reveal (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem Reveal</a> memasukkan semua tumbuhan berbunga dalam subdivisio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnoliophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnoliophytina (halaman belum tersedia)">Magnoliophytina</a>, namun pada edisi lanjut memisahkannya menjadi <a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliopsida">Liliopsida</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosopsida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rosopsida</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_Takhtajan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem Takhtajan (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem Takhtajan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_Cronquist" title="Sistem klasifikasi Cronquist">sistem Cronquist</a> memasukkan kelompok ini ke dalam tingkat divisio dengan nama Magnoliophyta. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_Dahlgren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem Dahlgren (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem Dahlgren</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_Thorne_(1992)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem Thorne (1992) (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem Thorne (1992)</a> menggunakan nama Magnoliopsida dan meletakkannya pada tingkat kelas. Saat ini, sistem klasifikasi yang paling akhir, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_APG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem APG (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem APG</a> (1998) dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_APG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem APG II">sistem APG II</a> (2003), tidak lagi menjadikannya sebagai satu kelompok takson tersendiri melainkan sebagai suatu <a href="/wiki/Klade" class="mw-redirect" title="Klade">klade</a> tanpa <a href="/wiki/Nama_botani" title="Nama botani">nama botani</a> resmi dengan nama Angiospermae (sistem ini menggunakan nama-nama bahasa Inggris atau diinggriskan untuk nama-nama tidak resmi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembagian_internal_(taksonomi)"><span id="Pembagian_internal_.28taksonomi.29"></span>Pembagian internal (taksonomi)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pembagian internal (taksonomi)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembagian internal (taksonomi)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klasifikasi internal kelompok ini mengalami banyak perubahan. <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_Cronquist" title="Sistem klasifikasi Cronquist">Sistem klasifikasi Cronquist</a> (1981) masih banyak dipakai tetapi mulai dipertanyakan keakuratannya dari sisi <a href="/wiki/Filogeni" title="Filogeni">filogeni</a> terutama karena bertentangan dengan hasil-hasil penyelidikan <a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekular" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi molekular">molekular</a>. Kesepakatan umum tentang bagaimana tumbuhan berbunga dikelompokkan mulai tercapai sejak hasil "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (halaman belum tersedia)">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a>" (APG) dikeluarkan pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>, lalu diperbaharui berturut-turut pada tahun <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, 2012, dan 2016 sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_APG_II" title="Sistem klasifikasi APG II">Sistem klasifikasi APG II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_APG_III" title="Sistem klasifikasi APG III">Sistem klasifikasi APG III</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_APG_IV" title="Sistem klasifikasi APG IV">Sistem klasifikasi APG IV</a>. </p><p>Sistem klasifikasi Cronquist membagi tumbuhan berbunga menjadi dua kelompok: <a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Liliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliopsida">Liliopsida</a>. Nama pemeri lain yang diizinkan dalam Pasal 16 <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICBN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICBN (halaman belum tersedia)">ICBN</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledoneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledoneae">Dicotyledoneae</a> (dikotil) dan <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledoneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledoneae">Monocotyledoneae</a> (monokotil) atas dasar sejarah dan menunjukkan satu ciri cukup mudah untuk diamati meskipun tidak selalu demikian: tumbuhan dikotil memiliki dua <a href="/wiki/Kotiledon" title="Kotiledon">daun lembaga</a> sedangkan tumbuhan monokotil memiliki satu daun lembaga. </p><p>Sistem APG, yang menggunakan konsep <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">kladistika</a> dan banyak memakai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_pengelompokan_(statistika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode pengelompokan (statistika) (halaman belum tersedia)">metode pengelompokan</a> <a href="/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika">statistika</a> (<i>clustering</i>) serta memasukkan data-data molekular, mendapati bahwa monokotil merupakan kelompok <a href="/wiki/Filogeni" title="Filogeni">monofiletik</a> atau holofiletik, dan menamakannya <i><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledoneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledoneae">Monokotil</a></i> (bentuk jamak dari <i>monocot</i>), tetapi dikotil ternyata tidak demikian (disebut sebagai kelompok bersifat <a href="/wiki/Parafiletik" class="mw-redirect" title="Parafiletik">parafiletik</a>). Meskipun demikian terdapat kelompok besar dikotil yang monofiletik yang dinamai <i><a href="/wiki/Eudikotil" title="Eudikotil">Eudikotil</a></i> atau <i>tricolpates</i>. Nama <i>Eudikotil</i> berarti "dikotil sejati" karena menunjukkan ciri-ciri yang biasa dinyatakan sebagai ciri khas dikotil, seperti bunga dengan empat atau lima <a href="/wiki/Petal" class="mw-redirect" title="Petal">mahkota bunga</a> dan empat atau lima <a href="/wiki/Sepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepal">kelopak bunga</a>. Sisa dari pemisahan ini, yang tetap parafiletik, biasa dinamakan sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleodicots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleodicots (halaman belum tersedia)">paleodicots</a></i> (<i>paleo-</i> berarti "purba" atau "kuno") untuk kemudahan penyebutan. </p><p>Penyelidikan menggunakan filogeni yang menggunakan data-data molekular hingga sekarang telah menemukan delapan kelompok utama pada tumbuhan berbunga, yaitu <i><a href="/wiki/Monokotil" class="mw-redirect" title="Monokotil">Monokotil</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eudikotil" title="Eudikotil">Eudikotil</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a>, dan <b><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliids">magnoliids</a></b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keanekaragaman_jenis_dan_manfaat">Keanekaragaman jenis dan manfaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Keanekaragaman jenis dan manfaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keanekaragaman jenis dan manfaat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Asteracea_poster_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Asteracea_poster_3.jpg/220px-Asteracea_poster_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Asteracea_poster_3.jpg/330px-Asteracea_poster_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Asteracea_poster_3.jpg/440px-Asteracea_poster_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah poster berupa duabelas spesies bunga berbeda dari familia <i>Asteraceae</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg/220px-Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg/330px-Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg/440px-Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="4169" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupinus_pilosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupinus pilosus (halaman belum tersedia)">Lupinus pilosus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rose_bud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rose_bud.jpg/220px-Rose_bud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rose_bud.jpg/330px-Rose_bud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rose_bud.jpg/440px-Rose_bud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuncup" title="Kuncup">Kuncup</a> dari sebuah <a href="/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga">bunga</a> merah muda</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">Jenis</a> tumbuhan berbunga diperkirakan berkisar antara 250.000 hingga 400.000 yang dapat dikelompokkan hingga paling sedikit 402 <a href="/wiki/Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="Familia">suku</a> (berdasarkan taksiran dalam Sistem APG II). Sistem APG 1998 menyatakan terdapat 462 suku. Monokotil mencakup sekitar 23% dari keseluruhan spesies dan "dikotil sejati" (<i>Eudikotil</i>) mencakup 75% dari keseluruhan spesies. </p><p>Sepuluh besar suku tumbuhan menurut banyaknya jenis adalah sebagai berikut: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> atau Compositae (suku <a href="/wiki/Kenikir" title="Kenikir">kenikir</a>-kenikiran): 23.600 jenis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Anggrek" class="mw-redirect" title="Anggrek">anggrek</a>-anggrekan): 21.950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> atau Leguminosae (suku <a href="/wiki/Polong" class="mw-redirect" title="Polong">polong</a>-polongan): 19.400</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi">kopi</a>-kopian): 13.183</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>, Glumiflorae, atau Gramineae (suku <a href="/wiki/Rumput" title="Rumput">rumput</a>-rumputan): 10.035</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a> atau Labiatae (suku <a href="/wiki/Nilam" title="Nilam">nilam</a>-nilaman): 7.173</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Kastuba" title="Kastuba">kastuba</a>-kastubaan): 5.735</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Teki" title="Teki">teki</a>-tekian): 4.350</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas">kapas</a>-kapasan): 4.225</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Talas" title="Talas">talas</a>-talasan): 4.025</li></ol> <p>Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae dan Araceae adalah monokotil. </p><p>Kesepuluh suku di atas mencakup beragam jenis tumbuhan penting dalam kehidupan manusia, baik dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kehutanan" title="Kehutanan">kehutanan</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Industri" title="Industri">industri</a>. Suku rumput-rumputan jelas merupakan suku terpenting karena menghasilkan berbagai sumber energi <a href="/wiki/Pangan" title="Pangan">pangan</a> bagi manusia dan <a href="/wiki/Peternakan" title="Peternakan">ternak</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Padi" title="Padi">padi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum">gandum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung">jagung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelai" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelai">jelai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haver" title="Haver">haver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewawut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewawut">jewawut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tebu" title="Tebu">tebu</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Sorgum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorgum">sorgum</a>. Suku polong-polongan menempati tempat terpenting kedua, sebagai sumber <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> nabati dan <a href="/wiki/Sayuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayuran">sayuran</a> utama dan berbagai peran budaya lain (kayu, pewarna, dan racun). Suku nilam-nilaman beranggotakan banyak tumbuhan penghasil <a href="/wiki/Minyak_atsiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyak atsiri">minyak atsiri</a> dan bahan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_obat" title="Tumbuhan obat">obat-obatan</a>. </p><p>Beberapa suku penting lainnya dalam kehidupan manusia adalah </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Terong" class="mw-redirect" title="Terong">terong</a>-terongan), sebagai sumber pangan penting terutama sayuran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Labu" class="mw-disambig" title="Labu">labu</a>-labuan), sebagai sumber sayuran penting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> atau Cruciferae (suku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawi-sawian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawi-sawian (halaman belum tersedia)">sawi-sawian</a>), sebagai sumber sayuran dan minyak pangan penting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliaceae">Alliaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Bawang" title="Bawang">bawang</a>-bawangan), sebagai sumber sayuran bumbu penting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Sirih" title="Sirih">sirih</a>-sirihan), sebagai sumber rempah-rempah penting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a> atau Palmae (suku <a href="/wiki/Pinang" title="Pinang">pinang</a>-pinangan), sebagai pendukung kehidupan penting masyarakat agraris daerah tropika.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a> (suku <a href="/wiki/Jeruk" title="Jeruk">jeruk</a>-jerukan), <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> (suku mawar-mawaran), dan <a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a> (suku jambu-jambuan) banyak menghasilkan buah-buahan penting.</li></ul> <p>Tumbuhan berbunga juga menjadi pemasok sumberdaya alam dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu">kayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas">kertas</a>, serat (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas">kapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapuk">kapuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henep" title="Henep">henep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serat_manila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serat manila (halaman belum tersedia)">serat manila</a>), obat-obatan (<a href="/wiki/Digitalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamfer (halaman belum tersedia)">kamfer</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_hias" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbuhan hias">tumbuhan hias</a> (ruangan maupun terbuka), dan berbagai daftar panjang kegunaan lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Parker, Sybil, P (1984). <i>McGraw-Hill Dictionary of biology</i>. McGraw-Hill Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Dictionary+of+biology&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Sybil%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG2016">APG 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Petruzzello, Melissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/popular-topics/story/earliest-known-flowering-plant-discovered">"Ancient Aquatic Plant Thought to Be the Earliest Angiosperm"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britannica_online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britannica online (halaman belum tersedia)">Britannica online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+online&rft.atitle=Ancient+Aquatic+Plant+Thought+to+Be+the+Earliest+Angiosperm&rft.aulast=Petruzzello&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fpopular-topics%2Fstory%2Fearliest-known-flowering-plant-discovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjutan">Bacaan lanjutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lanjutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lanjutan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Cronquist, Arthur (1981). <i>An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants</i>. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-231-03880-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-231-03880-1">0-231-03880-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Integrated+System+of+Classification+of+Flowering+Plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-231-03880-1&rft.aulast=Cronquist&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/floweringplantfa0000unse"><i>Flowering Plant Families of the World</i></a>. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55407-206-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55407-206-9">1-55407-206-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+Plant+Families+of+the+World&rft.place=Richmond+Hill%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-55407-206-9&rft.au=Heywood%2C+V.+H.%2C+Brummitt%2C+R.+K.%2C+Culham%2C+A.+%26+Seberg%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffloweringplantfa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Dilcher, D. (2000). "Toward a new synthesis: Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>97</b> (13): 7030. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.13.7030">10.1073/pnas.97.13.7030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Toward+a+new+synthesis%3A+Major+evolutionary+trends+in+the+angiosperm+fossil+record&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=7030&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.97.13.7030&rft.aulast=Dilcher&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATumbuhan+berbunga" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Simpson, M.G. <i>Plant Systematics</i>, 2nd Edition. Elsevier/Academic Press. 2010.</li> <li>Raven, P.H., R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn. <i>Biology of Plants</i>, 7th Edition. W.H. Freeman. 2004.</li> <li>Sattler, R. 1973. <i>Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas</i>. University of Toronto Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_berbunga&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnoliophyta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Magnoliophyta"><span style="">Magnoliophyta</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> mempunyai informasi mengenai <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a> <i><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/id:Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="b:id:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a></i> memiliki halaman di: <div style="margin-left:10px;"><i><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/id:Dichotomous_Key/Magnoliophyta" class="extiw" title="b:id:Dichotomous Key/Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a></i></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Cole, Theodor C.H.; Hilger, Dr. Harmut H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf">Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster –  Flowering Plant Systamatics</a></li> <li>Cromie, William J. (December 16, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/12.16/angiosperms.html">"Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030714120417/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/12.16/angiosperms.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2003-07-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Harvard University Gazette.</li> <li>Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M.J. (1992 onwards). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio/">The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607053426/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio/">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-06-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eol.org/pages/282"><i>Tumbuhan berbunga</i></a> di <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Domain (biologi)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Klasifikasi_arkea" title="Templat:Klasifikasi arkea">Arkea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Klasifikasi_bakteri" title="Templat:Klasifikasi bakteri">Bakteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Eukaryota" title="Templat:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kerajaan</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Plantae_sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Plantae sensu lato">Tumbuhan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Hacrobia" title="Templat:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Heterokontophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Heterokontophyta (halaman belum tersedia)">Heterokontophyta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Alveolata" title="Templat:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Rhizaria" title="Templat:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Excavata" title="Templat:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Amoebozoa" title="Templat:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Animalia" title="Templat:Animalia">Hewan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Fungi" title="Templat:Fungi">Fungi</a>)</dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Alga_merah" title="Alga merah">Rhodophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanidiophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanidiophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Cyanidiophyceae</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyridiophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porphyridiophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Porphyridiophyceae</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compsopogonophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compsopogonophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Compsopogonophyceae</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylonematophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stylonematophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Stylonematophyceae</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodellophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodellophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhodellophyceae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangiophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangiophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Bangiophyceae</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florideophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florideophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Florideophyceae</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hildenbrandiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hildenbrandiales (halaman belum tersedia)">Hildenbrandiales</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acrochaetiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrochaetiales (halaman belum tersedia)">Acrochaetiales</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemaliales (halaman belum tersedia)">Nemaliales</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batrachospermales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batrachospermales (halaman belum tersedia)">Batrachospermales</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corallinales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corallinales (halaman belum tersedia)">Corallinales</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelidiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelidiales (halaman belum tersedia)">Gelidiales</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gracilariales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gracilariales (halaman belum tersedia)">Gracilariales</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceramiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceramiales (halaman belum tersedia)">Ceramiales</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucocystophyceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glaucocystis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glaucocystis (halaman belum tersedia)">Glaucocystis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanophora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanophora (halaman belum tersedia)">Cyanophora</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloeochaeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloeochaeta (halaman belum tersedia)">Gloeochaeta</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Plantae<br /><i>sensu stricto</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alga_hijau" title="Alga hijau">Alga hijau</a> (I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasinophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasinophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Prasinophyceae</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=UTC_clade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UTC clade (halaman belum tersedia)">UTC clade</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trebouxiophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trebouxiophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Trebouxiophyceae</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Streptophytina" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptophytina">Streptophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alga_hijau" title="Alga hijau">Alga hijau</a> (II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charales (halaman belum tersedia)">Charales</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coleochaetales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coleochaetales (halaman belum tersedia)">Coleochaetales</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmidiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmidiales (halaman belum tersedia)">Desmidiales</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klebsormidiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klebsormidiales (halaman belum tersedia)">Klebsormidiales</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesostigma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesostigma (halaman belum tersedia)">Mesostigmatales</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zygnematales" title="Zygnematales">Zygnematales</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Plantae<br /><i>sensu strictissimo</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_lumut" title="Tumbuhan lumut">Bryophyta</a><br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_darat_tidak_berpembuluh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumbuhan darat tidak berpembuluh (halaman belum tersedia)">tumbuhan darat<br />tidak berpembuluh</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lumut_hati" title="Lumut hati">Marchantiophyta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lumut_tanduk" title="Lumut tanduk">Anthocerotophyta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lumut_daun" title="Lumut daun">Musci</a> (Bryophyta <i>sensu stricto</i>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berpembuluh" title="Tumbuhan berpembuluh">Tracheophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycophyta">Lycophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Isoetopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoetopsida">Isoetopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isoetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoetales">Isoetales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" class="mw-redirect" title="Selaginella">Selaginellales</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiales">Lycopodiales</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90;"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphyllophyta">Euphyllophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Monilophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Monilophyta">Monilophyta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Equisetopsida" title="Equisetopsida">Equisetopsida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku">Filicopsida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilotopsida" title="Psilotopsida">Psilotopsida</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyta">Spermatophyta</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnospermae">Gymnospermae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnoliophyta</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#90EE90;"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_ordo_tumbuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar ordo tumbuhan (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar ordo tumbuhan</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_Plantae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Plantae" title="Templat:Plantae"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Plantae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Plantae (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Plantae&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_Plantae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Plantae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div><a href="/wiki/Eukariotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukariotik">Eukariotik</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Multiseluler</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">Autotrof</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Klorofil" title="Klorofil">Klorofil</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90"><a href="/wiki/Spora" title="Spora">Tumbuhan berspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_lumut" title="Tumbuhan lumut">Bryophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lumut_daun" title="Lumut daun">Bryopsida</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Lumut_hati" title="Lumut hati">Marchantiophyta/Hepaticophyta</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Lumut_tanduk" title="Lumut tanduk">Anthocerotophyta</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku">Pteridophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Paku_telanjang" class="mw-redirect" title="Paku telanjang">Psilophyta</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycophyta</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Paku_ekor_kuda" title="Paku ekor kuda">Spenophyta/Equisetophyta</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Paku_sejati" title="Paku sejati">Pterophyta/Filiciinae</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nature_print,_Alois_Auer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg/70px-Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg/105px-Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg/140px-Nature_print%2C_Alois_Auer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji" title="Tumbuhan berbiji">Tumbuhan berbiji</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyta">Spermatophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji_terbuka" title="Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka">Gymnospermae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_runjung" title="Tumbuhan runjung">Pinophyta/Coniferophyta</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgophyta</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90EE90"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angiospermae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji_belah" title="Tumbuhan berbiji belah">Dicotyledoneae/Magnoliopsida</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berkeping_biji_tunggal" title="Tumbuhan berkeping biji tunggal">Monocotyledoneae/Liliopsida</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="width:1%;background:#00FF00"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dikotil" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikotil">Dicotyledonae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Cruciferae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruciferae">Cruciferae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">Leguminosae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Umbelliferae" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbelliferae">Umbelliferae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Labiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiate">Labiate</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Compositae" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositae">Compositae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mimosaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimosaceae">Mimosaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flores.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flores.gif/100px-Flores.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flores.gif/150px-Flores.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flores.gif/200px-Flores.gif 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00FF00"><a href="/wiki/Liliopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliopsida">Liliopsida</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Monokotil" class="mw-redirect" title="Monokotil">Monocotyledonae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Palmae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmae">Palmae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Gramineae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramineae">Gramineae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filum/divisi_kehidupan_yang_masih_ada_menurut_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kehidupan_di_Bumi" title="Templat:Kehidupan di Bumi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Kehidupan_di_Bumi" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kehidupan di Bumi"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kehidupan_di_Bumi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filum/divisi_kehidupan_yang_masih_ada_menurut_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">Filum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Divisi_(botani)" title="Divisi (botani)">divisi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a> yang masih ada menurut <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">domain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Acidobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificae" title="Aquificae">Aquificae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidetes" title="Bacteroidetes">Bacteroidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobi" title="Chlorobi">Chlorobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi">Chloroflexi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysiogenetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysiogenetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Chrysiogenetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sianobakteri" title="Sianobakteri">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteres (halaman belum tersedia)">Deferribacteres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus (halaman belum tersedia)">Deinococcus-Thermus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyoglomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyoglomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dictyoglomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres (halaman belum tersedia)">Fibrobacteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Fusobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonadetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonadetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Gemmatimonadetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae (halaman belum tersedia)">Nitrospirae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Planctomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermodesulfobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermomicrobia (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermomicrobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogae" title="Thermotogae">Thermotogae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia (halaman belum tersedia)">Verrucomicrobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_Acidophilic_Nanoorganisms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganisms (halaman belum tersedia)">Archaeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">Protista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterokontophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokontophyta">Heterokontophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptophyta (halaman belum tersedia)">Cryptophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percolozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percolozoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Percolozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neocallimastigomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neocallimastigomycota (halaman belum tersedia)">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Plantae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumut_hati" title="Lumut hati">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumut_tanduk" title="Lumut tanduk">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumut_daun" title="Lumut daun">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_runjung" title="Tumbuhan runjung">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Animalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacing_panah" title="Cacing panah">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artropoda" title="Artropoda">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnathostomulida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnathostomulida (halaman belum tersedia)">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrognathozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrognathozoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronida" title="Phoronida">Phoronida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakiopoda" title="Brakiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelida" title="Annelida">Annelida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon_myojinensis" title="Parakaryon myojinensis">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25314" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25314">Q25314</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnoliopsida" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ANGC">1ANGC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47125">47125</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/plantae-parasites/angiosperma-parasites/">angiosperma-parasites</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/20646">20646</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25314#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25314#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25314#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4144254-4">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525097">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978328f">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978328f">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85005034">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563270">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115022&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph165195&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/2779233841">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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