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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Main points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Land use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography,_mountains_and_hills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography,_mountains_and_hills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Topography, mountains and hills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography,_mountains_and_hills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lochs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lochs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Lochs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lochs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distances_to_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distances_to_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Distances to other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distances_to_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Human geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economic geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Scotland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جغرافيا إسكتلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا إسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="স্কটল্যান্ডের ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কটল্যান্ডের ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Escocia" title="Geografía de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskoziako_geografia" title="Eskoziako geografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskoziako geografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_l%27%C3%89cosse" title="Géographie de l'Écosse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie de l'Écosse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinn-e%C3%B2las_na_h-Alba" title="Cruinn-eòlas na h-Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cruinn-eòlas na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_de_Escocia" title="Xeografía de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeografía de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotijos_geografija" title="Škotijos geografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Škotijos geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Географија на Шкотска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Географија на Шкотска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_van_Schotland" title="Geografie van Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geografie van Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottlands_geografi" title="Skottlands geografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skottlands geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Geografia da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="География Шотландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Шотландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia_e_Skocis%C3%AB" title="Gjeografia e Skocisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia e Skocisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija_%C5%A0kotske" title="Geografija Škotske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geografija Škotske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlannin_maantiede" title="Skotlannin maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skotlannin maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Географія Шотландії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Шотландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="蘇格蘭地理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇格蘭地理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2118306#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Scotland</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_topographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Topographic map of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Scotland_topographic_map-en.svg/260px-Scotland_topographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Scotland_topographic_map-en.svg/390px-Scotland_topographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Scotland_topographic_map-en.svg/520px-Scotland_topographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3450" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_in_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Locational map of Scotland in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Scotland_in_United_Kingdom.svg/260px-Scotland_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Scotland_in_United_Kingdom.svg/390px-Scotland_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Scotland_in_United_Kingdom.svg/520px-Scotland_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data">Europe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">80,231 km<sup>2</sup> (30,977 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">97%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">11,796 km (7,330 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data">England<br />154 km (96 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a><br />1,346 m (4,416 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, 0 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest river</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a><br />188 km (117 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest lake</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a><br /> 71.3 km<sup>2</sup> (27.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">Temperate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">Subarctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Terrain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural resources</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural hazards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Windstorm">windstorms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Environmental issues</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste disposal">waste disposal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">References</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>geography of Scotland</b> is varied from rural lowlands to unspoilt uplands, and from large cities to sparsely inhabited islands. Located in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> comprises the northern part of the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> as well as 790 surrounding islands encompassing the major archipelagos of the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a> and the Inner and Outer <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-third_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">only land border</a> is with <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, which runs for 96 miles (154 kilometres) in a northeasterly direction from the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> on the east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separated by the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(British_Isles)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Channel (British Isles)">North Channel</a>, the island of Ireland lies 13 nautical miles (24 kilometres) from Mull of <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a> on the Scottish mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway is located 190 nmi (350 km) northeast of Scotland across the North Sea. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, which fringes the coastline of western and northern Scotland and its islands, influences the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a>, maritime climate of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scotland contains the majority of mountainous terrain in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>. The topography of Scotland is distinguished by the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland Boundary Fault</a> which traverses the Scottish mainland from <a href="/wiki/Helensburgh" title="Helensburgh">Helensburgh</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stonehaven" title="Stonehaven">Stonehaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boundary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boundary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The faultline separates two distinctively different physiographic regions; namely the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> to the north and west and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a> to the south and east.<sup id="cite_ref-Fault_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fault-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more rugged Highland region contains the majority of Scotland's mountainous terrain, including the highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a>. </p><p>Lowland areas, in the southern part of Scotland, are less mountainous and home to most of the population, especially the narrow waist of land between the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">Central Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fault_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fault-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> is the largest city in Scotland, although <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and political centre of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-settlements_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-settlements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Lowlands are less elevated, upland and mountainous terrain is located across the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>. </p><p>An abundance of natural resources such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> contributed significantly to the industrial growth of Scotland during the 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> is a major component of Scotland's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst Scotland is a large producer of <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">petroleum</a>, the production potential of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">renewable energy</a> has emerged as an important economic and environmental issue in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-energy_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_morphology">Geology and morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology and morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology of Scotland</a></div> <p>The land area of Scotland is 30,090 square miles (77,900 km<sup>2</sup>), 32% of the area of the United Kingdom (UK). The mainland of Scotland has 6,160 miles (9,910 km) of coastline. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">morphology</a> of Scotland was formed by the action of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a>, and subsequent erosion arising from <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a>. The major division of Scotland is the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland Boundary Fault</a>, which separates the land into 'highland' to the north and west, and 'lowland' to the south and east. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highlands">Highlands of Scotland</a> are largely mountainous, and form the highest ground in the UK: they are bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Glen" title="Great Glen">Great Glen</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Grampian_Mountains_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grampian Mountains (Scotland)">Grampian Mountains</a> to the southeast and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Highlands" title="Northwest Highlands">Northwest Highlands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a> can be further subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>, an area of rolling farmland and high <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a>, and the lowland farmland of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a> and eastern Scotland. </p><p>Scotland has an incomparable variety of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> for an area of its size. </p><p>The oldest rocks of Scotland are the <a href="/wiki/Lewisian_complex" title="Lewisian complex">Lewisian gneisses</a>, which were formed in the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> period, up to 3 billion years ago. They are among the oldest rocks in the world. During the Precambrian, the <a href="/wiki/Torridonian_sandstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Torridonian sandstone">Torridonian sandstones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moine_Supergroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Moine Supergroup">Moine</a> were also laid down. Further <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> deposits were formed through the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> period, some of which <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphosed</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Dalradian" title="Dalradian">Dalradian</a> series. The area which would become Scotland was at this time close to the south pole. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period (439–409 Ma), the area which became Scotland was part of the continent of <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a>. Across the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a> to the south, was the continent of <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>. The two continents gradually collided, joining Scotland to the area which would become England and Europe. This event is known as the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian Orogeny</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland Boundary Fault</a> marks this stitching together of continents. Silurian rocks form the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a> of Scotland, which was pushed up from the seabed during the collision. The highlands were also pushed up as a result of this collision, and may have been as high as the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> at this time. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstones</a> were laid down in low-lying areas during this period. <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanic activity</a> occurred across Scotland as a result of the collision of the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a>, with volcanoes in southern Scotland, and <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chambers</a> in the north, which today form the <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> mountains such as the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period (363–290 Ma), Scotland lay close to the equator. Several changes in sea level occurred during this time. The <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits of <a href="/wiki/Lanarkshire" title="Lanarkshire">Lanarkshire</a>, and further sedimentary deposits, date from this time. More volcanic activity formed <a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, among other hills. By the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, Scotland was a desert, the origin of large <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> outcrops of the southwest. Although large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> rocks would have been laid down over Scotland, these have not survived erosion, as have the <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalks</a> of England. </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> period, the tectonic plates were again moving, separating into modern-day <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and Europe with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The split occurred to the west of Scotland, leaving a chain of former volcanic sites through the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Skye</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St. Kilda</a>. This was the last period of rock formation in Scotland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_points">Main points</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Main points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_from_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Scotland_from_space.png/220px-Scotland_from_space.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Scotland_from_space.png/330px-Scotland_from_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Scotland_from_space.png/440px-Scotland_from_space.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Scotland viewed from space</figcaption></figure> <p>The main points of the Scottish mainland are: </p> <ul><li>North: Easter Head, <a href="/wiki/Dunnet_Head" title="Dunnet Head">Dunnet Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a></li> <li>East: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Inch" title="Keith Inch">Keith Inch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterhead" title="Peterhead">Peterhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_(traditional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeenshire (traditional)">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li>South: <a href="/wiki/Mull_of_Galloway" title="Mull of Galloway">Mull of Galloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li>West: <a href="/wiki/Corrachadh_M%C3%B2r" title="Corrachadh Mòr">Corrachadh Mòr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardnamurchan" title="Ardnamurchan">Ardnamurchan</a> (headland), <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a></li></ul> <p>It is often yet incorrectly stated that <a href="/wiki/John_o%27_Groats" title="John o' Groats">John o' Groats</a> is the most northerly point of mainland Scotland. The pre-Union phrase "John o' Groats to <a href="/wiki/Maidenkirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Maidenkirk">Maidenkirk</a>" was the Scottish equivalent of the British <a href="/wiki/Land%27s_End_to_John_o%27_Groats" title="Land's End to John o' Groats">Land's End to John o' Groats</a>. </p><p>The extreme points of Scotland, including outlying islands, are: </p> <ul><li>North: <a href="/wiki/Out_Stack" title="Out Stack">Out Stack</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Unst" title="Unst">Unst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a></li> <li>East: <a href="/wiki/Bound_Skerry" title="Bound Skerry">Bound Skerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outer_Skerries" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Skerries">Out Skerries</a>, Shetland Islands</li> <li>South: Mull of Galloway, Dumfries and Galloway</li> <li>West: Either <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a> (annexed in 1972 to the former <a href="/wiki/Inverness-shire" title="Inverness-shire">Inverness-shire</a>), the international status of which is disputed, or <a href="/wiki/Soay,_St_Kilda" title="Soay, St Kilda">Soay</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St. Kilda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Western Isles</a></li></ul> <p>The geographical <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of Scotland">centre of Scotland</a> lies a few miles from the village of <a href="/wiki/Newtonmore" title="Newtonmore">Newtonmore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Badenoch" title="Badenoch">Badenoch</a>, far to the north of the modern population heartlands.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographical centre of the mainland alone lies near the peak of <a href="/wiki/Schiehallion" title="Schiehallion">Schiehallion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use">Land use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total land area of Scotland is 8,023,947 hectares. Grasses and rough grazing account for 67% of the land area, forest and woodland 17%, urban development 8%, crops and fallow 7%, and other agricultural land accounts for 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography,_mountains_and_hills"><span id="Topography.2C_mountains_and_hills"></span>Topography, mountains and hills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Topography, mountains and hills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_Scotland" title="Mountains and hills of Scotland">Mountains and hills of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_nevis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ben_nevis.jpg/220px-Ben_nevis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ben_nevis.jpg/330px-Ben_nevis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ben_nevis.jpg/440px-Ben_nevis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a> is the highest peak in Great Britain.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traigh_Sheilebost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Traigh_Sheilebost.jpg/220px-Traigh_Sheilebost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Traigh_Sheilebost.jpg/330px-Traigh_Sheilebost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Traigh_Sheilebost.jpg/440px-Traigh_Sheilebost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Large parts of the Scottish coastline are dune pasture, such as here at Traigh Seilebost on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Harris">Isle of Harris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_eez.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Scottish_eez.PNG/220px-Scottish_eez.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Scottish_eez.PNG/330px-Scottish_eez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Scottish_eez.PNG/440px-Scottish_eez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>30A map of British Isles EEZs and surrounding nations. Internal UK borders are represented by thin lines.Scotland's EEZ is highlighted in blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scotland contains the most mountainous terrain in Great Britain. Much of the highest uplands lie to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Highlands" title="Northwest Highlands">Northwest Highlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grampian_Mountains" title="Grampian Mountains">Grampian</a> ranges. The jagged <a href="/wiki/Cuillin" title="Cuillin">Cuillin</a>, on the Isle of Skye, represents a major mountain range that is not located on the Scottish mainland. Located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains, at an elevation of 1,345 m (4,413 ft), <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a> is the highest mountain in Scotland and Great Britain. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Macdui" title="Ben Macdui">Ben Macdui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braeriach" title="Braeriach">Braeriach</a> are, respectively, the second and third tallest peaks in Scotland. Both are located in the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a>, a mountain range in the eastern Highlands which is the highest upland area in Britain. </p><p>In the south of Scotland lie the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>, a vast, rolling mountain chain that is less rugged and more forested than the Highlands. Shorter than the Highlands, the tallest mountain in the range is <a href="/wiki/Merrick_(Galloway)" title="Merrick (Galloway)">Merrick</a>, at 843 m (2,766 ft). </p><p>There are ranges of gentler, rolling hills even in the central lowlands of Scotland. Such ranges include the <a href="/wiki/Ochil_Hills" title="Ochil Hills">Ochil Hills</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Campsie_Fells" title="Campsie Fells">Campsie Fells</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lomond_Hills" title="Lomond Hills">Lomond Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>. </p><p>Mountains in Scotland are <a href="/wiki/Hill_lists_in_the_British_Isles#Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill lists in the British Isles">categorised</a> by their height. Peaks over 3,000 ft (914.4 m) are known as <a href="/wiki/Munro" title="Munro">Munros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munros_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munros-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 282 Munros in Scotland, all within the Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Munros_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munros-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corbetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbetts">Corbetts</a> are peaks with an altitude of between 2,500 and 3,000 ft (762.0 and 914.4 m), with a <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">relative height</a> of at least 500 ft (152.4 m) .<sup id="cite_ref-Munros_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munros-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification of peaks in Scotland is kept under periodic review by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Mountaineering_Club" title="Scottish Mountaineering Club">Scottish Mountaineering Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munros_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munros-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastline">Coastline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coastline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sea_stacks_in_Scotland" title="List of sea stacks in Scotland">List of sea stacks in Scotland</a></div> <p>Mainland Scotland has 6,160 miles (9,910 km) of coastline. Including the numerous islands, this increases to some 11,602 miles (18,672 km).<sup id="cite_ref-marinescotland_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinescotland-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The west coast in particular is heavily indented, with long promontories separated by <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjordlike</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_loch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea loch">sea lochs</a>. The east coast is more regular, with a series of large estuarine inlets, or <a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">firths</a>, and long sandy beaches, for example at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>. Parts of the Scottish coastline consist of a <a href="/wiki/Machair_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machair (geography)">machair formation</a>, a dune pasture land formed as sea levels subsided.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The east coast has several significant <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a> and is home to <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Ythan_Estuary" title="Ythan Estuary">Ythan Estuary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fowlsheugh" title="Fowlsheugh">Fowlsheugh</a>, both of which have been designated as <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Areas</a>. </p><p>Firths around the Scottish coast include the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Lorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Firth of Lorne">Firth of Lorne</a> on the west coast, and the <a href="/wiki/Cromarty_Firth" title="Cromarty Firth">Cromarty Firth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Tay" title="Firth of Tay">Firth of Tay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> on the east coast. The <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Firth" title="Pentland Firth">Pentland Firth</a> is not an inlet, but the <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a> that separates the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Isles">Orkney Isles</a> from the mainland. </p><p>Major sea lochs include <a href="/wiki/Loch_Fyne" title="Loch Fyne">Loch Fyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Long" title="Loch Long">Loch Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ryan" title="Loch Ryan">Loch Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Linnhe" title="Loch Linnhe">Loch Linnhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Torridon" title="Loch Torridon">Loch Torridon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ewe" title="Loch Ewe">Loch Ewe</a> and, on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Isle of Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Seaforth" title="Loch Seaforth">Loch Seaforth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">List of islands of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbour_at_Dunoon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Harbour_at_Dunoon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49147.jpg/220px-Harbour_at_Dunoon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49147.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Harbour_at_Dunoon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49147.jpg/330px-Harbour_at_Dunoon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Harbour_at_Dunoon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49147.jpg/440px-Harbour_at_Dunoon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunoon" title="Dunoon">Dunoon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Scotland has over 900 islands, over 100 of which are inhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-marinescotland_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinescotland-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the islands are located off the northern and western coast of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-islands_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islands-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">western</a> islands of Scotland can be found in three main groups: <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> which can be divided into the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>. Shetland and Orkney, together with <a href="/wiki/Fair_Isle" title="Fair Isle">Fair Isle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroma,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroma, Scotland">Stroma</a> are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a>. With a total land area of 860 square miles (2,200 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Harris" title="Lewis and Harris">Lewis and Harris</a> (referred to as two islands but actually just one) is the largest Scottish island. </p><p>Many of these offshore islands are swept by strong tides, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corryvreckan" title="Gulf of Corryvreckan">Corryvreckan tide race</a> between <a href="/wiki/Scarba" title="Scarba">Scarba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura</a> is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">whirlpools</a> in the world. Other strong tides are to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Firth" title="Pentland Firth">Pentland Firth</a> between mainland Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and the <i>Grey Dog</i> between Scarba and <a href="/wiki/Lunga,_Firth_of_Lorn" title="Lunga, Firth of Lorn">Lunga</a>. There are also numerous clusters of islands in the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a> and in freshwater lochs such as Loch Lomond and <a href="/wiki/Loch_Maree" title="Loch Maree">Loch Maree</a>. Outlying islands include <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a> the status of which is disputed. </p><p>Scotland's islands have a varied topography. <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Mull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Skye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Arran</a> are noted for their mountainous terrain, whilst <a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coll" title="Coll">Coll</a> are flat or low lying. Striking topographical differences can be seen within island groups themselves; in Orkney, the Island of <a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a> is hillier and more rugged than surrounding islands and Harris is distinctive in being more mountainous than the islands of <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Uist" title="North Uist">North Uist</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barra" title="Barra">Barra</a>, in the Outer Hebrides. <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a>'s terrain is gentle and rolling; however, its neighbour <a href="/wiki/Jura_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura (Scotland)">Jura</a> is mountainous and rugged. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B9m" title="Rùm">Rùm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eigg" title="Eigg">Eigg</a> display jagged terrain; nearby <a href="/wiki/Canna,_Scotland" title="Canna, Scotland">Canna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muck,_Scotland" title="Muck, Scotland">Muck</a> are flatter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Nith_estuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/River_Nith_estuary.jpg/220px-River_Nith_estuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/River_Nith_estuary.jpg/330px-River_Nith_estuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/River_Nith_estuary.jpg/440px-River_Nith_estuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/River_Nith" title="River Nith">River Nith</a> emptying into the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a> to the south of <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in Scotland">List of rivers in Scotland</a></div> <p>The ten major rivers of Scotland, in order of length, are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a> 120 mi (190 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spey" title="River Spey">River Spey</a> 107 mi (172 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">River Clyde</a> 106 mi (171 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a> 97 mi (156 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">River Dee</a> 85 mi (137 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Don, Aberdeenshire">River Don</a> 82 mi (132 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a> 65 mi (105 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Findhorn" title="River Findhorn">River Findhorn</a> 63 mi (101 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Deveron" title="River Deveron">River Deveron</a> 61 mi (98 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Annan" title="River Annan">River Annan</a> 50 mi (80 km)</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> between river systems flowing west to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and east into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> is 745 mi (1,199 km) long.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lochs">Lochs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lochs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loch_Shin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Loch_Shin.jpg/220px-Loch_Shin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Loch_Shin.jpg/330px-Loch_Shin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Loch_Shin.jpg/440px-Loch_Shin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loch_Shin" title="Loch Shin">Loch Shin</a> is one of many freshwater bodies in Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_lochs_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lochs in Scotland">List of lochs in Scotland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh water</a> bodies in Scotland are known as <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">lochs</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Menteith" title="Lake of Menteith">Lake of Menteith</a> and one or two-man-made "lakes". 90% of the standing fresh water volume of Great Britain lies within Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> is the largest freshwater body in Britain by area, although with a capacity of 1.78 cubic miles (7.4 km<sup>3</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness" title="Loch Ness">Loch Ness</a> is the most voluminous. The water in Loch Ness is nearly double that of all the lakes of England and Wales combined, and is by volume the largest lake in the UK and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-SNH_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNH-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ness_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ness-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> 27.5 sq mi (71 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness" title="Loch Ness">Loch Ness</a> 22.0 sq mi (57 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Awe" title="Loch Awe">Loch Awe</a> 15.0 sq mi (39 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Maree" title="Loch Maree">Loch Maree</a> 11.0 sq mi (28 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Morar" title="Loch Morar">Loch Morar</a> 10.3 sq mi (27 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Tay" title="Loch Tay">Loch Tay</a> 10.2 sq mi (26 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Shin" title="Loch Shin">Loch Shin</a> 8.7 sq mi (23 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Shiel" title="Loch Shiel">Loch Shiel</a> 7.6 sq mi (20 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Rannoch" title="Loch Rannoch">Loch Rannoch</a> 7.4 sq mi (19 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Ericht" title="Loch Ericht">Loch Ericht</a> 7.2 sq mi (19 km<sup>2</sup>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distances_to_other_countries">Distances to other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distances to other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for approximately 60 miles (100 kilometres) between the basin of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a> on the east coast and the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a> in the west. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> borders the west coast and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> is to the east. The island of Ireland lies only 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres) from the southwestern peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway is 190 nmi (350 km) to the east; the <a href="/wiki/Faroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroes">Faroes</a>, 170 nmi (310 km) to the north; and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, 460 nmi (850 km) to the northwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_climate_graph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Edinburgh_climate_graph.png/220px-Edinburgh_climate_graph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Edinburgh_climate_graph.png/330px-Edinburgh_climate_graph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Edinburgh_climate_graph.png/440px-Edinburgh_climate_graph.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Climate graph for <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. Mild temperatures and evenly distributed rainfall, throughout the year, are characteristic of Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate of Scotland is <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and very changeable, but rarely extreme.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scotland is warmed by the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_current" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic current">North Atlantic Drift</a> and given the northerly location of the country, experiences much milder conditions than areas on similar latitudes, such as <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> in Canada—where <a href="/wiki/Icebergs" class="mw-redirect" title="Icebergs">icebergs</a> are a common feature in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Average temperatures are lower than in the rest of Great Britain, with the coldest ever UK temperature of −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) recorded at <a href="/wiki/Braemar" title="Braemar">Braemar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grampian_Mountains_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grampian Mountains (Scotland)">Grampian Mountains</a>, on 10 January 1982 and also at <a href="/wiki/Altnaharra" title="Altnaharra">Altnaharra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a>, on 30 December 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winter maxima average 5.0 to 5.7 °C (41.0 to 42.3 °F), with summer maxima averaging 14.9 to 16.9 °C (58.8 to 62.4 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandaverages_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandaverages-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western coastal areas of Scotland are warmer than the east and inland areas, due to the influence of the Atlantic currents, and the colder surface temperatures of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>; however, during rare hot spells, the west is cooler than the east.<sup id="cite_ref-meantemperatures_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meantemperatures-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest temperature recorded was 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Greycrook" title="Greycrook">Greycrook</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a> on 9 August 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas such as <a href="/wiki/Inverewe_Garden" title="Inverewe Garden">Inverewe Garden</a> in the northwest and the <a href="/wiki/Logan_Botanic_Garden" title="Logan Botanic Garden">Logan Botanic Garden</a> in the southwest have warm enough microclimates to support palm trees. </p><p>Rainfall totals vary widely across Scotland—the western highlands of Scotland are one of the wettest places in the UK with annual rainfall up to 4,577 mm (180.2 in).<sup id="cite_ref-rainfall_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rainfall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the mountainous topography of the western Highlands, this type of precipitation is <a href="/wiki/Orographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orographic">orographic</a> in nature, with the warm, wet air forced to rise on contact with the mountainous coast, where it consequently, cools and <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</a>, forming clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-orographic_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orographic-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, much of eastern Scotland receives less than 870 mm (34.3 in) annually; lying in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the western uplands.<sup id="cite_ref-rainfall_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rainfall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/Dunbar" title="Dunbar">Dunbar</a>, east of Edinburgh, has an annual rainfall of merely 560.18 mm (22.05 in), less than <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. Snowfall is less common in the lowlands, but becomes more common with altitude. Parts of the Highlands have an average of 36 to 60 snow days per year,<sup id="cite_ref-snow_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some western coastal areas have between 0 and 6 days with snow a year.<sup id="cite_ref-snow_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scotland's snowiest spot is the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorm</a> mountain range. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coastline_at_Ceann_a%27_Mhara_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4485768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coastline_at_Ceann_a%27_Mhara_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4485768.jpg/220px-Coastline_at_Ceann_a%27_Mhara_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4485768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coastline_at_Ceann_a%27_Mhara_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4485768.jpg/330px-Coastline_at_Ceann_a%27_Mhara_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4485768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coastline_at_Ceann_a%27_Mhara_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4485768.jpg/440px-Coastline_at_Ceann_a%27_Mhara_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4485768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Sunshine on the coastline at Ceann a' Mhara near Tiree</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hebridean island of <a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a> received a total of 329 hours of sunshine in May 1946 and again in May 1975, the highest number of sunshine hours ever recorded in one month in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">longest day of the year</a> there is no complete darkness over the northern isles of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/Lerwick" title="Lerwick">Lerwick</a>, in Shetland, has four hours more daylight at midsummer than <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, although this is reversed in midwinter.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annual average sunshine totals vary from as little as 711–1140 hours in the Highlands and the north-west up to 1471–1540 hours on the extreme eastern and south-western coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-sunshine_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunshine-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In common with the rest of the UK and Ireland, wind prevails from the south-west, bringing warm, wet and unstable air from the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The windiest areas of Scotland are in the north and west, with parts of the Outer Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland experiencing over 30 days with gales per year.<sup id="cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vigorous Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure area">depressions</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorms</a>, are a common feature of the autumn and winter in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-depressions_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depressions-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_geography">Human geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crofting_Township.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crofting_Township.jpg/220px-Crofting_Township.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crofting_Township.jpg/330px-Crofting_Township.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crofting_Township.jpg/440px-Crofting_Township.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>In northern and western areas, many people live in small crofting <a href="/wiki/Township_(Scotland)" title="Township (Scotland)">townships</a> such as here on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/General_Register_Office_for_Scotland" title="General Register Office for Scotland">General Register Office for Scotland</a>, the total population of Scotland stood at 5,168,500 in June 2008, an increase of 2.1% since the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">census</a> of April 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Population_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scotland's share of the United Kingdom population has been declining in recent years and stands at just over 8.5% due to differential rates of growth in the <a href="/wiki/Home_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Home nations">home nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-decline_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decline-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an increasing <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a><sup id="cite_ref-births_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-births-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and higher levels of inward migration to Scotland have reversed the decline and contributed to the recent population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Population_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared with the rest of Europe, Scotland has a low <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> at 65 people per square kilometre.<sup id="cite_ref-Population2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Scotland is a highly <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urbanised</a> country, with 82% of the population living in settlements of 3,000 people or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Population3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the majority of the population live in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Lowlands</a> of Scotland, surrounding the chief cities of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Population4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other concentrations of population include the northeast coast of Scotland – principally surrounding the city of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> and its environs – and around <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Population4_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a population density of 8 people per square kilometre, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> are the most sparsely populated part of the country, and one of the most sparsely populated areas in Europe. In these areas, the population is scattered in villages, small towns and isolated farmsteads or <a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">crofts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Population3_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inverness,_Capital_of_the_Highlands_(40440582462).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inverness%2C_Capital_of_the_Highlands_%2840440582462%29.jpg/220px-Inverness%2C_Capital_of_the_Highlands_%2840440582462%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inverness%2C_Capital_of_the_Highlands_%2840440582462%29.jpg/330px-Inverness%2C_Capital_of_the_Highlands_%2840440582462%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inverness%2C_Capital_of_the_Highlands_%2840440582462%29.jpg/440px-Inverness%2C_Capital_of_the_Highlands_%2840440582462%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4753" data-file-height="3449" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> is often regarded as the Capital of the Highlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly 100 of Scotland's islands are inhabited, the most populous being <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Harris" title="Lewis and Harris">Lewis and Harris</a> with 21,031 people resident in 2011, primarily concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Stornoway,_Outer_Hebrides" class="mw-redirect" title="Stornoway, Outer Hebrides">Stornoway</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burgh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Population5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other island populations range down to very low levels on certain small isles.<sup id="cite_ref-Population5_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1991 and 2001, the total number of people living on Scotland's islands fell by 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-Population5_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, islands such as <a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Skye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eigg" title="Eigg">Eigg</a> experienced increases in their respective populations over the same decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Population5_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are eight <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">cities</a> in Scotland; Glasgow, Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>. The 2001 census identified Glasgow as being the largest city in Scotland, with a total population of 629,501, while the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>, Edinburgh had a population of 448,624, in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Population6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1991 and 2001, the populations of Edinburgh and Stirling grew by 2.9% and 6.5% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Population6_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inverness experienced population growth of over 10% during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Inverness_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inverness-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Glasgow, Dundee and Aberdeen all witnessed population decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Population6_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the cities, the greatest intra-census population growth was experienced in the local authorities of <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross" title="Perth and Kinross">Perth and Kinross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Population6_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Isles saw a 9.8% decrease in population between 1991 and 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Population6_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Departing_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Departing_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Departing_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Departing_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Departing_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Departing_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Departing_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a>'s population is split across two areas; the main area on Scotland's west coast, and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Isle of Arran</a>, separated from the mainland by the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Major towns in Scotland based on population include <a href="/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire" title="Paisley, Renfrewshire">Paisley</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Kilbride" title="East Kilbride">East Kilbride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock" title="Kilmarnock">Kilmarnock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_West_Lothian" title="Livingston, West Lothian">Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Hamilton, South Lanarkshire">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbernauld" title="Cumbernauld">Cumbernauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire" title="Irvine, North Ayrshire">Irvine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coatbridge" title="Coatbridge">Coatbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wishaw" title="Wishaw">Wishaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paisley is commonly referred to as Scotland's largest town,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having a population of 77,270 in 2020, a larger population than four Scottish cities – Dunfermline (54,990), Inverness (47,790), Perth (47,350) and Stirling (37,910).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towns such as Cumbernauld, East Kilbride and <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire">Stonehouse</a> were largely created or expanded as <a href="/wiki/New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="New towns in the United Kingdom">new towns</a> in order to combat the overpopulation and overspill in Scotland's largest cities – Glasgow and Edinburgh. Other new towns in Scotland include <a href="/wiki/Glenrothes" title="Glenrothes">Glenrothes</a>, Irvine and Livingston.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council" title="Glasgow City Council">Glasgow City</a> is the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">subdivisions of Scotland</a> in both population and area terms, with a population of 622,820 in 2022 and covering 175km2. This is followed by <a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh</a> with a population of 514,990 in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> with a population of 371,340, <a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a> with 340,930 and <a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a> with 327,430.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being the largest subdivision in Scotland by area, <a href="/wiki/Highland_council_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland council area">Highland</a> has a combined population of 235,710, making it the seventh largest subdivision in the country by population. Similarly, despite having a smaller area than its boundary neighbours <a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire" title="South Ayrshire">South Ayrshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a> has the largest population of the former <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> counties, with a population of 133,490 people across an area of 885km2. In contrast, East Ayrshire has a population of 120,390 people across 1,262km2, whilst South Ayrshire with an area of 1,222km2 has a population of 111,560.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Scotland_map.png/220px-Scotland_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Scotland_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>The territorial extent of Scotland has been relatively unchanged since the late 15th Century.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics of Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Scotland">List of regions of Scotland</a></div> <p>The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the 1237 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_York" title="Treaty of York">Treaty of York</a> between Scotland and England<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1266 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a> between Scotland and Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackie_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackie-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions include: the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, which having been lost to England in the 14th century is now a <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependency">crown dependency</a> outside of the United Kingdom, the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> from Norway in 1472,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the permanent recovery of <a href="/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick upon Tweed">Berwick</a> by England in 1482.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally an independent country, Scotland joined with England to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> in 1707 with the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a>. </p><p>Between 1889 and 1975 Scotland was divided into <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Scotland">counties</a>, which were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Scotland_1973_to_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996">regions and districts</a>. Since 1996, for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government of Scotland">local government</a>, Scotland has been divided into 32 <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">council areas</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a>, a small and uninhabitable rocky islet in the North Atlantic, was annexed by the UK in 1955 and later declared part of Scotland by the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Rockall_Act_1972" title="Island of Rockall Act 1972">Island of Rockall Act 1972</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the legality of this claim is disputed by the Republic of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and it is probably unenforceable in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a>, Scotland is represented by Members of Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. In 1997 a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> was held, and the people of Scotland voted for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. The new parliament has the power to govern the country on Scotland-specific matters and has a limited power to vary <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>. The United Kingdom Parliament retains responsibility for Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> and certain other areas. A <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish independence referendum">Scottish independence referendum</a> was held in September 2014, at which time independence was rejected. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2469591.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Scottish_Parliament_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2469591.jpg/220px-Scottish_Parliament_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2469591.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Scottish_Parliament_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2469591.jpg/330px-Scottish_Parliament_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2469591.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Scottish_Parliament_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2469591.jpg/440px-Scottish_Parliament_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2469591.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Scotland's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The latest election to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021</a> concluded with the SNP winning a fourth consecutive term in government, winning 64 seats and an increase of one. The SNP gained <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Central_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh Central (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayr_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ayr (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Ayr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="East Lothian (Scottish Parliament constituency)">East Lothian</a> as well as winning the largest share of the popular vote and the largest number of constituency seats in any Scottish Parliament election (62).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greens won 8 seats, their best result to date at a Scottish Parliament election, while the Conservatives retained second place with 31 seats. Labour had its worst-ever result with 22 seats, and the lowest share of the vote in both Constituency & List votes for either Westminster or Holyrood since 1910. The Lib Dems won four seats, their worst showing at a Holyrood election to date.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SNP and the Greens, both of which support <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a>, won 72 of the 129 seats in the parliament. Unionist parties achieved a slight majority of votes in constituency contests, whilst pro-independence parties did the same in the regional list votes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voter turnout in the election reached 63.5%, the highest ever at a Scottish Parliament election. Following the election, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Sturgeon_government" title="Third Sturgeon government">third Sturgeon government</a> was formed, initially consisting of just the SNP but later including the appointment of Slater and Harvie as junior ministers, after the two parties negotiated a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party%E2%80%93Scottish_Greens_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish National Party–Scottish Greens agreement">power-sharing agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SNPGreendeal_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNPGreendeal-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For centuries, a core aspect of Scotland's political geography has been the general divide between the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a>, a divide both physical and cultural. The physical geography of the divide (via the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland Boundary Fault</a>) and the political geography of the divide greatly overlap but are not identical. Despite any suggestiveness of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/etymon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:etymon">etymons</a> "high" and "low", the division of Highlands and Lowlands does not <i>thoroughly</i> correspond either to <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Scotland" title="Northern Scotland">Northern Scotland</a> and Southern Scotland being "upper" and "lower" (as north and south are often termed in various countries), and yet interestingly, the division does bear <i>some noticeable degree</i> of correspondence to both elevation and latitude, with upward and northward both <i>tending</i> toward stronger Highlander identity, more preservation of Gaelic versus Scots, and other political differentials (e.g., in previous centuries, degree of <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a>, degree of <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a>, and others).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_geography">Economic geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_(13164472813).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg/220px-Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg/330px-Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg/440px-Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4728" data-file-height="3156" /></a><figcaption>Edinburgh is the <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> of Scotland. It ranked as 13th largest internationally and 4th largest in Europe in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) of Scotland in 2023 was estimated to be £211.7 billion (US$290 billion)<sup id="cite_ref-GDP_Quarterly_National_Accounts_for_Scotland:2023_Q2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDP_Quarterly_National_Accounts_for_Scotland:2023_Q2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including oil and gas extraction in Scottish waters. resulting a per capita GDP of approximately £38,622 per person.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major industries include <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland#Banking" title="Economy of Scotland">banking and financial services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a>, transport equipment manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil and gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">whisky distilling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Glasgow" title="Economy of Glasgow">Economy of Glasgow</a> encompasses the largest <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipal</a> and regional economy in Scotland. It is recognised as the largest contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scottish economy</a>, and is the largest integrated economic region in Scotland and produces around a third of Scotland's output, business base, research power and employment. By <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">Gross Domestic Product</a> (GDP) figures, Glasgow City is the second highest amongst Scottish areas, behind, Edinburgh, and ahead of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Glasgow's GDP was estimated at just under 25.8 billion pounds,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an estimated £48billion in <a href="/wiki/Gross_Value_Added" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Value Added">Gross Value Added</a> (GVA) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glasgow is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities Group</a>, a self-selected and self-financed collaborative <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a> of large regional cities in the United Kingdom outside <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. The group was formed in 1995 and serves as a partnership of eleven city councils. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg/220px-North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg/330px-North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg/440px-North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">oil industry</a> is largely centred off the coast of Aberdeen</figcaption></figure> <p>Both the Economy of Glasgow and the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Economy of Edinburgh</a> contribute to the central belt of Scotland being one of the 20 largest urban regions in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on Gross Value Added (GVA) and GVA per head figures in 2015, Glasgow's economy was the fifth largest amongst the cities of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_cities_by_GVA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK cities by GVA">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_regional_GVA_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_regional_GVA-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Subregional_Productivity_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subregional_Productivity-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Aberdeen" title="Petroleum industry in Aberdeen">petroleum industry in Aberdeen</a>, the third most populous city in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, began in the mid-20th century following the discovery of significant <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">oil deposits</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. Aberdeen has been characterised as the "oil capital" of Scotland, the United Kingdom, as well as <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally Aberdeen was home to fishing, <a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mills</a>, ship building and paper making. These industries have mostly gone and have been replaced with high technology developments in the electronics design and development industry, research in agriculture and fishing, and the <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a> which has been largely responsible for Aberdeen's economic boom in the last three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Scottish Geographical Society">Royal Scottish Geographical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography of Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about">"Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ONS_Open_Geography_Portal" title="ONS Open Geography Portal">Open Geography Portal</a></i>. Office for National Statistics. 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=Standard+Area+Measurements+for+Administrative+Areas+%28December+2023%29+in+the+UK&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fons%3A%3Astandard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about">"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"</a>. <i>Open Geography Portal</i>. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=A+Beginners+Guide+to+UK+Geography+%282023%29&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-third-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-third_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110753/Scotland">"Scotland"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 2 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotlandclimate-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotlandclimate_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527202029/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/location/scotland/index.html">"Scottish climate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>. 2001. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Highland+Boundary+Fault&rft.pub=Gazetteer+for+Scotland%2C+University+of+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish-places.info%2Ffeatures%2Ffeaturefirst7728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fault-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fault_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fault_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217061705/http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/geology/loch_lomond_stirling/highland_line.asp">"Loch Lomond to Stirling – the Highland Line"</a>. Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/geology/loch_lomond_stirling/highland_line.asp">the original</a> on 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loch+Lomond+to+Stirling+%E2%80%93+the+Highland+Line&rft.pub=Scottish+Natural+Heritage+%28SNH%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snh.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Fon-line%2Fgeology%2Floch_lomond_stirling%2Fhighland_line.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-settlements-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-settlements_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093731/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/04mid-year-estimates-localities-table4.pdf">"Mid 2004 Localities estimates – Localities in descending order of size"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. General Register of Scotland (GROS). 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/04mid-year-estimates-localities-table4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mid+2004+Localities+estimates+%E2%80%93+Localities+in+descending+order+of+size&rft.pub=General+Register+of+Scotland+%28GROS%29&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gro-scotland.gov.uk%2Ffiles1%2Fstats%2F04mid-year-estimates-localities-table4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, M (2001), Industry to 1770s; pp211 <i>Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2015" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Mike (2015). <i>Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil</i>. Luath Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+Strike+North+Sea%3A+A+first-hand+history+of+North+Sea+oil.&rft.pub=Luath+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-energy-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-energy_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk/News/News-Extras/visionenergy">"A vision for the future of energy in Scotland"</a>. <i>Speech by the Minister for Enterprise, Energy and Tourism, Jim Mather</i>. Scottish Executive. 23 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speech+by+the+Minister+for+Enterprise%2C+Energy+and+Tourism%2C+Jim+Mather&rft.atitle=A+vision+for+the+future+of+energy+in+Scotland&rft.date=2007-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishexecutive.gov.uk%2FNews%2FNews-Extras%2Fvisionenergy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highlandhostel.co.uk/wherearewe.htm">"The 'Where Are We' page"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117195735/http://www.highlandhostel.co.uk/wherearewe.htm">Archived</a> 17 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> highlandhostel.co.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Statistics2004" class="citation book cs1">National Statistics (2004). <i>UK 2005. The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</i>. London: The Stationery Office. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-621738-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-621738-3"><bdi>0-11-621738-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UK+2005.+The+Official+Yearbook+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-11-621738-3&rft.au=National+Statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munros-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munros_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munros_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munros_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munros_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822093115/http://www.smc.org.uk/Hillwalking/HillKeyFacts.php">"Mountains – The Key Facts"</a>. Scottish Mountaineering Club. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smc.org.uk/Hillwalking/HillKeyFacts.php">the original</a> on 22 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountains+%E2%80%93+The+Key+Facts&rft.pub=Scottish+Mountaineering+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smc.org.uk%2FHillwalking%2FHillKeyFacts.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marinescotland-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marinescotland_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marinescotland_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marine.gov.scot/data/facts-and-figures-about-scotlands-sea-area-coastline-length-sea-area-sq-kms">"Facts and figures about Scotland's sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms)"</a>. Scottish Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+figures+about+Scotland%27s+sea+area+%28coastline+length%2C+sea+area+in+sq+kms%29&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarine.gov.scot%2Fdata%2Ffacts-and-figures-about-scotlands-sea-area-coastline-length-sea-area-sq-kms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifehebrides.com/environment/machair/">Machair Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520011539/http://www.wildlifehebrides.com/environment/machair/">Archived</a> 20 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-islands-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-islands_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131119135658/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/923/0010669.pdf">"Scotland in Short"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Executive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/923/0010669.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+in+Short&rft.pub=Scottish+Executive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FResource%2FDoc%2F923%2F0010669.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-13072554">BBC News online: Scotland's watershed route mapped out for hikers.</a> Includes map of the watershed. Retrieved 15 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/education/advances5/4-land-cover.asp">"Land Cover Change in Scotland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225051541/http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/education/advances5/4-land-cover.asp">Archived</a> 25 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. SNH. Retrieved 6 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNH-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SNH_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/advisorynotes/4/4.htm">"Botanical survey of Scottish freshwater lochs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211946/http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/advisorynotes/4/4.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SNH Information and Advisory Note Number 4. Retrieved 1 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ness-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ness_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray and Pullar (1910) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20141203024601/http://www.nls.uk/maps/bathymetric/text.cfm?seq%3D1224">"Lochs of the Ness Basin"</a> Pages 381-85, Volume II, Part II. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 2 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotlandaverages-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scotlandaverages_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040430030137/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/scotland.html">"Scotland 1971-2000 averages"</a>. Met Office. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/scotland.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+1971-2000+averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19712000%2Fareal%2Fscotland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meantemperatures-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meantemperatures_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103082644/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif">"Mean Temperatures Annual Average"</a>. Met Office. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif">the original</a> on 3 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mean+Temperatures+Annual+Average&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19712000%2Ftmean%2F17.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rainfall-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rainfall_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rainfall_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719222449/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/rr/17.gif">"Rainfall Amount Annual Average"</a>. Met Office. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/rr/17.gif">the original</a> on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainfall+Amount+Annual+Average&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19712000%2Frr%2F17.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orographic-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orographic_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerMayes,_Julian1997" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Dennis; Mayes, Julian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVmYKrC0LM4C"><i>Regional Climates of the British Isles</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203437926" title="Special:BookSources/9780203437926"><bdi>9780203437926</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Climates+of+the+British+Isles&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780203437926&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Mayes%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPVmYKrC0LM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snow-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snow_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snow_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809125155/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/dl/17.gif">"Days of Snow Lying Annual Average"</a>. Met Office. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/dl/17.gif">the original</a> on 9 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Days+of+Snow+Lying+Annual+Average&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19712000%2Fdl%2F17.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunshine-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sunshine_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728193119/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif">"Sunshine Duration Annual Average"</a>. Met Office. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif">the original</a> on 28 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Geography of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Scotland" title="List of bays of Scotland">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Border</a> <ul><li>Historic: <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Footpaths_in_Scotland" title="Category:Footpaths in Scotland">Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Great_Trails" title="Scotland's Great Trails">Great Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Coastal_Way" title="Scottish Coastal Way">Coastal Way</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Scotland" title="Extreme points of Scotland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Scotland" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Scotland">fossiliferous stratigraphic units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_faults_of_Scotland" title="List of geological faults of Scotland">faults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Scotland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meadows_in_Scotland" title="Category:Meadows in Scotland">Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorlands_of_Scotland" title="Category:Moorlands of Scotland">Moorlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains in Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Scotland" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Scotland">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain rescue in Scotland">rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Scotland" title="List of rivers of Scotland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Springs_of_Scotland" title="Category:Springs of Scotland">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_Scotland" title="Category:Wetlands of Scotland">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_breeds" title="List of Scottish breeds">Breeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Scotland" title="National parks of Scotland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_scenic_area_(Scotland)" title="National scenic area (Scotland)">National scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National nature reserves in Scotland">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Scotland" title="List of Ramsar sites in Scotland">Ramsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Areas_of_Conservation_in_Scotland" title="List of Special Areas of Conservation in Scotland">Conservation areas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Land use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic counties of Scotland">Historic counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Scotland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communities in Scotland">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Scotland">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Scotland">capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Scotland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Scotland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Scotland">Twin towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_places_in_Scotland" title="Category:Lists of places in Scotland">by county</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Toponymy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_place_names_in_other_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish place names in other countries">In other countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_in_the_United_States_with_a_Scottish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations in the United States with a Scottish name">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Scotland" title="Land reform in Scotland">Land Reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></b> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Category:Geography of Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geography of Scotland">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scotland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_topics" title="Template talk:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scotland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline of Scotland</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Acts of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lochs_of_Scotland" title="List of lochs of Scotland">Lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_Scotland" title="Mountains and hills of Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Scotland" title="List of valleys of Scotland">Glens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Scotland" title="List of ecoregions in Scotland">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Scotland" title="List of biosphere reserves in Scotland">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Scotland" title="Municipalities of Scotland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Munro_mountains" title="List of Munro mountains">Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Scotland">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_governments" title="List of Scottish governments">List of governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Great Seal of Scotland">Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Scotland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Scotland">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Armed forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland" title="Lists of MPs for constituencies in Scotland">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_in_Scotland" title="List of courts in Scotland">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Courts of Scotland">Supreme Courts of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court" title="Office of the Accountant of Court">Office of the Accountant of Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_fiscal" title="Procurator fiscal">Procurator fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_principal" title="Sheriff principal">Sheriff principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_population_of_Scotland" title="Prison population of Scotland">Prison population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities in Scotland">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland" title="List of companies of Scotland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Tweed">Harris Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland" title="List of power stations in Scotland">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland" title="Unemployment in Scotland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Scotland" title="Category:Society of Scotland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Scotland" title="Lists of schools in Scotland">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Scotland" title="List of further education colleges in Scotland">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Scotland" title="Universities in Scotland">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Scotland" title="List of museums in Scotland">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland" title="List of oldest buildings in Scotland">Oldest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Scotland" title="Theatre of Scotland">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Scotland" title="Prostitution in Scotland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Royal National Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_tartan" title="Regimental tartan">regimental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland" title="Festivals in Scotland">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland" title="Comedy in Scotland">Comedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_actors" title="List of Scottish actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_artists" title="List of Scottish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_musicians" title="List of Scottish musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists" title="List of Scottish scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_writers" title="List of Scottish writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Scotland" title="Category:Christianity in Scotland">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Scotland" title="Ethnic minorities in Scotland">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Europe" title="Template:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andorra" title="Geography of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia" title="Geography of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Denmark" title="Geography of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liechtenstein" title="Geography of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania" title="Geography of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malta" title="Geography of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova" title="Geography of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_San_Marino" title="Geography of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia" title="Geography of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovakia" title="Geography of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovenia" title="Geography of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_%C3%85land" title="Geography of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Geography of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Geography of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Svalbard" title="Geography of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&oldid=1256665231">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Scotland&oldid=1256665231</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Category:Geography of Scotland">Geography of Scotland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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