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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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– Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kuding" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuding_Cha" title="Kuding Cha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kuding Cha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuding" title="Kuding – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuding" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koedingthee" title="Koedingthee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koedingthee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E4%B8%81%E8%8C%B6" title="苦丁茶 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="苦丁茶" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кудин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кудин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9)" title="Кудін (напій) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bitter infusion used in traditional Chinese medicine</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudingcha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kudingcha.jpg/220px-Kudingcha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kudingcha.jpg/330px-Kudingcha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kudingcha.jpg/440px-Kudingcha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Twisted kuding leaves ready for brewing (<i><a href="/wiki/Ilex_kaushue" title="Ilex kaushue">Ilex kaushue</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichi_you_cha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ichi_you_cha.jpg/220px-Ichi_you_cha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ichi_you_cha.jpg/330px-Ichi_you_cha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ichi_you_cha.jpg/440px-Ichi_you_cha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Kuding <i>Ilex kaushue</i>, "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">一葉茶</span></span>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">一叶茶</span></span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sei_zan_ryoku_sui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sei_zan_ryoku_sui.jpg/220px-Sei_zan_ryoku_sui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sei_zan_ryoku_sui.jpg/330px-Sei_zan_ryoku_sui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sei_zan_ryoku_sui.jpg/440px-Sei_zan_ryoku_sui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Kuding <i>Ligustrum robustum</i>, "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">靑山綠水</span></span>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">青山绿水</span></span>)</figcaption></figure><p><b>Kuding</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:苦">苦</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:丁">丁</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:茶">茶</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">kǔdīng chá</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'bitter nail tea'; pronounced <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kʰù.tíŋ ʈʂʰǎ]</a></span>) is a particularly bitter-tasting Chinese <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a>, which due to their similarities in appearance is derived from several plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most common plants used to make kuding are the wax tree species <i><a href="/wiki/Ligustrum_robustum" title="Ligustrum robustum">Ligustrum robustum</a></i> and the holly species <i><a href="/wiki/Ilex_kaushue" title="Ilex kaushue">Ilex kaushue</a></i> (synonym: <i>Ilex kudingcha</i>), the former being more commonly grown in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and Japan while the latter is most commonly grown and used in the rest of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Subhuti_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subhuti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea produced from <i><a href="/wiki/Ligustrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligustrum">Ligustrum</a></i> or many species of <i><a href="/wiki/Ilex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilex">Ilex</a></i> is caffeine-free, although not <i><a href="/wiki/Ilex_paraguariensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilex paraguariensis">Ilex paraguariensis</a></i>, the source of <i><a href="/wiki/Mate_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (drink)">mate</a></i> drank in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Folk medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></div> <p>The traditional Chinese medicinal properties associated with kuding (and many other plants) include its ability to disperse fever, clear the head and the eyes, and resolve toxin, thus being used for <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a>, itching eyes, red eyes, and <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>. It is also said to calm fidgets and alleviate thirst, especially when one is suffering from a disease that causes fever or severe <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>. It transforms phlegm and alleviates coughing, thus used in treating <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>. Finally, it is said to invigorate digestion and improve mental focus and memory. </p><p>Some research may suggest that the herb, derived from either <i>Ilex</i> or <i>Ligustrum</i>, promotes blood circulation, lowers blood pressure, and lowers blood lipids, including <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>. It has the reputation of preventing deterioration of the heart and brain function and maintaining proper body weight. It has also been found that Kuding made from <i>L. robustum</i> has similar anti-oxidative effects to <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> in addition to additional anti-inflammatory properties.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Triterpenes and their glycosides (saponins) are contained as bitter components, and a variety of them have been isolated from the plants that produce kuding, such as <a href="/wiki/Ursolic_acid" title="Ursolic acid">ursolic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentene" title="Pentene">pentene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupeol" title="Lupeol">lupeol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taraxerol" title="Taraxerol">taraxerol</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvaol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvaol (page does not exist)">uvaol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Beta-Sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Sitosterol">β-sitosterol</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">phytosterol</a>, has been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">catechins</a> (about 1.7%) are reported to be less abundant, while <a href="/wiki/Rutin" title="Rutin">rutin</a> (about 0.4%) is more abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, kuding is reported to contain more <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and less amino acids and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">ascorbic acid</a> than green tea.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" title="Yerba mate">Yerba mate</a> or <i>Ilex paraguariensis</i> - A species of holly that also contains caffeine and is popularly used to make <a href="/wiki/Mate_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (beverage)">mate</a> in Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa">Ilex guayusa</a></i> - also known as "guayusa", is an Amazonian tree, native to the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilex_vomitoria" title="Ilex vomitoria">Ilex vomitoria</a></i> - "Yaupon Holly", a caffeine containing plant from North America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Natural+constituents+of+Ilex+species&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=1987-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-8741%2887%2990084-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3657245&rft.aulast=Alikaridis&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0378874187900845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiangMaLuWu2001" class="citation journal cs1">Liang, Yuerong; Ma, Weiyang; Lu, Jianliang; Wu, Ying (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308814601002096">"Comparison of chemical compositions of Ilex latifolia Thumb and Camellia sinensis L."</a> <i>Food Chemistry</i>. <b>75</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">339–</span>343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0308-8146%2801%2900209-6">10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00209-6</a>.</cite><span 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