CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>SQL - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"576bb48b-6245-4731-a33a-c26819778407","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"SQL","wgTitle":"SQL","wgCurRevisionId":1256438207,"wgRevisionId":1256438207,"wgArticleId":29004,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Articles with example SQL code","Database management systems","SQL","Data modeling languages","Declarative programming languages", "Programming languages with an ISO standard","Query languages","Relational database management systems","Data-centric programming languages","Programming languages created in 1974","Table-oriented programming"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"SQL","wgRelevantArticleId":29004,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q47607","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="SQL - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-SQL rootpage-SQL skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=SQL" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=SQL" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=SQL" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=SQL" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedural_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedural_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Procedural extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedural_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interoperability_and_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interoperability_and_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interoperability and standardization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interoperability_and_standardization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interoperability and standardization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interoperability_and_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_incompatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_incompatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reasons for incompatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_incompatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Standardization history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Current standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributed_SQL_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_SQL_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distributed SQL processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_SQL_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthogonality_and_completeness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthogonality_and_completeness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Orthogonality and completeness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthogonality_and_completeness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Null" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Null"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Null</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Null-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duplicates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duplicates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Duplicates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duplicates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impedance_mismatch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impedance_mismatch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Impedance mismatch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impedance_mismatch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SQL_data_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SQL_data_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>SQL data types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-SQL_data_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle SQL data types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-SQL_data_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predefined_data_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predefined_data_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Predefined data types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predefined_data_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SQL</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9" title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="এসকিউএল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসকিউএল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurp%C3%A4ringukeel" title="Struktuurpäringukeel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuurpäringukeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس‌کیوال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_Strucht%C3%BArtha_Iarratas" title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="ऍसक्यूऍल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍसक्यूऍल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8.%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47607#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:SQL" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/SQL" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/SQL" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&oldid=1256438207" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=SQL&id=1256438207&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSQL"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSQL"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=SQL&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Structured_Query_Language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/SQL" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47607" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the database language. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/SQL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="SQL (disambiguation)">SQL (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SEQUEL" redirects here. For the topic of the word, see <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">sequel</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sequel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sequel (disambiguation)">Sequel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language for management and use of relational databases</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">SQL (Structured Query Language)</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_D._Chamberlin" title="Donald D. Chamberlin">Donald D. Chamberlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Boyce" title="Raymond F. Boyce">Raymond F. Boyce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_32" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32">ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 32 (Subcommittee 32)</a> / WG 3 (Working Group 3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1974<span class="noprint">; 50 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1974</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><a href="/wiki/SQL:2023" title="SQL:2023">SQL:2023</a> / June 2023<span class="noprint">; 1 year ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-06</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">Static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76583.html">www<wbr />.iso<wbr />.org<wbr />/standard<wbr />/76583<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="List of relational database management systems">Many</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>SQL-86</li> <li>SQL-89</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:1999" title="SQL:1999">SQL:1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2006" title="SQL:2006">SQL:2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2008" title="SQL:2008">SQL:2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2011" title="SQL:2011">SQL:2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2016" title="SQL:2016">SQL:2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2023" title="SQL:2023">SQL:2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Datalog" title="Datalog">Datalog</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Contextual_Query_Language" title="Contextual Query Language">CQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">LINQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>, SOQL, <a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ars_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Java_Persistence_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Persistence Query Language">JPQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_Object_Oriented_Querying" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Object Oriented Querying">jOOQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/N1QL" class="mw-redirect" title="N1QL">N1QL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">GQL</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Structured Query Language">Structured Query Language</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">SQL (file format)</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .sql</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> application/sql<sup id="cite_ref-iana_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-application/sql_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-application/sql-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Database</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9075" title="ISO/IEC 9075">ISO/IEC 9075</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76583.html">www<wbr />.iso<wbr />.org<wbr />/standard<wbr />/76583<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Structured Query Language</b> (<b>SQL</b>) (<small>pronounced</small> <i>S-Q-L</i>; <small>or alternatively as</small> "sequel")<sup id="cite_ref-learningSQL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-learningSQL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chamberlin2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamberlin2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific language</a> used to manage data, especially in a <a href="/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> (RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling <a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">structured data</a>, i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables. </p><p>Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ISAM" title="ISAM">ISAM</a> or <a href="/wiki/VSAM" class="mw-redirect" title="VSAM">VSAM</a>. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">records</a> with one single <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command</a>. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify <i>how</i> to reach a record, i.e., with or without an <a href="/wiki/Database_index" title="Database index">index</a>. </p><p>Originally based upon <a href="/wiki/Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">relational algebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuple_relational_calculus" title="Tuple relational calculus">tuple relational calculus</a>, SQL consists of many types of statements,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be informally classed as <a href="/wiki/Sublanguage" title="Sublanguage">sublanguages</a>, commonly: <a href="/wiki/Data_query_language" title="Data query language">Data query Language</a> (DQL), <a href="/wiki/Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">Data Definition Language</a> (DDL), <a href="/wiki/Data_control_language" title="Data control language">Data Control Language</a> (DCL), and <a href="/wiki/Data_manipulation_language" title="Data manipulation language">Data Manipulation Language</a> (DML).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update, and delete), data definition (<a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">schema</a> creation and modification), and data access control. Although SQL is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">declarative language</a> (<a href="/wiki/4GL" class="mw-redirect" title="4GL">4GL</a>), it also includes <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> elements. </p><p>SQL was one of the first commercial languages to use <a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational model</a>. The model was described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks".<sup id="cite_ref-codd-relational-model_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codd-relational-model-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite not entirely adhering to <a href="/wiki/Codd%27s_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">the relational model as described by Codd</a>, SQL became the most widely used database language.<sup id="cite_ref-SQL-Fundamentals_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL-Fundamentals-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM-sql_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-sql-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQL became a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) in 1986 and of the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_9075:1987_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_9075:1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the standard has been revised multiple times to include a larger set of features and incorporate common extensions. Despite the existence of standards, virtually no implementations in existence adhere to it fully, and most SQL code requires at least some changes before being ported to different <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> systems. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL was initially developed at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donald_D._Chamberlin" title="Donald D. Chamberlin">Donald D. Chamberlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Boyce" title="Raymond F. Boyce">Raymond F. Boyce</a> after learning about the relational model from <a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a><sup id="cite_ref-Early_History_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-chamberlin-boyce-sequel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamberlin-boyce-sequel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, <a href="/wiki/IBM_System_R" title="IBM System R">System R</a>, which a group at <a href="/wiki/IBM_Almaden_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Almaden Research Center">IBM San Jose Research Laboratory</a> had developed during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-chamberlin-boyce-sequel_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamberlin-boyce-sequel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlin and Boyce's first attempt at a relational database language was SQUARE (Specifying Queries in A Relational Environment), but it was difficult to use due to subscript/superscript notation. After moving to the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1973, they began work on a sequel to SQUARE.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_History_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original name SEQUEL, which is widely regarded as a pun on <a href="/wiki/QUEL_query_languages" title="QUEL query languages">QUEL</a>, the query language of <a href="/wiki/Ingres_(database)" title="Ingres (database)">Ingres</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was later changed to SQL (dropping the vowels) because "SEQUEL" was a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of the UK-based <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley" title="Hawker Siddeley">Hawker Siddeley</a> Dynamics Engineering Limited company.<sup id="cite_ref-oppel-databases_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oppel-databases-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label SQL later became the acronym for Structured Query Language. </p><p>After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine the usefulness and practicality of the system, IBM began developing commercial products based on their System R prototype, including <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/38" title="IBM System/38">System/38</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_SQL/DS" title="IBM SQL/DS">SQL/DS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a>, which were commercially available in 1979, 1981, and 1983, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM-history_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-history-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">RDBMS</a> with aspirations of selling it to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software introduced one of the first commercially available implementations of SQL, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a> V2 (Version2) for <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> computers. </p><p>By 1986, <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standard groups officially adopted the standard "Database Language SQL" language definition. New versions of the standard were published in 1989, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-Early_History_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2016 and most recently, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SQL_syntax" title="SQL syntax">SQL syntax</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:500px;"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \underbrace {\left.{\begin{array}{rl}\textstyle {\mathtt {UPDATE~clause{\mathtt {:}}}}&\{{\mathtt {UPDATE\ \overbrace {\mathtt {countries}} ^{\mathtt {table}}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {SET~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {SET\ \overbrace {\mathtt {population}} ^{\mathtt {column}}=~}}\overbrace {\mathtt {{population}+\underbrace {\mathtt {1}} _{\mathtt {literal}}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {WHERE~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {WHERE\ \underbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {name}} ^{\mathtt {column}}{\mathtt {=}}\overbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {'USA'}} ^{\mathtt {literal}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}} _{\mathtt {predicate}}}}\}{\texttt {;}}}\end{array}}\right\}{\textstyle {\texttt {statement}}}} _{\textstyle {\mathtt {SQL~query}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <munder> <mrow> <mrow> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">D</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">T</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">E</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="monospace">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="monospace">:</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mtd> <mtd> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">D</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">T</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">E</mi> <mtext mathvariant="monospace"> </mtext> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">s</mi> </mrow> <mo>⏞</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">T</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="monospace">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mo mathvariant="monospace">:</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mtd> <mtd> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">T</mi> <mtext mathvariant="monospace"> </mtext> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>⏞</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">n</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mover> <mo mathvariant="monospace">=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">n</mi> </mrow> <mo mathvariant="monospace">+</mo> <munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="monospace">1</mn> </mrow> <mo>⏟</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </munder> </mrow> <mo>⏞</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">x</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">n</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">W</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">R</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">E</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="monospace">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mo mathvariant="monospace">:</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mtd> <mtd> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">W</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">R</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">E</mi> <mtext mathvariant="monospace"> </mtext> <munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <munder> <mrow> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>⏞</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">n</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="monospace">=</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mover> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi></mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi mathvariant="monospace">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">S</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="monospace">A</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> <mo>⏞</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mover> <mo>⏞</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">x</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">n</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mo>⏟</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </munder> </mrow> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="monospace">;</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="monospace">statement</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⏟</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="monospace">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">Q</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">L</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="monospace">q</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="monospace">y</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </munder> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \underbrace {\left.{\begin{array}{rl}\textstyle {\mathtt {UPDATE~clause{\mathtt {:}}}}&\{{\mathtt {UPDATE\ \overbrace {\mathtt {countries}} ^{\mathtt {table}}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {SET~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {SET\ \overbrace {\mathtt {population}} ^{\mathtt {column}}=~}}\overbrace {\mathtt {{population}+\underbrace {\mathtt {1}} _{\mathtt {literal}}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {WHERE~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {WHERE\ \underbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {name}} ^{\mathtt {column}}{\mathtt {=}}\overbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {'USA'}} ^{\mathtt {literal}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}} _{\mathtt {predicate}}}}\}{\texttt {;}}}\end{array}}\right\}{\textstyle {\texttt {statement}}}} _{\textstyle {\mathtt {SQL~query}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2de4ab06da2ded13e608b35b6e191b664b05560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -17.505ex; margin-right: -0.028ex; width:75.996ex; height:31.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \underbrace {\left.{\begin{array}{rl}\textstyle {\mathtt {UPDATE~clause{\mathtt {:}}}}&\{{\mathtt {UPDATE\ \overbrace {\mathtt {countries}} ^{\mathtt {table}}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {SET~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {SET\ \overbrace {\mathtt {population}} ^{\mathtt {column}}=~}}\overbrace {\mathtt {{population}+\underbrace {\mathtt {1}} _{\mathtt {literal}}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {WHERE~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {WHERE\ \underbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {name}} ^{\mathtt {column}}{\mathtt {=}}\overbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {'USA'}} ^{\mathtt {literal}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}} _{\mathtt {predicate}}}}\}{\texttt {;}}}\end{array}}\right\}{\textstyle {\texttt {statement}}}} _{\textstyle {\mathtt {SQL~query}}}}"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A chart showing several of the SQL language elements comprising a single statement</div></div></div> <p>The SQL language is subdivided into several language elements, including: </p> <ul><li><i>Clauses</i>, which are constituent components of statements and queries. (In some cases, these are optional.)<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI/ISO/IEC_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI/ISO/IEC-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Expressions</i>, which can produce either <a href="/wiki/Scalar_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalar (computing)">scalar</a> values, or <a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">tables</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">columns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">rows</a> of data</li> <li><i>Predicates</i>, which specify conditions that can be evaluated to SQL <a href="/wiki/Three-valued_logic" title="Three-valued logic">three-valued logic (3VL)</a> (true/false/unknown) or <a href="/wiki/Boolean_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean logic">Boolean</a> <a href="/wiki/Truth_value" title="Truth value">truth values</a> and are used to limit the effects of statements and queries, or to change program flow.</li> <li><i>Queries</i>, which retrieve the data based on specific criteria. This is an important element of <i>SQL</i>.</li> <li><i>Statements</i>, which may have a persistent effect on schemata and data, or may control <a href="/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">transactions</a>, program flow, connections, sessions, or diagnostics. <ul><li>SQL statements also include the <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a> (";") statement terminator. Though not required on every platform, it is defined as a standard part of the SQL grammar.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitespace (computer science)">Insignificant whitespace</a></i> is generally ignored in SQL statements and queries, making it easier to format SQL code for readability.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedural_extensions">Procedural extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Procedural extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL is designed for a specific purpose: to query <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> contained in a <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>. SQL is a <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>-based, <a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative programming language">declarative programming language</a>, not an <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperative programming language">imperative programming language</a> like <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>. However, extensions to Standard SQL add <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Procedural programming language">procedural programming language</a> functionality, such as control-of-flow constructs. </p><p>In addition to the standard SQL/PSM extensions and proprietary SQL extensions, procedural and <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented programming language">object-oriented</a> programmability is available on many SQL platforms via DBMS integration with other languages. The SQL standard defines <a href="/wiki/SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL/JRT</a> extensions (SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language) to support <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> code in SQL databases. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft SQL Server 2005">Microsoft SQL Server 2005</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/SQLCLR" class="mw-redirect" title="SQLCLR">SQLCLR</a> (SQL Server Common Language Runtime) to host managed <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft .NET">.NET</a> assemblies in the <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>, while prior versions of SQL Server were restricted to unmanaged extended stored procedures primarily written in C. <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> lets users write functions in a wide variety of languages—including <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (PL/V8) and C.<sup id="cite_ref-PostgreSQL_server_programming_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostgreSQL_server_programming-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability_and_standardization">Interoperability and standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interoperability and standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL implementations are incompatible between vendors and do not necessarily completely follow standards. In particular, date and time syntax, string concatenation, <code>NULL</code>s, and comparison <a href="/wiki/Case_sensitivity" title="Case sensitivity">case sensitivity</a> vary from vendor to vendor. <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a><sup id="cite_ref-About_PostgreSQL_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PostgreSQL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mimer_SQL" title="Mimer SQL">Mimer SQL</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mimer_SQL,_Built_on_Standards_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mimer_SQL,_Built_on_Standards-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> strive for standards compliance, though PostgreSQL does not adhere to the standard in all cases. For example, the folding of unquoted names to lower case in PostgreSQL is incompatible with the SQL standard,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which says that unquoted names should be folded to upper case.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, according to the standard, <code>Foo</code> should be equivalent to <code>FOO</code>, not <code>foo</code>. </p><p>Popular implementations of SQL commonly omit support for basic features of Standard SQL, such as the <code>DATE</code> or <code>TIME</code> data types. The most obvious such examples, and incidentally the most popular commercial and proprietary SQL DBMSs, are Oracle (whose <code>DATE</code> behaves as <code>DATETIME</code>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ora_DATE_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ora_DATE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ora_DATETIME_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ora_DATETIME-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lacks a <code>TIME</code> type)<sup id="cite_ref-Ora_TIME_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ora_TIME-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and MS SQL Server (before the 2008 version). As a result, SQL code can rarely be ported between database systems without modifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_incompatibility">Reasons for incompatibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reasons for incompatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several reasons for the lack of portability between database systems include: </p> <ul><li>The complexity and size of the SQL standard means that most implementers do not support the entire standard.</li> <li>The SQL standard does not specify the database behavior in some important areas (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Index_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (database)">indices</a>, file storage), leaving implementations to decide how to behave.</li> <li>The SQL standard defers some decisions to individual implementations, such as how to name a results column that was not named explicitly.<sup id="cite_ref-professionals_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-professionals-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 207">: 207 </span></sup></li> <li>The SQL standard precisely specifies the syntax that a conforming database system must implement. However, the standard's specification of the semantics of language constructs is less well-defined, leading to ambiguity.</li> <li>Many database vendors have large existing customer bases; where the newer version of the SQL standard conflicts with the prior behavior of the vendor's database, the vendor may be unwilling to break <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>.</li> <li>Little commercial incentive exists for vendors to make changing database suppliers easier (see <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a>).</li> <li>Users evaluating database software tend to place other factors such as performance higher in their priorities than standards conformance.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization_history">Standardization history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standardization history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL was adopted as a standard by the ANSI in 1986 as SQL-86<sup id="cite_ref-X3H2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-X3H2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ISO in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_9075:1987_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_9075:1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is maintained by <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_32" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32"><i>ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange</i></a>. </p><p>Until 1996, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) data-management standards program certified SQL DBMS compliance with the SQL standard. Vendors now self-certify the compliance of their products.<sup id="cite_ref-Doll_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doll-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original standard declared that the official pronunciation for "SQL" was an <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a>: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> ("ess cue el").<sup id="cite_ref-SQL-Fundamentals_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL-Fundamentals-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, many English-speaking database professionals (including Donald Chamberlin himself<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) use the <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>-like pronunciation of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> ("sequel"),<sup id="cite_ref-Melton_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mirroring the language's prerelease development name, "SEQUEL".<sup id="cite_ref-chamberlin-boyce-sequel_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamberlin-boyce-sequel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oppel-databases_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oppel-databases-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The SQL standard has gone through a number of revisions: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Alias </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td>SQL-86 </td> <td>SQL-87 </td> <td>First formalized by ANSI </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>SQL-89 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS</a> 127-1 </td> <td>Minor revision that added integrity constraints adopted as FIPS 127-1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a> </td> <td>SQL2, FIPS 127-2 </td> <td>Major revision (ISO 9075), <i>Entry Level</i> SQL-92 adopted as FIPS 127-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQL:1999" title="SQL:1999">SQL:1999</a> </td> <td>SQL3 </td> <td>Added regular expression matching, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_and_recursive_queries_in_SQL" title="Hierarchical and recursive queries in SQL">recursive queries</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Transitive_closure" title="Transitive closure">transitive closure</a>), <a href="/wiki/Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">triggers</a>, support for procedural and control-of-flow statements, nonscalar types (arrays), and some object-oriented features (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Structured_type" title="Structured type">structured types</a>), support for embedding SQL in Java (<a href="/wiki/SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">SQL/OLB</a>) and vice versa (<a href="/wiki/SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL/JRT</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQL:2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Introduced <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-related features (<a href="/wiki/SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">SQL/XML</a>), <a href="/wiki/SQL_window_function" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL window function">window functions</a>, standardized sequences, and columns with autogenerated values (including identity columns) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQL:2006" title="SQL:2006">SQL:2006</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>ISO/IEC 9075-14:2006 defines ways that SQL can be used with XML. It defines ways of importing and storing XML data in an SQL database, manipulating it within the database, and publishing both XML and conventional SQL data in XML form. In addition, it lets applications integrate queries into their SQL code with <a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a>, the XML Query Language published by the World Wide Web Consortium (<a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a>), to concurrently access ordinary SQL-data and XML documents.<sup id="cite_ref-SQLXML2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQLXML2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQL:2008" title="SQL:2008">SQL:2008</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Legalizes ORDER BY outside cursor definitions. Adds INSTEAD OF triggers, TRUNCATE statement,<sup id="cite_ref-iablog.sybase.com-paulley_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iablog.sybase.com-paulley-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FETCH clause </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQL:2011" title="SQL:2011">SQL:2011</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Adds temporal data (PERIOD FOR)<sup id="cite_ref-feature_temporal_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feature_temporal-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (more information at <a href="/wiki/Temporal_database#History" title="Temporal database">Temporal database#History</a>). Enhancements for <a href="/wiki/SQL_window_function" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL window function">window functions</a> and FETCH clause.<sup id="cite_ref-features_2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-features_2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQL:2016" title="SQL:2016">SQL:2016</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Adds row pattern matching, polymorphic table functions, operations on <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> data stored in character string fields </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>SQL:2019–2020 </td> <td> </td> <td>Adds Part 15, multidimensional arrays (MDarray type and operators) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SQL:2023" title="SQL:2023">SQL:2023</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Adds data type JSON (SQL/Foundation); Adds Part 16, Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_standard">Current standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard is commonly denoted by the pattern: <i>ISO/IEC 9075-n:yyyy Part n: title</i>, or, as a shortcut, <i><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9075" title="ISO/IEC 9075">ISO/IEC 9075</a></i>. Interested parties may purchase the standards documents from ISO,<sup id="cite_ref-ISO/IEC_9075_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO/IEC_9075-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IEC, or ANSI. Some old drafts are freely available.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitemarsh1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitemarsh1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitemarsh2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitemarsh2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9075" title="ISO/IEC 9075">ISO/IEC 9075</a></i> is complemented by <i>ISO/IEC 13249: SQL Multimedia and Application Packages</i> and some <i>Technical reports</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A distinction should be made between alternatives to SQL as a language, and alternatives to the relational model itself. Below are proposed relational alternatives to the SQL language. See <a href="/wiki/Navigational_database" title="Navigational database">navigational database</a> and <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> for alternatives to the relational model. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.QL" title=".QL">.QL</a>: object-oriented Datalog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Dimension_(Software)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Dimension (Software)">4D Query Language</a> (4D QL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalog" title="Datalog">Datalog</a>: critics suggest that <a href="/wiki/Datalog" title="Datalog">Datalog</a> has two advantages over SQL: it has cleaner semantics, which facilitates program understanding and maintenance, and it is more expressive, in particular for recursive queries.<sup id="cite_ref-PROLE_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROLE-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTSQL" title="HTSQL">HTSQL</a>: URL based query method</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Business_System_12" title="IBM Business System 12">IBM Business System 12</a> (IBM BS12): one of the first fully relational database management systems, introduced in 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBL" title="ISBL">ISBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Object_Oriented_Querying" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Object Oriented Querying">jOOQ</a>: SQL implemented in Java as an <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">internal domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Persistence_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Persistence Query Language">Java Persistence Query Language</a> (JPQL): The query language used by the Java Persistence API and <a href="/wiki/Hibernate_(Java)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernate (Java)">Hibernate</a> persistence library</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>: <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> implements its query language in a JavaScript API.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">LINQ</a>: Runs SQL statements written like language constructs to query collections directly from inside <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.Net</a> code</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Query_Language" title="Object Query Language">Object Query Language</a></li> <li>QBE (<a href="/wiki/Query_By_Example" class="mw-redirect" title="Query By Example">Query By Example</a>) created by Moshè Zloof, IBM 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUEL_query_languages" title="QUEL query languages">QUEL</a> introduced in 1974 by the U.C. Berkeley Ingres project, closer to <a href="/wiki/Tuple_relational_calculus" title="Tuple relational calculus">tuple relational calculus</a> than SQL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distributed_SQL_processing">Distributed SQL processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distributed SQL processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DRDA" title="DRDA">Distributed Relational Database Architecture</a> (DRDA) was designed by a workgroup within IBM from 1988 to 1994. DRDA enables network-connected relational databases to cooperate to fulfill SQL requests.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An interactive user or program can issue SQL statements to a local RDB and receive tables of data and status indicators in reply from remote RDBs. SQL statements can also be compiled and stored in remote RDBs as packages and then invoked by package name. This is important for the efficient operation of application programs that issue complex, high-frequency queries. It is especially important when the tables to be accessed are located in remote systems. </p><p>The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Data_Management_Architecture" title="Distributed Data Management Architecture">Distributed Data Management Architecture</a>. Distributed SQL processing ala DRDA is distinctive from contemporary <a href="/wiki/Distributed_SQL" title="Distributed SQL">distributed SQL</a> databases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL deviates in several ways from its theoretical foundation, the relational model and its tuple calculus. In that model, a table is a <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">set</a> of tuples, while in SQL, tables and query results are <a href="/wiki/List_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computing)">lists</a> of rows; the same row may occur multiple times, and the order of rows can be employed in queries (e.g., in the LIMIT clause). Critics argue that SQL should be replaced with a language that returns strictly to the original foundation: for example, see <i>The Third Manifesto</i> by Hugh Darwen and C.J. Date (2006, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-39942-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-39942-0">0-321-39942-0</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthogonality_and_completeness">Orthogonality and completeness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orthogonality and completeness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early specifications did not support major features, such as primary keys. Result sets could not be named, and subqueries had not been defined. These were added in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_History_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of <a href="/wiki/Sum_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Sum type">sum types</a> has been described as a roadblock to full use of SQL's user-defined types. JSON support, for example, needed to be added by a new standard in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon21_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Null">Null</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Null"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">Null</a> is the subject of some <a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)#Criticisms" title="Null (SQL)">debate</a>. The Null marker indicates the absence of a value, and is distinct from a value of 0 for an integer column or an empty string for a text column. The concept of Nulls enforces the <a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)#Comparisons_with_NULL_and_the_three-valued_logic_(3VL)" title="Null (SQL)">3-valued-logic in SQL</a>, which is a concrete implementation of the general <a href="/wiki/Three-valued_logic" title="Three-valued logic">3-valued logic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_History_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duplicates">Duplicates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Duplicates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another popular criticism is that it allows duplicate rows, making integration with languages such as <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, whose data types might make accurately representing the data difficult,<sup id="cite_ref-Early_History_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in terms of parsing and by the absence of modularity. This is usually avoided by declaring a primary key, or a unique constraint, with one or more columns that uniquely identify a row in the table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impedance_mismatch">Impedance mismatch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impedance mismatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a sense similar to <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_impedance_mismatch" title="Object–relational impedance mismatch">object–relational impedance mismatch</a>, a mismatch occurs between the declarative SQL language and the procedural languages in which SQL is typically embedded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SQL_data_types">SQL data types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: SQL data types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SQL standard defines three kinds of <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> (chapter 4.1.1 of SQL/Foundation): </p> <ul><li>predefined data types</li> <li>constructed types</li> <li>user-defined types.</li></ul> <p><i>Constructed types</i> are one of ARRAY, MULTISET, REF(erence), or ROW. <i>User-defined types</i> are comparable to classes in object-oriented language with their own constructors, observers, mutators, methods, inheritance, overloading, overwriting, interfaces, and so on. <i>Predefined data types</i> are intrinsically supported by the implementation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predefined_data_types">Predefined data types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Predefined data types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Character types <ul><li>Character (CHAR)</li> <li>Character varying (VARCHAR)</li> <li>Character large object (CLOB)</li></ul></li> <li>National character types <ul><li>National character (NCHAR)</li> <li>National character varying (NCHAR VARYING)</li> <li>National character large object (NCLOB)</li></ul></li> <li>Binary types <ul><li>Binary (BINARY)</li> <li>Binary varying (VARBINARY)</li> <li>Binary large object (BLOB)</li></ul></li> <li>Numeric types <ul><li>Exact numeric types (NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT)</li> <li>Approximate numeric types (FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION)</li> <li>Decimal floating-point type (DECFLOAT)</li></ul></li> <li>Datetime types (DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP)</li> <li>Interval type (INTERVAL)</li> <li>Boolean</li> <li>XML (see <a href="/wiki/SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">SQL/XML</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/SQL" class="extiw" title="b:SQL">Wikibook SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">Object database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="List of relational database management systems">List of relational database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">Comparison of relational database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_object%E2%80%93relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object–relational database management systems">Comparison of object–relational database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_by_Example" title="Query by Example">Query by Example</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words" title="List of SQL reserved words">SQL reserved words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_syntax" title="SQL syntax">SQL syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">Oracle PL/SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Microsoft Transact-SQL (T-SQL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_transaction_processing" title="Online transaction processing">Online transaction processing (OLTP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_analytical_processing" title="Online analytical processing">Online analytical processing (OLAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Data warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_data_stream_management_system" title="Relational data stream management system">Relational data stream management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_database_model" title="Hierarchical database model">Hierarchical database model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_schema" title="Star schema">Star schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_schema" title="Snowflake schema">Snowflake schema</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ars-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2005" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Ryan (24 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/business/news/2005/10/msh.ars/4">"A guided tour of the Microsoft Command Shell"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=A+guided+tour+of+the+Microsoft+Command+Shell&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F2005%2F10%2Fmsh.ars%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iana-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iana_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/sql">"Media Type registration for application/sql"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a>. 10 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Type+registration+for+application%2Fsql&rft.pub=Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Fmedia-types%2Fapplication%2Fsql&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-application/sql-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-application/sql_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafranovich2013" class="citation web cs1">Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6922">"The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6922">10.17487/RFC6922</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+application%2Fsql+Media+Type%2C+RFC+6922&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6922&rft.aulast=Shafranovich&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc6922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-learningSQL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-learningSQL_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2009" class="citation book cs1">Beaulieu, Alan (April 2009). Mary E Treseler (ed.). <i>Learning SQL</i> (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52083-0"><bdi>978-0-596-52083-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+SQL&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2009-04&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52083-0&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chamberlin2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chamberlin2001_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlinFrana2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (2001-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107215">"Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin"</a>. <i>University Digital Conservancy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F107215">11299/107215</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-14</span></span>. <q>We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+Digital+Conservancy&rft.atitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Donald+D.+Chamberlin&rft.date=2001-10-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F107215&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Donald+D.&rft.au=Frana%2C+Philip+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F107215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a>, 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:"; <a href="/wiki/SQL:2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a> 4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatham2012" class="citation book cs1">Chatham, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64MBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781291199512" title="Special:BookSources/9781291199512"><bdi>9781291199512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structured+Query+Language+By+Example+-+Volume+I%3A+Data+Query+Language&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781291199512&rft.aulast=Chatham&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64MBBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-codd-relational-model-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-codd-relational-model_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodd1970" class="citation journal cs1">Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 377–87. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.88.646">10.1.1.88.646</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F362384.362685">10.1145/362384.362685</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207549016">207549016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=A+Relational+Model+of+Data+for+Large+Shared+Data+Banks&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=377-87&rft.date=1970-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.88.646%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207549016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F362384.362685&rft.aulast=Codd&rft.aufirst=Edgar+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQL-Fundamentals-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SQL-Fundamentals_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SQL-Fundamentals_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple" class="citation web cs1">Chapple, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm">"SQL Fundamentals"</a>. <i>Databases</i>. About.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Databases&rft.atitle=SQL+Fundamentals&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabases.about.com%2Fod%2Fsql%2Fa%2Fsqlfundamentals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM-sql-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM-sql_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/v9/index.jsp?topic=com.ibm.db2.udb.admin.doc/doc/c0004100.htm">"Structured Query Language (SQL)"</a>. International Business Machines. October 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structured+Query+Language+%28SQL%29&rft.pub=International+Business+Machines&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublib.boulder.ibm.com%2Finfocenter%2Fdb2luw%2Fv9%2Findex.jsp%3Ftopic%3Dcom.ibm.db2.udb.admin.doc%2Fdoc%2Fc0004100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_9075:1987-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_9075:1987_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_9075:1987_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/16661.html">"ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)"</a>. 1987-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+9075%3A1987%3A+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Database+languages+%E2%80%93+SQL+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+Framework+%28SQL%2FFramework%29&rft.date=1987-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F16661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_History-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Early_History_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_History_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_History_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_History_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_History_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_History_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, Donald (2012). "Early History of SQL". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 78–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2012.61">10.1109/MAHC.2012.61</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1322572">1322572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Early+History+of+SQL&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=78-82&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2012.61&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1322572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chamberlin-boyce-sequel-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chamberlin-boyce-sequel_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chamberlin-boyce-sequel_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chamberlin-boyce-sequel_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlinBoyce1974" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, Donald D; Boyce, Raymond F (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212100/http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf">"SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control</i>. Association for Computing Machinery: 249–64. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/chamberlin/sequel-1974.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+1974+ACM+SIGFIDET+Workshop+on+Data+Description%2C+Access+and+Control&rft.atitle=SEQUEL%3A+A+Structured+English+Query+Language&rft.pages=249-64&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Donald+D&rft.au=Boyce%2C+Raymond+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almaden.ibm.com%2Fcs%2Fpeople%2Fchamberlin%2Fsequel-1974.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey" class="citation web cs1">Starkey, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibphoenix.com/resources/documents/design/doc_123">"Dynamic SQL, Plumbing, and the Internal API"</a>. <i>www.ibphoenix.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibphoenix.com&rft.atitle=Dynamic+SQL%2C+Plumbing%2C+and+the+Internal+API&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibphoenix.com%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fdesign%2Fdoc_123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oppel-databases-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oppel-databases_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oppel-databases_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppel2004" class="citation book cs1">Oppel, Andy (February 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=112&isbn=0071469605"><i>Databases Demystified</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, CA">San Francisco, CA</a>: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 90–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146960-9"><bdi>978-0-07-146960-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Databases+Demystified&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=90-1&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Osborne+Media&rft.date=2004-02-27&rft.isbn=978-0-07-146960-9&rft.aulast=Oppel&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhprofessional.com%2Fproduct.php%3Fcat%3D112%26isbn%3D0071469605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM-history-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM-history_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050117192541/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1978.html">"History of IBM, 1978"</a>. <i>IBM Archives</i>. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1978.html">the original</a> on January 17, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+Archives&rft.atitle=History+of+IBM%2C+1978&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fyear_1978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/committee/45342/x/catalogue/p/1/u/0/w/0/d/0">"ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange"</a>. <i>www.iso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iso.org&rft.atitle=ISO+-+ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+32+-+Data+management+and+interchange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fcommittee%2F45342%2Fx%2Fcatalogue%2Fp%2F1%2Fu%2F0%2Fw%2F0%2Fd%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANSI/ISO/IEC-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI/ISO/IEC_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ANSI/ISO/IEC International Standard (IS). Database Language SQL—Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation). 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostgreSQL_server_programming-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PostgreSQL_server_programming_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/server-programming.html">"PostgreSQL server programming"</a>. <i>PostgreSQL 9.1 official documentation</i>. postgresql.org. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PostgreSQL+9.1+official+documentation&rft.atitle=PostgreSQL+server+programming&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fdocs%2F9.1%2Fstatic%2Fserver-programming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_PostgreSQL-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_PostgreSQL_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresql.org/about/">"About PostgreSQL"</a>. <i>PostgreSQL 9.1 official website</i>. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2012</span>. <q>PostgreSQL prides itself in standards compliance. Its SQL implementation strongly conforms to the ANSI-SQL:2008 standard</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PostgreSQL+9.1+official+website&rft.atitle=About+PostgreSQL&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mimer_SQL,_Built_on_Standards-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mimer_SQL,_Built_on_Standards_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developer.mimer.com/features/feature_6.htm">"Mimer SQL, Built on Standards"</a>. <i>Mimer SQL official website</i>. Mimer Information Technology. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mimer+SQL+official+website&rft.atitle=Mimer+SQL%2C+Built+on+Standards&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mimer.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffeature_6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-IDENTIFIERS">"4.1. Lexical Structure"</a>. <i>PostgreSQL documentation</i>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PostgreSQL+documentation&rft.atitle=4.1.+Lexical+Structure&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fdocs%2Fcurrent%2Fstatic%2Fsql-syntax-lexical.html%23SQL-SYNTAX-IDENTIFIERS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql/sql1992.txt">"(Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL, Section 5.2, syntax rule 11"</a>. 30 July 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Second+Informal+Review+Draft%29+ISO%2FIEC+9075%3A1992%2C+Database+Language+SQL%2C+Section+5.2%2C+syntax+rule+11&rft.date=1992-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu%2F~shadow%2Fsql%2Fsql1992.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ora_DATE-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ora_DATE_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentzRoeserAbrahamAmor2010" class="citation book cs1">Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e17118/sql_elements001.htm#sthref154">"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"</a>. <i>Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)</i>. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2010</span>. <q>For each <code>DATE</code> value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basic+Elements+of+Oracle+SQL%3A+Data+Types&rft.btitle=Oracle+Database+SQL+Language+Reference+11g+Release+2+%2811.2%29&rft.place=Redwood+City%2C+CA&rft.series=Oracle+Database+Documentation+Library&rft.pub=Oracle+USA%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Roeser%2C+Mary+Beth&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Sundeep&rft.au=Amor%2C+Angela&rft.au=Arora%2C+Geeta&rft.au=Arora%2C+Vikas&rft.au=Ashdown%2C+Lance&rft.au=Baer%2C+Hermann&rft.au=Bellamkonda%2C+Shrikanth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.oracle.com%2Fdocs%2Fcd%2FE11882_01%2Fserver.112%2Fe17118%2Fsql_elements001.htm%23sthref154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ora_DATETIME-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ora_DATETIME_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentzRoeserAbrahamAmor2010" class="citation book cs1">Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e17118/sql_elements001.htm#sthref154">"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"</a>. <i>Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)</i>. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2010</span>. <q>The datetime data types are <code>DATE</code>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basic+Elements+of+Oracle+SQL%3A+Data+Types&rft.btitle=Oracle+Database+SQL+Language+Reference+11g+Release+2+%2811.2%29&rft.place=Redwood+City%2C+CA&rft.series=Oracle+Database+Documentation+Library&rft.pub=Oracle+USA%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Roeser%2C+Mary+Beth&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Sundeep&rft.au=Amor%2C+Angela&rft.au=Arora%2C+Geeta&rft.au=Arora%2C+Vikas&rft.au=Ashdown%2C+Lance&rft.au=Baer%2C+Hermann&rft.au=Bellamkonda%2C+Shrikanth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.oracle.com%2Fdocs%2Fcd%2FE11882_01%2Fserver.112%2Fe17118%2Fsql_elements001.htm%23sthref154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ora_TIME-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ora_TIME_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentzRoeserAbrahamAmor2010" class="citation book cs1">Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e17118/sql_elements001.htm#i54335">"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"</a>. <i>Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)</i>. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:... <code>TIME</code></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basic+Elements+of+Oracle+SQL%3A+Data+Types&rft.btitle=Oracle+Database+SQL+Language+Reference+11g+Release+2+%2811.2%29&rft.place=Redwood+City%2C+CA&rft.series=Oracle+Database+Documentation+Library&rft.pub=Oracle+USA%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Roeser%2C+Mary+Beth&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Sundeep&rft.au=Amor%2C+Angela&rft.au=Arora%2C+Geeta&rft.au=Arora%2C+Vikas&rft.au=Ashdown%2C+Lance&rft.au=Baer%2C+Hermann&rft.au=Bellamkonda%2C+Shrikanth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.oracle.com%2Fdocs%2Fcd%2FE11882_01%2Fserver.112%2Fe17118%2Fsql_elements001.htm%23i54335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-professionals-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-professionals_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDate2013" class="citation book cs1">Date, Chris J. (2013). <i>Relational Theory for Computer Professionals: What Relational Databases are Really All About</i> (1. ed.). Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-449-36943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-449-36943-9"><bdi>978-1-449-36943-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relational+Theory+for+Computer+Professionals%3A+What+Relational+Databases+are+Really+All+About&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+Calif&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-449-36943-9&rft.aulast=Date&rft.aufirst=Chris+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-X3H2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-X3H2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://special.lib.umn.edu/findaid/xml/cbi00168.xml">"Finding Aid"</a>. <i>X3H2 Records, 1978–95</i>. American National Standards Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Finding+Aid&rft.btitle=X3H2+Records%2C+1978%E2%80%9395&rft.pub=American+National+Standards+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecial.lib.umn.edu%2Ffindaid%2Fxml%2Fcbi00168.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doll-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doll_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoll2002" class="citation web cs1">Doll, Shelley (June 19, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705163024/http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-sql-a-standard-anymore/1046268">"Is SQL a Standard Anymore?"</a>. <i>TechRepublic's Builder.com</i>. TechRepublic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-1046268.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRepublic%27s+Builder.com&rft.atitle=Is+SQL+a+Standard+Anymore%3F&rft.date=2002-06-19&rft.aulast=Doll&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.techrepublic.com.com%2F5100-10878_11-1046268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie" class="citation web cs1">Gillespie, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patorjk.com/blog/2012/01/26/pronouncing-sql-s-q-l-or-sequel/">"Pronouncing SQL: S-Q-L or Sequel?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pronouncing+SQL%3A+S-Q-L+or+Sequel%3F&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatorjk.com%2Fblog%2F2012%2F01%2F26%2Fpronouncing-sql-s-q-l-or-sequel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonAlan_R_Simon1993" class="citation book cs1">Melton, Jim; Alan R Simon (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingnew00melt">"1.2. What is SQL?"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingnew00melt/page/536"><i>Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingnew00melt/page/536">536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-245-8"><bdi>978-1-55860-245-8</bdi></a>. <q>SQL (correctly pronounced "ess cue ell," instead of the somewhat common "sequel")...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.2.+What+is+SQL%3F&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+New+SQL%3A+A+Complete+Guide&rft.pages=536&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-245-8&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Alan+R+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingnew00melt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQLXML2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQLXML2006_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2010" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Michael (2010). <i>SQL/XML:2006 - Evaluierung der Standardkonformität ausgewählter Datenbanksysteme</i>. Diplomica Verlag. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8366-9609-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8366-9609-8"><bdi>978-3-8366-9609-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SQL%2FXML%3A2006+-+Evaluierung+der+Standardkonformit%C3%A4t+ausgew%C3%A4hlter+Datenbanksysteme&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Diplomica+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8366-9609-8&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iablog.sybase.com-paulley-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iablog.sybase.com-paulley_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628130925/http://iablog.sybase.com/paulley/2008/07/sql2008-now-an-approved-iso-international-standard/">"SQL:2008 now an approved ISO international standard"</a>. Sybase. July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iablog.sybase.com/paulley/2008/07/sql2008-now-an-approved-iso-international-standard/">the original</a> on 2011-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SQL%3A2008+now+an+approved+ISO+international+standard&rft.pub=Sybase&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiablog.sybase.com%2Fpaulley%2F2008%2F07%2Fsql2008-now-an-approved-iso-international-standard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feature_temporal-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-feature_temporal_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Kulkarni,_Jan-Eike_Michels2012" class="citation journal cs1">Krishna Kulkarni, Jan-Eike Michels (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.ulb.ac.be/public/_media/teaching/infoh415/tempfeaturessql2011.pdf">"Temporal features in SQL:2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SIGMOD Record</i>. <b>41</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SIGMOD+Record&rft.atitle=Temporal+features+in+SQL%3A2011&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2012-09&rft.au=Krishna+Kulkarni%2C+Jan-Eike+Michels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.ulb.ac.be%2Fpublic%2F_media%2Fteaching%2Finfoh415%2Ftempfeaturessql2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-features_2011-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-features_2011_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Zemke2012" class="citation web cs1">Fred Zemke (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sigmodrecord.org/publications/sigmodRecord/1203/pdfs/10.industry.zemke.pdf">"What's new in SQL:2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oracle Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+new+in+SQL%3A2011&rft.pub=Oracle+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Fred+Zemke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsigmodrecord.org%2Fpublications%2FsigmodRecord%2F1203%2Fpdfs%2F10.industry.zemke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO/IEC_9075-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO/IEC_9075_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/search.html">"ISO/IEC 9075"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+9075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fsearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql/sql1992.txt"><i>SQL:1992 draft</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(text)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SQL%3A1992+draft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu%2F~shadow%2Fsql%2Fsql1992.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitemarsh1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitemarsh1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiscorp.com/sql200n.zip"><i>SQL:2008 draft</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Zip)</span>, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SQL%3A2008+draft&rft.pub=Whitemarsh+Information+Systems+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiscorp.com%2Fsql200n.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitemarsh2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitemarsh2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiscorp.com/sql20nn.zip"><i>SQL:2011 draft</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Zip)</span>, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SQL%3A2011+draft&rft.pub=Whitemarsh+Information+Systems+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiscorp.com%2Fsql20nn.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PROLE-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PROLE_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Saenz-Perez" class="citation web cs1">Fernando Saenz-Perez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lbd.udc.es/jornadas2011/actas/PROLE/PROLE/S5/13_article.pdf">"Outer Joins in a Deductive Database System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lbd.udc.es</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lbd.udc.es&rft.atitle=Outer+Joins+in+a+Deductive+Database+System&rft.au=Fernando+Saenz-Perez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flbd.udc.es%2Fjornadas2011%2Factas%2FPROLE%2FPROLE%2FS5%2F13_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinsch,_R.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Reinsch, R. (1988). "Distributed database for SAA". <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 362–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.273.0362">10.1147/sj.273.0362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=Distributed+database+for+SAA&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=362-389&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.273.0362&rft.au=Reinsch%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Distributed Relational Database Architecture Reference</i>. IBM Corp. SC26-4651-0. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distributed+Relational+Database+Architecture+Reference&rft.pub=IBM+Corp.+SC26-4651-0&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandon21-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brandon21_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon2021" class="citation web cs1">Brandon, Jamie (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scattered-thoughts.net/writing/against-sql/">"Against SQL"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Against+SQL&rft.date=2021-07&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscattered-thoughts.net%2Fwriting%2Fagainst-sql%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/sql-2003-twp-129141.pdf">"SQL 2003 Standard Support in Oracle Database 10g"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oracle</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>. November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oracle&rft.atitle=SQL+2003+Standard+Support+in+Oracle+Database+10g&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2Ftechnetwork%2Fdatabase%2Fsql-2003-twp-129141.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span> XML supported was added in ANSI SQL 2003, part 14.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodd1970" class="citation journal cs1">Codd, Edgar F (June 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F362384.362685">"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 377–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F362384.362685">10.1145/362384.362685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207549016">207549016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=A+Relational+Model+of+Data+for+Large+Shared+Data+Banks&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=377-87&rft.date=1970-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F362384.362685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207549016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Codd&rft.aufirst=Edgar+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F362384.362685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="https://wiki.c2.com/?SqlFlaws" class="extiw" title="c2:SqlFlaws">Discussion on alleged SQL flaws</a> (C2 wiki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Date" class="mw-redirect" title="C. J. Date">C. J. Date</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Darwen" title="Hugh Darwen">Hugh Darwen</a>: <i>A Guide to the SQL standard : a users guide to the standard database language SQL, 4th ed.</i>, Addison Wesley, USA 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-96426-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-96426-4">978-0-201-96426-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>SQL</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/SQL" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/SQL">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Structured_Query_Language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Structured Query Language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" class="extiw" title="b:Structured Query Language">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_SQL" class="extiw" title="v:Introduction to SQL">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcjones.org/System_R/SQL_Reunion_95/sqlr95.html"><i>1995 SQL Reunion: People, Projects, and Politics</i>, by Paul McJones (ed.)</a>: transcript of a reunion meeting devoted to the personal history of relational databases and SQL.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://special.lib.umn.edu/findaid/xml/cbi00168.xml">American National Standards Institute. X3H2 Records, 1978–1995</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a> Collection documents the H2 committee's development of the NDL and SQL standards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107215">Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a> In this oral history Chamberlin recounts his early life, his education at <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mudd_College" title="Harvey Mudd College">Harvey Mudd College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, and his work on relational database technology. Chamberlin was a member of the System R research team and, with <a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Boyce" title="Raymond F. Boyce">Raymond F. Boyce</a>, developed the SQL database language. Chamberlin also briefly discusses his more recent research on XML query languages.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SQL" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SQL" title="Template:SQL"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SQL" title="Template talk:SQL"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SQL" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SQL"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SQL" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SQL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEQUEL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL-86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL-86 (page does not exist)">SQL-86</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL-89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL-89 (page does not exist)">SQL-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:1999" title="SQL:1999">SQL:1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2006" title="SQL:2006">SQL:2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2008" title="SQL:2008">SQL:2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2011" title="SQL:2011">SQL:2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2016" title="SQL:2016">SQL:2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2023" title="SQL:2023">SQL:2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SQL_reserved_words" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL reserved words">Keywords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Alias_(SQL)" title="Alias (SQL)">As</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Case_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (SQL)">Case</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Create_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Create (SQL)">Create</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">Delete</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/From_(SQL)" title="From (SQL)">From</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Group_by_(SQL)" title="Group by (SQL)">Group by</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Having_(SQL)" title="Having (SQL)">Having</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">Insert</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">Join</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL)">Merge</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">Null</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Order_by" title="Order by">Order by</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Window_function_(SQL)" title="Window function (SQL)">Over</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Prepare_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepare (SQL)">Prepare</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">Select</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Truncate_(SQL)" title="Truncate (SQL)">Truncate</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Set_operations_(SQL)" title="Set operations (SQL)">Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">Update</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Where_(SQL)" title="Where (SQL)">Where</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/With_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="With (SQL)">With</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar Codd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational database</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC SQL parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/Framework&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/Framework (page does not exist)">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/Foundation (page does not exist)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/CLI" title="SQL/CLI">Call-Level Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">Persistent Stored Modules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">Management of External Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">Object Language Bindings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/Schemata" title="SQL/Schemata">Information and Definition Schemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">XML-Related Specifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Database_management_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Databases" title="Template:Databases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Databases" title="Template talk:Databases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Databases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Databases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Database_management_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="List of relational database management systems">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_column-oriented_DBMSes" title="List of column-oriented DBMSes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSQL" title="NewSQL">NewSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_in-memory_databases" title="List of in-memory databases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain-based_database" title="Blockchain-based database">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong%27s_axioms" title="Armstrong's axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codd%27s_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete" title="Create, read, update and delete">CRUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">Null</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACELC_theorem" title="PACELC theorem">PACELC theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_(SQL)" title="View (SQL)">View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">Transaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Database_Connectivity" title="Java Database Connectivity">JDBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery_API_for_Java" title="XQuery API for Java">XQJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity" title="Open Database Connectivity">ODBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_Rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Rewriting">Query rewriting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_plan" title="Query plan">Query plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database_administration" title="Database administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)#DATABASE" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_storage_structures" title="Database storage structures">Database storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">Relational algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_calculus" title="Relational calculus">Relational calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">Object–relational database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">Transaction processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Database_management_systems" title="Category:Database management systems">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_databases" title="Outline of databases">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Databases" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Databases">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Query_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Query_languages" title="Template:Query languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Query_languages" title="Template talk:Query languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Query_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Query languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Query_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In current use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.QL" title=".QL">.QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_(programming_language)" title="Alpha (programming language)">ALPHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_Query_Language" title="Contextual Query Language">CQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypher_(query_language)" title="Cypher (query language)">Cypher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Analysis_Expressions" title="Data Analysis Expressions">DAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Mining_Extensions" title="Data Mining Extensions">DMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalog" title="Datalog">Datalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">Graph Query Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(query_language)" title="Gremlin (query language)">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBL" title="ISBL">ISBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">LINQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Query_Language" title="Molecular Query Language">MQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiDimensional_eXpressions" title="MultiDimensional eXpressions">MDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Query_Language" title="Object Query Language">OQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">OCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUEL_query_languages" title="QUEL query languages">QUEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_query_language" title="RDF query language">RDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMILES_arbitrary_target_specification" title="SMILES arbitrary target specification">SMARTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Query Language">YQL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_query_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! query language">YQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">LINQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IBM" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM" title="Template:IBM"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IBM" title="Template talk:IBM"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_IBM" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM">Mergers and acquisitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">Mainframe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_storage" title="IBM storage">Storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">FlashSystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_DS8000_series" title="IBM DS8000 series">DS8000</a></li></ul></li> <li>Quantum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">Q System One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_Two" title="IBM Q System Two">Q System Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Eagle" title="IBM Eagle">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Osprey" title="IBM Osprey">Osprey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Heron" title="IBM Heron">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Condor" title="IBM Condor">Condor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene" title="IBM Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(processor)" title="Cell (processor)">Cell microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">Personal Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Design_System" title="Carbon Design System">Carbon Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloudant" title="Cloudant">Cloudant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">Cognos Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History" title="Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History">Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILOG" title="ILOG">ILOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">Mainframe operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">Planning Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">Quantum Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Service_Automation_Manager" title="Tivoli Service Automation Manager">Service Automation Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apptio" title="Apptio">Apptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" title="IBM Center for The Business of Government">Center for The Business of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">Consulting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_Financial_Group" title="Promontory Financial Group">Promontory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenexa" title="Kenexa">Kenexa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_subsidiaries_of_IBM" title="List of international subsidiaries of IBM">International subsidiaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_India" title="IBM India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Press" title="IBM Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merative" title="Merative">Merative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Microelectronics" title="IBM Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Product_Center" title="IBM Product Center">Product Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Bureau_Corporation" title="Service Bureau Corporation">Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Towers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a>, Montreal, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a>, Atlanta, GA</li></ul></li> <li>Software Labs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">Rome Software Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">Toronto Software Lab</a></li></ul></li> <li>IBM Buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/330_North_Wabash" title="330 North Wabash">330 North Wabash</a>, Chicago, IL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Building,_Honolulu" title="IBM Building, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200_Fifth" title="1200 Fifth">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Facilities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">Hakozaki Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">Yamato Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hursley" title="IBM Hursley">IBM Hursley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">Canada Head Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Academy of Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Thunder" title="IBM Deep Thunder">Deep Thunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Develothon" title="Develothon">Develothon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">Fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM%27s_The_Great_Mind_Challenge" title="IBM's The Great Mind Challenge">The Great Mind Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_SkillsBuild" title="IBM SkillsBuild">SkillsBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Virtual_Universe_Community" title="IBM Virtual Universe Community">Virtual Universe Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Think_conference" title="IBM Think conference">Think conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Electronic keypunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">Sabre airline reservation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Financial swaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Blue">Big Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Processing_Workload" title="Commercial Processing Workload">Commercial Processing Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_engineer" title="Customer engineer">Customer engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globally_integrated_enterprise" title="Globally integrated enterprise">Globally integrated enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">Think slogan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a> (1914–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (1956–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Vincent_Learson" title="T. Vincent Learson">T. Vincent Learson</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Cary" title="Frank T. Cary">Frank T. Cary</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Opel" title="John R. Opel">John R. Opel</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fellows_Akers" title="John Fellows Akers">John Fellows Akers</a> (1985–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> (1993–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Palmisano" title="Samuel J. Palmisano">Samuel J. Palmisano</a> (2002–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> (2012–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (since 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of<br />directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buberl" title="Thomas Buberl">Thomas Buberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farr_(businessman)" title="David Farr (businessman)">David Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Swedish" title="Joseph R. Swedish">Joseph R. Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter R. Voser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Atom" title="A Boy and His Atom">A Boy and His Atom</a></i></li> <li>Big Blue sports teams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(rugby_union)" title="IBM Big Blue (rugby union)">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Public_License" title="Common Public License">Common Public License</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_Public_License" title="IBM Public License">IBM Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_infrastructure" title="Dynamic infrastructure">Dynamic infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUIDE_International" title="GUIDE International">GUIDE International</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">International chess tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer cipher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Plex" title="IBM Plex">IBM Plex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScicomP" title="ScicomP">ScicomP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">Unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM" title="Category:IBM">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/IBM" class="extiw" title="commons:IBM">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM_navigational_boxes" title="Category:IBM navigational boxes">Navigational boxes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_FOSS" title="Template:IBM FOSS">FOSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_midrange_computers" title="Template:IBM midrange computers">Midrange computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_operating_systems" title="Template:IBM operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template:IBM personal computers">Personal computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_System/360_line" title="Template:IBM System/360 line">System/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_System/370_line" title="Template:IBM System/370 line">System/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_typewriters" title="Template:IBM typewriters">Typewriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Template:IBM vacuum tube computers">Vacuum tube computers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1102869/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4134010-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86006628">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12101816f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12101816f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="SQL (dotazovací jazyk)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118067&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531785">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529742105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/17px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/25px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/33px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQL&oldid=1256438207">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQL&oldid=1256438207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Database_management_systems" title="Category:Database management systems">Database management systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:SQL" title="Category:SQL">SQL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data_modeling_languages" title="Category:Data modeling languages">Data modeling languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Declarative_programming_languages" title="Category:Declarative programming languages">Declarative programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages_with_an_ISO_standard" title="Category:Programming languages with an ISO standard">Programming languages with an ISO standard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Query_languages" title="Category:Query languages">Query languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Relational_database_management_systems" title="Category:Relational database management systems">Relational database management systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data-centric_programming_languages" title="Category:Data-centric programming languages">Data-centric programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages_created_in_1974" title="Category:Programming languages created in 1974">Programming languages created in 1974</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Table-oriented_programming" title="Category:Table-oriented programming">Table-oriented programming</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_example_SQL_code" title="Category:Articles with example SQL code">Articles with example SQL code</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 23:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQL&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qdh76","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.057","walltime":"1.394","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6606,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":320065,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":78890,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":234353,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1030.019 1 -total"," 28.45% 293.038 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.78% 152.206 3 Template:Infobox"," 13.43% 138.375 22 Template:Cite_web"," 12.71% 130.916 9 Template:Navbox"," 10.31% 106.216 1 Template:Infobox_programming_language"," 8.45% 87.018 1 Template:SQL"," 7.17% 73.823 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 6.87% 70.722 1 Template:Navboxes"," 6.20% 63.834 11 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.519","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7975487,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-hm9cz","timestamp":"20241122140428","ttl":726946,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"SQL","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SQL","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47607","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47607","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-06-28T06:40:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T23:13:50Z","headline":"relational database language that allows to extract from data tables a series of records with selection, sorting and computation criteria, or to update, delete or add records"}</script> </body> </html>