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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_essiu" title="Cas essiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cas essiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiv" title="Essiv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Essiv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiv" title="Essiv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Essiv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiiva" title="Essiiva – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Essiiva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiv" title="Essiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Essiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esiw" title="Esiw – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Esiw" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olev_k%C3%A4%C3%A4ne" title="Olev kääne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Olev kääne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Уляндо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Уляндо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_esivo" title="Caso esivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso esivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esivo" title="Esivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essif" title="Essif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Essif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esiw" title="Esiw – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Esiw" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verufall" title="Verufall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verufall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essivo" title="Essivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Essivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esyvas" title="Esyvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Esyvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essief" title="Essief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Essief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A7%98%E6%A0%BC" title="様格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="様格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiv" title="Essiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Essiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiv" title="Essiv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Essiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essivus" title="Essivus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Essivus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_essivo" title="Caso essivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso essivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Эссив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эссив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiivi" title="Essiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Essiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiv" title="Essiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Essiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="样格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="样格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Essive+case%22">"Essive case"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Essive+case%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Essive+case%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Essive+case%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Essive+case%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Essive+case%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the <b>essive case</b>, or <b>similaris case</b>, (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>ESS</b></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essive case on a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> can express it as a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a continuous action was completed. It can also denote a form as a temporary location, state of being, or character in which the subject was at a given time. The latter meaning is often described as the equivalent of the English phrase "as a __".<sup id="cite_ref-Niemi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finnish">Finnish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essive_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, it is marked by adding "<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">-na</i></span>/<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">-nä</i></span>" (depending on the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony#Finnish" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>) to the stem of the noun.<sup id="cite_ref-Niemi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Examples:</dd> <dd><i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">lapsi</i></span></i> "child" → <i>lapsena</i> "as a child", "when (I) was a child".</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Veljeni on säveltäjänä</i></span> "My brother is a composer (at somewhere or a certain kind of)."</dd> <dd>cf: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Veljeni on säveltäjä</i></span> (<b>Nom</b>) (My brother is a composer) vs. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Veljeni on säveltäjänä</i></span> (<b>Ess</b>) (My brother works/acts as a composer (somewhere))</dd> <dd><i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">säveltäjä</i></span></i> "composer" → <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">säveltäjänä</i></span></i> "state of being a composer (the given time is the present)"<sup id="cite_ref-Niemi_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Example: '<i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Veljeni on säveltäjänä orkesterissa</i></span></i> "My brother is a composer in an orchestra".</dd> <dd>Example: '<i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Veljeni on säveltäjänä ainutlaatuinen</i></span></i> "As a composer my brother is unique".</dd></dl> <p>In Finnish, the essive case is technically categorized as an old locative case, a case that, in some way, indicates spatial location. However, in the present language, the case has lost the majority of its spatial meaning. The case instead typically denotes a state that is temporary or inclined to change.<sup id="cite_ref-Niemi_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fixed expressions retain the essive in its ancient <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> meaning, however: "at home" is <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kotona</i></span>. </p> <dl><dd>Example: <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Luen lehtiä kotona.</i></span></i> "I read newspapers at home."</dd></dl> <p>If the <a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a> were used, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kodissani</i></span>, it would distinguish the activity from reading the papers, such as in the garage or in the garden (of the home). </p> <ul><li><i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Minulla on kylpyhuone kodissani.</i></span></i> "I have a bathroom in my home" (not in the garage or garden).</li></ul> <p>The essive case is also used in a temporal sense with certain nouns, notably the names of weekdays, and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">vuosi</i></span> (year), <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">aamu</i></span> (morning), <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ilta</i></span> (evening), and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">yö</i></span> (night), as well as dates.<sup id="cite_ref-Niemi_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">viime maanantaina</i></span></i> "(on) last Monday."</dd> <dd><i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kuudentena joulukuuta</i></span></i> "on 6 December".</dd> <dd><i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tänä päivänä</i></span></i> "on this day"</dd> <dd><i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">viime vuonna</i></span></i> "(during) last year"</dd></dl> <p>When marking something that cannot literally change states, the essive case can implicate the presence of alternative states, even two individual, differing "worlds".<sup id="cite_ref-Salminen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salminen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That can be seen in the following example: </p> <dl><dd>Example: <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Ostin helmen aitona.</i></span></i> "I bought the pearl thinking it was genuine [but later found out that it was not]."<sup id="cite_ref-Salminen_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salminen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The example above illustrates the process by which marking of the essive case can be seen as creating two differing "worlds": one real and one illusionary. The "temporary" component of the meaning encoded by marking of the essive case on the Finnish word for "genuine" (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">aito</i></span>) makes a distinction between the perceived state of the subject, as genuine at the time of purchase, and the actual state of subject, as not genuine as it is now perceived or at the time of the moment of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Salminen_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salminen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estonian">Estonian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essive_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Estonian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, it is marked by adding "-na" to the genitive stem.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marking of the case in Estonian denotes the capacity in which the subject acts. The essive case is used for indicating "states of being" but not of "becoming", which is instead marked by the translative case, the elative case, or the nominative case.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseley_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Examples:</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">laps</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"child"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lapse</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"of child"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lapsena</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"as a child", "when (I) was a child"</p></div><p style="display: none;">laps → lapse → lapsena</p><p style="display: none;">"child" {} {"of child"} {} {"as a child", "when (I) was a child"}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><i><span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">Ta töötab insenerina</i></span> "He works as an engineer."<sup id="cite_ref-Moseley_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essive_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2018" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Fred (2018). <i>Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0"><bdi>978-1-138-82104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+-+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82104-0&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssive+case" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnhava2015" class="citation web cs1">Anhava, Jaakko (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242">"Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars"</a>. <i>journal.fi</i>. Helsinki: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journal.fi&rft.atitle=Criteria+For+Case+Forms+in+Finnish+and+Hungarian+Grammars&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Anhava&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fstore%2Farticle%2Fview%2F52392%2F16242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssive+case" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essive_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">Essive-formal case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">Essive-modal case</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essive_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees-Miller. "Morphology: The Analysis of Word Structure." Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niemi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niemi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemi_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemi_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemi_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemi, Clemens. Finnish Grammar. 3rd ed. Duluth, MN: C.H. Salminen, 1945. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salminen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salminen_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salminen_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salminen_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salminen, Taru. "Retention of abstract meaning: The essive case and grammaticalization of polyphony in Finnish." New Reflections on Grammaticalization. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2002. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moseley-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moseley_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moseley_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moseley_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moseley, Christopher. Colloquial Estonian: The Complete Course for Beginners. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008. Print.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_cases" title="Template talk:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammatical_cases131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases" title="List of grammatical cases">List of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Postpositional/Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension" title="Archaic Dutch declension">Archaic Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English#Morphology" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_noun_cases" title="Finnish noun cases">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_declension" title="German declension">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_declension" title="Old High German declension">Old High German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_declension" title="Gothic declension">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_noun_phrase" title="Hungarian noun phrase">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_declension" title="Slovak declension">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essive_case&oldid=1227818009">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essive_case&oldid=1227818009</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_cases" title="Category:Grammatical cases">Grammatical cases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" 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