CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hungarian nobility - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"385b5c40-4539-46a9-8747-a8e78cafc28e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hungarian_nobility","wgTitle":"Hungarian nobility","wgCurRevisionId":1260196121,"wgRevisionId":1260196121,"wgArticleId":998432,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Featured articles","Use dmy dates from June 2023","Use shortened footnotes from August 2023","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Hungarian-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Croatian-language text","Hungarian nobility","Kingdom of Hungary","Kingdom of Croatia", "Transylvania in the Kingdom of Hungary","Social history of Hungary","Social history of Croatia","Social history of Slovakia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hungarian_nobility","wgRelevantArticleId":998432,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false ,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q927915","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/1200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="894"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/800px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="596"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/640px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="477"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hungarian nobility - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_nobility"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_nobility"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hungarian_nobility rootpage-Hungarian_nobility skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hungarian+nobility" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hungarian+nobility" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hungarian+nobility" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hungarian+nobility" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Middle Ages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Bulls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Bulls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Golden Bulls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Bulls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-government_and_oligarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-government_and_oligarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Self-government and oligarchs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-government_and_oligarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_the_Angevins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_the_Angevins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Age of the Angevins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_the_Angevins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_estates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_estates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Emerging estates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_estates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_titled_nobility_and_the_Tripartitum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_titled_nobility_and_the_Tripartitum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Birth of titled nobility and the Tripartitum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_titled_nobility_and_the_Tripartitum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_and_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_and_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Early modern and modern times </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_and_modern_times-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early modern and modern times subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_and_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tripartite_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripartite_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Tripartite Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripartite_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_and_war_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_and_war_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Liberation and war of independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_and_war_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperation_and_absolutism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_and_absolutism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cooperation and absolutism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_and_absolutism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 National awakening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_neo-absolutism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_neo-absolutism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Revolution and neo-absolutism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_neo-absolutism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Austria-Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutions_and_counter-revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutions_and_counter-revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Revolutions and counter-revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutions_and_counter-revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_fall_of_the_Hungarian_nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fall_of_the_Hungarian_nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 The fall of the Hungarian nobility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_fall_of_the_Hungarian_nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Unofficial nobility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hungarian nobility</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" > 10 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نبلاء مجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبلاء مجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Унгарска аристокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унгарска аристокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhersk%C3%A1_%C5%A1lechta" title="Uherská šlechta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uherská šlechta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobleza_y_realeza_en_el_Reino_de_Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Nobleza y realeza en el Reino de Hungría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nobleza y realeza en el Reino de Hungría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesse_hongroise" title="Noblesse hongroise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noblesse hongroise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilt%C3%A0_ungherese" title="Nobiltà ungherese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nobiltà ungherese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_nemess%C3%A9g" title="Magyar nemesség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magyar nemesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeldom_in_het_koninkrijk_Hongarije" title="Adeldom in het koninkrijk Hongarije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adeldom in het koninkrijk Hongarije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titluri_nobiliare_maghiare" title="Titluri nobiliare maghiare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Titluri nobiliare maghiare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Угорська шляхта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Угорська шляхта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q927915#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hungarian_nobility" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hungarian_nobility" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hungarian_nobility" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&oldid=1260196121" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hungarian_nobility&id=1260196121&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHungarian_nobility">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHungarian_nobility">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hungarian_nobility&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobility_of_Hungary" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q927915" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Privileged social class in the Kingdom of Hungary</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hungary" title="Category:History of Hungary">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of Hungary</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="745" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_conquest" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest">The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Roman Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Kingdom of the Gepids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">454–567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">469–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Khaganate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">567–822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">~800–970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">862–895</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">895–1000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1000–1301</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Croatia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1102–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1222</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1241–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1301–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1366–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Reformation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1570</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)#Royal_Hungary_(1526–1699)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1541–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1570–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1604–1606</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">Wesselényi conspiracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1664–1671</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Principality of Upper Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1682–1685</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1699–1867</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Late modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1703–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1711–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Hungarian Reform Era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1825–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1848–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State" title="Hungarian State">Hungarian State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Interwar period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories" title="Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories">Revisions of Délvidék</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1956–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Hungarian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Hungarian Republic">Third Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1989–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 2012</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hungarian_history" title="Timeline of Hungarian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Hungarian Kings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Officers_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Template:Great Officers of State (Kingdom of Hungary)">Great Officers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Transylvanian Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Hungary" title="Music history of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Budapest" title="History of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #41704c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Category:Conservatism in Hungary">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#41704c; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:blue; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Hungary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1896-1915;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary"><img alt="Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="730" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy#Interwar_period,_1919–1939" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism#Hungary" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism#Hungary" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n#Views,_public_image,_international_influence" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbánism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Political Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Hungary" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Hungary" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights opposition">Anti-LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement#Hungary" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Hungarian anti-LGBT law">Anti-LGBT laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian nobility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism#Hungary" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Hungarian withdrawal from the European Union">Huxit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Hungary" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungarian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Hungarian irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trianon_syndrome" title="Trianon syndrome">Trianon syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration#Hungary" title="Opposition to immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" title="Hungarian border barrier">Hungarian border barrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary" title="Reformed Church in Hungary">Calvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism#Hungary" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereignty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antall_Government" title="Antall Government">Antall Government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Apponyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Habsburg-Lothringen" title="Eduard Habsburg-Lothringen">Habsburg-Lothringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_Kolnai" title="Aurel Kolnai">Kolnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Lezs%C3%A1k" title="Sándor Lezsák">Lezsák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">Mindszenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladden_Pappin" title="Gladden Pappin">Pappin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Wass" title="Albert Wass">Wass</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy_the_Younger" title="Gyula Andrássy the Younger">Andrássy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Antall" title="József Antall">Antall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Apponyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Csurka" title="István Csurka">Csurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Huszár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Lezs%C3%A1k" title="Sándor Lezsák">Lezsák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_M%C3%A1rki-Zay" title="Péter Márki-Zay">Márki-Zay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margit_Slachta" title="Margit Slachta">Slachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Teleki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Tildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Toroczkai" title="László Toroczkai">Toroczkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Volner" title="János Volner">Volner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Vona" title="Gábor Vona">Vona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Zichy" title="János Zichy">Zichy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Response" title="Civic Response">Civic Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Hungary_People%27s_Party" title="Everybody's Hungary People's Party">Everybody's Hungary People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Self-Government_of_Germans_in_Hungary" title="National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary">National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Start_(Hungary)" title="New Start (Hungary)">New Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement" title="Our Homeland Movement">Our Homeland Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Austria-Hungary)#Hungarian_Party" title="Catholic People's Party (Austria-Hungary)">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Union_Party" title="Christian National Union Party">Christian National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Hungary)" title="Conservative Party (Hungary)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Freedom_Party" title="Hungarian Freedom Party">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Independence_Party" title="Hungarian Independence Party">Hungarian Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Justice_and_Life_Party" title="Hungarian Justice and Life Party">Hungarian Justice and Life Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Smallholders,_Agrarian_Workers_and_Civic_Party" title="Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party">Independent Smallholders Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(Hungary)" title="Unity Party (Hungary)">Unity Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Institute" title="Danube Institute">Danube Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelitas_(Hungary)" title="Fidelitas (Hungary)">Fidelitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesz%E2%80%93KDNP" title="Fidesz–KDNP">Fidesz–KDNP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Press_and_Media_Foundation" title="Central European Press and Media Foundation">Central European Press and Media Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figyel%C5%91" title="Figyelő">Figyelő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%ADr_TV" title="Hír TV">Hír TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Nemzet" title="Magyar Nemzet">Magyar Nemzet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandiner" title="Mandiner">Mandiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origo_(website)" title="Origo (website)">Origo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szabad_F%C3%B6ld" title="Szabad Föld">Szabad Föld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A1ggazdas%C3%A1g" title="Világgazdaság">Világgazdaság</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_TV" title="Echo TV">Echo TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetek_(magazine)" title="Hetek (magazine)">Hetek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heti_V%C3%A1lasz" title="Heti Válasz">Heti Válasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Demokrata" title="Magyar Demokrata">Magyar Demokrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_H%C3%ADrlap" title="Magyar Hírlap">Magyar Hírlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Conservative" title="The European Conservative">The European Conservative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Against_the_West" title="The War Against the West">The War Against the West</a> (1928)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Template:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> held a <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a> class of individuals, most of whom owned <a href="/wiki/Landed_property" title="Landed property">landed property</a>, from the 11th century until the mid-20th century. Initially, a diverse body of people were described as noblemen, but from the late 12th century only high-ranking royal officials were regarded as noble. Most aristocrats claimed ancestry from chieftains of the period <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">preceding the establishment of the kingdom</a> around 1000; others were descended from western European knights who settled in Hungary. The lower-ranking <a href="/wiki/Castle_warrior" title="Castle warrior">castle warriors</a> also held landed property and served in the royal army. From the 1170s, most privileged laymen called themselves <a href="/wiki/Royal_servant_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal servant (Kingdom of Hungary)">royal servants</a> to emphasize their direct connection to the monarchs. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull of 1222</a> established their liberties, especially tax exemption and the limitation of military obligations. From the 1220s, royal servants were associated with the nobility and the highest-ranking officials were known as barons of the realm. Only those who owned <a href="/wiki/Allod" title="Allod">allods</a> – lands free of obligations – were regarded as true noblemen, but other privileged groups of landowners, known as <a href="/wiki/Conditional_noble" title="Conditional noble">conditional nobles</a>, also existed. In the 1280s, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za" title="Simon of Kéza">Simon of Kéza</a> was the first to claim that noblemen held authority in the kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of the Kingdom of Hungary">counties</a> developed into institutions of noble autonomy, and the nobles' delegates attended the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diets</a> (parliaments). The wealthiest barons built stone castles allowing them to control vast territories, but royal authority was restored in the early 14th century. In 1351, <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">King Louis I</a> introduced an <a href="/wiki/Entail" class="mw-redirect" title="Entail">entail</a> system and enacted the principle of "one and the selfsame liberty" of all noblemen, but legal distinctions between true noblemen and conditional nobles prevailed. The most powerful nobles employed lesser noblemen as their <a href="/wiki/Familiaris_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiaris (Kingdom of Hungary)">familiares</a> (retainers) but this private link did not sever the familiaris' direct subjection to the monarch. According to <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>, only males inherited noble estates, but under the Hungarian royal prerogative of <a href="/wiki/Prefection" title="Prefection">prefection</a> the kings could promote "a daughter to a son", allowing her to inherit her father's lands. Noblewomen who had married a commoner could also claim their inheritance – the <a href="/wiki/Daughters%27_quarter" title="Daughters' quarter">daughters' quarter</a> (that is one-quarter of their father's possessions) – in land. Although the <a href="/wiki/Tripartitum" title="Tripartitum">Tripartitum</a> – a frequently cited compilation of customary law published in 1514 – reinforced the idea that all noblemen were equal, the monarchs granted hereditary titles to powerful aristocrats, and the poorest nobles lost their tax exemption from the mid-16th century. In the early modern period, because of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Hungary was divided into three parts: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes of Transylvania">princes of Transylvania</a> supported the noblemen's fight against the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg dynasty</a> in Royal Hungary, but prevented the Transylvanian noblemen from challenging their own authority. Ennoblement of whole groups of people was not unusual in the 17th century. Examples include the 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Hajduk_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajduk (Kingdom of Hungary)">hajdú</a> who received nobility as a group in 1605. After the Diet was divided into two <a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">chambers</a> in Royal Hungary in 1608, noblemen with a hereditary title had a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, other nobles sent delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>. After the Ottomans' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> in the late 17th century, Transylvania and Ottoman Hungary were integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. The Habsburgs confirmed the nobles' privileges several times, but their attempts to strengthen royal authority regularly brought them into conflicts with the nobility, who represented nearly five percent of the population. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Reformist</a> noblemen demanded the abolition of noble privileges from the 1790s, but their program was enacted only during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>. Most noblemen lost their estates after the emancipation of their serfs, but the aristocrats preserved their distinguished social status. State administration employed thousands of impoverished noblemen in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. Prominent (mainly Jewish) bankers and industrialists were awarded with nobility, but their social status remained inferior to traditional aristocrats. Noble titles <a href="/wiki/Statute_IV_of_1947_regarding_the_abolition_of_certain_titles_and_ranks" title="Statute IV of 1947 regarding the abolition of certain titles and ranks">were abolished only in 1947</a>, months after Hungary was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">a republic</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronicon_Pictum_P021_A_magyarok_bej%C3%B6vetele.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Armed warriors crossing a mountain pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chronicon_Pictum_P021_A_magyarok_bej%C3%B6vetele.JPG/220px-Chronicon_Pictum_P021_A_magyarok_bej%C3%B6vetele.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chronicon_Pictum_P021_A_magyarok_bej%C3%B6vetele.JPG/330px-Chronicon_Pictum_P021_A_magyarok_bej%C3%B6vetele.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chronicon_Pictum_P021_A_magyarok_bej%C3%B6vetele.JPG/440px-Chronicon_Pictum_P021_A_magyarok_bej%C3%B6vetele.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>The Magyars <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">conquering the Carpathian Basin</a> (from the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated Chronicle">Illuminated Chronicle</a>)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Magyars</a> (or Hungarians) lived in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a> when they first appear in written sources from the mid-9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201371–73-1">[1]</a> Muslim merchants described them as wealthy nomadic warriors, but they also noticed the Magyars had extensive arable lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel20018,_17-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimonyi2016160,_306–308,_359-3">[3]</a> The Magyars crossed the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> invaded their lands in 894 or 895.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201376–77-4">[4]</a> They settled in the lowlands along the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a>, annihilated <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Moravia</a> and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavarians</a> in the 900s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200112–13-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201376–78-6">[6]</a> According to some scholarly theories, at least three Hungarian noble clans<a href="#cite_note-8">[note 1]</a> were descended from Moravian aristocrats who survived the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Magyar conquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukačka201131,_33–36-9">[8]</a> Historians who are convinced that the <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>) were <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">already present</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> in the late 9th century propose that the Vlach <a href="/wiki/Knez_(Vlach_leader)" title="Knez (Vlach leader)">knezes</a> (or chieftains) also endured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199140-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop201340-11">[10]</a> Neither of these hypotheses are universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003329-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001117–118-13">[12]</a> Around 950, the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 913–959) wrote that the Hungarians were organized into "<a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">tribes</a>", and each had its own "prince".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel20018,_20-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013105-15">[14]</a> The tribal leaders most probably bore the title úr (now "lord"), as it is suggested by Hungarian terms deriving from this word, such as ország (now "realm") and uralkodni ("to rule").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200120-16">[15]</a> The Emperor noted the Magyars spoke both Hungarian and "the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">tongue of the Chazars</a>"<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> (a powerful <a href="/wiki/Steppe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe people">steppe people</a>), showing that at least their leaders were <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBak1993273-18">[17]</a> The Magyars lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic life but archaeological research shows that most settlements consisted of small <a href="/wiki/Pit-houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit-houses">pit-houses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Log_cabins" class="mw-redirect" title="Log cabins">log cabins</a> in the 10th century. Tents in use are only mentioned in 12th-century literary sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003326–327-19">[18]</a> No archeological finds evidence fortresses in the Carpathian Basin in the 10th century, but fortresses were also rare in Western Europe during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003327-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013107-21">[20]</a> A larger log cabin – measuring five by five metres (16 ft × 16 ft) – which was built on a foundation of stones in <a href="/wiki/Edel%C3%A9ny" title="Edelény">Borsod</a> was tentatively identified as the local leader's household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003327-20">[19]</a> More than a 1,000 graves yielding <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a>, arrow-heads and bones of horses show that mounted warriors formed a significant group in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200116-22">[21]</a> The highest-ranking Hungarians were buried either in large cemeteries (where hundreds of their men were buried without weapons around their leader's burial place), or in small cemeteries with 25–30 graves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200117-23">[22]</a> The wealthy warriors' burial sites yielded richly decorated horse harness, and <a href="/wiki/Sabretache" title="Sabretache">sabretaches</a> ornamented with precious metal plaques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERévész2003341-24">[23]</a> Rich women's graves contained their braid ornaments and rings made of silver or gold and decorated with precious stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERévész2003341-24">[23]</a> The most widespread decorative motifs which can be regarded as tribal <a href="/wiki/Totems" class="mw-redirect" title="Totems">totems</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a>, wolf and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">hind</a> – were rarely applied in Hungarian heraldry in the following centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200012-25">[24]</a> Defeats during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a> and clashes with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarians" title="Grand Prince of the Hungarians">paramount rulers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> had decimated the leading families by the end of the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200012–13-26">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a> written around 1200, claimed that dozens of noble kindred flourishing in the late 12th century<a href="#cite_note-28">[note 2]</a> had been descended from tribal leaders, but most modern scholars do not regard this list as a reliable source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200012–13,_185_(notes_7–8)-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200185-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 997–1038), who was crowned the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">king of Hungary</a> in 1000 or 1001, defeated the last resisting tribal chieftains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201111-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013148–150-31">[29]</a> Earthen forts were built throughout the kingdom and most of them developed into centers of royal administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003330-32">[30]</a> About 30 administrative units, known as <a href="/wiki/County_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (Kingdom of Hungary)">counties</a>, were established before 1040; more than 40 new counties were organized during the next centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013149,_207–208-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200173-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200018–19-35">[33]</a> Each county was headed by a royal official, the <a href="/wiki/Isp%C3%A1n" title="Ispán">ispán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013149,_210-36">[34]</a> The royal court provided further career opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013193-37">[35]</a> As the historian <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Rady" title="Martyn Rady">Martyn Rady</a> noted, the "royal household was the greatest provider of largesse in the kingdom" where the royal family owned more than two thirds of all lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200016–17-38">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary" title="Palatine of Hungary">palatine</a> – the head of the royal household – was the highest-ranking royal official.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200140-39">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_11th_cent-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map depicting late-11th-century Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hungary_11th_cent-es.svg/440px-Hungary_11th_cent-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hungary_11th_cent-es.svg/660px-Hungary_11th_cent-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hungary_11th_cent-es.svg/880px-Hungary_11th_cent-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in the 1090s</figcaption></figure> The kings from the Árpád dynasty appointed their officials from among the members of about 110 aristocratic clans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200140-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200028-40">[38]</a> These aristocrats were descended either from native (that is, Magyar, <a href="/wiki/Kabar" title="Kabar">Kabar</a>, Pecheneg or Slavic) chiefs, or from foreign knights who had migrated to the country in the 11th and 12th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200185–86-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200028–29-42">[40]</a> The foreign knights had been trained in the Western European art of war, which contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200029-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012324-44">[42]</a> Their descendants were labelled as newcomers for centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200186-45">[43]</a> but intermarriage between natives and newcomers was not rare, which enabled their integration in two or three generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012326-46">[44]</a> The monarchs pursued an expansionist policy from the late 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006267-47">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1077–1095) seized <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> – the plains between the river <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> – in the 1090s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200133-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš200748-49">[47]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Coloman,_King_of_Hungary" title="Coloman, King of Hungary">Coloman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1095–1116), was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia">king of Croatia</a> in 1102.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006266-50">[48]</a> Both realms retained their own customs, and Hungarians rarely received land grants in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006266-50">[48]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>, Croatians could not be obliged to cross the river Drava to fight in the royal army at their own expense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš200751-51">[49]</a> The earliest royal decrees authorized landowners to dispose freely of their private estates, but customary law prescribed that inherited lands could only be transferred with the consent of the owner's kinsmen who could potentially inherit them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200176–77-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013298-53">[51]</a> From the early 12th century, only family lands traceable back to a grant made by Stephen I could be inherited by the deceased owner's distant relatives; other estates <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheated</a> to the Crown if their owner did not have offspring or brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013298-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200025–26-54">[52]</a> Aristocratic families held their inherited domains in common for generations before the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200029-43">[41]</a> Thereafter the division of inherited property became the standard practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200029-43">[41]</a> Even families descended from wealthy clans could become impoverished through the regular divisions of their estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200187-55">[53]</a> Medieval documents mention the basic unit of estate organization as praedium or allodium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200180-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013299-57">[55]</a> A praedium was a piece of land (either a whole village or part of it) with well-marked borders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200180-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013299-57">[55]</a> Archaeologist Mária Wolf identifies the small <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">motte forts</a>, built on artificial mounds and protected by a ditch and a palisade that appeared in the 12th century, as the centers of private estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003331-58">[56]</a> Most wealthy landowners' domains consisted of scattered praedia, in several villages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013297-59">[57]</a> Due to the scarcity of documentary evidence, the size of the private estates cannot be determined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200181-60">[58]</a> The descendants of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Gy%C5%91r" title="Otto Győr">Otto Győr</a>, the ispán of <a href="/wiki/Somogy_County_(former)" title="Somogy County (former)">Somogy County</a> remained wealthy landowners even after he donated 360 households to the newly established <a href="/wiki/Zselicszentjakab_Abbey" title="Zselicszentjakab Abbey">Zselicszentjakab Abbey</a> in 1061.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200181,_87-61">[59]</a> The establishment of monasteries by wealthy individuals was common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200029-43">[41]</a> Such <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_church" title="Proprietary church">proprietary monasteries</a> served as burial places for their founders and the founders' descendants, who were regarded as the co-owners, or from the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Advowson" title="Advowson">co-patrons</a>, of the monastery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200029-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> cultivated part of the praedium, but other plots were hired out in return for in-kind taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013299-57">[55]</a> The term "noble" was rarely used and poorly defined before the 13th century: it could refer to a courtier, a landowner with judicial powers, or even to a common warrior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200028-40">[38]</a> The existence of a diverse group of warriors, who were subjected to the monarch, royal officials or prelates is well documented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013201-62">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Castle_warrior" title="Castle warrior">castle warriors</a>, who were exempt from taxation, held hereditary landed property around the royal castles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200171–72-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006401-64">[62]</a> Lightly armored horsemen, known as lövők (or archers), and armed <a href="/wiki/Castle_folk_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle folk (Kingdom of Hungary)">castle folk</a>, mentioned as őrök (or guards), defended the <a href="/wiki/Gyep%C5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyepű">borderlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200173–74-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Bulls">Golden Bulls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Golden Bulls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunt_lovag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An armored standing man who bears a coat-of-arms and a flag, both depicting heads of dogs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hunt_lovag.jpg/220px-Hunt_lovag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hunt_lovag.jpg/330px-Hunt_lovag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hunt_lovag.jpg/440px-Hunt_lovag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hont-P%C3%A1zm%C3%A1ny#Notable_members_of_the_clan" title="Hont-Pázmány">Hunt</a>, an early 11th-century ancestor of the aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Hont-P%C3%A1zm%C3%A1ny" title="Hont-Pázmány">Hont-Pázmány</a> kindred (from the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated Chronicle">Illuminated Chronicle</a>)</figcaption></figure> Official documents from the end of the 12th century only mentioned court dignitaries and ispáns as noblemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200028-40">[38]</a> This group had adopted most elements of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalric</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000128–129-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012328-67">[65]</a> They regularly named their children after <a href="/wiki/Paris_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris of Troy">Paris of Troy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> and other heroes of Western European <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romances" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric romances">chivalric romances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000128–129-66">[64]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">tournaments</a> were held around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000129-68">[66]</a> The regular alienation of royal estates is well-documented from the 1170s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200031-69">[67]</a> The monarchs granted immunities, exempting the grantee's estates from the jurisdiction of the ispáns, or even renouncing royal revenues that had been collected there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200031-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1172–1196) was the first Hungarian monarch to give away a whole county to a nobleman: he granted Modrus in Croatia to <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Krk" title="Bartholomew of Krk">Bartholomew of Krk</a> in 1193, stipulating that the grantee was to equip warriors for the royal army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013286-70">[68]</a> Béla's son, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1205–1235), decided to "alter the conditions" of his realm and "distribute castles, counties, lands and other revenues" to his officials, as he narrated in a document in 1217.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201120-71">[69]</a> Instead of granting the estates in <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>, with an obligation to render future services, he gave them as <a href="/wiki/Allod" title="Allod">allods</a>, in reward for the grantee's previous acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200193-72">[70]</a> The great officers who were the principal beneficiaries of his grants were mentioned as barons of the realm from the late 1210s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200192-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013426–427-74">[72]</a> Donations of such a large scale accelerated the development of a wealthy group of landowners, most descending from a high-ranking kindred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200192-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013426–427-74">[72]</a> Some wealthy landowners<a href="#cite_note-76">[note 3]</a> could afford to build stone castles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a48-75">[73]</a> Closely related aristocrats were distinguished from other lineages through a reference to their (actual or presumed) common ancestor with the words de genere ("from the kindred").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200023-77">[74]</a> Families descending from the same kindred adopted similar insignia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200186–87-79">[75]</a> The author of the Gesta Hungarorum fabricated genealogies for them and emphasized that they could never be excluded from "the honor of the realm",<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> that is from state administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200187-55">[53]</a> The new owners of the transferred royal estates wanted to subjugate the freemen, castle warriors and other privileged groups of people living in or around their domains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200035-81">[77]</a> The threatened groups wanted to achieve confirmation of their status as <a href="/wiki/Royal_servant_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal servant (Kingdom of Hungary)">royal servants</a>, emphasizing that they were only to serve the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200036-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013426-83">[79]</a> Béla III issued the first extant <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> about the grant of this rank to a castle warrior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199835-84">[80]</a> Andrew II's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull of 1222</a> enacted royal servants' privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200194-85">[81]</a> They were exempt from taxation; they were to fight in the royal army without proper compensation only if enemy forces invaded the kingdom; only the monarch or the palatine could judge their cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201121-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200195-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200040,_103-88">[84]</a> According to the Golden Bull, only royal servants who died without a son could freely will their estates, but even in this case, their daughters were entitled to the <a href="/wiki/Daughters%27_quarter" title="Daughters' quarter">daughters' quarter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201121-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001177-89">[85]</a> The final article of the Golden Bull authorized the bishops, barons and other nobles to resist the monarch if he ignored its provisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013429-90">[86]</a> Most provisions of the Golden Bull were first confirmed in 1231.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200196-91">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aranybulla1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old manuscript with a large seal depicting a king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aranybulla1.jpg/220px-Aranybulla1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aranybulla1.jpg/330px-Aranybulla1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aranybulla1.jpg/440px-Aranybulla1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull of 1222</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> summarizing the privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_servant_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal servant (Kingdom of Hungary)">royal servants</a></figcaption></figure> The clear definition of the royal servants' liberties distinguished them from all other privileged groups, whose military obligations remained theoretically unlimited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200194-85">[81]</a> From the 1220s, the royal servants were regularly called noblemen and started to develop their own corporate institutions at the county level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013431-92">[88]</a> In 1232, the royal servants of <a href="/wiki/Zala_County_(former)" title="Zala County (former)">Zala County</a> asked Andrew II to authorize them "to judge and do justice", stating that the county had slipped into anarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200041-93">[89]</a> The king granted their request and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew,_Bishop_of_Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Bartholomew, Bishop of Veszprém">Bartholomew, Bishop of Veszprém</a>, sued one <a href="/wiki/Atyusz_III_Atyusz" title="Atyusz III Atyusz">Ban Oguz</a> for properties before their community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200041-93">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">first Mongol invasion of Hungary</a> in 1241 proved the importance of well-fortified locations and heavily armored cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199978–80-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001103–105-95">[91]</a> In the following decades, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1235–1270) gave away large parcels of the royal <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a>, expecting that the new owners would build stone castles there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013430-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a51-97">[93]</a> Béla's burdensome castle-building program was unpopular, but achieved his aim: almost 70 castles were built or reconstructed during his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a52,_56-98">[94]</a> More than half of the new or reconstructed castles were in noblemen's domains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a56-99">[95]</a> Most new castles were erected on rocky peaks, mainly along the western and northern borderlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a60-100">[96]</a> The spread of stone castles profoundly changed the structure of landholding, because castles could not be maintained without proper income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a65,_73–74-101">[97]</a> Lands and villages were legally attached to each castle, and castles were thereafter always transferred and inherited along with these "<a href="/wiki/Appurtenance" title="Appurtenance">appurtenances</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a74-102">[98]</a> The royal servants were legally identified as nobles in 1267.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001120-103">[99]</a> That year "the nobles of all Hungary, called royal servants" persuaded Béla IV and his son, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V_of_Hungary" title="Stephen V of Hungary">Stephen V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1270–1272), to hold an assembly and confirm their collective privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001120-103">[99]</a> Other groups of land-holding warriors could also be called nobles, but they were always distinguished from the true noblemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200086-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200184-105">[101]</a> They held their estates conditionally, as they were required to provide well-defined services to another lord, hence their groups are now collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Conditional_noble" title="Conditional noble">conditional nobles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200079-106">[102]</a> The noble Vlach knezes who had landed property in the <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Severin" title="Banate of Severin">Banate of Severin</a> were obliged to fight in the army of the <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">ban</a> (or royal governor).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200091-107">[103]</a> Most warriors known as the "noble sons of servants" were descended from freemen or liberated serfs who received estates from Béla IV in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a> on the condition that they were to equip jointly a fixed number of knights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200086-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001104–105-108">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobles_of_the_Church_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Nobles of the Church (Kingdom of Hungary)">nobles of the Church</a> formed the armed retinue of the wealthiest prelates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200184-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200083-109">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobles_of_Turopolje" title="Nobles of Turopolje">nobles of Turopolje</a> in Slavonia were required to provide food and fodder to high-ranking royal officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200081-110">[106]</a> Two privileged groups, the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Saxon">Saxons</a> firmly protected their communal liberties, which prevented their leaders from exercising noble privileges in the Székely and Saxon territories in Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994208–209-111">[107]</a> Székelys and Saxons could only enjoy the liberties of noblemen if they held estates outside the lands of the two privileged communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994208–209-111">[107]</a> Most noble families failed to adopt a strategy to avoid the division of their inherited estates into dwarf-holdings through generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200046-112">[108]</a> Daughters could only demand the cash equivalent of the quarter of their father's estates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199828-113">[109]</a> but younger sons rarely remained unmarried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200046-112">[108]</a> Impoverished noblemen had little chance to receive land grants from the kings, because they were unable to participate in the monarchs' military campaigns,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200048-114">[110]</a> but commoners who bravely fought in the royal army were regularly ennobled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199841–42-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-government_and_oligarchs">Self-government and oligarchs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-government and oligarchs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oligarch_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)">Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockenhaus_-_Burg_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ruins of a fortress with a small tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lockenhaus_-_Burg_%282%29.JPG/330px-Lockenhaus_-_Burg_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lockenhaus_-_Burg_%282%29.JPG/495px-Lockenhaus_-_Burg_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lockenhaus_-_Burg_%282%29.JPG/660px-Lockenhaus_-_Burg_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4063" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>Léka Castle (now <a href="/wiki/Burg_Lockenhaus" title="Burg Lockenhaus">Burg Lockenhaus</a> in Austria), built before 1300</figcaption></figure> The historian Erik Fügedi noted that "castle bred castle" in the second half of the 13th century: if a landowner erected a fortress, his neighbors would also build one to defend their own estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a72–73-116">[112]</a> Between 1271 and 1320, noblemen or prelates built at least 155 new fortresses. In comparison, only about a dozen castles were erected on the royal demesne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a54,_82-117">[113]</a> Most castles consisted of a tower, surrounded by a fortified courtyard, but the tower could also be built into the walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a87-118">[114]</a> Noblemen who could not erect fortresses were occasionally forced to abandon their inherited estates or seek the protection of more powerful lords, even through renouncing their liberties.<a href="#cite_note-120">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000112–113,_200-121">[116]</a> The lords of the castles had to hire a professional staff for the defence of the castle and the management of its appurtenances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a77–78-122">[117]</a> They primarily employed nobles who held nearby estates, which gave rise to the development of a new institution, known as familiaritas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a78-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000110-124">[119]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Familiaris_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiaris (Kingdom of Hungary)">familiaris</a> was a nobleman who entered into the service of a wealthier landowner in exchange for a fixed salary or a portion of revenue, or rarely for the ownership or <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> (right to enjoyment) of a piece of land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000110-124">[119]</a> Unlike a conditional noble, a familiaris remained <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> an independent landholder, only subject to the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000112-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199976-125">[120]</a> From the 1270s, the monarchs' coronation oath included a promise to respect the noblemen's liberties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013432-126">[121]</a> The counties gradually transformed into an institution of the noblemen's local autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013431–432-127">[122]</a> Noblemen regularly discussed local matters at the counties' general assemblies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200042-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013273-129">[124]</a> The sedria (the counties' law courts) became important elements in the administration of justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200041-93">[89]</a> They were headed by the ispáns or their deputies, but they consisted of four (in Slavonia and Transylvania, two) elected local noblemen, known as judges of the nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200041-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001120-103">[99]</a> Hungary fell into a state of anarchy because of the minority of <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1272–1290) in the early 1270s. To restore public order, the prelates convoked the barons and the delegates of the noblemen and the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> who had settled in Hungary to a general assembly near Pest in 1277. This first <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet</a> (or parliament) declared the fifteen-year-old monarch to be of age in an attempt to put en end to the anarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001108-130">[125]</a> In the early 1280s, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za" title="Simon of Kéza">Simon of Kéza</a> associated the Hungarian nation with the nobility in his <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hunnorum_et_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum">Deeds of the Hungarians</a>, emphasizing that the community of noblemen held real authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013432-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001122-131">[126]</a> The barons took advantage of the weakening of royal authority and seized large, contiguous territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001124-132">[127]</a> The monarchs could not appoint and dismiss their officials at will anymore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001124-132">[127]</a> The most powerful barons – known as <a href="/wiki/Oligarch_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)">oligarchs</a> in modern historiography – appropriated royal prerogatives, combining private lordship with their administrative powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001125-133">[128]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary" title="Andrew III of Hungary">Andrew III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1290–1301), the last male member of the Árpád dynasty, died in 1301, about a dozen lords<a href="#cite_note-135">[note 6]</a> held sway over most parts of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001126–127-136">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_the_Angevins">Age of the Angevins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Age of the Angevins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Hungary_Order_I.V.I.S.H.F.S.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A coat-of-arms depicting a two-barred cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Insignia_Hungary_Order_I.V.I.S.H.F.S.svg/220px-Insignia_Hungary_Order_I.V.I.S.H.F.S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Insignia_Hungary_Order_I.V.I.S.H.F.S.svg/330px-Insignia_Hungary_Order_I.V.I.S.H.F.S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Insignia_Hungary_Order_I.V.I.S.H.F.S.svg/440px-Insignia_Hungary_Order_I.V.I.S.H.F.S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary)">Order of Saint George</a>, the first European <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a></figcaption></figure> Ladislaus IV's great-nephew, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1301–1342), who was a scion of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a>, restored royal power in the 1310s and 1320s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201134-137">[131]</a> He seized the oligarchs' castles mainly by force, which again secured the preponderance of the royal demesne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199989-138">[132]</a> He refuted the Golden Bull in 1318 and claimed that noblemen had to fight in his army at their own expense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001141–142-139">[133]</a> He ignored customary law and regularly "<a href="/wiki/Prefection" title="Prefection">promoted a daughter to a son</a>", granting her the right to inherit her father's estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199852-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000108-141">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001178–179-142">[136]</a> The King reorganized the royal household, appointing pages and knights to form his permanent retinue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001146-143">[137]</a> He established the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary)">Order of Saint George</a>, which was the first <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199989-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000129-68">[66]</a> Charles I was the first Hungarian monarch to grant coats of arms (or rather <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crests</a>) to his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001147-144">[138]</a> He based royal administration on <a href="/wiki/Honour_(feudal_barony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour (feudal barony)">honors</a> (or office fiefs), distributing most counties and royal castles among his highest-ranking officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201134-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199989-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001151-145">[139]</a> These "baronies", as the historian <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Villani" title="Matteo Villani">Matteo Villani</a> (d. 1363) recorded it in about 1350, were "neither hereditary nor lifelong", but Charles rarely dismissed his most trusted barons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000137-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001151–153,_342-147">[141]</a> Each baron was required to hold his own <a href="/wiki/Banderium" title="Banderium">banderium</a> (or armed retinue), distinguished by his own banner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000146–147-148">[142]</a> In 1351, Charles's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1342–1382) confirmed all provisions of the Golden Bull, save the one that authorized childless noblemen to freely will their estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199834-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199997-150">[144]</a> Instead, he introduced an <a href="/wiki/Entail" class="mw-redirect" title="Entail">entail</a> system, prescribing that childless noblemen's landed property "should descend to their brothers, cousins and kinsmen".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201140-151">[145]</a> This new concept of aviticitas also protected the Crown's interests: only kin within the third degree could inherit a nobleman's property and noblemen who had only more distant relatives could not dispose of their property without the king's consent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001178-152">[146]</a> Louis I emphasized all noblemen enjoyed "one and the selfsame liberty" in his realms<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199834-149">[143]</a> and secured all privileges that nobles owned in Hungary proper to their Slavonian and Transylvanian peers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001175-153">[147]</a> He rewarded dozens of Vlach knezes with true nobility for military merits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop2013198–212-154">[148]</a> The vast majority of the Upper Hungarian "noble sons of servants" achieved the status of true noblemen without a formal royal act, because the memory of their conditional landholding fell into oblivion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200089-155">[149]</a> Most of them preferred <a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic names</a> even in the 14th century, showing that they spoke the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slovak_language#Pre-Standard_period" title="History of the Slovak language">local Slavic vernacular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukačka201137-156">[150]</a> Other groups of conditional nobles remained distinguished from true noblemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200084,_89,_93-157">[151]</a> They developed their own institutions of self-government, known as <a href="/wiki/Seat_(territorial_administrative_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat (territorial administrative unit)">seats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romanian_district" title="Romanian district">districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200089,_93-158">[152]</a> Louis decreed that only Catholic noblemen and knezes could hold landed property in the district of Karánsebes (now <a href="/wiki/Caransebe%C8%99" title="Caransebeș">Caransebeș</a> in Romania) in 1366, but <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> landowners were not forced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> in other territories of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop2013470–471,_475-159">[153]</a> Even the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_V%C3%A1rad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Várad">bishop of Várad</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a> in Romania) authorized his Vlach <a href="/wiki/Voivode_(Vlach_leader)" title="Voivode (Vlach leader)">voivodes</a> (leaders) to employ Orthodox priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop2013256–257-160">[154]</a> The king granted the Transylvanian district of Fogaras (around present-day <a href="/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Făgăraș">Făgăraș</a> in Romania) to <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav I of Wallachia">Vladislav I of Wallachia</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1364–1377) in fief in 1366.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001165-161">[155]</a> In his new duchy, Vladislav donated estates to Wallachian <a href="/wiki/Boyar_of_Fogaras" title="Boyar of Fogaras">boyars</a>; their legal status was similar to the position of the knezes in other regions of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994191–192,_230-162">[156]</a> Royal charters customarily identified noblemen and landowners from the second half of the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200059–60-163">[157]</a> A man who lived in his own house on his own estates was described as living "in the way of nobles", in contrast with those who did not own landed property and lived "in the way of peasants".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001175-153">[147]</a> A verdict of 1346 declared that a noble woman who was given in marriage to a commoner should receive her inheritance "in the form of an estate in order to preserve the nobility of the descendants born of the ignoble marriage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199845-164">[158]</a> According to the local customs of certain counties, her husband was also regarded as a nobleman – a noble by his wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199847-165">[159]</a> The peasants' legal position had been standardized in almost the entire kingdom by the 1350s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199997-150">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001174–175-166">[160]</a> The free peasant tenants were to pay <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">seigneurial</a> taxes, but were rarely obliged to provide <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">labour service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199997-150">[144]</a> In 1351, the king ordered that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninth_(tax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninth (tax) (page does not exist)">ninth</a> – a tax payable to the landowners – was to be collected from all tenants, thus preventing landowners from offering lower taxes to persuade tenants to move from other lords' lands to their estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201140-151">[145]</a> In 1328, all landowners were authorized to administer justice on their estates "in all cases except cases of theft, robbery, assault or arson" which remained under the jurisdiction of the sedria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200057-167">[161]</a> The kings started to grant noblemen the <a href="/wiki/Ius_gladii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius gladii">right to</a> execute or mutilate criminals who were captured in their estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001180-168">[162]</a> The most influential noblemen's estates were also exempted of the jurisdiction of the counties' law courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001179–180-169">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_estates">Emerging estates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emerging estates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golubac_Fortress_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a large fortress with six tower on a large river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg/220px-Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg/330px-Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg/440px-Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10368" data-file-height="7776" /></a><figcaption>Galambóc Fortress (now <a href="/wiki/Golubac_Fortress" title="Golubac Fortress">Golubac Fortress</a> in Serbia), granted to <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan Lazarević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despot_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Despot of Serbia">Despot of Serbia</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1389–1427) by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">King Sigismund</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1387–1437)</figcaption></figure> Royal power quickly declined after Louis I died in 1382.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201142-170">[164]</a> His son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1387–1437), entered into a formal league with the aristocrats who had elected him king in early 1387.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001199-171">[165]</a> Initially, when his position was weak, he gave away more than half of the 150 royal castles to his supporters, although this abated when he strengthened his authority in the early 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999102,_104–105-172">[166]</a> His favorites were foreigners,<a href="#cite_note-174">[note 7]</a> but old Hungarian families<a href="#cite_note-176">[note 8]</a> also took advantage of his magnanimity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001204–205,_211–213-177">[169]</a> The wealthiest noblemen, known as <a href="/wiki/Magnate#Hungary" title="Magnate"> magnates</a>, built comfortable castles in the countryside which became important centers of social life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001343–344-178">[170]</a> These fortified manor houses always contained a hall for representative purposes and a private chapel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a143-179">[171]</a> Sigismund regularly invited the magnates to the royal council, even if they did not hold higher offices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001342-180">[172]</a> He founded a new chivalric order, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon" title="Order of the Dragon">Order of the Dragon</a>, in 1408 to reward his most loyal supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a123-181">[173]</a> The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> reached the southern frontiers in the 1390s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201144-182">[174]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade of Nicopolis">large anti-Ottoman crusade</a> ended with a catastrophic defeat near <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_ad_Istrum" title="Nicopolis ad Istrum">Nicopolis</a> in 1396.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999103-183">[175]</a> Next year, Sigismund held a Diet in <a href="/wiki/Temesv%C3%A1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Temesvár">Temesvár</a> (now Timișoara in Romania) to strengthen the defence system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999103-183">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001205-184">[176]</a> He confirmed the Golden Bull, but without the two provisions that limited the noblemen's military obligations and established their right to resist the monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999103-183">[175]</a> The Diet obliged all landowners to <a href="/wiki/Militia_portalis" title="Militia portalis">equip one archer for every 20 peasant plots</a> on their domains to serve in the royal army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999104-185">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000150-186">[178]</a> Sigismund granted large estates in Hungary to neighboring Orthodox rulers<a href="#cite_note-188">[note 9]</a> to secure their alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001232–233,_337-189">[180]</a> They established <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Basilite monasteries</a> on their estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001337–338-190">[181]</a> Sigismund's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert of Habsburg</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1438–1439), was elected king in early 1438, but only after he promised always to make important decisions with the consent of the royal council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001279-191">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999112-192">[183]</a> After he died in 1439, a civil war broke out between the partisans of his son, <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous">Ladislaus the Posthumous</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1440–1457), and the supporters of the child king's rival, <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislaus III of Poland">Vladislaus III of Poland</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1440–1444).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999113-193">[184]</a> Ladislaus the Posthumous was crowned without election with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a>, but the Diet proclaimed the coronation invalid, stating that "the crowning of kings is always dependent on the will of the kingdom's inhabitants, in whose consent both the effectiveness and the force of the crown reside".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001281-194">[185]</a> Vladislaus died fighting the Ottomans during the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a> in 1444 and the Diet elected seven <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captain_in_chief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captain in chief (page does not exist)">captains in chief</a> to administer the kingdom. The talented military commander, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> (d. 1456), was elected the sole regent in 1446.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201157-195">[186]</a> The Diet developed from a consultative body into an important institution of law making in the 1440s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201157-195">[186]</a> The magnates were always invited to attend it in person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001281-194">[185]</a> Lesser noblemen were also entitled to attend the Diet, but in most cases they were represented by delegates, who were almost always the magnates' familiares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999116-196">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_titled_nobility_and_the_Tripartitum">Birth of titled nobility and the Tripartitum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birth of titled nobility and the Tripartitum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripartitum_1574.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front page of a book depicting the sculptures of two women holding swords" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tripartitum_1574.jpg/220px-Tripartitum_1574.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tripartitum_1574.jpg/330px-Tripartitum_1574.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Tripartitum_1574.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The Croatian version of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartitum" title="Tripartitum">Tripartitum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Werb%C5%91czy" title="István Werbőczy">István Werbőczy</a> (published in 1574)</figcaption></figure> Hunyadi was the first noble to receive a hereditary title from a Hungarian king, when Ladislaus the Posthumous granted him the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxon</a> district of Bistritz (now <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a> in Romania) with the title <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_count" title="Perpetual count">perpetual count</a> in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999117-197">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001288,_293-198">[189]</a> Hunyadi's son, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1458–1490), who was elected king in 1458, rewarded further noblemen with the same title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001311-199">[190]</a> Fügedi states that 16 December 1487 was the "birthday of the estate of magnates in Hungary",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986bIV.14-200">[191]</a> because an armistice signed on this day listed 23 Hungarian "natural barons", contrasting them with the high officers of state, who were mentioned as "barons of office".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001342-180">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986bIV.14-200">[191]</a> Corvinus' successor, <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1490–1516), and Vladislaus' son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1516–1526), formally began to reward important persons of their government with the hereditary title of baron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009109–110-201">[192]</a> Differences in the nobles' wealth increased in the second half of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338-202">[193]</a> About 30 families owned more than a quarter of the territory of the kingdom when Corvinus died in 1490.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338-202">[193]</a> A further tenth of all lands in the kingdom was in the possession of about 55 wealthy noble families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338-202">[193]</a> Other nobles held almost one third of the lands, but this group included 12–13,000 peasant-nobles who owned a single plot (or a part of it) and had no tenants. The Diets regularly compelled the peasant-nobles to pay tax on their plots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001339-203">[194]</a> Average magnates held about 50 villages, but the regular division of inherited landed property could lead to the impoverishment of aristocratic families.<a href="#cite_note-205">[note 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338,_340–341-206">[196]</a> Strategies applied to avoid this – <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> – led to the extinction of most aristocratic families after a few generations.<a href="#cite_note-207">[note 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001341-204">[195]</a> The Diet ordered the compilation of customary law in 1498.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999134-208">[197]</a> The jurist <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Werb%C5%91czy" title="István Werbőczy">István Werbőczy</a> (d. 1541) completed the task, presenting a law-book at the Diet in 1514.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999134-208">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001349–350-209">[198]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Tripartitum" title="Tripartitum">Tripartitum</a> – The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts – was never enacted, but it was consulted at the law courts for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001350-210">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999135-211">[200]</a> It summarized the noblemen's fundamental privileges in four points:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001351-212">[201]</a> noblemen were only subject to the monarch's authority and could only be arrested in a due legal process; furthermore, they were exempt from all taxes and were entitled to resist the king if he attempted to interfere with their privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201170-213">[202]</a> Werbőczy also implied that Hungary was actually a republic of nobles headed by a monarch, stating that all noblemen "are members of the Holy Crown"<a href="#cite_note-214">[203]</a> of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001351-212">[201]</a> Quite anachronistically, he emphasized the idea of all noblemen's legal equality, but he had to admit that the high officers of the realm, whom he mentioned as "true barons", were legally distinguished from other nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199832,_34-215">[204]</a> He also mentioned the existence of a distinct group, who were barons "in name only", but without specifying their peculiar status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199834-149">[143]</a> The Tripartitum regarded the kindred as the basic unit of nobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199820-216">[205]</a> A noble father exercised almost autocratic authority over his sons, because he could imprison them or offer them as a hostage for himself. His authority ended only if he divided his estates with his sons, but the division could rarely be enforced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199821–22-217">[206]</a> The "betrayal of fraternal blood" (that is, a kinsman's "deceitful, sly, and fraudulent ... disinheritance")<a href="#cite_note-218">[207]</a> was a serious crime, which was punished by loss of honor and the confiscation of all property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199826-219">[208]</a> Although the Tripartitum did not explicitly mention it, a nobleman's wife was also subject to his authority. She received her dower from her husband at the consummation of their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199824-220">[209]</a> If her husband died, she inherited his best coach-horses and clothes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199825-221">[210]</a> Demand for foodstuffs grew rapidly in Western Europe in the 1490s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201171-222">[211]</a> The landowners wanted to take advantage of the growing prices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999129-223">[212]</a> They demanded labour service from their peasant tenants and started to collect the seigneurial taxes in kind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001357-224">[213]</a> The Diets passed decrees that restricted the peasants' right to free movement and increased their burdens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201171-222">[211]</a> The peasants' grievances unexpectedly culminated in a rebellion in May 1514.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201171-222">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001362-225">[214]</a> The rebels captured manor houses and murdered dozens of noblemen, especially on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001363-226">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">voivode of Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John Zápolya</a>, annihilated their main army at Temesvár on 15 July. <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_D%C3%B3zsa" title="György Dózsa">György Dózsa</a> and other leaders of the peasant war were tortured and executed, but most rebels received a pardon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001364-227">[216]</a> The Diet punished the peasantry as a group, condemning them to perpetual servitude and depriving them of the right of free movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001364-227">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201172-228">[217]</a> The Diet also enacted the serfs' obligation to provide one day's labour service for their lords each week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201172-228">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_and_modern_times">Early modern and modern times</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early modern and modern times">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tripartite_Hungary">Tripartite Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tripartite Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></div> The Ottomans annihilated the royal army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001370-229">[218]</a> Louis II died fleeing from the battlefield and two claimants, John Zápolya (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1526–1540) and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand of Habsburg</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1526–1564), were elected kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999139-230">[219]</a> Ferdinand tried to reunite Hungary after Zápolya died in 1540, but the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1520–1566), intervened and captured <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> in 1541.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199485-231">[220]</a> The sultan allowed Zápolya's widow, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Jagiellon" title="Isabella Jagiellon">Isabella Jagiellon</a> (d. 1559), to rule the lands east of the river <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> on behalf of her infant son, <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Sigismund Zápolya">John Sigismund</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1540–1571), in return for a yearly tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201183-232">[221]</a> His decision divided Hungary into three parts: the Ottomans occupied <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">the central territories</a>; John Sigismund's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a> developed into the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>; and the Habsburg monarchs preserved the northern and western territories (or <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201183,_94-233">[222]</a> Most noblemen fled from the central regions to the unoccupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199488-234">[223]</a> Peasants who lived along the borders paid taxes both to the Ottomans and their former lords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199488–89-235">[224]</a> Commoners were regularly recruited to serve in the royal army or in the magnates' retinues to replace the noblemen who had perished during fights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199492-236">[225]</a> The irregular <a href="/wiki/Hajduk_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajduk (Kingdom of Hungary)">hajdú</a> foot-soldiers – mainly runaway serfs and dispossessed noblemen – became important elements of the defence forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199492-236">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995161-237">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskai" title="Stephen Bocskai">Stephen Bocskai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Transylvania" title="Prince of Transylvania">Prince of Transylvania</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1605–1606), settled 10,000 hajdús in seven villages and exempted them from taxation in 1605, which was the "largest collective ennoblement" in the history of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009231-238">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995162-239">[228]</a> In addition to the Székely and Saxon leaders, the noblemen formed one of the three <a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">nations</a> (or Estates of the realm) in Transylvania, but they could rarely challenge the princes' authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201191-240">[229]</a> In Royal Hungary, the magnates successfully protected the noble privileges, because their vast domains were almost completely exempt from royal officials' authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999167-241">[230]</a> Their manors were fortified in the "Hungarian manner" (with walls made of earth and timber) in the 1540s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199489-242">[231]</a> Noblemen in Royal Hungary could also count on the support of the Transylvanian princes against the Habsburg monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999167-241">[230]</a> Intermarriages among Austrian, Czech and Hungarian aristocrats<a href="#cite_note-244">[note 12]</a> gave rise to the development of a "supranational aristocracy" in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy200972,_86–88-245">[233]</a> Foreign aristocrats regularly received <a href="/wiki/Indigenat_(Hungary)" title="Indigenat (Hungary)">Hungarian citizenship</a>, and Hungarian noblemen were often <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a> in the Habsburgs' other realms.<a href="#cite_note-247">[note 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy200986–88,_366-248">[235]</a> The Habsburg kings rewarded the most powerful magnates with hereditary titles such as baron from the 1530s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009109–110-201">[192]</a> The aristocrats supported the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999151-249">[236]</a> Most noblemen adhered to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> in the western regions of Royal Hungary, but <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> was the dominant religion in Transylvania and other regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock200012-250">[237]</a> John Sigismund promoted <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarian</a> views,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999152-251">[238]</a> but most Unitarian noblemen perished in battles in the early 1600s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock200020-252">[239]</a> The Habsburgs remained staunch supporters of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and the most prominent aristocratic families<a href="#cite_note-254">[note 14]</a> converted to Catholicism in Royal Hungary in the 1630s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock200034-253">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999156-255">[241]</a> The Calvinist princes of Transylvania supported their co-religionists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock200034-253">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a> granted nobility to all Calvinist pastors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995166-256">[242]</a> The kings and the Transylvanian princes regularly ennobled commoners, but often without granting landed property to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995158-257">[243]</a> Jurisprudence maintained that only those who owned land cultivated by serfs could be regarded as fully fledged noblemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000155-258">[244]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armalist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armalist (page does not exist)">Armalists</a> – noblemen who held a charter of ennoblement, but not a single plot of land – and peasant-nobles continued to pay taxes, for which they were collectively known as taxed nobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000155-258">[244]</a> Nobility could be purchased from the kings who were often in need of funds. Landowners also benefitted from the ennoblement of their serfs, because they could demand a fee for their consent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995167-259">[245]</a> The Diet was officially divided into two <a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">chambers</a> in Royal Hungary in 1608.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009178-260">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201195-261">[247]</a> All adult male members of the titled noble families had a seat in the Upper House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201195-261">[247]</a> The lesser noblemen elected two or three delegates at the general assemblies of the counties to represent them in the Lower House. The Croatian and Slavonian magnates also had seats at the Upper House, and the <a href="/wiki/Sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabor">sabor</a> (or Diet) of Croatia and Slavonia sent delegates to the Lower House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009178-260">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation_and_war_of_independence">Liberation and war of independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liberation and war of independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TA(1860)pg064_Zr%C3%ADnyi_Ilona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman wearing pearls in her hairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TA%281860%29pg064_Zr%C3%ADnyi_Ilona.jpg/220px-TA%281860%29pg064_Zr%C3%ADnyi_Ilona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TA%281860%29pg064_Zr%C3%ADnyi_Ilona.jpg/330px-TA%281860%29pg064_Zr%C3%ADnyi_Ilona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TA%281860%29pg064_Zr%C3%ADnyi_Ilona.jpg/440px-TA%281860%29pg064_Zr%C3%ADnyi_Ilona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption>Countess <a href="/wiki/Ilona_Zrinyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilona Zrinyi">Ilona Zrinyi</a> (d. 1703), mother of Prince <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Francis II Rákóczi">Francis II Rákóczi</a> (d. 1735)</figcaption></figure> Forces from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> inflicted a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">crushing defeat</a> on the Ottomans at Vienna in 1683.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011113-262">[248]</a> The Ottomans were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buda_(1686)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Buda (1686)">expelled from Buda in 1686</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Apafi" title="Michael I Apafi">Michael I Apafi</a>, the prince of Transylvania (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1661–1690), acknowledged the suzerainty of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Leopold I</a>, who was also king of Hungary (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1657–1705), in 1687.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999183-263">[249]</a> Grateful for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1686)" title="Siege of Buda (1686)">liberation of Buda</a>, the Diet abolished the noblemen's right to resist the monarch for the defense of their liberties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184-264">[250]</a> In 1688, the Diet authorized the aristocrats to establish a special <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Fideicommissum" title="Fideicommissum">fideicommissum</a>, with royal consent to prevent the distribution of their landed wealth among their descendants. In accordance with the traditional concept of aviticitas, inherited estates could not be subject to the trust. Estates in fideicommissum were always held by one person, but he was responsible for the proper boarding of his relatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁ._Varga1989188-265">[251]</a> The liberation of central Hungary continued, and the Ottomans were forced to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">acknowledge the loss of the territory</a> in 1699.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184-264">[250]</a> Leopold set up a special committee to distribute the lands in the reconquered territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999185-266">[252]</a> The descendants of the noblemen who had held estates there before the Ottoman conquest were required to provide documentary evidence to substantiate their claims to the ancestral lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999185-266">[252]</a> Even if they could present documents, they were to pay a fee – a tenth of the value of the claimed property – as compensation for the costs of the liberation war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999185-266">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011115-267">[253]</a> Few noblemen could meet the criteria and more than half of the recovered lands were distributed among foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995170-268">[254]</a> They were naturalized, but most of them never visited Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995170–171-269">[255]</a> The Habsburg administration doubled the amount of the taxes to be collected in Hungary and demanded almost one third of the taxes (1.25 million florins) from the clergy and the nobility. The palatine, <a href="/wiki/Paul_I,_Prince_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Paul I, Prince Esterházy">Prince Paul Esterházy</a> (d. 1713), convinced the monarch to reduce the noblemen's tax burden to 0.25 million florins, but the difference was to be paid by the peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011116-270">[256]</a> Leopold did not trust the Hungarians, because a <a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">group of magnates</a> had conspired against him in the 1670s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184-264">[250]</a> Mercenaries replaced the Hungarian garrisons, and they frequently plundered the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184-264">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011116-270">[256]</a> The monarch also supported Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Karl_von_Kollonitsch" title="Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch">Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch</a>'s attempts to restrict the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants'</a> rights. Tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Germans">Catholic Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Serbs">Orthodox Serbs</a> were settled in the reconquered territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011115-267">[253]</a> The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1715) provided an opportunity for the discontented Hungarians to rise against Leopold. They regarded one of the wealthiest aristocrats, Prince <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Francis II Rákóczi">Francis II Rákóczi</a> (d. 1735), as their leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011116-270">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a> lasted from 1703 to 1711.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184-264">[250]</a> Although the rebels were forced to yield, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Szatm%C3%A1r" title="Treaty of Szatmár">Treaty of Szatmár</a> granted a general amnesty for them and the new Habsburg monarch, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1711–1740), promised to respect the privileges of the Estates of the realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011123-271">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_and_absolutism">Cooperation and absolutism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cooperation and absolutism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_(4051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large palace with a large garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg/330px-Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg/495px-Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg/660px-Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10303" data-file-height="4077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eszterh%C3%A1za" title="Eszterháza">Eszterháza</a>, a palace of the <a href="/wiki/Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Esterházy">Esterházys</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fert%C5%91d" title="Fertőd">Fertőd</a></figcaption></figure> Charles III again confirmed the privileges of the Estates of the "<a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Kingdom of Hungary, and the Parts, Kingdoms and Provinces thereto annexed</a>" in 1723 in return for the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Sanction</a> which established his daughters' right to succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011127-272">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007187–188-273">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, who visited Hungary in 1728, regarded the relationship between the king and the Diet as a good example of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2014135-274">[260]</a> The magnates almost monopolized the highest offices, but both the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Court_Chancellery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian Court Chancellery (page does not exist)">Hungarian Court Chancellery</a> – the supreme body of royal administration – and the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_Council" title="Lieutenancy Council">Lieutenancy Council</a> – the most important administrative office – also employed lesser noblemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995127,_152–154-275">[261]</a> In practice, Protestants were excluded from public offices after a royal decree, the Carolina Resolutio, obliged all candidates to take an oath on the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999196–197-276">[262]</a> The Peace of Szatmár and the Pragmatic Sanction maintained that the Hungarian nation consisted of the privileged groups, independent of their ethnicity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakazawa20072007-277">[263]</a> but the first debates along ethnic lines occurred in the early 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKováč2011121-278">[264]</a> The jurist Mihály Bencsik claimed that the burghers of Trencsén (now <a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a> in Slovakia) should not send delegates to the Diet because their ancestors had been forced to yield to the conquering Magyars in the 890s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKováč2011121–122-279">[265]</a> A priest, Ján B. Magin, wrote a response, arguing that ethnic Slovaks and Hungarians enjoyed the same rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKováč2011122-280">[266]</a> In Transylvania, a bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian Greek Catholic Church</a>, Baron <a href="/wiki/Inocen%C8%9Biu_Micu-Klein" title="Inocențiu Micu-Klein">Inocențiu Micu-Klein</a> (d. 1768), tried to speak "on behalf of the whole Romanian nation in Transylvania" at the Diet in 1737 but he could not finish the speech because other delegates stated that he could refer only to the Romanians or to the Romanian people for the Romanian Nation did not exist. Five years later, he unsuccessfully demanded the recognition of the Romanians as the fourth Nation on ethnic grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProdan1971143–155-281">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1740–1780) succeeded Charles III in 1740, which gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999197-282">[268]</a> The noble delegates offered their "lives and blood" for their new "king" and the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">general levy</a> of the nobility was crucial at the beginning of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011127-272">[258]</a> Grateful for their support, Maria Theresa strengthened the links between the Hungarian nobility and the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011130-283">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201433-284">[270]</a> She established the <a href="/wiki/Theresianum" title="Theresianum">Theresian Academy</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Hungarian_Bodyguard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Hungarian Bodyguard (page does not exist)">Royal Hungarian Bodyguard</a> for young Hungarian noblemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201433,_61-285">[271]</a> Both institutions enabled the spread of the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[note 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995176-286">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011151-288">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> became popular, especially among the magnates, but <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">masonic lodges</a> were also open to untitled noblemen and professionals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011151-288">[273]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kubinyi,_Tivadar_1st._(1810-1880)_(portrayed_in_1834).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a middle-aged man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kubinyi%2C_Tivadar_1st._%281810-1880%29_%28portrayed_in_1834%29.jpg/220px-Kubinyi%2C_Tivadar_1st._%281810-1880%29_%28portrayed_in_1834%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kubinyi%2C_Tivadar_1st._%281810-1880%29_%28portrayed_in_1834%29.jpg/330px-Kubinyi%2C_Tivadar_1st._%281810-1880%29_%28portrayed_in_1834%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kubinyi%2C_Tivadar_1st._%281810-1880%29_%28portrayed_in_1834%29.jpg/440px-Kubinyi%2C_Tivadar_1st._%281810-1880%29_%28portrayed_in_1834%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Tivadar Kubinyi (d. 1880), a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Hungarian_Bodyguard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Hungarian Bodyguard (page does not exist)">Royal Hungarian Bodyguard</a></figcaption></figure> Cultural differences between the magnates and lesser noblemen grew. The magnates adopted the lifestyle of the imperial aristocracy, moving between their summer palaces in Vienna and their newly built splendid residences in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995174-289">[274]</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_I,_Prince_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy">Miklós Esterházy</a> (d. 1790) employed the celebrated composer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>. Count János Fekete (d. 1803), a fierce protector of noble privileges, bombarded the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> with letters and dilettante poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201494,_136-290">[275]</a> Count Miklós Pálffy (d. 1773) proposed to tax the nobles to finance a standing army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999206-291">[276]</a> Most noblemen were unwilling to renounce their privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999218-292">[277]</a> Lesser noblemen also insisted on their traditional way of life and lived in simple houses, made of timber or packed clay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995175–176-293">[278]</a> Maria Theresa did not hold Diets after 1764.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999206-291">[276]</a> She regulated the relationship of landowners and their serfs in a royal decree in 1767.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999210-294">[279]</a> Her son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1780–1790), mocked as the "king in hat", was never crowned, because he wanted to avoid the coronation oath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011139-295">[280]</a> He introduced reforms which clearly contradicted local customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011140-296">[281]</a> He replaced the counties with districts and appointed royal officials to administer them. He also abolished serfdom, securing all peasants the right to free movement after the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan">revolt of Romanian serfs in Transylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999217-297">[282]</a> He ordered the first census in Hungary in 1784.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995148-298">[283]</a> According to its records, the nobility made up about 4.5 percent of the male population in the Lands of the Hungarian Crown (with 155,519 noblemen in Hungary proper, and 42,098 noblemen in Transylvania, Croatia and Slavonia).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995149-299">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201431-300">[285]</a> The nobles' proportion was significantly higher (six–sixteen percent) in the northeastern and eastern counties, and less (three percent) in Croatia and Slavonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995149-299">[284]</a> Poor noblemen, who were mocked as "nobles of the seven plum trees" or "sandal-wearing nobles", made up almost 90 percent of the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201432-301">[286]</a> Previous investigations of nobility show that more than half of the noble families received their rank after 1550.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995167-259">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_awakening">National awakening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National awakening">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rh%C3%A9dey_Klaudia_Hohenstein_1812_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a beautiful young lady with flowers in her hairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rh%C3%A9dey_Klaudia_Hohenstein_1812_1841.jpg/220px-Rh%C3%A9dey_Klaudia_Hohenstein_1812_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rh%C3%A9dey_Klaudia_Hohenstein_1812_1841.jpg/330px-Rh%C3%A9dey_Klaudia_Hohenstein_1812_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rh%C3%A9dey_Klaudia_Hohenstein_1812_1841.jpg/440px-Rh%C3%A9dey_Klaudia_Hohenstein_1812_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption>Countess <a href="/wiki/Countess_Claudine_Rh%C3%A9dey_von_Kis-Rh%C3%A9de" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde">Claudine Rhédey</a> (d. 1841), an ancestress of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> through the marriage of her granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a> (d. 1953) to <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1910–1936)</figcaption></figure> The few reformist noblemen greeted the news of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> with enthusiasm. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zsef_Hajn%C3%B3czy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="József Hajnóczy (page does not exist)">József Hajnóczy</a> [<a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Hajn%C3%B3czy" class="extiw" title="eo:József Hajnóczy">eo</a>] (d. 1795) translated the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_Laczkovics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="János Laczkovics (page does not exist)">János Laczkovics</a> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laczkovics_J%C3%A1nos" class="extiw" title="hu:Laczkovics János">hu</a>] (d. 1795) published its Hungarian translation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999220-302">[287]</a> To appease the Hungarian nobility, Joseph II revoked almost all his reforms on his deathbed in 1790.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011143-303">[288]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1790–1792), convoked the Diet and confirmed the liberties of the Estates of the realm, emphasizing Hungary was a "free and independent" realm, governed by its own laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999217-297">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011144–145-304">[289]</a> News about the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Jacobin terror in France</a> strengthened royal power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999221-305">[290]</a> Hajnóczy and other radical (or "Jacobin") noblemen, who had discussed the possibility of the abolition of all privileges in secret societies, were captured and executed or imprisoned in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999221–222-306">[291]</a> The Diets voted in favor of the taxes and the recruits that Leopold's successor, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1792–1835), demanded between 1792 and 1811.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999223-307">[292]</a> The last general levy of the nobility was declared in 1809, but <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> easily defeated the noble troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raab">near Győr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999223-307">[292]</a> Agricultural bloom encouraged the landowners to borrow money and to buy new estates or to establish mills during the war, but most of them went bankrupt after peace was restored in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011159-308">[293]</a> The concept of aviticitas prevented both the creditors from collecting their money and the debtors from selling their estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011159–160-309">[294]</a> Radical nobles played a crucial role in the reform movements of the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999226-310">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gergely_Berzeviczy" title="Gergely Berzeviczy">Gergely Berzeviczy</a> (d. 1822) attributed the backwardness of the local economy to the peasants' serfdom already around 1800.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999228-311">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Kazinczy" title="Ferenc Kazinczy">Ferenc Kazinczy</a> (d. 1831) and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bats%C3%A1nyi" title="János Batsányi">János Batsányi</a> (d. 1845) initiated <a href="/wiki/Language_reform" title="Language reform">language reform</a>, fearing the disappearance of the Hungarian language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999226-310">[295]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi" title="Sándor Petőfi">Sándor Petőfi</a> (d. 1849), who was a commoner, ridiculed the conservative noblemen in his poem The Magyar Noble, contrasting their anachronistic pride and their idle way of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatai2015373-312">[297]</a> From the 1820s, a new generation of reformist noblemen dominated political life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011162-313">[298]</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a> (d. 1860) demanded the abolition of the serfs' labour service and the entail system, stating that, "We, well-to-do landowners are the main obstacles to the progress and greater development of our fatherland".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011164-314">[299]</a> He established clubs in Pressburg and Pest and promoted horse racing, because he wanted to encourage the regular meetings of magnates, lesser noblemen and burghers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011166–167-315">[300]</a> Széchenyi's friend, Baron <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Wessel%C3%A9nyi" title="Miklós Wesselényi">Miklós Wesselényi</a> (d. 1850), demanded the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and the protection of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999235-316">[301]</a> A lesser nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a> (d. 1894), became the leader of the most radical politicians in the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011166–167-315">[300]</a> He declared that the Diets and the counties were the privileged groups' institutions, and that only a wider social movement could secure the development of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011168-317">[302]</a> Since the end of the Age of Enlightenment, nationality was more and more associated with the vernacular. Predictions by the <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romantic</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> (d. 1803) about the inevitable assimilation of small peoples to a large linguistic group fanned the flames of linguistic nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011153-318">[303]</a> Although ethnic Hungarians made up only about 38 percent of the population,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999242-319">[304]</a> the official use of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> spread from the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011179-320">[305]</a> Kossuth declared that all who wanted to enjoy the liberties of the nation should learn Hungarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999179-321">[306]</a> In contrast, the Slovak <a href="/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_%C5%A0t%C3%BAr" title="Ľudovít Štúr">Ľudovít Štúr</a> (d. 1856) stated that the Hungarian nation consisted of many nationalities and their loyalty could be strengthened by the official use of their languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakazawa2007160-322">[307]</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Janko_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Janko Drašković">Janko Drašković</a> (d. 1856) recommended that <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> should replace Latin as the official language in Croatia and Slavonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007202-323">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_neo-absolutism">Revolution and neo-absolutism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Revolution and neo-absolutism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batthy%C3%A1ny,_Ludwig_Graf_(1809_-_1849).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a bearded bald man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Batthy%C3%A1ny%2C_Ludwig_Graf_%281809_-_1849%29.jpg/220px-Batthy%C3%A1ny%2C_Ludwig_Graf_%281809_-_1849%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Batthy%C3%A1ny%2C_Ludwig_Graf_%281809_-_1849%29.jpg/330px-Batthy%C3%A1ny%2C_Ludwig_Graf_%281809_-_1849%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Batthy%C3%A1ny%2C_Ludwig_Graf_%281809_-_1849%29.jpg/440px-Batthy%C3%A1ny%2C_Ludwig_Graf_%281809_-_1849%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>Count <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a> (d. 1849), the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister of Hungary</a> in 1848</figcaption></figure> News of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> reached Pest on 15 March 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999247-324">[309]</a> Young intellectuals proclaimed a radical program, known as the <a href="/wiki/12_points_of_the_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1848" title="12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848">Twelve Points</a>, demanding equal civil rights to all citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011191-325">[310]</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a> (d. 1849) was appointed the first prime minister of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011194-326">[311]</a> The Diet quickly enacted the majority of the Twelve Points, and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1835–1848) sanctioned them in April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999247-324">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/April_Laws" title="April Laws">April Laws</a> abolished the nobles' tax-exemption and the aviticitas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196-327">[312]</a> but the magnates' 31 fideicommissa remained intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁ._Varga1989189-328">[313]</a> Although the peasant tenants received the ownership of their plots, a compensation was promised to the landowners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196-327">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999248-329">[314]</a> Adult men who owned more than 0.032 km2 (7.9 acres) of arable lands or urban estates with a value of at least 300 florins – about one quarter of the adult male population – were granted the right to vote in the parliamentary elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196-327">[312]</a> The noblemen's exclusive franchise in county elections was confirmed, otherwise ethnic minorities could have easily dominated the general assemblies in many counties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196-327">[312]</a> Noblemen made up about one quarter of the members of the new parliament, which assembled after the general elections on 5 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999251-330">[315]</a> The Slovak delegates <a href="/wiki/Demands_of_the_Slovak_Nation" title="Demands of the Slovak Nation">demanded autonomy for all ethnic minorities</a> at their assembly in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakazawa2007163-331">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKováč2011126-332">[317]</a> Similar demands were adopted at the Romanian delegates' meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991155-333">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999250-334">[319]</a> Ferdinand V's advisors persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">ban (or governor) of Croatia</a>, Baron <a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Josip Jelačić</a> (d. 1859), to invade Hungary proper in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007230-335">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999253-336">[321]</a> A new war of independence broke out and the Hungarian parliament dethroned the Habsburg dynasty on 14 April 1849.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999257-337">[322]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1825–1855) intervened on the legitimist side and Russian troops overpowered the Hungarian army, forcing it to surrender on 13 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999257-337">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011217-338">[323]</a> Hungary, Croatia (and Slavonia) and Transylvania were incorporated as separate realms in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011219-339">[324]</a> The advisors of the young emperor, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1848–1916), declared that Hungary had lost its historic rights and the conservative Hungarian aristocrats<a href="#cite_note-341">[note 16]</a> could not persuade him to restore the old constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221-340">[325]</a> Noblemen who had remained loyal to the Habsburgs were appointed to high offices,<a href="#cite_note-342">[note 17]</a> but most new officials came from other provinces of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011220–221-343">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999266-344">[327]</a> The vast majority of noblemen opted for a passive resistance: they did not hold offices in state administration and tacitly obstructed the implementation of imperial decrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011222-345">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999270-346">[329]</a> An untitled nobleman from Zala County, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Ferenc Deák</a> (d. 1876), became their leader around 1854.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221-340">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999270-346">[329]</a> They tried to preserve an air of superiority, but their vast majority was assimilated to the local peasantry or petty bourgeoisie during the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999268-347">[330]</a> In contrast to them, the magnates, who retained about one quarter of all lands, could easily raise funds from the developing banking sector to modernize their estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999268-347">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Austria-Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a></div> Deák and his followers knew the great powers did not support the disintegration of the Austrian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999270–271-348">[331]</a> Austria's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866 accelerated the rapprochement between the king and the <a href="/wiki/De%C3%A1k_Party" title="Deák Party">Deák Party</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011231-349">[332]</a> Hungary proper and Transylvania were united<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991158-350">[333]</a> and the autonomy of Hungary was restored within the Dual Monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011232-351">[334]</a> Next year, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Settlement" title="Croatian–Hungarian Settlement">Croatian–Hungarian Settlement</a> restored the union of Hungary proper and Croatia, but secured the competence of the Croatian sabor in internal affairs, education and justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007297–298-352">[335]</a> The Compromise strengthened the position of the traditional political elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999281-353">[336]</a> Only about six percent of the population could vote in the general elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999281-353">[336]</a> More than half of the prime ministers and one third of the ministers were appointed from among the magnates from 1867 to 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999305-354">[337]</a> Landowners made up the majority of the members of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999281-353">[336]</a> Half of the seats in municipal assemblies were preserved for the greatest taxpayers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999285-355">[338]</a> Noblemen also dominated the state administration, because tens of thousands of impoverished nobles took jobs at the ministries, or at the state-owned railways and post offices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976185-356">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011257-357">[340]</a> They were ardent supporters of <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a>, denying the use of minority languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976186-358">[341]</a> An emigrant aristocrat Baroness <a href="/wiki/Emma_Orczy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Orczy">Emma Orczy</a> (d. 1947) wrote her novels in English in the United Kingdom. She had left Hungary with her parents when farm workers fearing of losing their job set the Orczy manor on fire at <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A1dszal%C3%B3k" title="Abádszalók">Abádszalók</a> in 1868. Her first novel featuring the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Pimpernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarlet Pimpernel">Scarlet Pimpernel</a> – "the first character who could be called a <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a>) – was published in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-359">[342]</a> Only nobleman who owned an estate of at least 1.15 km2 (280 acres) were regarded as prosperous, but the number of estates of that size quickly decreased.<a href="#cite_note-360">[note 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011257-357">[340]</a> The magnates took advantage of lesser noblemen's bankruptcies and bought new estates during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011255-361">[343]</a> New fideicommissa were created which enabled the magnates to preserve the entailment of their landed wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011255-361">[343]</a> Aristocrats were regularly appointed to the boards of directors of banks and companies.<a href="#cite_note-363">[note 19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011256-362">[344]</a> Jews were the prime movers of the development of the financial and industrial sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011258-364">[345]</a> Jewish businessmen owned more than half of the companies and more than four-fifths of the banks in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011258-364">[345]</a> They also bought landed property and had acquired almost one-fifth of the estates of between 1.15–5.75 km2 (280–1,420 acres) by 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011258-364">[345]</a> The most prominent Jewish burghers were awarded with nobility<a href="#cite_note-366">[note 20]</a> and there were 26 aristocratic families and 320 noble families of Jewish origin in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011259-367">[347]</a> Many of them <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">converted to Christianity</a>, but other nobles did not regard them as their peers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatai2015373-312">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutions_and_counter-revolution">Revolutions and counter-revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Revolutions and counter-revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> brought about the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a> in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976244–251-368">[348]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a> – a movement of <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Independence_and_%2748" title="Party of Independence and '48">the left-liberal Party of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Hungary" title="Social Democratic Party of Hungary">the Social Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radical_Citizens%27_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radical Citizens' Party (page does not exist)">Radical Citizens' Party</a> – persuaded <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1916–1918), to appoint the radical Count <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a> (d. 1955), prime minister on 31 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999328–329-369">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011303–304-370">[350]</a> After the Lower House dissolved itself, Hungary was <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Democratic Republic">proclaimed a republic</a> on 16 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011304-371">[351]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Council" title="Hungarian National Council">Hungarian National Council</a> adopted a <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> setting the maximum size of the estates at 1.15 square kilometres (280 acres) and ordering the distribution of any excess among the local peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011305-372">[352]</a> Károlyi, whose inherited domains had been mortgaged to banks, was the first to implement the reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011305-372">[352]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> authorized <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> to occupy new territories and ordered the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a> almost as far as the Tisza on 26 February 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999333–334-373">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011307-374">[354]</a> Károlyi resigned and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Communist_Party" title="Hungarian Communist Party">Hungarian Communist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> (d. 1938) announced the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> on 21 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011308-375">[355]</a> All estates of over 0.43 km2 (110 acres) and all private companies employing more than 20 workers were <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011309-376">[356]</a> The Bolsheviks could not stop the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Romanian invasion</a> and their leaders fled from Hungary on 1 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999338-377">[357]</a> After a short-lived temporary government, the industrialist <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">István Friedrich</a> (d. 1951) formed a coalition government with the support of the Allied Powers on 6 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339-378">[358]</a> The Bolsheviks' nationalization program was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339-378">[358]</a> The Hungarian Social Democratic Party boycotted the <a href="/wiki/1920_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1920 Hungarian parliamentary election">general elections in early 1920</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339-378">[358]</a> The new one-chamber Diet of Hungary restored the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungarian monarchy</a>, but without restoring the Habsburgs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339-378">[358]</a> Instead, a Calvinist nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> (d. 1957), was elected regent on 1 March 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339,_345-379">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011334-380">[360]</a> Hungary had to acknowledge the loss of more than two thirds of its territory and more than 60 percent of its population (including one third of the ethnic Hungarians) in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> on 4 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339-378">[358]</a> Horthy was never crowned king, and therefore could not grant nobility, but he established a new <a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">order of merit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Vit%C3%A9z" title="Order of Vitéz">Order of Gallantry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011352-381">[361]</a> Its members received the hereditary title of vitéz ("brave").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011352-381">[361]</a> They were also granted parcels of land, which renewed the "medieval link between land tenure and service to the crown" (<a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cartledge" title="Bryan Cartledge">Bryan Cartledge</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011352-381">[361]</a> Two Transylvanian aristocrats, Counts <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Pál Teleki</a> (d. 1941) and <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">István Bethlen</a> (d. 1946), were the most influential politicians in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999345-382">[362]</a> The events of 1918–19 convinced them that only a "conservative democracy", dominated by the landed nobility, could secure stability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999345–346-383">[363]</a> Most ministers and the majority of the members of the parliament were nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011351-384">[364]</a> A conservative agrarian reform – limited to 8.5 percent of all arable lands – was introduced, but almost one third of the lands remained in the possession of about 400 magnate families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999347-385">[365]</a> The two-chamber parliament was restored in 1926, with an Upper House dominated by the aristocrats, prelates and high-ranking officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999353-386">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011340-387">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Antisemitism</a> was a leading ideology in the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011353-388">[368]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">numerus clausus</a> law limited the admission of Jewish students in the universities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999348-389">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011354-390">[370]</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Fid%C3%A9l_P%C3%A1lffy" title="Fidél Pálffy">Fidél Pálffy</a> (d. 1946) was one of the leading figures of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">national socialist</a> movements, but most aristocrats disdained the radicalism of "petty officers and housekeepers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999347–348,_365-391">[371]</a> Hungary participated in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Axis invasion of Yugoslavia</a> in April 1941 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">war against the Soviet Union</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassa" title="Bombing of Kassa">bombing of Kassa</a> in late June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999377–378-392">[372]</a> Fearing the defection of Hungary from the war, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> occupied the country in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">Operation Margarethe</a> on 19 March 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011395–396-393">[373]</a> Hundreds of thousands of Jews and tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Romani</a> were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> with the local authorities' assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011398-394">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999386-395">[375]</a> The wealthiest business magnates of Jewish origin were forced to renounce their companies and banks to redeem their own and their relatives' lives.<a href="#cite_note-396">[note 21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011398-394">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_fall_of_the_Hungarian_nobility">The fall of the Hungarian nobility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The fall of the Hungarian nobility">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">Soviet occupation of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernstein_-_Burg_(a).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A medieval castle with a tower surrounded by a wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bernstein_-_Burg_%28a%29.JPG/220px-Bernstein_-_Burg_%28a%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bernstein_-_Burg_%28a%29.JPG/330px-Bernstein_-_Burg_%28a%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bernstein_-_Burg_%28a%29.JPG/440px-Bernstein_-_Burg_%28a%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernstein_Castle" title="Bernstein Castle">Bernstein Castle</a> (Borostyánkő vára) in Austria, still held by the Almásy family</figcaption></figure> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> reached the Hungarian borders and took possession of the Great Hungarian Plain by 6 December 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011409-397">[376]</a> Delegates from the region's towns and villages established the Provisional National Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, which elected a new government on 22 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011409-397">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999391-398">[377]</a> Three prominent <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-Nazi</a> aristocrats<a href="#cite_note-400">[note 22]</a> had a seat in the assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198943-399">[378]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_National_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional National Government (page does not exist)">Provisional National Government</a> soon promised land reform, along with the abolishment of all "anti-democratic" laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011411-401">[379]</a> The last German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> troops left Hungary on 4 April 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011412-402">[380]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> (d. 1958), the Communist Minister of Agriculture, announced land reform on 17 March 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011414-403">[381]</a> All domains of more than 5.75 km2 (1,420 acres) were confiscated and the owners of smaller estates could retain a maximum 0.58–1.73 km2 (140–430 acres) of land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011414-403">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999394-404">[382]</a> The land reform, as Cartledge noted, destroyed the nobility and eliminated the "elements of feudalism, which had persisted for longer in Hungary than anywhere else in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011414-403">[381]</a> Similar land reforms were introduced in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198975-405">[383]</a> In both countries, ethnic Hungarian aristocrats were sentenced to death or prison as alleged war criminals.<a href="#cite_note-406">[note 23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198975-405">[383]</a> Hungarian aristocrats<a href="#cite_note-408">[note 24]</a> could retain their estates only in <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> (in Austria) after 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198973-407">[384]</a> Soviet military authorities controlled the general elections and the formation of a coalition government in late 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011417–418-409">[385]</a> The new parliament declared the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a> on 1 February 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011421-410">[386]</a> An opinion poll showed that more than 75 percent of men and 66 percent of women were opposed to the use of noble titles in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198928-411">[387]</a> The parliament adopted an <a href="/wiki/Statute_IV_of_1947_regarding_the_abolition_of_certain_titles_and_ranks" title="Statute IV of 1947 regarding the abolition of certain titles and ranks">act that abolished all noble ranks</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">styles</a>, also banning their use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198927–28-412">[388]</a> The new act came into force on 14 February 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198927-413">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unofficial_nobility">Unofficial nobility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unofficial nobility">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czir%C3%A1ky_kast%C3%A9ly.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large building with four columns at the entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Czir%C3%A1ky_kast%C3%A9ly.JPG/330px-Czir%C3%A1ky_kast%C3%A9ly.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Czir%C3%A1ky_kast%C3%A9ly.JPG/495px-Czir%C3%A1ky_kast%C3%A9ly.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Czir%C3%A1ky_kast%C3%A9ly.JPG/660px-Czir%C3%A1ky_kast%C3%A9ly.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Ruined aristocratic mansion at <a href="/wiki/Lovasber%C3%A9ny" title="Lovasberény">Lovasberény</a></figcaption></figure> The Communists took full control of the government between 1947 and 1949, and Hungary was proclaimed a "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republic</a>" on 20 August 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011423-414">[390]</a> The aristocrats were declared as "class enemies", and most of them interned to "social camps" – actually, forced labour camps – to work in the fields in the Great Hungarian Plain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBánó20047-415">[391]</a> Mass internal deportations occurred in 1950 and 1951. Almost all aristocrats were interned from Budapest to under-populated villages in eastern Hungary, primarily in Hortobágy region within two months in May–July 1951. Figures of a final report shows that 9 dukes, 163 counts, 121 barons and 8 knighted noblemen – altogether 301 aristocrats – and their families were deported from the capital during this period. The deportees were prohibited to leave the boundary of their assigned village and were under constant police surveillance. They were deprived of their belongings, properties and civil rights – they were prohibited to take part in elections. Most of them could work as manual workers in agriculture at state farms on a limited basis, but their deprivation was constant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzéchenyi2023214–216-416">[392]</a> Some leftist aristocrats tried to cooperate with the new regime but the Communist leaders did not trust them.<a href="#cite_note-418">[note 25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198997–100-417">[393]</a> As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a>, those who had been interned were allowed to leave the labour camps, but their former homes were not restored to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011435-419">[394]</a> Although Communist historians did their utmost to prove the aristocrats' preeminent role during the failed anti-Communist <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_revolution_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian revolution of 1956">Hungarian revolution of 1956</a>, few aristocrats took an active part.<a href="#cite_note-421">[note 26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198976,_116–119-422">[396]</a> Many aristocrats left the country following the suppression of the 1956 revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzéchenyi2023218-423">[397]</a> During the 1960s and 1970s, people of aristocratic descent were mainly employed as blue-collar workers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBánó20047-415">[391]</a> and their children needed a special permit for studying at universities until 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989138-424">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENémethy201636-425">[399]</a> Although official discrimination was abolished, former aristocrats were rarely appointed to higher positions.<a href="#cite_note-427">[note 27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989143,_145-426">[400]</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Péter Esterházy">Péter Esterházy</a> (d. 2016) became a celebrated writer during the last decades of the Communist regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989145-428">[401]</a> The Communist <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party system</a> collapsed in the late 1980s, and Hungary was proclaimed a republic in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011490–501-429">[402]</a> The first prime minister of the democratic era, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Antall" title="József Antall">József Antall</a> (d. 1993) offered positions in state administration to aristocrats who returned to Hungary, but the aristocracy did not regain its former position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENémethy201636-425">[399]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a> of former property was an important political issue in most new democracies in the early 1990s. In Hungary, in kind restitution was excluded because many pieces of formerly confiscated property had already been <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatized</a> during the last years of the Communist regime. Instead, monetary compensation was made available to the original owners and their descendants but its amount was limited to about US$70,000. In contrast, in kind restitution was the preferred method of restitution in Czechoslovakia, and the original owners could also claim in kind restitution in Romania and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozminski199797–104-430">[403]</a> Hungarian aristocrats regained part of their former properties in Romania, and at least one Hungarian noble family also seized property in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia during the restitution process.<a href="#cite_note-432">[note 28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zavaros-431">[404]</a> The Hungarian act banning the use of noble ranks and styles has not been abolished, and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Hungary" title="Constitutional Court of Hungary">Constitutional Court of Hungary</a> declared, in 2009 and 2010, that the ban was fully in line with the revised <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Constitution_of_1949" title="Hungarian Constitution of 1949">Hungarian Constitution of 1949</a>. In December 2010, two members of the rightist <a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik Group</a> submitted a draft for the abolition of the ban but they withdrew it in two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-433">[405]</a> On the initiative of the former aristocrat János Nyáry, a private club, the Association of Hungarian Noble Families, was established for people of noble descent in Budapest in 1994. The association became a member of the <a href="/wiki/CILANE" title="CILANE">European Commission of the Nobility</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENémethy201636–37-434">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titled_noble_families_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="List of titled noble families in the Kingdom of Hungary">List of titled noble families in the Kingdom of Hungary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Historian Ján Lukačka lists the <a href="/wiki/Hont-P%C3%A1zm%C3%A1ny" title="Hont-Pázmány">Hont-Pázmány</a>, Miskolc and <a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%A1tradv%C3%A1ny_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogátradvány (genus)">Bogát-Radvány</a> clans among the noble kindred of Moravian descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukačka201133–36-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Among them, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1r-Kal%C3%A1n" title="Bár-Kalán">Bár-Kalán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1k_(genus)" title="Csák (genus)">Csák</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1n" title="Kán">Kán</a>, Lád and Szemere clans regarded themselves as descendants of one of the legendary seven leaders of the conquering Magyars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200185-27">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Andronicus Aba built a stone castle at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCz%C3%A9r" title="Füzér">Füzér</a>, and the stone castle at Kabold (now <a href="/wiki/Kobersdorf" title="Kobersdorf">Kobersdorf</a> in Austria) was erected by Pousa Szák.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a48-75">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> For instance, the families from the Aba clan had an eagle on their coat-of-arms, and the Csáks adopted the lion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200186-45">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> According to a 15th-century land-register, many ecclesiastic nobles in the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Veszpr%C3%A9m" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Veszprém">Bishopric of Veszprém</a> were descended from true noblemen who had sought the bishops' protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000112-119">[115]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> The most powerful oligarch, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_III_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Matthew III Csák">Matthew Csák</a>, dominated more than a dozen counties in northwestern Hungary; <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_K%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladislaus Kán">Ladislaus Kán</a> was the actual ruler of Translyvania; and <a href="/wiki/Paul_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Šubić">Paul Šubić</a> ruled Croatia and Dalmatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001126-134">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> The Styrian <a href="/wiki/Hermann_II,_Count_of_Celje" title="Hermann II, Count of Celje">Hermann of Celje</a> (d. 1435) became the greatest landowner in Slavonia; the Pole <a href="/wiki/Stibor_of_Stiboricz" title="Stibor of Stiboricz">Stibor of Stiboricz</a> (d. 1414) held nine castles and 140 villages in northeastern Hungary; and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick of Hohenzollern</a> (d. 1440) was appointed to administer counties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001201,_204,_212-173">[167]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1thory_family" title="Báthory family">Báthory</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%A9nyi_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perényi family (page does not exist)">Perényi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozgonyi_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozgonyi family (page does not exist)">Rozgonyi</a> families were among the native beneficiaries of Sigismund's grants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001213-175">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1386–1418) was awarded with Fogaras; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan Lazarević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despot_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Despot of Serbia">Despot of Serbia</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1389–1427), received more than a dozen of castles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001232–233-187">[179]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> For instance, Stephen Bánffy of Losonc (d. 1459) held 68 villages in 1459, but the same villages were divided among his 14 descendants in 1526.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001341-204">[195]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> From among the 36 wealthiest families of the late 1430s, 27 families survived until 1490, and only eight families until 1570.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001341-204">[195]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> The marriages of the children and grandchildren of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magdolna_Sz%C3%A9kely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magdolna Székely (page does not exist)">Magdolna Székely</a> (d. 1556) by her three husbands established close family links between the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chy_family" title="Széchy family">Széchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurz%C3%B3_family" title="Thurzó family">Thurzó</a>, the Croatian-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Zrinski_family" title="Zrinski family">Zrinski</a>, the Czech <a href="/wiki/Kolowrat_family" title="Kolowrat family">Kolowrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobkowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobkowicz">Lobkowicz</a>, Pernštejn, and <a href="/wiki/Rosenberg_family" title="Rosenberg family">Rožmberk</a>, and the Austrian or German Arco, <a href="/wiki/Salm_family" title="Salm family">Salm</a> and Ungnad families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy200986–87,_366-243">[232]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> The Tyrolian Count Pyrcho von Arco (who married the Hungarian Margit Széchy) was naturalized in Hungary in 1559; the Hungarian Baron Simon Forgách (who married the Austrian Ursula Pemfflinger) received citizenship in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> in 1568 and in <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a> in 1581.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy200985,_366-246">[234]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Batthyány">Batthyány</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ill%C3%A9sh%C3%A1zy_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illésházy family (page does not exist)">Illésházy</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dasdy_family" title="Nádasdy family">Nádasdy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurz%C3%B3_family" title="Thurzó family">Thurzó</a> families were the first converts to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock200034-253">[240]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> The former royal bodyguard, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Bessenyei" title="György Bessenyei">György Bessenyei</a> (d. 1811), wrote pamphlets about the importance of education and the cultivation of the Hungarian language in the 1770s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995176-286">[272]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> Counts <a href="/wiki/Emil_Dessewffy" title="Emil Dessewffy">Emil Dessewffy</a> (d. 1866), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antal_Sz%C3%A9csen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antal Szécsen (page does not exist)">Antal Szécsen</a> (d. 1896) and <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Apponyi" title="György Apponyi">György Apponyi</a> (d. 1899) were the leading conservative aristocrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221-340">[325]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Count Ferenc Zichy (d. 1900) had a seat in the Imperial Council, Count Ferenc Nádasdy was made the Imperial Minister of Justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221-340">[325]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> The number of estates of between 1.15–5.75 km2 (280–1,420 acres) decreased from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1867 to 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011257-357">[340]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> In 1905, 88 counts and 66 barons had a seat in boards of directors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011256-362">[344]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henrik_L%C3%A9vay" title="Henrik Lévay">Henrik Lévay</a> (d. 1901), who established the first Hungarian insurance company, was ennobled in 1868 and received the title baron in 1897; <a href="/wiki/Zsigmond_Kornfeld" title="Zsigmond Kornfeld">Zsigmond Kornfeld</a> (d. 1909), who was the "Hungarian financial and industrial giant of the age", was created baron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatai2015290–292,_369–370-365">[346]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> The Chorins, Weisses and Kornfelds granted twenty-five-year leases to the German authorities on their properties in return for a free pass to Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011398-394">[374]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> Counts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyula_Dessewffy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyula Dessewffy (page does not exist)">Gyula Dessewffy</a> (d. 2000), Mihály Károlyi and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Teleki" title="Géza Teleki">Géza Teleki</a> (d. 1983).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198943-399">[378]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> Baron Zsigmond Kemény was imprisoned for initiating the execution of 191 Jews in Romania, although he had actually brought food to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198975-405">[383]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> The Batthyány, Batthyány–Strattman, Erdődy, Esterházy and Zichy families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198973-407">[384]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> Known as the "Red Duchess", <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margit_Odescalchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margit Odescalchi (page does not exist)">Margit Odescalchi</a> (d. 1982) completed the school of the Hungarian Communist Party but she was called back from the Hungarian Embassy in Washington. Born into the <a href="/wiki/Pallavicini_family" title="Pallavicini family">Pallavicini family</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antal_P%C3%A1link%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antal Pálinkás (page does not exist)">Antal Pálinkás</a> (d. 1957) was sentenced to death on trumped-up charges and executed although he had served as a high-ranking officer in the Communist army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198997–100-417">[393]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> Károly Khuen-Héderváry (d. 1960) initiated the re-organization of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Catholic People's Party">Catholic People's Party</a>; Maximilian Königsegg-Rottenfels (d. 1997) was elected a member of a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">council of workers</a> at a repair shop by his co-workers. In Romania, at least five former aristocrats were sentenced to prison for "conspiracy against the state" in connection with demonstrations organized to express sympathy for the Hungarian revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989116–119-420">[395]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> The conductor Miklós Lukács (d. 1980) was appointed the director of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Opera_House" title="Hungarian State Opera House">Hungarian State Opera House</a>, and János Merán became the head of an industrial cooperative at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6slad%C3%A1ny" title="Körösladány">Körösladány</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989143,_145-426">[400]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> Examples include, Farkas Bánffy who regained the Bánffys' former castle at Fugad (<a href="/wiki/Ciuguzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciuguzel">Ciuguzel</a>, Romania), and Tibor Kálnoky who seized his ancestors' castles at Miklósvár and Sepsiköröspatak (<a href="/wiki/Miclo%C8%99oara" class="mw-redirect" title="Micloșoara">Micloșoara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valea_Cri%C8%99ului" title="Valea Crișului">Valea Crișului</a>, Romania). The Kálnokys also regained formerly confiscated property in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia.<a href="#cite_note-Zavaros-431">[404]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201371–73-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201371–73_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, pp. 71–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel20018,_17-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel20018,_17_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 8, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimonyi2016160,_306–308,_359-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimonyi2016160,_306–308,_359_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimonyi2016">Zimonyi 2016</a>, pp. 160, 306–308, 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201376–77-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201376–77_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200112–13-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200112–13_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201376–78-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski201376–78_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, pp. 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukačka201133–36-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukačka201133–36_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukačka2011">Lukačka 2011</a>, pp. 33–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukačka201131,_33–36-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukačka201131,_33–36_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukačka2011">Lukačka 2011</a>, pp. 31, 33–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199140-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199140_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop201340-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop201340_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop2013">Pop 2013</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003329-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2003329_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001117–118-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001117–118_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel20018,_20-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel20018,_20_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 8, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013105-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013105_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200120-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200120_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 39), p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBak1993273-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBak1993273_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBak1993">Bak 1993</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003326–327-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2003326–327_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, pp. 326–327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003327-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2003327_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2003327_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013107-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013107_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200116-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200116_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200117-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200117_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERévész2003341-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERévész2003341_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERévész2003341_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRévész2003">Révész 2003</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200012-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200012_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200012–13-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200012–13_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200185-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200185_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200185_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200012–13,_185_(notes_7–8)-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200012–13,_185_(notes_7–8)_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 12–13, 185 (notes 7–8). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201111-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201111_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013148–150-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013148–150_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, pp. 148–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003330-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2003330_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013149,_207–208-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013149,_207–208_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, pp. 149, 207–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200173-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200173_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200018–19-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200018–19_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013149,_210-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013149,_210_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, pp. 149, 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013193-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013193_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200016–17-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200016–17_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200140-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200140_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200140_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200028-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200028_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200028_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200028_40-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200185–86-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200185–86_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200028–29-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200028–29_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200029-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200029_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200029_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200029_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200029_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200029_43-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012324-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012324_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügediBak2012">Fügedi & Bak 2012</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200186-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200186_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200186_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012326-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012326_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügediBak2012">Fügedi & Bak 2012</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006267-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006267_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2006">Curta 2006</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200133-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200133_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš200748-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagaš200748_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagaš2007">Magaš 2007</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006266-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006266_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006266_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2006">Curta 2006</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš200751-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagaš200751_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagaš2007">Magaš 2007</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200176–77-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200176–77_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013298-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013298_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013298_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200025–26-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200025–26_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200187-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200187_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200187_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200180-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200180_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200180_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013299-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013299_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013299_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013299_57-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2003331-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2003331_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013297-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013297_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200181-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200181_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200181,_87-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200181,_87_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 81, 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013201-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013201_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200171–72-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200171–72_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006401-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006401_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2006">Curta 2006</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200173–74-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200173–74_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000128–129-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000128–129_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000128–129_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012328-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügediBak2012328_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügediBak2012">Fügedi & Bak 2012</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000129-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000129_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000129_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200031-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200031_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200031_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013286-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013286_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201120-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201120_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200193-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200193_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200192-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200192_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200192_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013426–427-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013426–427_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013426–427_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, pp. 426–427. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a48-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a48_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a48_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200023-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200023_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200186–87-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200186–87_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 6.), p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200035-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200035_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200036-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200036_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013426-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013426_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199835-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199835_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200194-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200194_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200194_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201121-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201121_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201121_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200195-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200195_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200040,_103-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200040,_103_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 40, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001177-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001177_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013429-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013429_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200196-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200196_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013431-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013431_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200041-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200041_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200041_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200041_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200041_93-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199978–80-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199978–80_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 78–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001103–105-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001103–105_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 103–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013430-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013430_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a51-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a51_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a52,_56-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a52,_56_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, pp. 52, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a56-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a56_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a60-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a60_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a65,_73–74-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a65,_73–74_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, pp. 65, 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a74-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a74_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001120-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001120_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001120_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001120_103-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200086-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200086_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200086_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200184-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200184_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200184_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200079-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200079_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200091-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200091_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001104–105-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001104–105_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200083-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200083_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200081-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200081_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994208–209-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994208–209_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994208–209_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMakkai1994">Makkai 1994</a>, pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200046-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200046_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200046_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199828-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199828_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200048-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200048_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199841–42-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199841–42_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a72–73-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a72–73_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a54,_82-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a54,_82_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, pp. 54, 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a87-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a87_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000112-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000112_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000112_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000112–113,_200-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000112–113,_200_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 112–113, 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a77–78-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a77–78_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a78-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a78_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000110-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000110_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000110_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199976-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199976_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013432-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013432_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013432_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013431–432-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013431–432_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, pp. 431–432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200042-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200042_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013273-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013273_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013">Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001108-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001108_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001122-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001122_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001124-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001124_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001124_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001125-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001125_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001126-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001126_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001126–127-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001126–127_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201134-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201134_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201134_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199989-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199989_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199989_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199989_138-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001141–142-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001141–142_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199852-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199852_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000108-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000108_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001178–179-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001178–179_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001146-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001146_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001147-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001147_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001151-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001151_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000137-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000137_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001151–153,_342-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001151–153,_342_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 151–153, 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000146–147-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000146–147_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199834-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199834_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199834_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199834_149-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199997-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199997_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199997_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199997_150-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201140-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201140_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201140_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001178-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001178_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001175-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001175_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001175_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop2013198–212-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop2013198–212_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop2013">Pop 2013</a>, pp. 198–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200089-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200089_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukačka201137-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukačka201137_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukačka2011">Lukačka 2011</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200084,_89,_93-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200084,_89,_93_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 84, 89, 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200089,_93-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200089,_93_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 89, 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop2013470–471,_475-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop2013470–471,_475_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop2013">Pop 2013</a>, pp. 470–471, 475. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop2013256–257-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop2013256–257_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop2013">Pop 2013</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001165-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001165_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994191–192,_230-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994191–192,_230_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMakkai1994">Makkai 1994</a>, pp. 191–192, 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200059–60-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200059–60_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199845-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199845_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199847-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199847_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001174–175-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001174–175_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady200057-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady200057_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001180-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001180_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001179–180-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001179–180_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 179–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201142-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201142_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001199-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001199_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999102,_104–105-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999102,_104–105_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 102, 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001201,_204,_212-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001201,_204,_212_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 201, 204, 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001213-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001213_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001204–205,_211–213-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001204–205,_211–213_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 204–205, 211–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001343–344-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001343–344_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 343–344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a143-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a143_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001342-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001342_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001342_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a123-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986a123_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986a">Fügedi 1986a</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201144-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201144_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999103-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999103_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999103_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999103_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001205-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001205_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999104-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999104_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000150-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000150_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001232–233-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001232–233_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001232–233,_337-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001232–233,_337_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 232–233, 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001337–338-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001337–338_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 337–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001279-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001279_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999112-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999112_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999113-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999113_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001281-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001281_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001281_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201157-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201157_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201157_195-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999116-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999116_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999117-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999117_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001288,_293-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001288,_293_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 288, 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001311-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001311_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986bIV.14-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986bIV.14_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi1986bIV.14_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1986b">Fügedi 1986b</a>, p. IV.14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009109–110-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009109–110_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009109–110_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPálffy2009">Pálffy 2009</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338_202-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001339-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001339_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001341-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001341_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001341_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001341_204-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338,_340–341-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001338,_340–341_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 338, 340–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999134-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999134_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999134_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001349–350-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001349–350_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 349–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001350-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001350_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999135-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999135_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001351-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001351_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001351_212-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201170-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201170_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517) (1.4.), p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199832,_34-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199832,_34_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, pp. 32, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199820-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199820_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199821–22-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199821–22_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517) (1.39.), p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199826-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199826_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199824-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199824_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFügedi199825-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFügedi199825_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFügedi1998">Fügedi 1998</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201171-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201171_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201171_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201171_222-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999129-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999129_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001357-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001357_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001362-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001362_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001363-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001363_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001364-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001364_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001364_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201172-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201172_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201172_228-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001370-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001370_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999139-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999139_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199485-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzakály199485_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzakály1994">Szakály 1994</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201183-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201183_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201183,_94-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201183,_94_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 83, 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199488-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzakály199488_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzakály1994">Szakály 1994</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199488–89-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzakály199488–89_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzakály1994">Szakály 1994</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199492-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzakály199492_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzakály199492_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzakály1994">Szakály 1994</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995161-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995161_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009231-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009231_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPálffy2009">Pálffy 2009</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995162-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995162_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201191-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201191_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999167-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999167_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999167_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakály199489-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzakály199489_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzakály1994">Szakály 1994</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy200986–87,_366-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy200986–87,_366_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPálffy2009">Pálffy 2009</a>, pp. 86–87, 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy200972,_86–88-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy200972,_86–88_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPálffy2009">Pálffy 2009</a>, pp. 72, 86–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy200985,_366-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy200985,_366_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPálffy2009">Pálffy 2009</a>, pp. 85, 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy200986–88,_366-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy200986–88,_366_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPálffy2009">Pálffy 2009</a>, pp. 86–88, 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999151-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999151_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock200012-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdock200012_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurdock2000">Murdock 2000</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999152-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999152_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock200020-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdock200020_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurdock2000">Murdock 2000</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock200034-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdock200034_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdock200034_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdock200034_253-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurdock2000">Murdock 2000</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999156-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999156_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995166-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995166_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995158-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995158_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2000155-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000155_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2000155_258-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRady2000">Rady 2000</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995167-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995167_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995167_259-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009178-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009178_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPálffy2009178_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPálffy2009">Pálffy 2009</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge201195-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201195_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge201195_261-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011113-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011113_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999183-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999183_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184_264-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184_264-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184_264-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999184_264-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁ._Varga1989188-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁ._Varga1989188_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁ._Varga1989">Á. Varga 1989</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999185-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999185_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999185_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999185_266-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011115-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011115_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011115_267-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995170-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995170_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995170–171-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995170–171_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011116-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011116_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011116_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011116_270-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011123-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011123_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011127-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011127_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011127_272-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007187–188-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007187–188_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagaš2007">Magaš 2007</a>, pp. 187–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2014135-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2014135_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes2014">Vermes 2014</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995127,_152–154-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995127,_152–154_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, pp. 127, 152–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999196–197-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999196–197_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakazawa20072007-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakazawa20072007_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakazawa2007">Nakazawa 2007</a>, p. 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKováč2011121-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKováč2011121_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKováč2011">Kováč 2011</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKováč2011121–122-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKováč2011121–122_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKováč2011">Kováč 2011</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKováč2011122-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKováč2011122_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKováč2011">Kováč 2011</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProdan1971143–155-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProdan1971143–155_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProdan1971">Prodan 1971</a>, pp. 143–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999197-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999197_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011130-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011130_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201433-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201433_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes2014">Vermes 2014</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201433,_61-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201433,_61_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes2014">Vermes 2014</a>, pp. 33, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995176-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995176_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995176_286-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011151-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011151_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011151_288-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995174-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995174_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201494,_136-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201494,_136_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes2014">Vermes 2014</a>, pp. 94, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999206-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999206_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999206_291-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999218-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999218_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995175–176-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995175–176_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999210-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999210_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011139-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011139_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011140-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011140_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999217-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999217_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999217_297-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995148-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995148_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimert1995149-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995149_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimert1995149_299-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimert1995">Schimert 1995</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201431-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201431_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes2014">Vermes 2014</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201432-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201432_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes2014">Vermes 2014</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999220-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999220_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011143-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011143_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011144–145-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011144–145_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999221-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999221_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999221–222-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999221–222_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999223-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999223_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999223_307-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011159-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011159_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011159–160-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011159–160_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999226-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999226_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999226_310-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999228-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999228_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatai2015373-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatai2015373_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatai2015373_312-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatai2015">Patai 2015</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011162-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011162_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011164-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011164_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011166–167-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011166–167_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011166–167_315-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999235-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999235_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011168-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011168_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011153-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011153_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999242-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999242_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011179-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011179_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999179-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999179_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakazawa2007160-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakazawa2007160_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakazawa2007">Nakazawa 2007</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007202-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007202_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagaš2007">Magaš 2007</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999247-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999247_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999247_324-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011191-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011191_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011194-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011194_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196_327-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196_327-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011196_327-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁ._Varga1989189-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁ._Varga1989189_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁ._Varga1989">Á. Varga 1989</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999248-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999248_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999251-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999251_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakazawa2007163-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakazawa2007163_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakazawa2007">Nakazawa 2007</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKováč2011126-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKováč2011126_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKováč2011">Kováč 2011</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991155-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991155_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999250-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999250_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007230-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007230_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagaš2007">Magaš 2007</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999253-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999253_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999257-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999257_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999257_337-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011217-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011217_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011219-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011219_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221_340-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221_340-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011221_340-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011220–221-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011220–221_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 220–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999266-344"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999266_344-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011222-345"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011222_345-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999270-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999270_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999270_346-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999268-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999268_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999268_347-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999270–271-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999270–271_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 270–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011231-349"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011231_349-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991158-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991158_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011232-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011232_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007297–298-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagaš2007297–298_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagaš2007">Magaš 2007</a>, pp. 297–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999281-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999281_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999281_353-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999281_353-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999305-354"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999305_354-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999285-355"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999285_355-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976185-356"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976185_356-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011257-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011257_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011257_357-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011257_357-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976186-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976186_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHodgkinson2022" class="citation news cs1">Hodgkinson, Thomas W (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/mar/09/batman-wonder-woman-black-widow-worlds-first-superhero-scarlet-pimpernel-orczy">"Beat it Batman – this foppish baronet was the world's first superhero"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Beat+it+Batman+%E2%80%93+this+foppish+baronet+was+the+world%27s+first+superhero&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Hodgkinson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2022%2Fmar%2F09%2Fbatman-wonder-woman-black-widow-worlds-first-superhero-scarlet-pimpernel-orczy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011255-361">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011255_361-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011255_361-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011256-362">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011256_362-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011256_362-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011258-364">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011258_364-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011258_364-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011258_364-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatai2015290–292,_369–370-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatai2015290–292,_369–370_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatai2015">Patai 2015</a>, pp. 290–292, 369–370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011259-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011259_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976244–251-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976244–251_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 244–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999328–329-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999328–329_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 328–329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011303–304-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011303–304_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 303–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011304-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011304_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011305-372">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011305_372-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011305_372-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999333–334-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999333–334_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 333–334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011307-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011307_374-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011308-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011308_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011309-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011309_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999338-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999338_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339_378-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339_378-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339_378-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339_378-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339_378-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339,_345-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999339,_345_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 339, 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011334-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011334_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011352-381">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011352_381-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011352_381-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011352_381-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999345-382"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999345_382-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999345–346-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999345–346_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 345–346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011351-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011351_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999347-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999347_385-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999353-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999353_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011340-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011340_387-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011353-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011353_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999348-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999348_389-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011354-390"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011354_390-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999347–348,_365-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999347–348,_365_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 347–348, 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999377–378-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999377–378_392-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, pp. 377–378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011395–396-393"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011395–396_393-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 395–396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011398-394">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011398_394-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011398_394-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011398_394-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999386-395"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999386_395-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011409-397">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011409_397-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011409_397-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999391-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999391_398-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198943-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198943_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198943_399-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011411-401"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011411_401-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011412-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011412_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011414-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011414_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011414_403-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011414_403-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 414. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler1999394-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler1999394_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198975-405">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198975_405-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198975_405-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198975_405-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198973-407">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198973_407-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198973_407-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011417–418-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011417–418_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 417–418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011421-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011421_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198928-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198928_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198927–28-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198927–28_412-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198927-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198927_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011423-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011423_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBánó20047-415">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBánó20047_415-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBánó20047_415-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBánó2004">Bánó 2004</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzéchenyi2023214–216-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzéchenyi2023214–216_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzéchenyi2023">Széchenyi 2023</a>, pp. 214–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198997–100-417">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198997–100_417-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198997–100_417-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, pp. 97–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011435-419"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011435_419-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989116–119-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989116–119_420-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, pp. 116–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198976,_116–119-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay198976,_116–119_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, pp. 76, 116–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzéchenyi2023218-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzéchenyi2023218_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzéchenyi2023">Széchenyi 2023</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989138-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989138_424-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENémethy201636-425">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENémethy201636_425-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENémethy201636_425-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNémethy2016">Némethy 2016</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989143,_145-426">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989143,_145_426-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989143,_145_426-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, pp. 143, 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989145-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudenusSzentirmay1989145_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989">Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge2011490–501-429"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge2011490–501_429-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, pp. 490–501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozminski199797–104-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozminski199797–104_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozminski1997">Kozminski 1997</a>, pp. 97–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zavaros-431">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zavaros_431-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zavaros_431-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kronikaonline.ro/extra/zavaros-korok-aldozatai-hazatert-nemesi-csaladok">"Zavaros korok áldozatai: hazatért nemesi családok"</a> [Victims of troubled times: returning noble families]. <a href="/wiki/Kronika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronika">Kronika</a> (in Hungarian). Príma Press Kft. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kronika&rft.atitle=Zavaros+korok+%C3%A1ldozatai%3A+hazat%C3%A9rt+nemesi+csal%C3%A1dok&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkronikaonline.ro%2Fextra%2Fzavaros-korok-aldozatai-hazatert-nemesi-csaladok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrás2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">András, Sereg (19 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jogiforum.hu/cikk/2013/04/19/barok-grofok-hercegek/">"Bárók, grófok, hercegek"</a> [Barons, counts, dukes]. Jogi Fórum (in Hungarian). Jogászoknak Kft. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jogi+F%C3%B3rum&rft.atitle=B%C3%A1r%C3%B3k%2C+gr%C3%B3fok%2C+hercegek&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=Sereg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jogiforum.hu%2Fcikk%2F2013%2F04%2F19%2Fbarok-grofok-hercegek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENémethy201636–37-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENémethy201636–37_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNémethy2016">Némethy 2016</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">CEU</a> Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-95-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-95-1">978-963-9776-95-1</a>.</li> <li>Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romilly J. H. Jenkins) (1967). <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Center_for_Byzantine_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies">Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-021-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-021-5">0-88402-021-5</a>.</li> <li>Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9116-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9116-31-9">963-9116-31-9</a>.</li> <li>The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517) (Edited and translated by János M. Bak, Péter Banyó and Martyn Rady, with an introductory study by László Péter) (2005). Charles Schlacks, Jr.; Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884445-40-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-884445-40-3">1-884445-40-3</a>.</li> <li>The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (Translated and edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers.</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁ._Varga1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Á. Varga, László (1989). "hitbizomány" [fideicommissum]. In Bán, Péter (ed.). Magyar történelmi fogalomtár, A–L [Thesaurus of Hungarian History] (in Hungarian). Gondolat. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-282-203-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-282-203-X"><bdi>963-282-203-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hitbizom%C3%A1ny&rft.btitle=Magyar+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi+fogalomt%C3%A1r%2C+A%E2%80%93L&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=Gondolat&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=963-282-203-X&rft.aulast=%C3%81.+Varga&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBak1993" class="citation book cs1">Bak, János (1993). ""Linguistic pluralism" in Medieval Hungary". In Meyer, Marc A. (ed.). The Culture of Christendom: Essays in Medieval History in Memory of Denis L. T. Bethel. <a href="/wiki/The_Hambledon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hambledon Press">The Hambledon Press</a>. pp. 269–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-064-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-064-7"><bdi>1-85285-064-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Linguistic+pluralism%22+in+Medieval+Hungary&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Christendom%3A+Essays+in+Medieval+History+in+Memory+of+Denis+L.+T.+Bethel&rft.pages=269-280&rft.pub=The+Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85285-064-7&rft.aulast=Bak&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBánó2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bánó, Attila (2004). Régi magyar családok [Old Hungarian Families] (in Hungarian). Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9471-47-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-9471-47-X"><bdi>963-9471-47-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9gi+magyar+csal%C3%A1dok&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=963-9471-47-X&rft.aulast=B%C3%A1n%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Berend" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Berend">Berend, Nora</a>; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78156-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78156-5"><bdi>978-0-521-78156-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Europe+in+the+High+Middle+Ages%3A+Bohemia%2C+Hungary+and+Poland%2C+c.+900-c.+1300&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78156-5&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft.au=Urba%C5%84czyk%2C+Przemys%C5%82aw&rft.au=Wiszewski%2C+Przemys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cartledge" title="Bryan Cartledge">Cartledge, Bryan</a> (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-112-6"><bdi>978-1-84904-112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Will+to+Survive%3A+A+History+of+Hungary&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-112-6&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89452-4"><bdi>978-0-521-89452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89452-4&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Engel" title="Pál Engel">Engel, Pál</a> (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B. Tauris Publishers">I.B. Tauris Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3"><bdi>1-86064-061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+St+Stephen%3A+A+History+of+Medieval+Hungary%2C+895%E2%80%931526&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86064-061-3&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFügedi1986a" class="citation book cs1">Fügedi, Erik (1986a). Castle and Society in Medieval Hungary (1000-1437). <a href="/wiki/Akad%C3%A9miai_Kiad%C3%B3" title="Akadémiai Kiadó">Akadémiai Kiadó</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-3802-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-3802-4"><bdi>963-05-3802-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castle+and+Society+in+Medieval+Hungary+%281000-1437%29&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=963-05-3802-4&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCgedi&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFügedi1986b" class="citation book cs1">Fügedi, Erik (1986b). "The aristocracy in medieval Hungary (theses)". In Bak, J. M. (ed.). Kings, Bishops, Nobles and Burghers in Medieval Hungary. <a href="/wiki/Variorum_Reprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Variorum Reprints">Variorum Reprints</a>. pp. IV.1–IV.14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-177-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-177-1"><bdi>0-86078-177-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+aristocracy+in+medieval+Hungary+%28theses%29&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Bishops%2C+Nobles+and+Burghers+in+Medieval+Hungary&rft.pages=IV.1-IV.14&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86078-177-1&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCgedi&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFügedi1998" class="citation book cs1">Fügedi, Erik (1998). The Elefánthy: The Hungarian Nobleman and His Kindred (Edited by Damir Karbić, with a foreword by János M. Bak). Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9116-20-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-9116-20-3"><bdi>963-9116-20-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elef%C3%A1nthy%3A+The+Hungarian+Nobleman+and+His+Kindred+%28Edited+by+Damir+Karbi%C4%87%2C+with+a+foreword+by+J%C3%A1nos+M.+Bak%29&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=963-9116-20-3&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCgedi&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFügediBak2012" class="citation book cs1">Fügedi, Erik; Bak, János M. (2012). "Foreign Knights and Clerks in Early Medieval Hungary". In Berend, Nora (ed.). The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 319–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2245-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-2245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Knights+and+Clerks+in+Early+Medieval+Hungary&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=319-331&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-2245-7&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCgedi&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Bak%2C+J%C3%A1nos+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgescu1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vlad_Georgescu" title="Vlad Georgescu">Georgescu, Vlad</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanianshistory0000geor">The Romanians: A History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-0511-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-0511-9"><bdi>0-8142-0511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8142-0511-9&rft.aulast=Georgescu&rft.aufirst=Vlad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanianshistory0000geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gudenus, János; Szentirmay, László (1989). Összetört címerek: a magyar arisztokrácia sorsa és az 1945 utáni megpróbáltatások [Broken Coats-of-Arms: The Hungarian Aristocrats' Fate and the Scourge after 1945] (in Hungarian). Mozaik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-02-6114-6" title="Special:BookSources/963-02-6114-6"><bdi>963-02-6114-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96sszet%C3%B6rt+c%C3%ADmerek%3A+a+magyar+arisztokr%C3%A1cia+sorsa+%C3%A9s+az+1945+ut%C3%A1ni+megpr%C3%B3b%C3%A1ltat%C3%A1sok&rft.pub=Mozaik&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=963-02-6114-6&rft.aulast=Gudenus&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rft.au=Szentirmay%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKontler1999" class="citation book cs1">Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary. Atlantisz Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9165-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9165-37-9"><bdi>963-9165-37-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennium+in+Central+Europe%3A+A+History+of+Hungary&rft.pub=Atlantisz+Publishing+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=963-9165-37-9&rft.aulast=Kontler&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKováč2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Kov%C3%A1%C4%8D" title="Dušan Kováč">Kováč, Dušan</a> (2011). "The Slovak political programme: from Hungarian patriotism to the Czecho–Slovak State". In Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D. (eds.). Slovakia in History. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 120–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80253-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80253-6"><bdi>978-0-521-80253-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Slovak+political+programme%3A+from+Hungarian+patriotism+to+the+Czecho%E2%80%93Slovak+State&rft.btitle=Slovakia+in+History&rft.pages=120-136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80253-6&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozminski1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Ko%C5%BAmi%C5%84ski" title="Andrzej Koźmiński">Kozminski, Andrzej K.</a> (March 1997). "Restitution of Private Property: Re-privatization in Central and Eastern Europe". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 30 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 95–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0967-067X%2896%2900025-6">10.1016/S0967-067X(96)00025-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-067X">0967-067X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45302002">45302002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=Restitution+of+Private+Property%3A+Re-privatization+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-106&rft.date=1997-03&rft.issn=0967-067X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45302002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0967-067X%2896%2900025-6&rft.aulast=Kozminski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukačka2011" class="citation book cs1">Lukačka, Ján (2011). "The Beginnings of the Nobility in Slovakia". In Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D. (eds.). Slovakia in History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80253-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80253-6"><bdi>978-0-521-80253-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+the+Nobility+in+Slovakia&rft.btitle=Slovakia+in+History&rft.pages=30-37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80253-6&rft.aulast=Luka%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagaš2007" class="citation book cs1">Magaš, Branka (2007). Croatia Through History. SAQI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-775-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-775-9"><bdi>978-0-86356-775-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia+Through+History&rft.pub=SAQI&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-775-9&rft.aulast=Maga%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Branka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakkai1994" class="citation book cs1">Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2"><bdi>963-05-6703-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Estates+%281172%E2%80%931526%29&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania&rft.pages=178-243&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=963-05-6703-2&rft.aulast=Makkai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdock2000" class="citation book cs1">Murdock, Graeme (2000). Calvinism on the Frontier, 1600-1660: International Calvinims and the Reformed Church in Hungary and Transylvania. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820859-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820859-6"><bdi>0-19-820859-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvinism+on+the+Frontier%2C+1600-1660%3A+International+Calvinims+and+the+Reformed+Church+in+Hungary+and+Transylvania&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-820859-6&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakazawa2007" class="citation book cs1">Nakazawa, Tatsuya (2007). "Slovak Nation as a Corporate Body: The Process of the Conceptual Transformation of a Nation without History into a Constitutional Subject during the Revolutions of 1848/49". In Hayashi, Tadayuki; Fukuda, Hiroshi (eds.). Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/09_nakazawa.pdf">155–181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-938637-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-938637-43-9"><bdi>978-4-938637-43-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slovak+Nation+as+a+Corporate+Body%3A+The+Process+of+the+Conceptual+Transformation+of+a+Nation+without+History+into+a+Constitutional+Subject+during+the+Revolutions+of+1848%2F49&rft.btitle=Regions+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=155-181&rft.pub=Slavic+Research+Center%2C+Hokkaido+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-938637-43-9&rft.aulast=Nakazawa&rft.aufirst=Tatsuya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNémethy2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Némethy, Zsolt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/03600/03610/00029/pdf/EPA03610_turul_2016_1.pdf">"Rang nélkül: rehabilitálatlan magyar arisztokraták, 1945–? [Without a rank: unrehabilitated Hungarian aristocrats, 1945–?]"</a> (PDF). Turul (in Hungarian). 89 (1). Magyar Törtnelmi Társulat: 35–38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1216-7258">1216-7258</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turul&rft.atitle=Rang+n%C3%A9lk%C3%BCl%3A+rehabilit%C3%A1latlan+magyar+arisztokrat%C3%A1k%2C+1945%E2%80%93%3F+%5BWithout+a+rank%3A+unrehabilitated+Hungarian+aristocrats%2C+1945%E2%80%93%3F%5D&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-38&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1216-7258&rft.aulast=N%C3%A9methy&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.oszk.hu%2F03600%2F03610%2F00029%2Fpdf%2FEPA03610_turul_2016_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPálffy2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_P%C3%A1lffy" title="Géza Pálffy">Pálffy, Géza</a> (2009). The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century. Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-633-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-633-8"><bdi>978-0-88033-633-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Hungary+and+the+Habsburg+Monarchy+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Center+for+Hungarian+Studies+and+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-633-8&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1lffy&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatai2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Patai" title="Raphael Patai">Patai, Raphael</a> (2015). The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2561-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2561-2"><bdi>978-0-8143-2561-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Hungary%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Psychology&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2561-2&rft.aulast=Patai&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop2013" class="citation book cs1">Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013). "De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Peter Lang Edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-64866-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-64866-7"><bdi>978-3-631-64866-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22De+manibus+Valachorum+scismaticorum...%22%3A+Romanians+and+Power+in+the+Mediaeval+Kingdom+of+Hungary%3A+The+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Edition&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-631-64866-7&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan-Aurel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProdan1971" class="citation book cs1">Prodan, David (1971). Supplex Libellus Valachorum or The Political Struggle of the Romanians in Transylvania during the 18th century. Publishing House of the Academy of the Socialist Republic of Romania. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/955936263">955936263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplex+Libellus+Valachorum+or+The+Political+Struggle+of+the+Romanians+in+Transylvania+during+the+18th+century&rft.pub=Publishing+House+of+the+Academy+of+the+Socialist+Republic+of+Romania&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F955936263&rft.aulast=Prodan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRady2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Rady" title="Martyn Rady">Rady, Martyn</a> (2000). Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-80085-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-80085-0"><bdi>0-333-80085-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobility%2C+Land+and+Service+in+Medieval+Hungary&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-333-80085-0&rft.aulast=Rady&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRévész2003" class="citation book cs1">Révész, László (2003). "The cemeteries of the Conquest period". In Zsolt, Visy (ed.). Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium. Ministry of National Cultural Heritage, Teleki László Foundation. pp. 338–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-86291-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/963-86291-8-5"><bdi>963-86291-8-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+cemeteries+of+the+Conquest+period&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Archaeology+at+the+Turn+of+the+Millennium&rft.pages=338-343&rft.pub=Ministry+of+National+Cultural+Heritage%2C+Teleki+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-86291-8-5&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9v%C3%A9sz&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimert1995" class="citation book cs1">Schimert, Peter (1995). "The Hungarian Nobility in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". In Scott, H. M. (ed.). The European Nobilites in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Volume Two: Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. pp. 144–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-08071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-08071-1"><bdi>0-582-08071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hungarian+Nobility+in+the+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.btitle=The+European+Nobilites+in+the+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries%2C+Volume+Two%3A+Northern%2C+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=144-182&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-582-08071-1&rft.aulast=Schimert&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzakály1994" class="citation book cs1">Szakály, Ferenc (1994). "The Early Ottoman Period, Including Royal Hungary, 1526–1606". In Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (eds.). A History of Hungary. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 83–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7081-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/963-7081-01-1"><bdi>963-7081-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Ottoman+Period%2C+Including+Royal+Hungary%2C+1526%E2%80%931606&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hungary&rft.pages=83-99&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=963-7081-01-1&rft.aulast=Szak%C3%A1ly&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzéchenyi2023" class="citation book cs1">Széchenyi, Kinga (2023). "Deportations and Hungarian Aristocracy during the Communist Period". In Botos, Máté; Fejérdy, Gergely (eds.). Honore et Virtute. A közép-európai arisztokrácia sorsa a XX. században. L'Harmattan. pp. 211–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-414-829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-414-829-6"><bdi>978-963-414-829-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deportations+and+Hungarian+Aristocracy+during+the+Communist+Period&rft.btitle=Honore+et+Virtute.+A+k%C3%B6z%C3%A9p-eur%C3%B3pai+arisztokr%C3%A1cia+sorsa+a+XX.+sz%C3%A1zadban&rft.pages=211-219&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-963-414-829-6&rft.aulast=Sz%C3%A9chenyi&rft.aufirst=Kinga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1976). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria–Hungary. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-79145-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-79145-9"><bdi>0-226-79145-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+Monarchy%2C+1809%E2%80%931918%3A+A+History+of+the+Austrian+Empire+and+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-226-79145-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2014" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Gábor (2014). Hungarian Culture and Politics in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1711–1848. CEU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-386-019-9"><bdi>978-963-386-019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Culture+and+Politics+in+the+Habsburg+Monarchy%2C+1711%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=CEU+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-963-386-019-9&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2003" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mária (2003). "10th–11th century settlements; Earthen forts". In Visy, Zsolt (ed.). Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium. Ministry of National Cultural Heritage, Teleki László Foundation. pp. 326–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-86291-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/963-86291-8-5"><bdi>963-86291-8-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10th%E2%80%9311th+century+settlements%3B+Earthen+forts&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Archaeology+at+the+Turn+of+the+Millennium&rft.pages=326-331&rft.pub=Ministry+of+National+Cultural+Heritage%2C+Teleki+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-86291-8-5&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimonyi2016" class="citation book cs1">Zimonyi, István (2016). Muslim Sources on the Magyars in the Second Half of the 9th Century: The Magyar Chapter of the Jayhānī Tradition. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21437-8"><bdi>978-90-04-21437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Sources+on+the+Magyars+in+the+Second+Half+of+the+9th+Century%3A+The+Magyar+Chapter+of+the+Jayh%C4%81n%C4%AB+Tradition&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21437-8&rft.aulast=Zimonyi&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neumann, Tibor (2016). "Hercegek a középkorvégi Magyarországon [Dukes in Hungary in the Late Middle Ages]". In Zsoldos, Attila (ed.). Hercegek és hercegségek a középkori Magyarországon [Dukes and Duchies in Medieval Hungary] (in Hungarian). Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet. pp. 95–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-8406-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-8406-13-2"><bdi>978-963-8406-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hercegek+a+k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorv%C3%A9gi+Magyarorsz%C3%A1gon+%5BDukes+in+Hungary+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages%5D&rft.btitle=Hercegek+%C3%A9s+hercegs%C3%A9gek+a+k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkori+Magyarorsz%C3%A1gon+%5BDukes+and+Duchies+in+Medieval+Hungary%5D&rft.pages=95-112&rft.pub=V%C3%A1rosi+Lev%C3%A9lt%C3%A1r+%C3%A9s+Kutat%C3%B3int%C3%A9zet&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-963-8406-13-2&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Wayne C. (2014). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2014. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475812244" title="Special:BookSources/9781475812244"><bdi>9781475812244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic%2C+Central%2C+and+Southeastern+Europe+2014&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781475812244&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Wayne+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/nobilitashungariae">"Nobilitashungariae: List of Historical Surnames of the Hungarian Nobility / A magyar történelmi nemesség családneveinek listája"</a>. Clcweb Library. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1923-9580">1923-9580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clcweb+Library&rft.atitle=Nobilitashungariae%3A+List+of+Historical+Surnames+of+the+Hungarian+Nobility+%2F+A+magyar+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi+nemess%C3%A9g+csal%C3%A1dneveinek+list%C3%A1ja&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1923-9580&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6t%C3%B6sy+de+Zepetnek&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fclcweblibrary%2Fnobilitashungariae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Zsoldos, Attila (2020). The Árpáds and Their People. An Introduction to the History of Hungary from cca. 900 to 1301. Arpadiana IV., Research Centre for the Humanities. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-416-226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-416-226-1"><bdi>978-963-416-226-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C3%81rp%C3%A1ds+and+Their+People.+An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Hungary+from+cca.+900+to+1301&rft.pub=Arpadiana+IV.%2C+Research+Centre+for+the+Humanities&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-963-416-226-1&rft.aulast=Zsoldos&rft.aufirst=Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+nobility" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobility_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_nobility" title="Template:European nobility"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_nobility" title="Template talk:European nobility"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_nobility" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European nobility"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobility_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="European nobility">Nobility of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Present monarchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nobility" title="Belgian nobility">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nobility" title="Danish nobility">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nobility" title="Dutch nobility">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_Norway" title="Aristocracy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolished_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolished monarchy">Former monarchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austria and Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nobility" title="Czech nobility">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bosnian_noble_families" title="Template:Bosnian noble families">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nobility" title="Croatian nobility">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Estonia and Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nobility" title="Finnish nobility">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Nobility of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Germany</a></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupatridae" title="Eupatridae">Attica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariots" title="Phanariots">Early Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nobility" title="Irish nobility">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_nobility" title="Maltese nobility">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nobility" title="Montenegrin nobility">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility" title="Serbian nobility">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nobility" title="Swiss nobility">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" title="Ukrainian nobility of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobility_by_nation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobility_by_nation" title="Template:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobility_by_nation" title="Template talk:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobility_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobility_by_nation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> by nation</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(*) : state where <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> still exists</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahib-ul-Ma%27ali" title="Sahib-ul-Ma'ali">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Mamluk titles and appellations">Mamluks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">Eswatini</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers" title="Nigerian traditional rulers">Rulers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriana" title="Andriana">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Somali aristocratic and court titles">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_royal_family" title="Zulu royal family">South Africa (Zulu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifism" title="Sharifism">Morocco</a>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Princely_Hat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/70px-Princely_Hat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/105px-Princely_Hat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/140px-Princely_Hat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="383" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peers_and_baronets" title="Canadian peers and baronets">Canada</a>*</li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipiltin" title="Pipiltin">pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nobility" title="Mexican nobility">post-Columbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban nobility">Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nobility" title="Lebanese nobility">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_families" title="Template:Ottoman families">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolia</a></li> <li>Japan* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">Kuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">Daimyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Meiji</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nobility" title="Korean nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">Yangban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_peers_and_baronets" title="Indian peers and baronets">Indo-European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indonesia* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Kshatriya" title="Balinese Kshatriya">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabang_Atas" title="Cabang Atas">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malaysia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Brunei</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nobility" title="Khmer nobility">Cambodia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nobility" title="Thai nobility">Thailand</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nobility" title="Vietnamese nobility">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nobility" title="Danish nobility">Denmark</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nobility" title="Finnish nobility">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_Norway" title="Aristocracy of Norway">Norway</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Sweden</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nobility" title="Belgian nobility">Belgium</a>*</li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nobility" title="Dutch nobility">The Netherlands</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nobility" title="Swiss nobility">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">United Kingdom</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Holy See</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spain</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central, Eastern and Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austria</a></li> <li>Baltic countries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Ritterschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nobility" title="Croatian nobility">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nobility" title="Czech nobility">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Nobility of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nobility" title="Montenegrin nobility">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility" title="Serbian nobility">Serbia</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" title="Ukrainian nobility of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_peers_and_baronets" title="Australian peers and baronets">Australia</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">Fiji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroijlaplap" title="Iroijlaplap">Marshall Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27amatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'amatai">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nobles" title="Tongan nobles">Tonga</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi" title="Aliʻi">Hawai‘i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Noble_kindreds_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_(9–14th_century)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Noble_kindreds_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Template:Noble kindreds in the Kingdom of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Noble_kindreds_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:Noble kindreds in the Kingdom of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Noble_kindreds_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noble kindreds in the Kingdom of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noble_kindreds_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_(9–14th_century)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Noble kindreds in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (9–14th century)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds (genera)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aba_(genus)" title="Aba (genus)">Aba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acsa_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acsa (genus) (page does not exist)">Acsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81gm%C3%A1nd_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ágmánd (genus) (page does not exist)">Ágmánd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajtony_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajtony (genus) (page does not exist)">Ajtony</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81kos_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ákos (genus) (page does not exist)">Ákos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apc_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apc (genus) (page does not exist)">Apc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apor_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apor (genus) (page does not exist)">Apor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atyusz_(genus)" title="Atyusz (genus)">Atyusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balog_(genus)" title="Balog (genus)">Balog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balogsemj%C3%A9n_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balogsemjén (genus) (page does not exist)">Balogsemjén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1na_(genus)" title="Bána (genus)">Bána</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1ncsa_(genus)" title="Báncsa (genus)">Báncsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1r-Kal%C3%A1n" title="Bár-Kalán">Bár-Kalán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1szt%C3%A9ly_(genus)" title="Básztély (genus)">Básztély</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becsegergely_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Becsegergely (genus) (page does not exist)">Becsegergely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bejc_(genus)" title="Bejc (genus)">Bejc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9l_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bél (genus) (page does not exist)">Bél</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bik%C3%A1cs_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bikács (genus) (page does not exist)">Bikács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%A1tradv%C3%A1ny_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogátradvány (genus)">Bogátradvány</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borics_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borics (genus) (page does not exist)">Borics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borsa_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borsa (genus) (page does not exist)">Borsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%91_(genus)" title="Bő (genus)">Bő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budm%C3%A9r_(genus)" title="Budmér (genus)">Budmér</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Csabi_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Csabi (genus) (page does not exist)">Csabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1k_(genus)" title="Csák (genus)">Csák</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Csan%C3%A1d_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Csanád (genus) (page does not exist)">Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Csolt_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Csolt (genus) (page does not exist)">Csolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cs%C3%B3r_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Csór (genus) (page does not exist)">Csór</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Div%C3%A9k_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divék (genus) (page does not exist)">Divék</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorozsma" title="Dorozsma">Dorozsma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A1rdony_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gárdony (genus) (page does not exist)">Gárdony</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatal_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gatal (genus) (page does not exist)">Gatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geregye_(genus)" title="Geregye (genus)">Geregye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutkeled_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutkeled (genus)">Gutkeled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r_(genus)" title="Győr (genus)">Győr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyovad_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyovad (genus) (page does not exist)">Gyovad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hah%C3%B3t_(genus)" title="Hahót (genus)">Hahót</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1nta_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hánta (genus) (page does not exist)">Hánta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanva_(genus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanva (genus (page does not exist)">Hanva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9der_(genus)" title="Héder (genus)">Héder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Her%C3%A9ny_(genus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herény (genus (page does not exist)">Herény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A1n_(genus)" title="Hermán (genus)">Hermán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hont-P%C3%A1zm%C3%A1ny" title="Hont-Pázmány">Hont-Pázmány</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igm%C3%A1nd_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igmánd (genus) (page does not exist)">Igmánd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1k_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ják (genus) (page does not exist)">Ják</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8Di%C4%87_noble_family#Hungarian_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kačić noble family">Kacsics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadarkal%C3%A1sz_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadarkalász (genus) (page does not exist)">Kadarkalász</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1n" title="Kán">Kán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplon_(genus)" title="Kaplon (genus)">Kaplon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartal_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kartal (genus) (page does not exist)">Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A1ta_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Káta (genus) (page does not exist)">Káta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopp%C3%A1n_(genus)" title="Koppán (genus)">Koppán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6k%C3%A9nyesradn%C3%B3t_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kökényesradnót (genus) (page does not exist)">Kökényesradnót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1d_(genus)" title="Lád (genus)">Lád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C5%91rinte_(genus)" title="Lőrinte (genus)">Lőrinte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lud%C3%A1ny_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludány (genus) (page does not exist)">Ludány</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mez%C5%91pilis" title="Mezőpilis">Mezőpilis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskolc_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miskolc (genus) (page does not exist)">Miskolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoszl%C3%B3_(genus)" title="Monoszló (genus)">Monoszló</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A1dasd_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nádasd (genus) (page does not exist)">Nádasd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1nabeszter_(genus)" title="Nánabeszter (genus)">Nánabeszter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negol" title="Negol">Negol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9meti_(genus)" title="Németi (genus)">Németi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osl" title="Osl">Osl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96rs%C3%BAr_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Örsúr (genus) (page does not exist)">Örsúr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_(genus)" title="Pápa (genus)">Pápa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9c_(genus)" title="Péc (genus)">Péc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pok_(genus)" title="Pok (genus)">Pok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1t%C3%B3t_(genus)" title="Rátót (genus)">Rátót</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosd_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosd (genus) (page does not exist)">Rosd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaragd_(genus)" title="Smaragd (genus)">Smaragd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sz%C3%A1k_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szák (genus) (page does not exist)">Szák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szal%C3%B3k_(genus)" title="Szalók (genus)">Szalók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9cs_(genus)" title="Szécs (genus)">Szécs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Szemere_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szemere (genus) (page does not exist)">Szemere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Szentem%C3%A1g%C3%B3cs_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szentemágócs (genus) (page does not exist)">Szentemágócs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szolnok_(genus)" title="Szolnok (genus)">Szolnok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekele_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekele (genus) (page does not exist)">Tekele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9t%C3%A9ny_(genus)" title="Tétény (genus)">Tétény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibold_(genus)" title="Tibold (genus)">Tibold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolcsva_(genus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolcsva (genus (page does not exist)">Tolcsva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Told_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Told (genus) (page does not exist)">Told</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomaj_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomaj (genus) (page does not exist)">Tomaj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turul_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turul (genus) (page does not exist)">Turul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrje_(genus)" title="Türje (genus)">Türje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyukod_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyukod (genus) (page does not exist)">Tyukod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugra_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugra (genus) (page does not exist)">Ugra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veszk%C3%A9ny_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veszkény (genus) (page does not exist)">Veszkény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1h_(gens)" title="Záh (gens)">Záh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zo%C3%A1rd_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoárd (genus) (page does not exist)">Zoárd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zsad%C3%A1ny_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zsadány (genus) (page does not exist)">Zsadány</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zsid%C3%B3_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zsidó (genus) (page does not exist)">Zsidó</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zsombor_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zsombor (genus) (page does not exist)">Zsombor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_(855-1301).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%28855-1301%29.svg/125px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%28855-1301%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%28855-1301%29.svg/188px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%28855-1301%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%28855-1301%29.svg/250px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%28855-1301%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungary_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&oldid=1260196121">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&oldid=1260196121</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_nobility" title="Category:Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Category:Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Croatia" title="Category:Kingdom of Croatia">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transylvania_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Category:Transylvania in the Kingdom of Hungary">Transylvania in the Kingdom of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_Hungary" title="Category:Social history of Hungary">Social history of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_Croatia" title="Category:Social history of Croatia">Social history of Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Social history of Slovakia">Social history of Slovakia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)" title="Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)">CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2023">Use dmy dates from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_shortened_footnotes_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use shortened footnotes from August 2023">Use shortened footnotes from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Croatian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Croatian-language text">Articles containing Croatian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 12:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_nobility&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-754858f5b9-mb9j7","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.307","walltime":"3.725","ppvisitednodes":{"value":45592,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":439422,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":69294,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":416095,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3115.374 1 -total"," 48.52% 1511.480 528 Template:Sfn"," 7.11% 221.373 49 Template:Lang"," 6.48% 201.757 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.40% 199.401 36 Template:Cite_book"," 6.05% 188.391 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.20% 161.858 1 Template:History_of_Hungary"," 5.06% 157.569 542 Template:Main_other"," 4.17% 129.896 41 Template:Reign"," 3.54% 110.376 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.871","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18947862,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndrás2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBak1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBánó2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartledge2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFügedi1986a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFügedi1986b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFügedi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFügediBak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgescu1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudenusSzentirmay1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgkinson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKontler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKováč2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozminski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukačka2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagaš2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakkai1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakazawa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNémethy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPop2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProdan1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPálffy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRady2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRévész2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimert1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzakály1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzéchenyi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimonyi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁ._Varga1989\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Conservatism in Hungary\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"Divcol\"] = 2,\n [\"Divcol end\"] = 2,\n [\"European nobility\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"History of Hungary\"] = 1,\n [\"Hungary articles\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Illm\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 49,\n [\"Nobility by nation\"] = 1,\n [\"Noble kindreds in the Kingdom of Hungary\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 28,\n [\"Reign\"] = 41,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 528,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 43,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","780","40.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","11.5"],["?","200","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","7.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","4.2"],["date","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","2.1"],["[others]","260","13.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-754858f5b9-vt4v8","timestamp":"20241210174059","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hungarian nobility","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungarian_nobility","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q927915","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q927915","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-19T11:05:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-29T12:25:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/02\/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg","headline":"privileged social class in the Kingdom of Hungary"}</script> </body> </html>