CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <head > <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <style type="text/css"> .slide-excerpt { width: 100%; } .slide-excerpt { bottom: 0; } .slide-excerpt { left: 0; } .flexslider { max-width: 737px; max-height: 400px; } .slide-image { max-height: 400px; } </style>  <title>VSWR: A Beginner's Guide</title> <meta name="description" content="In this FAQ, we cover the basics of VSWR, including how to measure it and the effect of a high VSWR on RF systems." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in RF systems?" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In this FAQ, we cover the basics of VSWR, including how to measure it and the effect of a high VSWR on RF systems." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Electrical Engineering News and Products" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-12-31T05:47:04+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Featured-Image.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="740" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="author" content="Rakesh Kumar, PhD" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Rakesh Kumar, PhD" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="5 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems/","url":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051","name":"VSWR: A Beginner's Guide","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Featured-Image.png","datePublished":"2024-12-31T05:47:04+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/#/schema/person/aed810e882611c4e4ef82abd66cea93e"},"description":"In this FAQ, we cover the basics of VSWR, including how to measure it and the effect of a high VSWR on RF systems.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051#primaryimage","url":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Featured-Image.png","contentUrl":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Featured-Image.png","width":740,"height":400},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in RF systems?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/#website","url":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/","name":"Electrical Engineering News and Products","description":"Electronics Engineering Resources, Articles, Forums, Tear Down Videos and Technical Electronics How-To's","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/#/schema/person/aed810e882611c4e4ef82abd66cea93e","name":"Rakesh Kumar, PhD","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/61cdf4281ced8b8b19065062c71c5478?s=96&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/61cdf4281ced8b8b19065062c71c5478?s=96&r=g","caption":"Rakesh Kumar, PhD"},"description":"/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/rkumar.jpg","url":"https://www.eeworldonline.com/author/rakesh-kumar-phd/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//kit.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Electrical Engineering News and Products » Feed" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Electrical Engineering News and Products » Comments Feed" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.eeworldonline.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='news-pro-css' href='https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/style.css?ver=3.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bcct_style-css' href='https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/better-click-to-tweet/assets/css/styles.css?ver=3.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C700&ver=3.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='akismet-widget-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .a-stats { --akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49; --akismet-color-white: #fff; --akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7; max-width: 350px; width: auto; } .a-stats * { all: unset; box-sizing: border-box; } .a-stats strong { font-weight: 600; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:active { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); border: none; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 8px; color: var(--akismet-color-white); cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen-Sans', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-weight: 500; padding: 12px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease; } /* Extra specificity to deal with TwentyTwentyOne focus style */ .widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); color: var(--akismet-color-white); text-decoration: none; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover { filter: brightness(110%); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16); } .a-stats .count { color: var(--akismet-color-white); display: block; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0 13px; white-space: nowrap; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh-uni-gam-prestitial-style-css' href='https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/wtwh-universal-gam/assets/css/frontend/prestitial/prestitial.css?ver=1.1.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='slider_styles-css' href='https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-responsive-slider/assets/style.css?ver=1.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; a2a_config.track_links = 'bitly'; a2a_config.track_links_key = 'addtoany|R_cc6a4017b0274d1d86f2397771b70136'; // username|API key delimited by | a2a_config.templates = { twitter: "${title} ${link} via @EEWorldOnline" }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/371676a4da.js?ver=1.1.3" id="wtwh-uni-gam-prestitial-font-awesome-js"></script>  <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Featured-Image.png"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Featured-Image.png"><meta property="og:image:width" content="740"><meta property="og:image:height" content="400"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Featured Image"><meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png"><meta property="og:description" content="Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is a fundamental parameter that measures the efficiency of radio frequency (RF) power transmission from a source through a transmission line to a load. A simple way to measure VSWR is to find the highest to lowest voltage ratio in a standing wave created on a transmission line due to […]"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Electrical Engineering News and Products"><meta property="og:title" content="What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in RF systems?"><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems/"><meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-12-12T14:25:11-05:00"> <meta property="article:tag" content="FAQ"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-12-31T05:47:04+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-12-12T19:25:11+00:00"><meta property="article:section" content="Analog IC Tips"><meta property="article:section" content="Applications"><meta property="article:section" content="FAQ"><meta property="article:section" content="Featured"><meta property="article:section" content="Telecommunications"><meta property="article:section" content="Wireless"><meta property="article:author:first_name" content="Rakesh"><meta property="article:author:last_name" content="Kumar, PhD"><meta property="article:author:username" content="Rakesh Kumar, PhD"> <meta property="twitter:partner" content="ogwp"><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Featured-Image.png"><meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="Featured Image"><meta property="twitter:title" content="What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in RF systems?"><meta property="twitter:description" content="Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is a fundamental parameter that measures the efficiency of radio frequency (RF) power transmission from a source through a transmission line to a load. A simple..."><meta property="twitter:url" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems/"> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Featured-Image.png"><meta itemprop="name" content="What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in RF systems?"><meta itemprop="description" content="Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is a fundamental parameter that measures the efficiency of radio frequency (RF) power transmission from a source through a transmission line to a load. A simple way to measure VSWR is to find the highest to lowest voltage ratio in a standing wave created on a transmission line due to […]"><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-12-31"><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2024-12-12T19:25:11+00:00"><meta itemprop="author" content="Rakesh Kumar, PhD"> <meta property="profile:first_name" content="Rakesh"><meta property="profile:last_name" content="Kumar, PhD"><meta property="profile:username" content="Rakesh Kumar, PhD">  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/514051" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.eeworldonline.com/?p=514051' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeworldonline.com%2Fwhat-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeworldonline.com%2Fwhat-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems%2F&format=xml" />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMC9PJ9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5XFMW25');</script>  <script type='text/javascript' src='https://sorgalla.com/jcarousel/dist/jquery.jcarousel.min.js'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> jQuery(function() { jQuery('.jcarousel') .jcarousel({ // Core configuration goes here wrap: 'both' }) jQuery('.jcarousel-prev').jcarouselControl({ target: '-=1' }); jQuery('.jcarousel-next').jcarouselControl({ target: '+=1' }); }); </script> <style type="text/css"> /* This is the visible area of you carousel. Set a width here to define how much items are visible. The width can be either fixed in px or flexible in %. Position must be relative! */ .jcarouselcontainer { margin: 20px 28px; padding: 0 30px; position: relative; } .jcarousel { position: relative; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } /* This is the container of the carousel items. You must ensure that the position is relative or absolute and that the width is big enough to contain all items. */ .jcarousel ul { width: 20000em; position: relative; /* Optional, required in this case since it's a <ul> element */ list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } /* These are the item elements. jCarousel works best, if the items have a fixed width and height (but it's not required). */ .jcarousel li { /* Required only for block elements like <li>'s */ float: left; width: 200px; margin: 0 30px 0 0 !important; border-bottom: none !important; } /* removes ">" before list item */ .jcarousel li::before { content: none !important; } /* Author name */ .jcarousel li a.authorname { color: #000000; font-weight: bold; } /* Author post title */ .jcarousel li a.authorpost { font-size: 13px; } /* JCarousel Arrows */ .jcarousel-prev { color: #000 !important; display: block; font-size: 30px; font-weight: bold; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 40px; } .jcarousel-next{ color: #000 !important; display: block; font-size: 30px; font-weight: bold; right: 0; position: absolute; top: 40px; } /** TOP NEWS **/ .topnews { width: 100%; background-color: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #e3e3e3; padding: 10px; text-align: center; } .topnews a{ color: #BF1E2E; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; } .footer-widgets-1, .footer-widgets-2, .footer-widgets-3 { width: 330px; } </style><style type="text/css">.site-title a { background: url(https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ee-world-logo.png) no-repeat !important; }</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-color: #eaeaea; } </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/cropped-favicon-1-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/cropped-favicon-1-300x300.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/cropped-favicon-1-300x300.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/cropped-favicon-1-300x300.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .entry-content p { color: black !important; } /*** MOBILE SLIDER TITLE ***/ @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .slide-excerpt { display: block !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { h2 { font-size: 18px; } } /*** LYTICS IMAGE RESIZE ***/ .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget, .pf-widget-img { border-radius: 0px !important; width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; top: 0px !important; left: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; } .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget, .pf-widget-content, .pf-widget-headline { margin-top: 100px; } .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget .pf-widget-img { z-index: 0; } .pf-widget.image-widget, .pf-widget-close { color: white !important; z-index: 1; } /*** END LYTICS IMAGE RESIZE ***/ /* Changes background color of a menu item */ .menuhighlight { background-color: #FF5500; } .menuhighlight a { color: #FFFFFF !important; } .wtwhSpecial { display: none !important; } /*** SPONSORED CONTENT ***/ #featured-post-14 h4.entry-title { font-size: 15px; } /*** FEATURED CONTRIBUTIONS ***/ #featured-post-17 h4.entry-title { font-size: 15px; } /*EE Classrooms Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } .dropbtn { /*background-color: #04AA6D;*/ color: white; padding: 16px; font-size: 16px; border: none; } .dropdown { display: inline-block; } .dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f1f1f1; min-width: 160px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); z-index: 1; } .dropdown-content a { color: black; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; display: block; } .dropdown-content a:hover {background-color: #ddd;} .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {display: block;} /*.dropdown:hover .dropbtn {background-color: #3e8e41;}*/ /*Design Guide Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } .dropbtn { color: white; padding: 16px; font-size: 16px; border: none; } .dropdown { display: inline-block; } .dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f1f1f1; min-width: 160px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); z-index: 1; } .dropdown-content a { color: black; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; display: block; } .dropdown-content a:hover {background-color: #ddd;} .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {display: block;} /*.dropdown:hover .dropbtn {background-color: #3e8e41;}*/ /*Design Guide Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guides:after { content: ""; border: solid #000; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; margin-left: 30px; margin-bottom: 3px; display: inline-block; padding: 2.5px; transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); } #algolia-powered-by { display:none; } /* Search Page */ body.search .site-inner { padding-left: unset; padding-right: unset; } /*NEW SUBSCRIBE BTN COLOR*/ .genesis-nav-menu .site-header--subscribe a{ background-color: #43BC9D; color: white; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1023px){ .site-header--subscribe a{ background-color: #43BC9D; color: white; } } /*GATED COUNTRY FIELD FULL WIDTH & TERMS====*/ #input_47_54_6_container{ flex: 0 0 100%; } .terms{ font-size: 10px; font-style: italic; } .type-gated-download .entry-content img{ width: 100%; } .page-id-514594 .entry-title{display:none;} </style> <script async id="wtwh-uni-gam-ad-manager-lib" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script id="wtwh-uni-gam-keyword-ads-variables">var KEYWORDADS = {"hasKeywordAds":0};</script> <script id="wtwh-uni-gam-ott-variables">var OTTINFO = { "hasOTT":0, "name":"", "prestital_behavior":"", "jumbo_banner_behavior":"" };</script> <script id="wtwh-uni-gam-ad-units"> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eeworld_header', [[728, 90],[300, 250]], 'div-gpt-eeworld-header' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([320, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eeworld_wallpaper', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-eeworld_wallpaper' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([768, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([320, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eeworld_allstreamflex', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-eeworld_allstreamflex' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([768, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([320, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eeworld_allstreamprelude', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-eeworld_allstreamprelude' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([768, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([320, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eeworld_sidebar1', [[300, 250],[300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eeworld_sidebar1' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [[300, 250],[300, 600]]) .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250],[300, 600]]) .addSize([320, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eeworld_sidebarbottom', [[300, 250],[300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eeworld_sidebarbottom' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [[300, 250],[300, 600]]) .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250],[300, 600]]) .addSize([320, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eeworld_prestitial', [[640, 480],[300, 225]], 'gam-holder-prestitial-banner' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [640, 480]) .addSize([768, 0], [640, 480]) .addSize([320, 0], [300, 225]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 225]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eeworld_largeleader', [[970, 90],[970, 250]], 'jumbo-banner-ad-container' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [[970, 90],[970, 250]]) .addSize([768, 0], [[970, 90],[970, 250]]) .addSize([320, 0], [0, 0]) .addSize([0, 0], [0, 0]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); // googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script id="wtwh-uni-gam-content-hash-variables"> var contentHash = "5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2"; var cat_target = "5a8fa849df533f8b22395bcca00441d2,analog-ic-tips,applications,faq,featured,telcom,wireless,ros"; </script> <style type="text/css">/** Mega Menu CSS: fs **/</style> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-514051 single-format-standard custom-background custom-header header-image content-sidebar genesis-breadcrumbs-hidden genesis-footer-widgets-visible news-pro-blue">  <div id="prestitial" class="prestitial-no-show" style="opacity: 0;"> <div id="prestitial-overlay"></div> <div id="prestitial-grid"></div> </div> <div class="site-container"><ul class="genesis-skip-link"><li><a href="#genesis-nav-primary" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to primary navigation</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-content" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to main content</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-sidebar-primary" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to primary sidebar</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-footer-widgets" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to footer</a></li></ul><div class="site-container-wrap"><header class="site-header"><div class="wrap"><div class="title-area"><p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/">Electrical Engineering News and Products</a></p><p class="site-description">Electronics Engineering Resources, Articles, Forums, Tear Down Videos and Technical Electronics How-To's</p></div><div class="widget-area header-widget-area"><section id="text-2" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><div id='div-gpt-eeworld-header'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eeworld-header'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div></section> <section id="search-5" class="widget widget_search"><div class="widget-wrap"><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.eeworldonline.com/" role="search"><label class="search-form-label screen-reader-text" for="searchform-1">Search this website</label><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-1" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="Search"><meta content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/?s={s}"></form></div></section> </div></div></header><nav class="nav-primary" aria-label="Main" id="genesis-nav-primary"><div class="wrap"><ul id="menu-main-nav" class="menu genesis-nav-menu menu-primary js-superfish"><li id="menu-item-1763" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1763"><a href="#"><span >Products / Components</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1759" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-1759"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/analog-ic-tips/"><span >Analog ICs</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-510398" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-510398"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/battery-power-tips/"><span >Battery Power</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-225796" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-225796"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/connector-tips/"><span >Connectors</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1760" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1760"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/microcontroller-tips/"><span >Microcontrollers</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1761" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1761"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/power-electronic-tips/"><span >Power Electronics</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-249465" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-249465"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/sensor-tips/"><span >Sensors</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1762" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1762"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/test-and-measurement-tips/"><span >Test and Measurement</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-225795" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-225795"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/wire-and-cable-tips/"><span >Wire / Cable</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1402" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-1402"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/"><span >Applications</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-492157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-492157"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/5g/"><span >5G</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1621" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1621"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/automotive/"><span >Automotive/Transportation</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-510394" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-510394"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/ev-engineering/"><span >EV Engineering</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1622" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1622"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/industrial/"><span >Industrial</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1623" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1623"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/iot/"><span >IoT</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1624" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1624"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/medical/"><span >Medical</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-1625"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/telcom/"><span >Telecommunications</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1626" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1626"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/wearables/"><span >Wearables</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1627" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-1627"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/wireless/"><span >Wireless</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-441869" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-441869"><a target="_blank" href="/learning-center"><span >Learn</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-434495" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-434495"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/"><span >eBooks / Handbooks</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-502349" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-502349"><a target="_blank" href="https://eetrainingdays.com/"><span >EE Training Days</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-434048" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-434048"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/faq/"><span >Tutorials</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-502026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-502026"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center"><span >Learning Center</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-513048" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-513048"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/"><span >Tech Toolboxes</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-510268" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-510268"><a target="_blank" href="https://gateway.on24.com/wcc/experience/elitewtwhmedia/2927718/4415581/eeworld"><span >Webinars & Digital Events</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1420"><a href="#"><span >Resources</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1419" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1419"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/"><span >White Papers</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-503362" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-503362"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library"><span >Design Guide Library</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-498804" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-498804"><a href="/category/digital-issues/"><span >Digital Issues</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-494991" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-494991"><a href="https://www.designworldonline.com/category/news/engineering-diversity/"><span >Engineering Diversity & Inclusion</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-510404" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-510404"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/"><span >LEAP Awards</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-381556" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-381556"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/"><span >Podcasts</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-435581" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-435581"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.designfast.com"><span >DesignFast</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-502050" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-502050"><a><span >Videos</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-502051" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-502051"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/videos/"><span >EE Videos and Interviews</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-233715" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-233715"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/teardown-videos/"><span >Teardown Videos</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1731" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1731"><a href="#"><span >EE Forums</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1433" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1433"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.edaboard.com"><span >EDABoard.com</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1434" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1434"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.electro-tech-online.com"><span >Electro-Tech-Online.com</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-510406" class="site-header--subscribe menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-510406"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/subscribe-eeworld-newsletter/"><span >Subscribe</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-514004" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-514004"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/bill-schweber-blogs/"><span >Bill’s Blogs</span></a></li> </ul></div></nav> <div style="padding-top:10px;text-align:center"><div id='jumbo-banner-ad-container' style='min-width: 970px; min-height: 90px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("jumbo-banner-ad-container"); });</script></div></div> <div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content" id="genesis-content"><article class="post-514051 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-analog-ic-tips category-applications category-faq category-featured category-telcom category-wireless tag-faq entry" aria-label="What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in RF systems?"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in RF systems?</h1> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">December 31, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/author/rakesh-kumar-phd/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Rakesh Kumar, PhD</span></a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_top"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_16 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.eeworldonline.com/what-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems/" data-a2a-title="What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in RF systems?"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeworldonline.com%2Fwhat-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems%2F&linkname=What%20is%20the%20voltage%20standing%20wave%20ratio%20%28VSWR%29%20in%20RF%20systems%3F" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_x" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/x?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeworldonline.com%2Fwhat-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems%2F&linkname=What%20is%20the%20voltage%20standing%20wave%20ratio%20%28VSWR%29%20in%20RF%20systems%3F" title="X" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/linkedin?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeworldonline.com%2Fwhat-is-the-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-vswr-in-rf-systems%2F&linkname=What%20is%20the%20voltage%20standing%20wave%20ratio%20%28VSWR%29%20in%20RF%20systems%3F" title="LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div><p>Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is a fundamental parameter that measures the efficiency of radio frequency (RF) power transmission from a source through a transmission line to a load. A simple way to measure VSWR is to find the highest to lowest voltage ratio in a standing wave created on a transmission line due to an impedance mismatch. In this FAQ, we cover the basics of VSWR, including how to measure it and the effect of a high VSWR on RF systems.</p> <p>VSWR occurs when an RF system’s source, transmission line, and load have impedance mismatches. In an ideal system with perfect impedance matching (typically 50 Ω or 75 Ω), VSWR equals 1, indicating 100% power transfer.</p> <h3>How is <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/basics-of-vswr-and-impedance-part-1-faq/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">VSWR</a> measured and calculated?</h3> <p>VSWR is always one or greater; a VSWR of 1 represents complete power transferred to the load. When a mismatch occurs, some power is reflected back towards the source, creating standing waves. The greater the mismatch, the higher the VSWR.</p> <p><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SWR-320.png"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-8641" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SWR-320.png" sizes="auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SWR-320.png 320w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SWR-320-300x188.png 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SWR-320-150x94.png 150w" alt="VSWR" width="472" height="295" /></a></p> <figure class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 720px;"><img decoding="async" src="https://0x9900.com/images/SWR/vswr_wave_3.gif" alt="VSWR" width="720" height="216" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1. How a mismatch in impedance between source and load leads to reflected power and the associated voltage waveforms in the graph. (Image: <a href="https://0x9900.com/reflected-power-and-vswr/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">0x9900</a>)<span style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></figcaption></figure> <p><strong>Figure 1</strong> shows that when the impedance at the source and load matches, there is no reflected power, but an impedance mismatch leads to reflected power. The green waveform is the outgoing voltage from the source, the red waveform is the incoming voltage to the source, and the purple waveform is the VSWR. The highest and lowest voltage are 1.5 V and 0.5 V, respectively, which leads to a VSWR of 1.5/0.5=3.</p> <p>Reflection properties can also help measure the VSWR. <strong>Figure 2</strong> shows a circulator connected between the source (input) and load (output), which can be connected to an RF vector network analyzer to measure the reflection coefficient (Γ).</p> <figure id="attachment_8643" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 691px;" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8643"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-2.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-8643 size-full" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-2.png" sizes="auto, (max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-2.png 691w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-2-300x130.png 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-2-150x65.png 150w" alt="VSWR" width="691" height="300" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8643" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2. VSWR measurement principle based on reflection properties. (Image: <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Microwave Techniques GmbH</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the reflection coefficient (Γ) value is obtained, it can be substituted in a standard formula (<strong>Figure 3</strong>) to measure VSWR. As mentioned in Figure 3, the reflection coefficient value is also commonly used to find reflected power (%), forward power (%), return loss (dB), and mismatch loss (dB).</p> <figure id="attachment_8644" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 993px;" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8644"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-3.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-8644" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-3.png" sizes="auto, (max-width: 993px) 100vw, 993px" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-3.png 993w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-3-300x83.png 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-3-150x42.png 150w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-3-768x213.png 768w" alt="" width="993" height="276" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8644" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 3. Most commonly used formulas in calculating VSWR and other important related transmission line parameters. (Image: <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NorthEast RF</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Return loss</a> and mismatch loss are also important parameters in the VSWR domain. Return loss is the difference between the forward power and the reflected power, while mismatch loss is the power loss caused by an impedance mismatch.</p> <h3>What are the effects of high VSWR?</h3> <p>A high VSWR damages transmitter power amplifiers due to increased voltage and current levels on the feedline. These increased voltage and current levels also significantly damage the feedline by overheating cables and transmission lines.</p> <p>A high VSWR means that there are timing delays between the outgoing and incoming waves, which leads to signal distortions. As a result, the signal is infiltrated with increased <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tricks-for-pulling-signals-out-of-noise-faq/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">noise</a> and reduced signal clarity. Hence, distorted signals lead to decreased communication range and reliability and compromised antenna radiation efficiency.</p> <p>Based on the formulas in the previous section, <strong>Figure 4</strong> shows a table on how an increasing VSWR affects return loss, % power/voltage loss, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss. For a VSWR of 1, it denotes infinity return loss, and the rest of the parameters are zero. This is the ideal condition that every RF engineer aims for.</p> <figure id="attachment_8645" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 432px;" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8645"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-4-1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-8645 size-full" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-4-1.png" sizes="auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-4-1.png 432w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-4-1-300x278.png 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Figure-4-1-150x139.png 150w" alt="VSWR" width="432" height="401" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8645" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 4. Effect of high VSWR on transmission line parameters such as return loss (dB), % power/voltage loss, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss (dB). (Image: <a href="http://www.tscm.com/vswr.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Granite Island Group</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>However, in real-world cases, the VSWR values are usually higher, and a value of 1.5 or less is considered good, while those in the range of 1.5 and 2 are considered acceptable. A VSWR between 2 and 3 is a poor match; if the value exceeds 3, it leads to critical failure. The corresponding transmission line parameter values for these VSWR values are also shown in Figure 4.</p> <h3>Summary</h3> <p>VSWR is an important specification in products and components related to RF systems. An RF system can communicate well from the source to the load through the transmission line. The VSWR value also forms the basis for arriving at other important parameter values, such as return loss and mismatch loss. Operating an RF system with minimum power loss and improved signal quality is possible with all these parameters.</p> <h3>References</h3> <p><a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Reflection Coefficient Return Loss / Mismatch Loss</a>, Granite Island Group<br /> <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is VSWR – Easy Guide for RF Beginners</a>, FMUSER International Group Limited<br /> <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How VSWR Affects the Performance of RF Antenna</a>, Samuel Olabisi, LinkedIn<br /> <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Understanding Standing Wave Ratio: SWR & VSWR #SWR #VSWR</a>, YouTube<br /> <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Return Loss to Mismatch Calculator – VSWR</a>, NorthEast RF<br /> <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">VSWR MEASUREMENT</a>, Microwave Techniques GmbH<br /> <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Understanding VSWR and Return Loss</a>, YouTube<br /> <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reflected Power and VSWR</a>, 0x9900<br /> <a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is VSWR?</a>, everything RF</p> <h3>Related EE World Online content</h3> <p><a href="https://www.connectortips.com/why-connector-return-loss-causes-signal-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Understanding the basics: What is characteristic impedance?</a><br /> <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/basics-of-vswr-and-impedance-part-1-faq/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Using the Smith chart for Impedance matching, Part 1</a><br /> <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/basics-of-vswr-and-impedance-part-1-faq/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Impedance matching and the Smith Chart, Part 2</a><br /> <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/basics-of-vswr-and-impedance-part-1-faq/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The basics of VSWR and impedance, Part 1</a></p> <div id="single-related-posts"><h2>You Might Also Like</h2><div id="mlt-articles-container" class="articles-container"></div></div></div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/analog-ic-tips/" rel="category tag">Analog IC Tips</a>, <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/" rel="category tag">Applications</a>, <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/telcom/" rel="category tag">Telecommunications</a>, <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/applications/wireless/" rel="category tag">Wireless</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article></main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Primary Sidebar" id="genesis-sidebar-primary"><h2 class="genesis-sidebar-title screen-reader-text">Primary Sidebar</h2><section id="search-3" class="widget widget_search"><div class="widget-wrap"><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.eeworldonline.com/" role="search"><label class="search-form-label screen-reader-text" for="searchform-2">Search this website</label><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-2" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="Search"><meta content="https://www.eeworldonline.com/?s={s}"></form></div></section> <section id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"> <div id='div-gpt-eeworld_sidebar1'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eeworld_sidebar1'); }); </script> </div></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-16" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE Engineering Training Days</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/300x250-side-bar-graphic.png" alt="engineering" /></a> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="featured-post-17" class="widget featured-content featuredpost"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Featured Contributions</h3> <article class="post-514130 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-connector-tips category-faq category-featured category-featured-tutorials tag-faq entry" aria-label="SMP3 vs. SMPS: why two standards?"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/smp3-vs-smps-why-two-standards/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="81" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SMP3-vs-SMPS_Feature_Image-150x81.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SMP3-vs-SMPS_Feature_Image-150x81.jpg 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SMP3-vs-SMPS_Feature_Image-300x162.jpg 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SMP3-vs-SMPS_Feature_Image-737x400.jpg 737w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SMP3-vs-SMPS_Feature_Image.jpg 740w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/smp3-vs-smps-why-two-standards/">SMP3 vs. SMPS: why two standards?</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-514283 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-applications category-connectivity category-consumer category-featured category-featured-tutorials category-iot category-microcontroller-tips tag-silicon-labs entry" aria-label="What’s new with Matter: how Matter 1.4 is reshaping interoperability and energy management"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/whats-new-with-matter-how-matter-1-4-is-reshaping-interoperability-and-energy-management/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="84" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/smart-home-technology-1-150x84.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/smart-home-technology-1-150x84.jpg 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/smart-home-technology-1-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/smart-home-technology-1-768x431.jpg 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/smart-home-technology-1.jpg 1000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/whats-new-with-matter-how-matter-1-4-is-reshaping-interoperability-and-energy-management/">What’s new with Matter: how Matter 1.4 is reshaping interoperability and energy management</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-514066 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-5g category-applications category-featured category-featured-tutorials category-networking-applications category-telcom category-wireless tag-mathworks tag-wireless entry" aria-label="Wireless engineers need AI to build networks"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wireless-engineers-need-ai-skills-to-build-networks/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="94" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/AI_wireless-150x94.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/AI_wireless-150x94.jpg 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/AI_wireless-300x188.jpg 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/AI_wireless-768x480.jpg 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/AI_wireless.jpg 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wireless-engineers-need-ai-skills-to-build-networks/">Wireless engineers need AI to build networks</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-514035 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-applications category-automotive category-featured category-featured-tutorials category-power-electronic-tips tag-avnet entry" aria-label="Developing power architecture to support autonomous transportation"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/developing-power-architecture-to-support-autonomous-transportation/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="100" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Avnet_Autonomous-Vehicle-Image_1-150x100.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Avnet_Autonomous-Vehicle-Image_1-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Avnet_Autonomous-Vehicle-Image_1-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Avnet_Autonomous-Vehicle-Image_1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Avnet_Autonomous-Vehicle-Image_1.jpg 978w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/developing-power-architecture-to-support-autonomous-transportation/">Developing power architecture to support autonomous transportation</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-514001 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-featured-tutorials category-power-electronic-tips tag-semiq entry" aria-label="What makes SiC tick?"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/what-makes-sic-tick/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="108" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SQA007-Image1.2-Energy-Storage-150x108.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SQA007-Image1.2-Energy-Storage-150x108.jpg 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SQA007-Image1.2-Energy-Storage-300x215.jpg 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SQA007-Image1.2-Energy-Storage-1024x734.jpg 1024w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SQA007-Image1.2-Energy-Storage-768x550.jpg 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SQA007-Image1.2-Energy-Storage-1536x1101.jpg 1536w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/SQA007-Image1.2-Energy-Storage.jpg 1800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/what-makes-sic-tick/">What makes SiC tick?</a></h4></header></article><p class="more-from-category"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/featured-tutorials/" title="Featured Contributions">More Featured Contributions</a></p></div></section> <section id="custom_html-20" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE Tech Toolbox</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-connectivity/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EE-TechToolbox-Connectors_Page_01-scaled.jpg" alt=“ee tech toolbox”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">Tech Toolbox: Connectivity</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;"> In this Tech Toolbox, we keep you connected to the connectivity technologies enabling Industry 4.0, AI/ML, and high-performance computing. Gain practical insights into selecting and implementing the right connector solutions. </span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-connectivity/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">Download PDF</button></a></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">View All Tech Toolboxes</button></a></div> </div> </center> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-12" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE Learning Center</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/300x250-2-EE-LearnCtr.png" alt="EE Learning Center" style="max-width: 270px;" /></a> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-18" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/subscribe-eeworld-newsletter/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/header-EE.jpg" alt=“ee newsletter”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND STAY CONNECTED</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;">Get the latest info on technologies, tools and strategies for EE professionals.</span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/subscribe-eeworld-newsletter/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">GET THE ENEWSLETTER</button></a></div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-19" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/bill-schweber-blogs/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/300x250-V2.5.jpg" alt=“bills blog”></a></center> </div></div></section> <section id="wtwh_soundcloud_widget-2" class="widget wtwh_soundcloud_widget"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">R&D World Podcasts</h3> <div class="wtwh-soundcloud-player-wrapper"><div class="wtwh-soundcloud-player"><div><iframe width="100%" height="300" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" allow="autoplay" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/1589825123&color=%23ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true&visual=true"></iframe><div class="SoundCloudTitle">R&D 100 Episode 10</div></div> <a href="https://www.rdworldonline.com/topics/podcasts/" class="SoundCloudTitle SoundCloudPubDate" target="_blank">See More ></a></div></div></div></section> <section id="featured-post-14" class="widget featured-content featuredpost"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Sponsored Content</h3> <article class="post-511183 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-sponsored-content tag-ipexconnectors entry" aria-label="Connectors Enabling the Evolution of AR/VR/MR Devices"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/connectors-enabling-the-evolution-of-ar-vr-mr-devices/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="97" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ipex-sponsored-featured-image-march2024-150x97.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ipex-sponsored-featured-image-march2024-150x97.jpg 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ipex-sponsored-featured-image-march2024-300x195.jpg 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ipex-sponsored-featured-image-march2024-768x499.jpg 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ipex-sponsored-featured-image-march2024.jpg 770w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/connectors-enabling-the-evolution-of-ar-vr-mr-devices/">Connectors Enabling the Evolution of AR/VR/MR Devices</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-510845 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-sponsored-content tag-dowsilicones entry" aria-label="Award-Winning Thermal Management for 5G Designs"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/award-winning-thermal-management-for-5g-designs/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="100" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/dowsilicones-sponsored-featured-image-february2024-150x100.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/dowsilicones-sponsored-featured-image-february2024-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/dowsilicones-sponsored-featured-image-february2024-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/dowsilicones-sponsored-featured-image-february2024-768x513.jpg 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/dowsilicones-sponsored-featured-image-february2024.jpg 770w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/award-winning-thermal-management-for-5g-designs/">Award-Winning Thermal Management for 5G Designs</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-510400 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-sponsored-content tag-heilindelectronics entry" aria-label="Making Rugged and Reliable Connections"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/making-rugged-and-reliable-connections/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="101" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/heilind-sponsored-featured-image-december2023-150x101.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/heilind-sponsored-featured-image-december2023-150x101.png 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/heilind-sponsored-featured-image-december2023-300x203.png 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/heilind-sponsored-featured-image-december2023.png 740w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/making-rugged-and-reliable-connections/">Making Rugged and Reliable Connections</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-510680 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-sponsored-content entry" aria-label="Omron’s systematic approach to a better PCB connector"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/omrons-systematic-approach-to-a-better-pcb-connector/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="100" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/robot-controller-app-150x100.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/robot-controller-app-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/robot-controller-app-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/robot-controller-app-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/robot-controller-app.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/omrons-systematic-approach-to-a-better-pcb-connector/">Omron’s systematic approach to a better PCB connector</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-509364 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-sponsored-content tag-wirelesstelecomgroup entry" aria-label="Looking for an Excellent Resource on RF & Microwave Power Measurements? Read This eBook"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/looking-for-an-excellent-resource-on-rf-microwave-power-measurements-read-this-ebook/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="97" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/wirelesstelecomgroup-sponsored-featured-image-september2023-150x97.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/wirelesstelecomgroup-sponsored-featured-image-september2023-150x97.png 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/wirelesstelecomgroup-sponsored-featured-image-september2023-300x195.png 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/wirelesstelecomgroup-sponsored-featured-image-september2023-768x499.png 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/wirelesstelecomgroup-sponsored-featured-image-september2023.png 770w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/looking-for-an-excellent-resource-on-rf-microwave-power-measurements-read-this-ebook/">Looking for an Excellent Resource on RF & Microwave Power Measurements? Read This eBook</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-510261 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-sponsored-content tag-dialight entry" aria-label="Electro Static Discharge impact on LEDs can be more serious than you see"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/electro-static-discharge-impact-on-leds-can-be-more-serious-than-you-see/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="97" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialight-sponsored-featured-image-november2023-150x97.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialight-sponsored-featured-image-november2023-150x97.png 150w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialight-sponsored-featured-image-november2023-300x195.png 300w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialight-sponsored-featured-image-november2023-768x499.png 768w, https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialight-sponsored-featured-image-november2023.png 770w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/electro-static-discharge-impact-on-leds-can-be-more-serious-than-you-see/">Electro Static Discharge impact on LEDs can be more serious than you see</a></h4></header></article><p class="more-from-category"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/sponsored-content/" title="Sponsored Content">More Sponsored Content >></a></p></div></section> <section id="rss-2" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="http://www.edaboard.com/external.php?type=RSS"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">Current EDABoard.com discussions</a></h3> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/current-transformer.414102/'>Current transformer</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/protecting-a-mosfet-gate-driver.414114/'>Protecting a MOSFET gate driver</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/lmg2652-gan-half-bridge-issues.414111/'>LMG2652 GaN Half bridge issues?</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/hi-side-gate-drive-supply-with-sn6505-for-half-bridge.414115/'>Hi Side Gate drive supply with SN6505 for half bridge</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/ads-manipulate-trace-s-parameters.414112/'>ADS manipulate Trace S-Parameters:</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="rss-3" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/forums/-/index.rss"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Current Electro-Tech-Online.com Discussions</a></h3> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/my-advanced-realistic-humanoid-robots-project.167372/'>My Advanced Realistic Humanoid Robots Project</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/led-xmas-light-repair-help.167365/'>LED Xmas Light repair help</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/small-signal-transformer.167303/'>Small signal transformer</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/universal-motor-wiring-advice-request.166751/'>Universal Motor wiring advice request.</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/splitting-a-power-supply.167331/'>Splitting a power supply.</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"> <div id='div-gpt-eeworld_sidebarbottom'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eeworld_sidebarbottom'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-13" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><style type="text/css">/*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */ /* Document ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers. * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS. */ html { line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /* Sections ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the margin in all browsers. */ body { margin: 0; } /** * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /* Grouping content ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox. * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE. */ hr { box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */ height: 0; /* 1 */ overflow: visible; /* 2 */ } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ pre { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /* Text-level semantics ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10. */ a { background-color: transparent; } /** * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: none; /* 1 */ text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */ text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari. */ b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in * all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } /* Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10. */ img { border-style: none; } /* Forms ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers. * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari. */ button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 1 */ line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ margin: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Show the overflow in IE. * 1. Show the overflow in Edge. */ button, input { /* 1 */ overflow: visible; } /** * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE. * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox. */ button, select { /* 1 */ text-transform: none; } /** * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. */ button, [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; } /** * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, [type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner { border-style: none; padding: 0; } /** * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule. */ button:-moz-focusring, [type="button"]:-moz-focusring, [type="reset"]:-moz-focusring, [type="submit"]:-moz-focusring { outline: 1px dotted ButtonText; } /** * Correct the padding in Firefox. */ fieldset { padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em; } /** * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE. * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE. * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* Style used in WP Ad, overriding here. */ #df-form input { box-shadow: none; padding: 0; } #df-form { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-top: 5%; } #header-image { display: inline-block; flex: 0 40%; } #header-image img { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #search-input { background-color: #36428c; border: 10px solid #36428c; max-width: 70%; color:#fff; font-size: 12px; } #search-input::placeholder { color: #fff; } #submit-btn { color: #fff; background-color: #1074fb; border: 10px solid #1074fb; } </style><style>/*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */ /* Document ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers. * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS. */ html { line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /* Sections ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the margin in all browsers. */ body { margin: 0; } /** * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /* Grouping content ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox. * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE. */ hr { box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */ height: 0; /* 1 */ overflow: visible; /* 2 */ } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ pre { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /* Text-level semantics ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10. */ a { background-color: transparent; } /** * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: none; /* 1 */ text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */ text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari. */ b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in * all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } /* Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10. */ img { border-style: none; } /* Forms ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers. * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari. */ button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 1 */ line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ margin: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Show the overflow in IE. * 1. Show the overflow in Edge. */ button, input { /* 1 */ overflow: visible; } /** * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE. * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox. */ button, select { /* 1 */ text-transform: none; } /** * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. */ button, [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; } /** * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, [type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner { border-style: none; padding: 0; } /** * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule. */ button:-moz-focusring, [type="button"]:-moz-focusring, [type="reset"]:-moz-focusring, [type="submit"]:-moz-focusring { outline: 1px dotted ButtonText; } /** * Correct the padding in Firefox. */ fieldset { padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em; } /** * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE. * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE. * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* Style used in WP Ad, overriding here. */ #df-form input { box-shadow: none; padding: 0; } #df-form { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-top: 5%; } #header-image { display: inline-block; flex: 0 40%; } #header-image img { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #search-input { background-color: #36428c; border: 10px solid #36428c; max-width: 70%; color:#fff; font-size: 12px; } #search-input::placeholder { color: #fff; } #submit-btn { color: #fff; background-color: #1074fb; border: 10px solid #1074fb; } </style> <div id="box">  <div class="center img-padding"> <img src="https://images.designworldonline.com/newsletters/images/c4988f59a6e50d1a1d4c5d5f9e5dcd72.png"> </div>  <div id="header">  <div id="header-text"> Search Millions of Parts from Thousands of Suppliers.<br><br>Search Now! </div>  <div id="header-image"> <img alt="design fast globle" src="https://images.designworldonline.com/newsletters/images/037373d010e86f50d2d8462d161945b4.png" /> </div> </div>   <form id="df-form"> <input type="text" name="searchbox" id="search-input" size="32" placeholder="Search for a part or datasheet" /> <input type="submit" value="GO" id="submit-btn" /> </form>  </div> <script type="text/javascript">!function(e){var t={};function n(r){if(t[r])return t[r].exports;var o=t[r]={i:r,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[r].call(o.exports,o,o.exports,n),o.l=!0,o.exports}n.m=e,n.c=t,n.d=function(e,t,r){n.o(e,t)||Object.defineProperty(e,t,{enumerable:!0,get:r})},n.r=function(e){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},n.t=function(e,t){if(1&t&&(e=n(e)),8&t)return e;if(4&t&&"object"==typeof e&&e&&e.__esModule)return e;var r=Object.create(null);if(n.r(r),Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e}),2&t&&"string"!=typeof e)for(var o in e)n.d(r,o,function(t){return e[t]}.bind(null,o));return r},n.n=function(e){var t=e&&e.__esModule?function(){return e.default}:function(){return e};return n.d(t,"a",t),t},n.o=function(e,t){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t)},n.p="",n(n.s=0)}([function(e,t,n){n(1),n(3);let r=document.querySelector("#df-form");function o(){const e=r.elements[0].value;window.open("https://www.app.designfast.com/search?q="+e)}r.addEventListener("submit",function(e){if(!e)window.event;e.preventDefault(),o()}),r.addEventListener("keydown",function(e){13===e.key&&o()})},function(e,t,n){},,function(e,t,n){}]);</script> </div></div></section> </aside></div></div><div class="footer-widgets" id="genesis-footer-widgets"><h2 class="genesis-sidebar-title screen-reader-text">Footer</h2><div class="wrap"><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-1 footer-widget-area"><section id="text-28" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><img src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/eeworldonlinewhite-260x90.png" width="260" height="90" alt="EE World Online" /></div> </div></section> </div><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-2 footer-widget-area"><section id="list-4" class="widget widget_link_list"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE WORLD ONLINE NETWORK</h3> <ul class="list"> <li class=''><a href='https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/' target='_blank'>5G Technology World</a></li><li class=''><a href='http://www.analogictips.com/' target='_blank'>Analog IC Tips</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://www.batterypowertips.com/' target='_blank'>Battery Power Tips</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://www.connectortips.com/' target='_blank'>Connector Tips</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://www.DesignFast.com/' target='_blank'>DesignFast</a></li><li class=''><a href='http://www.edaboard.com/' target='_blank'>EDABoard Forums</a></li><li class=''><a href='http://www.electro-tech-online.com/' target='_blank'>Electro-Tech-Online Forums</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/' target='_blank'>Engineer's Garage</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://www.evengineeringonline.com/' target='_blank'>EV Engineering</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://www.microcontrollertips.com/' target='_blank'>Microcontroller Tips</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://www.powerelectronictips.com/' target='_blank'>Power Electronic Tips</a></li><li class=''><a href='http://www.sensortips.com/' target='_blank'>Sensor Tips</a></li><li class=''><a href='http://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/' target='_blank'>Test and Measurement Tips</a></li></ul></div></section> </div><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-3 footer-widget-area"><section id="list-5" class="widget widget_link_list"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE WORLD ONLINE</h3> <ul class="list"> <li class=''><a href='/subscribe-eeworld-newsletter/'>Subscribe to our newsletter</a></li><li class=''><a href='/teardown-videos/'>Teardown Videos</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://marketing.wtwhmedia.com/2024-ee-world-online-media-guide/' target='_blank'>Advertise with us</a></li><li class=''><a href='/contact/'>Contact us</a></li><li class=''><a href='/about-us/'>About Us</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="a2a_follow_widget-3" class="widget widget_a2a_follow_widget"><div class="widget-wrap"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_34 a2a_follow addtoany_list"><a class="a2a_button_linkedin_company" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ee-world-online" title="LinkedIn Company" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_youtube_channel" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiii-uV5Stls72T19oVWKTQ" title="YouTube Channel" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a></div></div></section> </div></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><p>Copyright © 2025 · WTWH Media LLC and its licensors. All rights reserved.<br /> The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of WTWH Media.</p> <a href="http://www.wtwhmedia.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></div></footer></div></div> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MMC9PJ9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5XFMW25" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id='div-gpt-eeworld_wallpaper'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eeworld_wallpaper'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-eeworld_allstreamflex'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eeworld_allstreamflex'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-eeworld_allstreamprelude'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eeworld_allstreamprelude'); }); </script> </div> <script type='text/javascript'>jQuery(document).ready(function($) {$(".flexslider").flexslider({controlsContainer: "#genesis-responsive-slider",animation: "slide",directionNav: 0,controlNav: 1,animationDuration: 600,slideshowSpeed: 6000 }); });</script><script type="text/javascript"> jQuery( function() { if ( window.Cookies ) { Cookies.set( "gp_easy_passthrough_session", "fb957159826386526086055ed86d8d2e||1740156445||1740156085", {"expires": new Date( new Date().getTime() + 1800000 ),"path": "/","domain": "","SameSite": "Lax","secure": false} ); } } ); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh-mlt-core-styles-css' href='https://cdn.scripts.wtwhmedia.com/more-like-this/v1.7.8.css?ver=1.7.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/menu/superfish.min.js?ver=1.7.10" id="superfish-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/menu/superfish.args.min.js?ver=3.5.0" id="superfish-args-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/skip-links.min.js?ver=3.5.0" id="skip-links-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/jquery.matchHeight.min.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-match-height-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/global.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-global-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="news-responsive-menus-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var genesis_responsive_menu = {"mainMenu":"Menu","subMenu":"Submenu","menuClasses":{"combine":[".nav-secondary",".nav-primary",".nav-header"]}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/responsive-menus.min.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-responsive-menus-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-responsive-slider/assets/js/jquery.flexslider.js?ver=1.0.1" id="flexslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="q2w3_fixed_widget-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var q2w3_sidebar_options = [{"sidebar":"sidebar","use_sticky_position":false,"margin_top":0,"margin_bottom":0,"stop_elements_selectors":"","screen_max_width":0,"screen_max_height":0,"widgets":["#custom_html-3"]},{"sidebar":"homepage-right-rail","use_sticky_position":false,"margin_top":0,"margin_bottom":0,"stop_elements_selectors":"","screen_max_width":0,"screen_max_height":0,"widgets":["#custom_html-5"]}]; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/q2w3-fixed-widget/js/frontend.min.js?ver=6.2.3" id="q2w3_fixed_widget-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.4.1" id="megamenu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wtwh-uni-gam-prestitial-core-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var PRESTITIALINFO = {"logoHeight":"100","logoWidth":"100","backgroundColor":"clear","siteUrl":"https:\/\/www.eeworldonline.com","siteName":"Electrical Engineering News and Products","siteLogo":"svg","mainCss":"https:\/\/www.eeworldonline.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/wtwh-universal-gam\/assets\/css\/frontend\/prestitial\/main.css?=1.1.3","prestitialCss":"https:\/\/www.eeworldonline.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/wtwh-universal-gam\/assets\/css\/frontend\/prestitial\/prestitial.css?=1.1.3"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/wtwh-universal-gam/assets/js/frontend/prestitial/adlogic.js?ver=1.1.3" id="wtwh-uni-gam-prestitial-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.scripts.wtwhmedia.com/more-like-this/v1.7.8.js?ver=1.7.8" id="wtwh-mlt-core-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wtwh-mlt-frontend-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var MLTVARS = {"pubCodes":["EE"],"hasRemovalScript":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/plugins/wtwh-mlt-plugin/assets/js/wtwh-mlt-frontend.js?ver=1.1.0g" id="wtwh-mlt-frontend-script-js"></script> </body></html>