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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fizik_Nuklear_di_Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizik_Nuklear_di_Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fizik Nuklear di Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fizik_Nuklear_di_Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Lihat juga</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aplikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fizik nuklear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 97 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernfisika" title="Kernfisika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kernfisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيزياء نووية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزياء نووية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="নিউক্লীয় পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিউক্লীয় পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_nuclear" title="Física nuclear – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Física nuclear" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCv%C9%99_fizikas%C4%B1" title="Nüvə fizikası – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nüvə fizikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_nuklir" title="Fisika nuklir – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fisika nuklir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="নিউক্লিয় পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউক্লিয় পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ядро физикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ядро физикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядзерная фізіка – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ядзерная фізіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядзерная фізыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ядзерная фізыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearna_fizika" title="Nuklearna fizika – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nuklearna fizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядрена физика – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ядрена физика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_nuclear" title="Física nuclear – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Física nuclear" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нуклонсар физики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нуклонсар физики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadern%C3%A1_fyzika" title="Jaderná fyzika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jaderná fyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffiseg_niwclear" title="Ffiseg niwclear – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffiseg niwclear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernefysik" title="Kernefysik – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kernefysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernphysik" title="Kernphysik – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kernphysik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuumaf%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Tuumafüüsika – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuumafüüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πυρηνική φυσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρηνική φυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nuclear physics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_nuclear" title="Física nuclear – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Física nuclear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklea_fiziko" title="Nuklea fiziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nuklea fiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_nuklear" title="Fisika nuklear – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fisika nuklear" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="فیزیک هسته‌ای – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیزیک هسته‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physique_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Physique nucléaire – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Physique nucléaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisic_n%C3%BAicl%C3%A9ach" title="Fisic núicléach – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fisic núicléach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_nuclear" title="Física nuclear – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Física nuclear" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="핵물리학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핵물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Միջուկային ֆիզիկա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջուկային ֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="नाभिकीय भौतिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाभिकीय भौतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearna_fizika" title="Nuklearna fizika – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nuklearna fizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjarne%C3%B0lisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Kjarneðlisfræði – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjarneðlisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica_nucleare" title="Fisica nucleare – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fisica nucleare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פיזיקה גרעינית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיזיקה גרעינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_nuklir" title="Fisika nuklir – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fisika nuklir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಬೈಜಿಕ ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈಜಿಕ ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბირთვული ფიზიკა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბირთვული ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядролық физика – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ядролық физика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядролук физика – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ядролук физика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikia_ya_nyuklia" title="Fizikia ya nyuklia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fizikia ya nyuklia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyaksyon_t%C3%A8monikley%C3%A8" title="Reyaksyon tèmonikleyè – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reyaksyon tèmonikleyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica_nuclearis" title="Physica nuclearis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Physica nuclearis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodolfizika" title="Kodolfizika – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kodolfizika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rphysik" title="Kärphysik – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kärphysik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branduolin%C4%97_fizika" title="Branduolinė fizika – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Branduolinė fizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magfizika" title="Magfizika – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magfizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јадрена физика – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јадрена физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="അണുകേന്ദ്രഭൗതികം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണുകേന്ദ്രഭൗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فيزيا نوويه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيزيا نوويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Цөмийн физик – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөмийн физик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နယူးကလိယား ရူပဗေဒ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယူးကလိယား ရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernfysica" title="Kernfysica – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kernfysica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子核物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjernefysikk" title="Kjernefysikk – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjernefysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjernefysikk" title="Kjernefysikk – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjernefysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica_nucleara" title="Fisica nucleara – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fisica nucleara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Том физике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Том физике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadro_fizikasi" title="Yadro fizikasi – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yadro fizikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਨਿਊਕਲੀਅਰ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਊਕਲੀਅਰ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="نیوکلئیر فزکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوکلئیر فزکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ကဏ္ဍ:နျူးကလီးယားရူပဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကဏ္ဍ:နျူးကလီးယားရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="هستوي فزيک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هستوي فزيک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnphysik" title="Karnphysik – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Karnphysik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka_j%C4%85drowa" title="Fizyka jądrowa – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fizyka jądrowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_nuclear" title="Física nuclear – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Física nuclear" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fizică nucleară – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fizică nucleară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядрова физика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ядрова физика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядерная физика – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядерная физика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nuclear physics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika_b%C3%ABrthamore" title="Fizika bërthamore – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fizika bërthamore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica_nucliari" title="Fìsica nucliari – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fìsica nucliari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="න්‍යෂ්ටික භෞතික විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="න්‍යෂ්ටික භෞතික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nuclear physics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="نيوڪليئر فزڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيوڪليئر فزڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadrov%C3%A1_fyzika" title="Jadrová fyzika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jadrová fyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedrska_fizika" title="Jedrska fizika – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jedrska fizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="فیزیکی ناوکی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیزیکی ناوکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нуклеарна физика – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нуклеарна физика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearna_fizika" title="Nuklearna fizika – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nuklearna fizika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ydinfysiikka" title="Ydinfysiikka – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ydinfysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rnfysik" title="Kärnfysik – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kärnfysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisikang_nuklear" title="Pisikang nuklear – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pisikang nuklear" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அணுக்கருவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணுக்கருவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafizikt_ta%C9%A3isant" title="Tafizikt taɣisant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafizikt taɣisant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%88_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Төш физикасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төш физикасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కేంద్రక భౌతికశాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కేంద్రక భౌతికశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BA%A1t_nh%C3%A2n" title="Vật lý hạt nhân – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật lý hạt nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_fizik" title="Nükleer fizik – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nükleer fizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядерна фізика – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядерна фізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نیوکلیئر طبیعیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیوکلیئر طبیعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika_nga_nukleyar" title="Pisika nga nukleyar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pisika nga nukleyar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子核物理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="קערנפיזיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קערנפיזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="核子物理學 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="核子物理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原子核物理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81197#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fizik_nuklear" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Fizik_nuklear" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fizik_nuklear"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fizik_nuklear"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Fizik_nuklear" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Fizik_nuklear" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&oldid=5964003" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Fizik_nuklear&id=5964003&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFizik_nuklear"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFizik_nuklear"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Fizik+nuklear"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fizik_nuklear&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_physics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81197" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" 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aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350819">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px;padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><b>فيزيك نوكليار</b></span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>) ialah cabang <a href="/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik">fizik</a> yang berkaitan dengan <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom">nukleus</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>. Cabang ini terdiri daripada tiga aspek yang utama: </p> <ul><li>mengkaji zarah-zarah asas (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>) dan saling-saling tindaknya;</li> <li>mengelaskan dan menafsirkan sifat-sifat nukleus; dan</li> <li>membekalkan kemajuan-kemajuan teknologi.</li></ul> <p>Teori nukleus tidak dapat difahami dengan tepat disebabkan nukleus terdiri daripada banyak zarah (<a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">meson</a>, serta proton dan neutron) yang tidak cukup besar untuk diperihalkan secara berkala, sebagaimana dengan <a href="/wiki/Kristal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristal">kristal</a>. Oleh itu, "model-model nuklear", baik secara berasingan mahupun secara bergabung, yang dapat menghuraikan kebanyakan tindakan nuklear telah digunakan. Tiga daripada empat jenis <a href="/wiki/Daya_(fizik)" title="Daya (fizik)">daya asas</a> memainkan peranan yang penting dalam nukleus, iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daya_nuklear_kuat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daya nuklear kuat (laman tidak wujud)">daya nuklear kuat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keelektromagnetan" title="Keelektromagnetan">keelektromagnetan</a>, dan pada skala masa yang lebih panjang, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daya_nuklear_lemah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daya nuklear lemah (laman tidak wujud)">daya nuklear lemah</a>. </p><p>Nukleus disatukan oleh tindakan-tindakan bersaling kuat (kebanyakannya melalui pertukaran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pion (laman tidak wujud)">pion</a>), tetapi penolakan elektromagnet bagi proton bercas positif cenderung memecahkannya, menurut <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Coulomb" title="Hukum Coulomb">hukum Coulomb</a>. Semua nukleus yang stabil mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Berat_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom">berat atom</a> yang sama dengan nisbah tenaga antara proton dan neutron yang hampir terendah. Nukleus-nukleus yang mempunyai berat atom yang cukup dekat dengan nisbah terendah ini supaya dapat diikat tetapi tidak cukup dekat untuk menjadi stabil, akan membebaskan elektron atau <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reputan_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Reputan beta">reputan beta</a>) ataupun menyerap elektron (dan membebaskan <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>) supaya dapat menjadi lebih dekat dengan nisbah itu. Dalam keadaan inilah bahawa tindakan-tindakan bersaling lemah memainkan peranannya. Nukleus-nukleus yang terlalu besar untuk menjadi stabil akan dipecahkan oleh penolakan coulomb terhadap proton-protonnya melalui <a href="/wiki/Pembelahan_nuklear" title="Pembelahan nuklear">pembelahan</a> ataupun melalui pembebasan zarah-<a href="/wiki/Zarah_alfa" title="Zarah alfa">zarah alfa</a>. </p><p>Walaupun bilangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aras_tenaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aras tenaga (laman tidak wujud)">aras tenaga</a> adalah terhingga, sebagaimana dengan fungsi-fungsi gelombang elektron bagi atom, kebanyakan nukleus yang stabil atau hampir stabil mempunyai banyak aras terikat. Ini biasa akan mereput ke arah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keadaan_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keadaan asas (laman tidak wujud)">keadaan asas</a> melalui pemancaran foton-<a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinaran_gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaran gamma">sinaran gamma</a>. </p><p>Proton dan neutron adalah <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a>, dengan nilai nombor kuantum <a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">isospin</a> yang berbeza supaya dua biji proton dan dua biji neutron dapat berkongsi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungsi_gelombang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungsi gelombang (laman tidak wujud)">fungsi gelombang</a> ruang yang sama. Untuk kes jarang mengenai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipernukleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipernukleus (laman tidak wujud)">hipernukleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">barion</a> ketiga yang digelarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperon (laman tidak wujud)">hiperon</a> dan yang mempunyai nilai nombor kuantum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keanehan_(fizik_zarah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keanehan (fizik zarah) (laman tidak wujud)">keanehan</a> boleh juga berkongsi fungsi gelombang. </p><p>Tenaga-tenaga terikat untuk proton dan neutron adalah pada peringkat 1% daripada jisim rehat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerelatifan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerelatifan (laman tidak wujud)">kerelatifannya</a>. Oleh itu, <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum">mekanik kuantum</a> bukan kerelatifan boleh digunakan dengan ralat yang biasanya adalah lebih kecil berbanding dengan penghampiran-penghampiran yang lain. </p><p>Sering kalinya, ahli-ahli fizik nuklear akan menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unit nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">unit nuklear</a>, dengan ħ, c, dan jisim proton, m<sub>p</sub>, diberikan nilai satu. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setelah ahli-ahli kimia telah menerangkan: </p> <ul><li>unsur-unsur kimia;</li> <li>peraturan-peraturan yang menguasai penggabungan unsur-unsur kimia;</li> <li>pengelasan unsur-unsur kimia yang teratur (<a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">jadual berkala</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendeleev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendeleev (laman tidak wujud)">Mendeleev</a>);</li></ul> <p>pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-18" title="Abad ke-18">abad ke-18</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> telah mempergunakan idea atom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democritus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democritus (laman tidak wujud)">Democritus</a> untuk unsur-unsur kimia itu pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a>, langkah kemudian adalah untuk mengkaji sifat-sifat asas atom bagi unsur-unsur kimia itu. Aktiviti ini kini digolongkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Fizik_atom" title="Fizik atom">fizik atom</a>. </p><p>Disebabkan oleh kajian-kajian tersebut, <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Becquerel</a> telah menemui <a href="/wiki/Keradioaktifan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keradioaktifan">keradioaktifan</a> untuk beberapa spesies atom pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a>, dan pasangan <a href="/wiki/Curie" title="Curie">Curie</a> telah mengenal pasti lagi beberapa bahan radioaktif pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> kemudian mengkaji <a href="/wiki/Sinaran" title="Sinaran">sinaran</a> dan sifat-sifatnya. Ketika Rutherford mencapai pemahaman terhadap sifat keradioaktifan, beliau mempergunakan zarah-zarah tersinar untuk mengkaji atom-atom pada dirinya. Semasa itu, Rutherford mencadangkan kewujudan <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom">nukleus atom</a> pada tahun tahun <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a>. Pengenalpastian cadangan Rutherford melalui uji-uji kaji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Geiger (laman tidak wujud)">Geiger</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Marsden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Marsden (laman tidak wujud)">Marsden</a> telah membentuk fizik nuklear, satu cabang sains yang baru. </p><p>Penyelidikan sifat-sifat nukleus telah diteruskan sejak masa Rutherford sehingga kini. Pada dekad <a href="/wiki/1940-an" title="1940-an">1940-an</a> dan <a href="/wiki/1950-an" title="1950-an">1950-an</a>, lagi satu peringkat struktur yang lebih asas daripada nukleus telah ditemui. Peringkat ini terdiri daripada proton-<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> dan neutron-<a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. Oleh itu, fizik nuklear boleh dianggap sebagai keturunan <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fizik_atom" title="Fizik atom">fizik atom</a>, serta leluhur <a href="/wiki/Fizik_zarah" title="Fizik zarah">fizik zarah</a>. </p><p>Uji-uji kaji nukleus terus menyumbang kepada pemahaman saling-saling tindak yang asas. Penyelidikan sifat-sifat nuklear dan hukum-hukum yang menguasai struktur nukleus adalah satu bidang penyelidikan yang aktif dan berhasil, dengan kegunaan praktik, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kuasa_nuklear" title="Kuasa nuklear">kuasa nuklear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pengesan_asap" title="Pengesan asap">pengesan asap</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perentak_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perentak buatan (laman tidak wujud)">perentak kardium</a>, dan peranti-peranti <a href="/wiki/Pengimejan_perubatan" title="Pengimejan perubatan">pengimejan perubatan</a>, menjadi amat biasa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fizik_Nuklear_di_Malaysia">Fizik Nuklear di Malaysia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Fizik Nuklear di Malaysia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fizik Nuklear di Malaysia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pengajian Fizik Nuklear di Malaysia hanya ditawarkan di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, dalam program Sarjana Muda Sains dengan Kepujian (Sains Nuklear)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6350819"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fizik" title="Portal:Fizik">Portal Fizik </a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kejuruteraan_nuklear" title="Kejuruteraan nuklear">Kejuruteraan Nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_penerbitan_fizik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai penerbitan fizik (laman tidak wujud)">Penerbitan penting dalam fizik nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembelahan_nuklear" title="Pembelahan nuklear">Pembelahan nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelakuran_nuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelakuran nuklear">Pelakuran nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tindak_balas_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tindak balas nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Tindak balas nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struktur_nuklear" title="Struktur nuklear">Struktur nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keradioaktifan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keradioaktifan">Keradioaktifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputan_radioaktif" title="Reputan radioaktif">Reputan radioaktif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daya_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daya nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Daya nuklear</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Model nukleus <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_boson_tindak_balas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model boson tindak balas (laman tidak wujud)">Model boson tindak balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_titisan_cecair" class="mw-redirect" title="Model titisan cecair">Model titisan cecair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_petala" title="Model petala">Model petala</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Aplikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesan_Mossbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesan Mossbauer (laman tidak wujud)">Kesan Mossbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknologi_nuklear" title="Teknologi nuklear">Teknologi nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonans_magnetik_nuklear" title="Resonans magnetik nuklear">Resonans magnetik nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perubatan_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perubatan nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Perubatan nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuasa_nuklear" title="Kuasa nuklear">Kuasa nuklear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklear" title="Senjata nuklear">Senjata nuklear</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kenneth S. Krane, "Introductory Nuclear Physics", Wiley & Sons (1988).</li> <li>Tien T. Tong, "Fifty Years of Seeing Atoms", <i>Physics Today</i>, Mac 2006, m.s. 31</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_nuklear&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sckcen.be/">SCK.CEN: Pusat Penyelidikan Nuklear Belgium, Mol, Belgium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.VirtualClassroom.de.vu/">Kursus E-pelajaran Fizik Nuklear yang percuma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054809/http://www.virtualclassroom.de.vu/">Diarkibkan</a> 2015-10-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nucmedinfo.com/Pages/physic.html">Maklumat Fizik Nuklear-Fizik Perubatan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarf.riken.go.jp/rarf/np/nplab.html">Kemudahan Penyelidikan Fizik Nuklear</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukm.my/studyukm/nuclear-science-bachelor-of-science-hons">Program Sarjana Muda Sains dengan Kepujian (Sains Nuklear)</a></li></ul> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: ccccff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Teknologi_nuklear" title="Teknologi nuklear">Teknologi nuklear</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: White;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="padding-right:1px; border-right-color: #e6e6fa; border-bottom-color:black"><b>Sains</b></td> <td align="center" style="border-bottom-color:black"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_nuklear" title="Kimia nuklear">Kimia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kejuruteraan_nuklear" title="Kejuruteraan nuklear">Kejuruteraan</a> | <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fizik</a> | <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom">Nukleus atom</a>| <a href="/wiki/Pembelahan_nuklear" title="Pembelahan nuklear">Pembelahan</a> |<a href="/wiki/Pelakuran_nuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelakuran nuklear">Pelakuran</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sinaran" title="Sinaran">Sinaran</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sinaran_pengion" title="Sinaran pengion">Mengion</a> |<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bremstrahlung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bremstrahlung (laman tidak wujud)">Bremstrahlung</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sinaran_Cherenkov" title="Sinaran Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> |<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinaran_Neutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinaran Neutron (laman tidak wujud)">Neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f0f8ff" style="border-right-color: #f0f8ff;border-bottom-color:black"><b><a href="/wiki/Bahan_api_nuklear" title="Bahan api nuklear">Bahan api</a></b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f0f8ff" style="padding-right:15px; border-bottom-color:black"><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a> | <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a> | <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bahan_subur" title="Bahan subur">Bahan subur</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_boleh_belah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan boleh belah (laman tidak wujud)">Bahan boleh belah</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengasingan_isotop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengasingan isotop (laman tidak wujud)">Pengasingan isotop</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Bahan nuklear</a> | <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> | <a href="/wiki/Uranium_diperkaya" title="Uranium diperkaya">diperkaya</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium_susut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium susut (laman tidak wujud)">susut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> | <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Torium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="border-right-color: #e6e6fa;border-bottom-color:black"><b><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></b></td> <td align="center" style="border-bottom-color:black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaktifan_neutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengaktifan neutron (laman tidak wujud)">Pengaktifan neutron</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangkapan_neutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangkapan neutron (laman tidak wujud)">Tangkapan neutron</a> | <a href="/wiki/Racun_neutron" title="Racun neutron">Racun neutron</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keratan_rentas_neutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keratan rentas neutron (laman tidak wujud)">Keratan rentas neutron</a> |<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjana_neutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjana neutron (laman tidak wujud)">Penjana neutron</a> |<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinaran_neutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinaran neutron (laman tidak wujud)">Sinaran neutron</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemantul_neutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemantul neutron (laman tidak wujud)">Pemantul neutron</a> | <a href="/wiki/Suhu_neutron" title="Suhu neutron">Suhu neutron</a> |<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_cepat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron cepat (laman tidak wujud)">Neutron cepat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f0f8ff" style="border-right-color: #f0f8ff;border-bottom-color:black"><b><a href="/wiki/Kuasa_nuklear" title="Kuasa nuklear">Kuasa</a></b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f0f8ff" style="border-bottom-color:black"><a href="/wiki/Kuasa_nuklear_mengikut_negara" title="Kuasa nuklear mengikut negara">Kuasa nuklear mengikut negara</a> | <a href="/wiki/Loji_kuasa_nuklear" title="Loji kuasa nuklear">Loji kuasa nuklear</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemalangan_dan_insiden_nuklear_dan_sinaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemalangan dan insiden nuklear dan sinaran (laman tidak wujud)">Kemalangan dan insiden</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kuasa_lakuran" title="Kuasa lakuran">Pelakuran</a> | <a href="/wiki/Penjana_termoelektrik_radioisotop" title="Penjana termoelektrik radioisotop">Penjana termoelektrik radioisotop</a> | <a href="/wiki/Pendorongan_nuklear" title="Pendorongan nuklear">Pendorongan nuklear</a>|<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roket_terma_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roket terma nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Roket terma nuklear</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keselamatan_Nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keselamatan Nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Keselamatan Nuklear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="border-right-color: #e6e6fa;border-bottom-color:black"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perubatan_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perubatan nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Perubatan nuklear</a></b></td> <td align="center" style="border-bottom-color:black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomografi_pemancaran_positron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomografi pemancaran positron (laman tidak wujud)">(PET)</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_proton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi proton (laman tidak wujud)">Terapi proton</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomoterapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomoterapi (laman tidak wujud)">Tomoterapi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brakiterapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brakiterapi (laman tidak wujud)">Brakiterapi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Terapi_sinaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Terapi sinaran">Terapi sinaran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f0f8ff" style="border-right-color: #f0f8ff;border-bottom-color:black"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitar_bahan_api_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitar bahan api nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Kitar bahan api nuklear</a></b></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f0f8ff" style="border-bottom-color:black"><a href="/wiki/Sisa_radioaktif" title="Sisa radioaktif">Sisa radioaktif</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium_diproses_semula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium diproses semula (laman tidak wujud)">uranium diproses semula</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutonium_gred_senjata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plutonium gred senjata (laman tidak wujud)">plutonium gred senjata</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_api_nuklear_terpakai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan api nuklear terpakai (laman tidak wujud)">Bahan api nuklear terpakai</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolam_storan_bahan_api&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolam storan bahan api (laman tidak wujud)">Kolam storan bahan api</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmutasi_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmutasi nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Transmutasi nuklear</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemprosesan_semula_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemprosesan semula nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">Pemprosesan semula nuklear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="border-right-color: #e6e6fa;border-bottom-color:black"><b><a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklear" title="Senjata 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