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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clima-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Clima</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribuição_do_clima_túndrico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribuição_do_clima_túndrico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Distribuição do clima túndrico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribuição_do_clima_túndrico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Locais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vegetação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tundra_alpina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tundra_alpina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tundra alpina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tundra_alpina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Índice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tundra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 103 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="تندرة — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تندرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra" title="Tondra — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tondra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তুন্দ্রা — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুন্দ্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تەندرا — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەندرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Τούνδρα — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούνδρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundro" title="Tundro — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tundro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="توندرا — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توندرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toundra" title="Toundra — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toundra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — frísio setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frísio setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBndra" title="Tûndra — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tûndra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94" title="טונדרה — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונדרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="टुण्ड्रा — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टुण्ड्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toundra" title="Toundra — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Toundra" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Տունդրա — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տունդրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik — inupiaque" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunavik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundro" title="Tundro — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tundro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fre%C3%B0m%C3%BDri" title="Freðmýri — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Freðmýri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%87%E1%90%B9%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%83%E1%95%88%E1%93%90%E1%93%87%E1%99%B1%E1%91%A6%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᓇᐹᖅᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ — inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓇᐹᖅᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9" title="ツンドラ — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツンドラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ტუნდრა — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუნდრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="툰드라 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="툰드라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra — limburguês" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundula" title="Tundula — lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tundula" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Тундро — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тундро" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="തുന്ദ്ര — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുന്ദ്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="टुंड्रा प्रदेश — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टुंड्रा प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra" title="Tondra — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tondra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundru" title="Tundru — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tundru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundiraa" title="Tundiraa — oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tundiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٹنڈرا — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹنڈرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundr%C4%83" title="Tundră — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tundră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Туундара — sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туундара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٽنڊرا — sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽنڊرا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="තුන්ද්‍රා — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුන්ද්‍රා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — sundanês" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தூந்திரம் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ทันดรา — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทันดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٹنڈرا — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹنڈرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_nguy%C3%AAn" title="Đài nguyên — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đài nguyên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%BB%E5%8E%9F" title="冻原 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冻原" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凍原" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凍原" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate — zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tundra climate" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Tundra" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tundra"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Tundra" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&oldid=68769953" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Tundra&id=68769953&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTundra"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTundra"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Livro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tundra"><span>Criar um livro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tundra&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descarregar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&printable=yes" title="Versão para impressão desta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versão para impressão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros projetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tundra" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43262" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/20px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width: 250px;background:#f7f7f7;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">Biomas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Biomes_of_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Biomes_of_the_world.svg/250px-Biomes_of_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Biomes_of_the_world.svg/375px-Biomes_of_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Biomes_of_the_world.svg/500px-Biomes_of_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <table class="collapsible collapsed autocollapse" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#eee">Biomas terrestres </th></tr> <tr> <td style="word-break:break-word"> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Floresta tropical e subtropical húmida|Florestas tropicais/subtropicais húmidas]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#008000"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Floresta_tropical_e_subtropical_h%C3%BAmida" title="Floresta tropical e subtropical húmida">Florestas tropicais/subtropicais húmidas</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Floresta tropical e subtropical seca|Florestas tropicais/subtropicais secas]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#28A916"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floresta_tropical_e_subtropical_seca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floresta tropical e subtropical seca (página não existe)">Florestas tropicais/subtropicais secas</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Floresta de coníferas|Florestas de coníferas]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#78A633"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Floresta_de_con%C3%ADferas" class="mw-redirect" title="Floresta de coníferas">Florestas de coníferas</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Pastagens e matagais de montanha|Pastagens e matagais de montanha]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#94C747"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Pastagens_e_matagais_de_montanha" title="Pastagens e matagais de montanha">Pastagens e matagais de montanha</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Floresta mediterrânea de bosques e arbustos|Floresta mediterrânea]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#B8DF2F"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Floresta_mediterr%C3%A2nea_de_bosques_e_arbustos" class="mw-redirect" title="Floresta mediterrânea de bosques e arbustos">Floresta mediterrânea</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Floresta decídua temperada|Floresta decídua temperada]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#04665C"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Floresta_dec%C3%ADdua_temperada" title="Floresta decídua temperada">Floresta decídua temperada</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Floresta temperada de coníferas|Floresta temperada de coníferas]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#069283"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Floresta_temperada_de_con%C3%ADferas" title="Floresta temperada de coníferas">Floresta temperada de coníferas</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Taiga|Taiga ou Floresta boreal]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#00B8A4"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga ou Floresta boreal</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Tundra|Tundra]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#2BE399"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tundra</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[manguezal|Mangais]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#78EDBE"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Manguezal" title="Manguezal">Mangais</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Savana]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#A07818"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Savana" title="Savana">Savana</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Savana|Savanas inundadas]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#D09B20"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Savana" title="Savana">Savanas inundadas</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Deserto|Desertos e matagais xéricos]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#E2D20E"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto">Desertos e matagais xéricos</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <table class="collapsible collapsed autocollapse" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#eee">Biomas marinhos </th></tr> <tr> <td style="word-break:break-word"> <div style="display:block;margin:0"> <div title="Polar" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#B0E0E6"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px">Polar</small></div> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="Mar e costas temperadas" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#75A9D0"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px">Mar e costas temperadas</small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Afloramento (oceanografia)|Afloramento]] temperado" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#5978C1"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Afloramento_(oceanografia)" title="Afloramento (oceanografia)">Afloramento</a> temperado </small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Afloramento (oceanografia)|Afloramento]] tropical" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#004080"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Afloramento_(oceanografia)" title="Afloramento (oceanografia)">Afloramento</a> tropical</small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Recife de coral|Coral tropical]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#002F5E"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Recife_de_coral" title="Recife de coral">Coral tropical</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="Fontes frias" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#5B005B"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px">Fontes frias</small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Fonte hidrotermal|Fontes hidrotermais]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#930093"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Fonte_hidrotermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonte hidrotermal">Fontes hidrotermais</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Zona bentônica|Zona bentónica]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#DF00DF"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Zona_bent%C3%B4nica" title="Zona bentônica">Zona bentónica</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Zona pelágica]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#FFAED7"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Zona_pel%C3%A1gica" title="Zona pelágica">Zona pelágica</a></small> <ul><li><div style="display:block;margin:0"></div></li></ul> <div title="[[Zona abissal]]" style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:20px;height:20px;float:left;margin:0 5px 0 0;background:#79003D"></div> <small style="display:inline;vertical-align:7px"><a href="/wiki/Zona_abissal" title="Zona abissal">Zona abissal</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69811335" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r69825269">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Biomas" title="Predefinição:Biomas"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Biomas" title="Predefinição Discussão:Biomas"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a href="/wiki/Especial:EditPage/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Biomas" title="Especial:EditPage/Predefinição:Biomas"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tundra</b> é um <a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">bioma</a> no qual a baixa temperatura e estações de crescimento curtas impedem o desenvolvimento de <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvore" title="Árvore">árvores</a>. Existem três tipos de tundra: <b>tundra ártica</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>tundra alpina</b><sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <b>tundra antártica</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numa tundra, a vegetação é composta por <a href="/wiki/Arbusto" title="Arbusto">arbustos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">ciperáceas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">gramíneas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Musgos">musgos</a> e <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquen" title="Líquen">líquenes</a>. Em algumas tundras existem árvores dispersas. O <a href="/wiki/Ec%C3%B3tono" title="Ecótono">ecótono</a> entre a tundra e a floresta é denominado <a href="/wiki/Linha_das_%C3%A1rvores" class="mw-redirect" title="Linha das árvores">linha de árvores</a>. O termo "tundra" tem origem em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_russa" title="Língua russa">russo</a>: <span lang="ru"> тундра</span>, a partir do <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_lap%C3%B4nica_de_Quildim" title="Língua lapônica de Quildim">lapônico</a> <i>tūndâr</i> ("terras altas", "região montanhosa sem árvores").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_ET_(Tundra).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_ET_%28Tundra%29.svg/203px-K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_ET_%28Tundra%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="203" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_ET_%28Tundra%29.svg/305px-K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_ET_%28Tundra%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_ET_%28Tundra%29.svg/406px-K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_ET_%28Tundra%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>Distribuição do clima de tundra no mundo. <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside:avoid; page-break-inside:avoid; break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.1em; height:1.1em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background: #E2E2E2; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <i>ET</i></div></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clima">Clima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Clima"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <b>clima de tundra</b> ou <b>clima túndrico</b> geralmente se enquadra na <a href="/wiki/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_clim%C3%A1tica_de_K%C3%B6ppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Classificação climática de Köppen">classificação climática de Köppen</a> no tipo <i>ET.</i> Isso significa que o clima túndrico é um tipo de clima em que pelo menos um mês deve apresentar uma temperatura média alta o suficiente para derreter a neve, ou seja 0 °C, mas nenhum mês do ano pode apresentar temperatura média acima de 10 °C. O clima túndrico é um clima de transição entre o <a href="/wiki/Clima_sub%C3%A1rtico" title="Clima subártico">clima subártico</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Clima_glacial" title="Clima glacial">clima glacial</a>. É uma região de terrenos quase nivelados, e quase desprovidos de árvores.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clima_polar" title="Clima polar">Climas polares</a> como a tundra são caracterizados por temperaturas muito baixas e condições geralmente secas. As temperaturas nunca aumentam acima de 10 °C durante o verão.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tundra localizada perto do <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_Polar_%C3%81rtico" title="Círculo Polar Ártico">Círculo Polar Ártico</a> e <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_Polar_Ant%C3%A1rtico" title="Círculo Polar Antártico">Antártico</a>, experimenta momentos em que o <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">Sol</a> nunca nasce acima do <a href="/wiki/Horizonte" title="Horizonte">horizonte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> O clima túndrico é em média mais quente que o <a href="/wiki/Clima_glacial" title="Clima glacial">clima glacial</a> <i>EF,</i> onde o gelo e neve são permanentes, e mais frio que os <a href="/wiki/Clima_sub%C3%A1rtico" title="Clima subártico">climas subárticos</a> designados <i>Dfd, Dwd</i> e <i>Dsd.</i> Em regra geral, os climas de tundra são hostis à vegetação lenhosa, mesmo onde os invernos são relativamente amenos para os padrões polares, como na <a href="/wiki/Isl%C3%A2ndia" title="Islândia">Islândia</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nuuk_city_below_Sermitsiaq.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nuuk_city_below_Sermitsiaq.JPG/206px-Nuuk_city_below_Sermitsiaq.JPG" decoding="async" width="206" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nuuk_city_below_Sermitsiaq.JPG/309px-Nuuk_city_below_Sermitsiaq.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nuuk_city_below_Sermitsiaq.JPG/412px-Nuuk_city_below_Sermitsiaq.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a>, capital da <a href="/wiki/Groenl%C3%A2ndia" class="mw-redirect" title="Groenlândia">Groenlândia</a>, é uma cidade localizada na fronteira das regiões de clima túndrico e subártico <i>Dfc</i></figcaption></figure><p>Apesar da diversidade potencial de climas na categoria <i>ET</i> envolvendo <a href="/wiki/Precipita%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(meteorologia)" title="Precipitação (meteorologia)">precipitação</a>, temperaturas extremas e estações chuvosas e secas relativas, essa categoria raramente é subdividida. As chuvas e nevascas são geralmente leves devido à baixa pressão de <a href="/wiki/Vapor_de_%C3%A1gua" title="Vapor de água">vapor da água</a> na atmosfera fria, mas, como regra geral, a <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspira%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Evapotranspiração">evapotranspiração</a> potencial é extremamente baixa, permitindo terreno encharcado e <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2ntano" title="Pântano">pântanos</a> mesmo em locais com precipitação típica de desertos em latitudes baixas e médias. A quantidade de biomassa de tundra nativa depende mais da temperatura local do que da quantidade de precipitação.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribuição_do_clima_túndrico"><span id="Distribui.C3.A7.C3.A3o_do_clima_t.C3.BAndrico"></span>Distribuição do clima túndrico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Distribuição do clima túndrico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Distribuição do clima túndrico"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Iqaluit_from_Joamie_Hill.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iqaluit_from_Joamie_Hill.JPG/209px-Iqaluit_from_Joamie_Hill.JPG" decoding="async" width="209" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iqaluit_from_Joamie_Hill.JPG/314px-Iqaluit_from_Joamie_Hill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iqaluit_from_Joamie_Hill.JPG/418px-Iqaluit_from_Joamie_Hill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iqaluit" title="Iqaluit">Iqaluit</a>, capital do <a href="/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rios_canadenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Territórios canadenses">território canadense</a> de <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, é uma cidade de clima túndrico</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:La_Rinconada_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/La_Rinconada_Peru.jpg/211px-La_Rinconada_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/La_Rinconada_Peru.jpg/317px-La_Rinconada_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/La_Rinconada_Peru.jpg/422px-La_Rinconada_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Rinconada_(Peru)" title="La Rinconada (Peru)">La Rinconada</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, também tem clima túndrico</figcaption></figure> <p>A região climática da tundra ocorre entre 60 e 75 ° de <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> principalmente ao longo da costa ártica da <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_do_Norte" title="América do Norte">América do Norte</a>, incluindo o norte do <a href="/wiki/Alasca" title="Alasca">Alasca</a>, norte dos <a href="/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rios_do_Noroeste" title="Territórios do Noroeste">Territórios do Noroeste</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, noroeste do <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, norte de <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> e ao longo das margens da <a href="/wiki/Gronel%C3%A2ndia" title="Gronelândia">Groenlândia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, o clima de tundra é encontrado em partes do litoral da <a href="/wiki/Isl%C3%A2ndia" title="Islândia">Islândia</a>, centro-sul da <a href="/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega">Noruega</a> e <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, extremo norte da <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia_europeia" title="Rússia europeia">Rússia europeia</a>, nos <a href="/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes">Alpes</a> envolvendo partes da <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ustria" title="Áustria">Áustria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eslov%C3%A9nia" title="Eslovénia">Eslovênia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>, <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália">Itália</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3naco" title="Mónaco">Mónaco</a> e <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Suíça">Suíça</a>, nos <a href="/wiki/Piren%C3%A9us" title="Pirenéus">Pirenéus</a> entre a França, <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, nas <a href="/wiki/Montanhas_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Montanhas Făgăraș">Montanhas Făgăraș</a> da <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%AAnia" title="Romênia">Romênia</a> e em outros pontos altos da Europa. Na <a href="/wiki/%C3%81sia" title="Ásia">Ásia</a>, o clima túndrico é visto em pontos altos da <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, como no <a href="/wiki/Tibete" title="Tibete">Tibete</a> e na <a href="/wiki/Transimalaia" title="Transimalaia">cordilheira Transimalaia</a>, na fronteira entre a China e no <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, incluindo o <a href="/wiki/Monte_Everest" title="Monte Everest">Monte Everest</a>, e no litoral ártico da <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A9ria" title="Sibéria">Sibéria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No Hemisfério Sul, o clima túndrico é bem mais raro, mas pode ser encontrado em boa parte da <a href="/wiki/Cordilheira_dos_Andes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilheira dos Andes">cordilheira dos Andes</a>, em pontos altos da <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B4mbia" title="Colômbia">Colômbia</a> e na <a href="/wiki/Terra_do_Fogo" title="Terra do Fogo">Terra do Fogo</a> entre <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> e <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locais">Locais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Locais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Locais"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div>   <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; color: inherit; width:70%;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá"><img alt="Canadá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alert_(Nunavut)" title="Alert (Nunavut)">Alert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a> (fronteira entre <i>ET</i> e <i>EF</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos"><img alt="Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rainier" title="Monte Rainier">Monte Rainier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Austrália"><img alt="Austrália" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Macquarie" title="Ilha Macquarie">Ilha Macquarie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Austrália">Austrália</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Terras_Austrais_e_Ant%C3%A1rticas_Francesas" title="Terras Austrais e Antárticas Francesas"><img alt="Terras Austrais e Antárticas Francesas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilhas_Crozet" title="Ilhas Crozet">Ilhas Crozet</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia" title="Nova Zelândia"><img alt="Nova Zelândia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Campbell_(Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia)" title="Ilha Campbell (Nova Zelândia)">Campbell Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia" title="Nova Zelândia">Nova Zelândia</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Terras_Austrais_e_Ant%C3%A1rticas_Francesas" title="Terras Austrais e Antárticas Francesas"><img alt="Terras Austrais e Antárticas Francesas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilhas_Kerguelen" title="Ilhas Kerguelen">Ilhas Kerguelen</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica_do_Sul" title="África do Sul"><img alt="África do Sul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilhas_do_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Eduardo" title="Ilhas do Príncipe Eduardo">Ilhas do Príncipe Eduardo</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ilhas_Malvinas" title="Ilhas Malvinas"><img alt="Ilhas Malvinas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_(cidade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley (cidade)">Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilhas_Falkland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilhas Falkland">ilhas Falkland</a> (<i>ET</i> e <i>Cfc</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<i>ET</i> e <i>Cfc</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá"><img alt="Canadá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Iqaluit" title="Iqaluit">Iqaluit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Austrália"><img alt="Austrália" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Monte_Wellington" title="Monte Wellington">Monte Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasm%C3%A2nia" title="Tasmânia">Tasmânia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Austrália">Austrália</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/La_Rinconada_(Peru)" title="La Rinconada (Peru)">La Rinconada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gronel%C3%A2ndia" title="Gronelândia"><img alt="Gronelândia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nanortalik" title="Nanortalik">Nanortalik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gronel%C3%A2ndia" title="Gronelândia">Groenlândia</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jap%C3%A3o" title="Japão"><img alt="Japão" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Monte_Fuji" title="Monte Fuji">Monte Fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jap%C3%A3o" title="Japão">Japão</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos"><img alt="Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Monte_Washington_(Nova_Hampshire)" title="Monte Washington (Nova Hampshire)">Monte Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha"><img alt="Alemanha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera">Baviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá"><img alt="Canadá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eureka_(Nunavut)" title="Eureka (Nunavut)">Eureka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gronel%C3%A2ndia" title="Gronelândia"><img alt="Gronelândia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gronel%C3%A2ndia" title="Gronelândia">Groenlândia</a> (<i>ET,</i> fronteira com Dfc)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega"><img alt="Noruega" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega">Noruega</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gronel%C3%A2ndia" title="Gronelândia"><img alt="Gronelândia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nord_(Groenl%C3%A2ndia)" title="Nord (Groenlândia)">Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gronel%C3%A2ndia" title="Gronelândia">Groenlândia</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Antártida"><img alt="Antártida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Proposed_flag_of_Antarctica_%28Graham_Bartram%29.svg/40px-Proposed_flag_of_Antarctica_%28Graham_Bartram%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Proposed_flag_of_Antarctica_%28Graham_Bartram%29.svg/60px-Proposed_flag_of_Antarctica_%28Graham_Bartram%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Base_Esperanza" title="Base Esperanza">Base Esperanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Antártida">Antártida</a> (<i>ET</i>)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetação"><span id="Vegeta.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Vegetação</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Vegetação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vegetação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vegetação predominante é composta de <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquens" class="mw-redirect" title="Líquens">líquens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musgo" title="Musgo">musgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ervas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervas">ervas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Arbusto" title="Arbusto">arbustos</a> baixos, devido às condições climáticas que as impedem de crescer. As plantas com raízes longas não podem se desenvolver pois o subsolo permanece gelado. Por outro lado, como as temperaturas são muito baixas, a <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9ria_org%C3%A2nica" title="Matéria orgânica">matéria orgânica</a> decompõe-se muito lentamente e consequentemente, o crescimento da vegetação é lento. </p><p>Uma adaptação que as plantas destas regiões desenvolveram é o crescimento em maciços, o que as ajuda a evitar o ar frio. Outra adaptação é que elas crescem junto ao solo, o que as protege dos ventos fortes. As folhas são pequenas, retendo a umidade com maior facilidade. Apesar das condições inóspitas, existe uma grande variedade de plantas que vivem na Tundra Ártica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Fauna"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A maioria dos animais, sobretudo <a href="/wiki/Ave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave">aves</a> e <a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfero" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamífero">mamíferos</a>, apenas utilizam a tundra no curto <a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%A3o" title="Verão">verão</a>, migrando para regiões mais quentes no inverno. Os animais que ali vivem permanentemente, como os <a href="/wiki/Urso-polar" title="Urso-polar">ursos-polares</a>, bois-almiscarados (<a href="/wiki/Boi-almiscarado" title="Boi-almiscarado">Ovibos moschatus</a>) (na América do Norte) e <a href="/wiki/Lobo" title="Lobo">lobos</a> árticos, desenvolveram as suas próprias adaptações para resistir aos longos e frios meses de inverno, como um pelo espesso, camadas de gordura sob a pele e a <a href="/wiki/Hiberna%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Hibernação">hibernação</a>. Por exemplo, os bois-almiscarados apresentam duas camadas de pelo, uma curta e outra longa. Também possuem cascos grandes e duros, o que lhes permite quebrar o gelo e beber a água que se encontra por baixo. </p><p>Os répteis e anfíbios são poucos ou encontram-se completamente ausentes devido às temperaturas serem muito baixas. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Lebre-%C3%A1rtica" title="Lebre-ártica">lebre-ártica</a>, por exemplo, muda a cor do seu pelo no inverno e no verão. Isso ajuda o animal a camuflar-se. O cisne-da-tundra tem 25 000 penas, 80% das quais na cabeça e no pescoço.<sup id="cite_ref-Natureza_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natureza-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tundra_alpina">Tundra alpina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Tundra alpina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Tundra alpina"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>tundra alpina</i> encontra-se em vários países e situa-se no topo das altas <a href="/wiki/Montanhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Montanhas">montanhas</a>. É muito fria e ventosa e não tem árvores. Ao contrário da Tundra Ártica, o solo apresenta uma boa <a href="/wiki/Drenagem" title="Drenagem">drenagem</a> e não apresenta permafrost. Apresenta <a href="/wiki/Ervas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervas">ervas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbusto" title="Arbusto">arbustos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Musgo" title="Musgo">musgos</a>, tal como a tundra ártica. Encontram-se animais como as <a href="/wiki/Capra_aegagrus_hircus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capra aegagrus hircus">cabras da montanha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alces" class="mw-redirect" title="Alces">alces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmota" title="Marmota">marmotas</a> (pequeno roedor), <a href="/wiki/Inseto" class="mw-redirect" title="Inseto">insetos</a> (gafanhotos, borboletas, escaravelhos). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clima_oce%C3%A2nico" title="Clima oceânico">Clima oceânico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clima_continental" title="Clima continental">Clima continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clima_sub%C3%A1rtico" title="Clima subártico">Clima subártico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clima_mediterr%C3%A2nico" title="Clima mediterrânico">Clima mediterrânico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clima_polar" title="Clima polar">Clima polar</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-berkeley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-berkeley_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-berkeley_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html">«The Tundra Biome»</a>. <i>The World's Biomes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de março de 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ATundra&rft.atitle=The+Tundra+Biome&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Biomes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fglossary%2Fgloss5%2Fbiome%2Ftundra.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwf-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wwf_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html">«Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica»</a>. <i>Wild World</i>. National Geographic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de novembro de 2009</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/62am1PNdU?url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html">Cópia arquivada em 21 de outubro de 2011</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ATundra&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions%3A+Antarctica&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wild+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fwildworld%2Fprofiles%2Fterrestrial_an.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Aapala, Kirsti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001211854/http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml">«Tunturista jängälle»</a>. <i>Kieli-ikkunat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de janeiro de 2009</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml">original</a> em 1 de outubro de 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ATundra&rft.atitle=Tunturista+j%C3%A4ng%C3%A4lle&rft.aufirst=Kirsti&rft.aulast=Aapala&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kieli-ikkunat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotus.fi%2Fjulkaisut%2Fikkunat%2F1999%2Fkielii1999_19.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-6">g</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/climate_systems/tundra_1.html">«Tundra Climate»</a>. <i>www.earthonlinemedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de dezembro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ATundra&rft.atitle=Tundra+Climate&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earthonlinemedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthonlinemedia.com%2Febooks%2Ftpe_3e%2Fclimate_systems%2Ftundra_1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/tundra-climate">«Tundra climate»</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (em inglês)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de dezembro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ATundra&rft.atitle=Tundra+climate&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Ftundra-climate&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natureza-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Natureza_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Páginas da Natureza, 5º ano. 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