CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>National Revolutionary Army - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"95f23ec2-955b-4a04-905f-97bdda5f9364","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"National_Revolutionary_Army","wgTitle":"National Revolutionary Army","wgCurRevisionId":1258617348,"wgRevisionId":1258617348 ,"wgArticleId":305300,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"National_Revolutionary_Army","wgRelevantArticleId":305300,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq", "autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw", "autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym": "Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pl","autonym":"polski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym": "pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym": "srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym": "தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij", "lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"], "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q714843","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready", "skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="National Revolutionary Army - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-National_Revolutionary_Army rootpage-National_Revolutionary_Army stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=National+Revolutionary+Army" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=National+Revolutionary+Army" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">National Revolutionary Army</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:National_Revolutionary_Army" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=National+Revolutionary+Army" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The National Revolutionary Army (NRA; 國民革命軍), sometimes shortened to Revolutionary Army (革命軍) before 1928, and as National Army (國軍) after 1928, was the military arm of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT, or the Chinese Nationalist Party) from 1925 until 1947 in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican era</a>. It also became the <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular army</a> during the KMT's period of <a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">party rule</a> beginning in 1928. It was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">1947 Constitution</a>, which instituted <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control of the military</a>. <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">National Revolutionary Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red rectangle with a smaller blue rectangle inside it. Inside the blue rectangle centered squarely is a white circle with small white triangles emanating from it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the National Revolutionary Army (known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Republic of China Army</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">1947 Constitution</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">16 June 1924 – 25 December 1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ground_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground warfare">Ground warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">~14,000,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baitag_Bogd" title="Battle of Baitag Bogd">Sino-Mongolian border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Zhang Xueliang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Li-jen" title="Sun Li-jen">Sun Li-jen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He Yingqin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (1928–1937, 1946–1947) <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> (1937–1946)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Imperialism">Anti-Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (before 1927) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (before 1938) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Second_War_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/21px-Second_War_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Second_War_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/32px-Second_War_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Second_War_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/42px-Second_War_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"> <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587"> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">National Revolutionary Army</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">國民革命軍</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">国民革命军</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guómín Gémìng Jūn</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guómín Gémìng Jūn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄐㄩㄣ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kuo2-min2 Ko2-ming4 Chün1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guó-mín Gé-mìng Jyun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwǒ.mǐn kɤ̌.mîŋ tɕýn]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Originally organized with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> aid as a means for the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a> to unify China during the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a>, the National Revolutionary Army fought major engagements in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> against the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> warlords, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945) against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army (while retaining separate commands), but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a> in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a>, with the bulk of its forces forming the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Republic of China Army</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">retreated</a> to the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1949. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nanjing_decade">1.1 Nanjing decade</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Central_Plains_war">1.2 Central Plains war</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Phase_1">1.2.1 Phase 1</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Phase_2">1.2.2 Phase 2</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Second_Sino-Japanese_war">1.3 Second Sino-Japanese war</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Structure">2 Structure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Unit_organization">2.1 Unit organization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Divisional_Organisation">2.2 Divisional Organisation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#22nd_Year_Anti-communist_division%5B26%5D">2.2.1 22nd Year Anti-communist division[26]</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#60_Division_Plan">2.3 60 Division Plan</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#24th_Year_New_Type_Division%5B29%5D">2.3.1 24th Year New Type Division[29]</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13"><a href="#Wartime_adjustments">2.3.1.1 Wartime adjustments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-14"><a href="#1942_division">2.3.1.1.1 1942 division</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Dare_to_Die_Corps">2.4 Dare to Die Corps</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Penal_Battalions">2.5 Penal Battalions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Conscription">2.6 Conscription</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ranks">3 Ranks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Commissioned_officer_ranks">3.1 Commissioned officer ranks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Other_ranks">3.2 Other ranks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#American-sponsored_divisions">4 American-sponsored divisions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Y-Force">4.1 Y-Force</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#30_Division_Force">4.2 30 Division Force</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Strength_and_distribution_in_early_1937">5 Strength and distribution in early 1937</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Arsenals_of_the_NRA">6 Arsenals of the NRA</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Gongxian_Arsenal">6.1 Gongxian Arsenal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Jiangnan_Arsenal">6.2 Jiangnan Arsenal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Hanyang_Arsenal">6.3 Hanyang Arsenal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Taiyuan_Arsenal">6.4 Taiyuan Arsenal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Jinling_Arsenal">6.5 Jinling Arsenal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Guangdong_Arsenal">6.6 Guangdong Arsenal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Sichuan_Arsenal/Chongqing_Arms_Depot">6.7 Sichuan Arsenal/Chongqing Arms Depot</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Jinan_Arsenal">6.8 Jinan Arsenal</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Equipment">7 Equipment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Citations">9.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Sources">9.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg/220px-1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="578"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg/220px-1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg/330px-1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg/440px-1924%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%81%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E5%BB%96%E4%BB%B2%E6%81%BA%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9C%A8%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E5%86%9B%E6%A0%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E4%B8%8A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The opening ceremony of the Whampoa Military Academy, with Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300,_China,_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300%2C_China%2C_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300%2C_China%2C_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300%2C_China%2C_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300%2C_China%2C_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300%2C_China%2C_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300%2C_China%2C_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300%2C_China%2C_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12300%2C_China%2C_Kantonesische_Truppen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NRA troops against <a href="/wiki/Sun_Chuanfang" title="Sun Chuanfang">Sun Chuanfang</a>'s private army preparing to defend Shanghai.</figcaption></figure> The NRA was founded by the KMT in 1925 as the military force destined to unite China in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>. Organized with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> and guided under the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a>, the distinction among party, state and army was often blurred. A large number of the Army's officers passed through the <a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a>, and the first commandant, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, became commander-in-chief of the Army in 1925 before launching the successful Northern Expedition. Other prominent commanders included <a href="/wiki/Du_Yuming" title="Du Yuming">Du Yuming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng" title="Chen Cheng">Chen Cheng</a>. The end of the Northern Expedition in 1928 is often taken as the date when China's Warlord era ended, though smaller-scale warlord activity continued for years afterwards. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countermand_concession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Countermand_concession.jpg/220px-Countermand_concession.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="389"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Countermand_concession.jpg/220px-Countermand_concession.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Countermand_concession.jpg/330px-Countermand_concession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Countermand_concession.jpg/440px-Countermand_concession.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>National Revolutionary Army soldiers marched into the British concessions in <a href="/wiki/Hankou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankou District">Hankou</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(1926%E2%80%931927)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Expedition (1926–1927)">Northern Expedition</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1927, after the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="First United Front (China)">First United Front</a> between the Nationalists and the Communists, the ruling KMT purged its leftist members and largely eliminated Soviet influence from its ranks. Chiang Kai-shek then turned to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, historically a great military power, for the reorganization and modernization of the National Revolutionary Army. The <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> sent advisers to China, but because of the restrictions imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> they could not serve in military capacities. Chiang initially requested famous generals such as <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">von Mackensen</a> as advisers; the Weimar Republic government turned him down, however, fearing that they were too famous, would invite the ire of the Allies and that it would result in the loss of national prestige for such renowned figures to work, essentially, as <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanjing_decade">Nanjing decade</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nanjing decade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Immediately following the Northern Expedition, the National Revolutionary Army was bloated and required downsizing and demobilisation: Chiang himself stating that soldiers are like water, capable of both carrying the state, and sinking it. This was reflected in the enormous troop figures with 1,502,000 men under arms, of which only 224,000 came under Chiang's direct control; these, however, were the official figures as Chiang stated later he possessed over 500,000 and Feng Yuxiang who officially possessed 269,000 in reality had 600,000 thus the true figure would likely reach 2,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> During the Northern expedition the KMT formed also formed branch political councils: in theory, subordinate political organs that were under the Central Political councils in Nanjing; in reality these were autonomous political bodies with their own military forces. <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a> controlled the Kaifeng council; <a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a> the Taiyuan council; whilst the Guangxi clique controlled two: the Wuhan and Beiping; under <a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a>, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a>, who was related to the Guangxi clique, loosely controlled the Guangzhou council; and a sixth council in Shenyang was under <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Zhang Xueliang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a> Chiang was faced with two options one was to immediately centralise the other to gradually do so, in the spirit of the expedition itself which was to eradicate warlordism and regionalism Chiang chose to immediately centralise the branch councils under the guise of demobilisation systematically reducing the regional troop strength whilst centralising them and building up his own strength.<a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a> This was done in July 1928 with financial conferences calling for demobilisation and military commanders and political officials echoing the call for demobilisation. Chiang called for the reduction of the army to 65 divisions and gathered political support to begin actively reducing troops counts and centralising the army as well as abolishing the branch councils, this threatened the regional leaders and Li Zongren noted that it was intentionally designed to force the regional leaders into action so Chiang could eliminate them.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Plains_war">Central Plains war</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Central Plains war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phase_1">Phase 1</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phase 1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Guangxi clique rebelled in February 1929 when it fired Lu Diping the governor of Hunan who switched sides and joined Chiang, the Guangxi forces invaded Hunan, however Chiang bribed elements of the army in Wuhan to defect and within 2 months the Guangxi clique was routed, in March the party expelled Bai Chongxi, Li Jishen and Li Zongren and promoted their juniors who sided with Chiang in order to sow dissent within the clique, they later re-grouped and attempted to retake Hunan and Guangdong but were repelled in both provinces.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Also in May Feng Yuxiang entered the war he was too expelled from the party, once again Chiang bribed his enemy's allies and subordinates Han Fuju and Shi Yousan. Feng's armies were defeated and he fled to Shanxi and announced his retirement from politics, by July Chiang's forces had occupied Luoyang. Having defeated two of his largest enemies Chiang pushed further for demobilisation and announced it would be done by March 1930.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> This move spurred Feng, Yan and the Guangxi clique to ally to face Chiang as Chiang had taken revenue sources from Yan.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phase_2">Phase 2</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phase 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The anti-Chiang coalition had forces totalling 700,000 against Chiang's 300,000. Their plan was to seize Shandong and contain Chiang south of the Long-hai railway and the Beijing-wuhan railway then they would advance along the railway lines seizing Xuzhou and Wuhan whilst southern forces did the same to force a link-up. The war involved over 1,000,000 of which 300,000 became casualties. Chiang's forces proved themselves capable even when outnumbered routing the southern forces by July, however in the north Chiang's forces were defeated and he himself narrowly avoided capture in June only when the northern forces stopped due to the defeat of the southern forces did the north stabilise. Chiang began negotiations for peace with Zhang as an intermediary however Feng and Yan believing themselves to be on the verge of victory refused. Chiang had utilised the lull in action to gather strength and begin counteroffensives along the railways north aided by the closure of fighting in Bengbu by September Chiang was again closing in on Luoyang and this along with bribes spurred Zhang Xueliang to side with Chiang ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became Germany's <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor</a> in 1933 and disavowed the Treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and the anti-communist KMT were soon <a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_until_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation until 1941">engaged in close cooperation</a>. With Germany training Chinese troops and expanding Chinese infrastructure, while China opened its markets and natural resources to Germany. <a href="/wiki/Max_Bauer" title="Max Bauer">Max Bauer</a> was the first adviser to China. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kmtarmy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/220px-Kmtarmy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/220px-Kmtarmy.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/330px-Kmtarmy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/440px-Kmtarmy.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The NRA during World War II</figcaption></figure> In 1934, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a>, acting as adviser to Chiang, proposed an "80 Division Plan" for reforming the entire Chinese army into 80 divisions of highly trained, well-equipped troops organised along German lines. The plan was never fully realised, as the eternally bickering <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlords</a> could not agree upon which divisions were to be merged and disbanded. Furthermore, since embezzlement and fraud were commonplace, especially in understrength divisions (the state of most of the divisions), reforming the military structure would threaten divisional commanders' "take". Therefore, by July 1937 only eight infantry divisions had completed reorganization and training. These were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Infantry_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Infantry Division (National Revolutionary Army) (page does not exist)">3rd</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Infantry_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Infantry Division (National Revolutionary Army) (page does not exist)">6th</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Infantry_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Infantry Division (National Revolutionary Army) (page does not exist)">9th</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Infantry_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Infantry Division (National Revolutionary Army) (page does not exist)">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/36th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">36th</a>, <a href="/wiki/87th_Infantry_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="87th Infantry Division (National Revolutionary Army)">87th</a>, <a href="/wiki/88th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" title="88th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">88th</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Training_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Training Division (National Revolutionary Army) (page does not exist)">Training Division</a>. Another German general, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Alexander von Falkenhausen</a>, came to China in 1934 to help reform the army.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> However, because of Nazi Germany's later cooperation with the Empire of Japan, he was later recalled in 1937. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Sino-Japanese_war">Second Sino-Japanese war</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Sino-Japanese war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRA_anti-Japanese_war_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NRA_anti-Japanese_war_poster.jpg/220px-NRA_anti-Japanese_war_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="582"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 387px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NRA_anti-Japanese_war_poster.jpg/220px-NRA_anti-Japanese_war_poster.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="387" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NRA_anti-Japanese_war_poster.jpg/330px-NRA_anti-Japanese_war_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/NRA_anti-Japanese_war_poster.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Chinese propaganda poster</a> depicting the National Revolutionary Army.</figcaption></figure> For a time, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Communist forces fought as a nominal part of the National Revolutionary Army, forming the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a> units, but this co-operation later fell apart. Women were also part of the army's corps during the war. In 1937 <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> encouraged women to support the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> effort, by forming battalions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Women%27s_Battalion" title="Guangxi Women's Battalion">Guangxi Women's Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Troops in India and Burma during World War II included the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Expeditionary_Force_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Expeditionary Force (Burma)">Chinese Expeditionary Force (Burma)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Army_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Army in India">Chinese Army in India</a> called X Force, and Chinese Expeditionary Force in Yunnan, called <a href="/wiki/Y_Force" title="Y Force">Y Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The US government repeatedly threatened to cut off aid to China during World War 2 unless they handed over total command of all Chinese military forces to the US. After considerable stalling, the arrangement only fell through due to a particularly insulting letter from the Americans to Chiang.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> By the end of the war, US influence over the political, economic, and military affairs of China were greater than any foreign power in the last century, with American personnel appointed in every field, such as the Chief of Staff of the Chinese military, management of the Chinese War Production Board and Board of Transport, trainers of the secret police, and Chiang's personal advisor. Sir George Sansom, British envoy to the US, reported that many US military officers saw US monopoly on Far Eastern trade as a rightful reward for fighting the Pacific war,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> a sentiment echoed by US elected officials.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After the drafting and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a> in 1947, the National Revolutionary Army was transformed into the ground service branch of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Republic of China Army</a> (ROCA).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuhan_german_divs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wuhan_german_divs.jpg/200px-Wuhan_german_divs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="843"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wuhan_german_divs.jpg/200px-Wuhan_german_divs.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wuhan_german_divs.jpg/300px-Wuhan_german_divs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wuhan_german_divs.jpg/400px-Wuhan_german_divs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Elite German-trained divisions of National Revolutionary Army before the Battle of Wuhan</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_army_marching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chinese_army_marching.jpg/200px-Chinese_army_marching.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="371"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chinese_army_marching.jpg/200px-Chinese_army_marching.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chinese_army_marching.jpg/300px-Chinese_army_marching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chinese_army_marching.jpg/400px-Chinese_army_marching.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A platoon of the National Revolutionary Army marching in <a href="/wiki/Brodie_helmet" title="Brodie helmet">Brodie helmets</a> during a parade in Burma in 1943.</figcaption></figure> The NRA throughout its lifespan recruited approximately 4,300,000 regulars, in 370 Standard Divisions (正式師), 46 New Divisions (新編師), 12 Cavalry Divisions (騎兵師), eight New Cavalry Divisions (新編騎兵師), 66 Temporary Divisions (暫編師), and 13 Reserve Divisions (預備師), for a grand total of 515 <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>. However, many divisions were formed from two or more other divisions, and were not active at the same time. At the apex of the NRA was the National Military Council, also translated as Military Affairs Commission. Chaired by Chiang Kai-Shek, it directed the staffs and commands. It included from 1937 the Chief of the General Staff, General <a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He Yingqin</a>, the General Staff, the War Ministry, the military regions, air and naval forces, air defence and garrison commanders, and support services Around 14 Million were conscripted from 1937 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Also, New Divisions were created to replace Standard Divisions lost early in the war and were issued the old division's number. Therefore, the number of divisions in active service at any given time is much smaller than this. The average NRA division had 5,000–6,000 troops; an average army division had 10,000–15,000 troops, the equivalent of a Japanese division. Not even the <a href="/wiki/German-trained_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="German-trained divisions">German-trained divisions</a> were on par in terms of manpower with a German or Japanese division, having only 10,000 men. The United States Army's campaign brochure on the China Defensive campaign of 1942–45 said:<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <blockquote> The NRA only had small number of armoured vehicles and mechanised troops. At the beginning of the war in 1937 the armour were organized in three Armoured Battalions, equipped with tanks and armoured cars from various countries. After these battalions were mostly destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nanjing">Battle of Nanjing</a>. The newly provided tanks, armoured cars, and trucks from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> made it possible to create the only mechanized division in the army, the <a href="/wiki/200th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" title="200th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">200th Division</a>. This Division eventually ceased to be a mechanized unit after the June 1938 reorganization of Divisions. The armoured and artillery Regiments were placed under direct command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_5th_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese 5th Corps (page does not exist)">5th Corps</a> and the 200th Division became a motorized Infantry Division within the same Corps. This Corps fought battles in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Guangxi</a> in 1939–1940 and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yunnan-Burma_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road">Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road</a> in 1942 reducing the armoured units due to losses and mechanical breakdown of the vehicles. On paper China had 3.8 million men under arms in 1941. They were organized into 246 "front-line" divisions, with another 70 divisions assigned to rear areas. Perhaps as many as forty Chinese divisions had been equipped with European-manufactured weapons and trained by foreign, particularly German and Soviet, advisers. The rest of the units were under strength and generally untrained. Overall, the Nationalist Army impressed most Western military observers as more reminiscent of a 19th- than a 20th-century army. </blockquote> Late in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> the NRA Army there had an armoured battalion equipped with Sherman tanks. Despite the poor reviews given by European observers to the European-trained Divisions, the Muslim Divisions of the National Revolutionary Army, trained in China (not by Westerners) and led by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Clique">Ma Clique</a> Muslim generals, frightened the European observers with their appearance and fighting skills in battle. Europeans like Sven Hedin and Georg Vasel were in awe of the appearance Chinese Muslim NRA divisions made and their ferocious combat abilities. They were trained in harsh, brutal conditions.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/36th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)</a>, trained entirely in China without any European help, was composed of Chinese Muslims and fought and severely mauled an invading Soviet Russian army during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang</a>. The division was lacking in technology and manpower, but badly damaged the superior Russian force. The Muslim divisions of the army controlled by Muslim Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a> were reported by Western observers to be tough and disciplined. Despite having diabetes Ma Hongkui personally drilled with his troops and engaged in sword fencing during training.<a href="#cite_note-LIFE_Nov_1,_1948_Ma_Hung-Kwei-24">[24]</a> When the leaders of many of the warlord and provincial armies joined with the KMT and were appointed as officers and generals, their troops joined the NRA. These armies were renamed as NRA divisions. The entire Ma Clique armies were absorbed into the NRA. When the Muslim Ma Clique General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a> joined the KMT, the <a href="/wiki/Ninghai_Army" title="Ninghai Army">Ninghai Army</a> was renamed the National Revolutionary Army 26th Division. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unit_organization">Unit organization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unit organization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinesechildsoldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chinesechildsoldier.jpg/200px-Chinesechildsoldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="2916"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chinesechildsoldier.jpg/200px-Chinesechildsoldier.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chinesechildsoldier.jpg/300px-Chinesechildsoldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chinesechildsoldier.jpg/400px-Chinesechildsoldier.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Chinese Nationalist</a> soldier, age 10, member of a Chinese division from the <a href="/wiki/X_Force_(Chinese_Expeditionary_Force)" title="X Force (Chinese Expeditionary Force)">X Force</a>, boarding planes in Burma bound for China, May 1944.</figcaption></figure> The unit organisation of the NRA is as follows: (Note that a unit is not necessarily subordinate to one immediately above it; several army regiments can be found under an army group, for example.) The commander-in-chief of the NRA from 1925 to 1947 was <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a> Chiang Kai-shek. <a href="/wiki/Military_Affairs_Commission" title="Military Affairs Commission">Military Affairs Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NRA_Military_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="NRA Military Region">Military Region</a> ×12 (戰區) <ul><li>Army Corps ×4(兵團) – the Army Corps, 兵團, was one of the largest military formations in the NRA during the Second Sino-Japanese War.<a href="#cite_note-HSJW-25">[25]</a> These Army Corps were composed of a number of <a href="/wiki/Group_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Army">Group Armies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armies">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Divisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiments</a>. In numbers of divisions, they were larger than Western <a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army groups</a>. Only four were ever formed to command the large forces defending the Chinese capital during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">Battle of Wuhan</a> in 1938. (See <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_Battle_of_Wuhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of Battle of Wuhan">Order of battle of Battle of Wuhan</a>). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Groups_of_the_National_Revolutionary_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Groups of the National Revolutionary Army">Army Group</a> ×40 (集團軍 ) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Route_Army" title="Route Army">Route Army</a> (路軍)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_armies_of_the_National_Revolutionary_Army" title="List of field armies of the National Revolutionary Army">Field army</a> ×30 (軍) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> ×133 (軍團 ) – usually exercised command over two to three <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)#National_Revolutionary_Army" title="Division (military)">NRA Divisions</a> and often a number of Independent <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigades</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiments</a> and supporting units.<a href="#cite_note-HSJW-25">[25]</a> The Chinese Republic had 133 Corps during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After losses in the early part of the war, under the 1938 reforms, the remaining scarce artillery and the other support formations were withdrawn from the Division and was held at Corps, or Army level or higher. The Corps became the basic tactical unit of the NRA having strength nearly equivalent to an allied Division. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)#National_Revolutionary_Army" title="Division (military)">Division</a> (師) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> (旅) <ul><li>Regiment (團) <ul><li>Battalion (營) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">Company</a> (連) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a> (排) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a> (班)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisional_Organisation">Divisional Organisation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divisional Organisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The NRA used multiple divisional organisations as different threats emerged as well as other factors necessitated a new organisation. The Years below relate to the Minguo calendar which starts in 1911. Therefore, the 22nd year division is the 1933 division. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="22nd_Year_Anti-communist_division[26]">22nd Year Anti-communist division<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 22nd Year Anti-communist division[26]" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Divisional HQ 79 officers 147 enlisted</li> <li>Signal company 6 officers 168 enlisted (subdivided into 3 platoons with 3 squads per platoon)</li> <li>Reconnaissance Company 5 officers 144 enlisted</li> <li>3 infantry regiments each containing: <ul><li>Regimental HQ 22 officers 68 enlisted</li> <li>Signal Platoon 1 officer 48 enlisted</li> <li>3 infantry battalions each containing: <ul><li>Battalion HQ 4 officers 13 enlisted</li> <li>3 rifle companies 6 officers 145 enlisted (divided into 3 platoons with each platoon having 3 14 man squads)</li> <li>Machine gun company 5 officers 121 enlisted (divided into 3 platoons each with 2 16 man squads with Maxim MGs)</li></ul></li> <li>Mortar Company 6 officers 138 enlisted (divided into 3 platoons each with 2 19 man squads with 82mm mortars)</li> <li>Special Service Company 6 officers 145 enlisted (identical to rifle company)</li> <li>Transport platoon 1 officer 42 enlisted (3 14 man squads)</li> <li>Stretcher-bearer Platoon 1 officer 43 enlisted (3 13 man squads)</li></ul></li> <li>Artillery Battalion <ul><li>Battalion HQ 12 officers 98 enlisted</li> <li>Three batteries each containing 5 officers 203 enlisted (2 platoons each with 2 75mm guns)</li></ul></li> <li>Engineer Battalion <ul><li>Battalion HQ 11 officers 41 enlisted</li> <li>Three engineer companies each 6 officers 179 enlisted (3 platoons each with 3 17 man squads)</li></ul></li> <li>Special service Battalion 27 officers 569 enlisted (identical to infantry battalion)</li> <li>Transport Battalion <ul><li>Battalion HQ 13 officers 31 enlisted</li> <li>Two Transport Companies each 6 officers 148 enlisted (3 platoons each with 3 14 man squads)</li></ul></li></ul> The above template was only applied to divisions serving in Guangxi during the 5th encirclement campaign.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="60_Division_Plan">60 Division Plan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 60 Division Plan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A new Plan was devised in 1935 to raise 60 new divisions in 6 month batches with divisions to be raised from divisional districts tied to them, in an aim to enhance cohesion and communication as well as simplifying recruitment, officers however were to be recruited nationally and placed into these divisions to disrupt regional affiliations. The 24th Year New Type division was almost the equivalent of western style divisions with the notable difference being the absence of radios in the Chinese division. Planning began in December 1934 and in January 1935 a classified meeting of over 80 of the highest NRA officers was called with a timetable published: <ul><li>6-10 divisions were to be organised in 1935</li> <li>16-20 divisions in 1936</li> <li>20-30 divisions in 1937</li> <li>The remainder in 1938.</li></ul> This new army being significantly better armed and trained than the warlord armies would give Chiang a large advantage over his domestic opponents as well as being personally answerable to the <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Generalissimo.</a> However, Chinese industry was incapable of producing the artillery or infantry guns in large quantities needed for the 60 division plan and <a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_(1926%E2%80%931941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)">German imports</a> were not forthcoming. Mortars were introduced as substitutes for the infantry guns and later as a substitute for artillery. Horses were also lacking as the new division required many of them and Chinese divisions often used mules oxen or even buffalos as substitutes for the many horses. 10 divisions were organised in 1935 on the new model but equipment was lacking. A further 20 were reorganised by the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> but equipment was again lacking meaning these divisions were not to be the modern equivalent of Western style or Japanese divisions.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="24th_Year_New_Type_Division[29]">24th Year New Type Division<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 24th Year New Type Division[29]" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Division HQ 138 men 33 horses</li> <li>Cavalry Squadron 237 men 239 horses</li> <li>Signal Battalion (372 men and 129 horses) <ul><li>Battalion HQ 36 horses 129 horses</li> <li>Two Signal companies each with 131 men</li> <li>Trains 74 men</li></ul></li> <li>Two Infantry Brigades Each (6,114 men and 1,216 horses) <ul><li>Brigade HQ 29 men 10 horses</li> <li>Two Infantry Regiments each with <ul><li>Regiment HQ 51 men 10 horses</li> <li>Signal company 91 men 17 horses</li> <li>Three Infantry Battalions each with <ul><li>Battalion HQ 47 men 3 horses</li> <li>Three rifle companies each with 177 men</li> <li>Machine Gun company 126 men 43 horses</li> <li>Gun platoon 71 men 26 horses</li></ul></li> <li>Infantry Gun/Mortar Company 118 men 56 horses</li> <li>Special Duty Platoon 53 men</li></ul></li> <li>Special Duty Platoon 53 men</li></ul></li> <li>Field Artillery Regiment (2,045 men and 1,181 horses) <ul><li>Regiment HQ 72 men 31 horses</li> <li>Signal Battery 237 men 106 horses</li> <li>Three Field Artillery Battalions each with <ul><li>Battalion HQ 66 men 348 horses</li> <li>Three Batteries each with 165 men</li></ul></li> <li>Special Duty Platoon 53 men</li></ul></li> <li>OR Mountain Artillery Regiment (in substitute of a Field Artillery Regiment) (2,565 men and 1,163) <ul><li>Regiment HQ 72 men 31 horses</li> <li>Singal Battery 237 men 106 horses</li> <li>Three Mountain Artillery Battalions each with <ul><li>Battalion HQ 66 men 342 horses</li> <li>Three Batteries each with 211 men</li></ul></li> <li>Special Duty Platoon 53 men</li></ul></li> <li>Engineer Battalion (622 men and 89 horses) <ul><li>Battalion HQ 33 men 89 horses</li> <li>Signal Platoon 37 men</li> <li>Three Engineer Companies each with 184 men</li></ul></li> <li>Transport Battalion (332 men and 332 horses) <ul><li>Battalion HQ 37 men 6 horses</li> <li>1st Transport Company 188 men 221 horses</li> <li>2nd Transport Company 107 men 105 horses</li></ul></li> <li>Special Duty Company 234 men</li> <li>Other 155 men</li></ul> For a total of 10,012 men and 3,219 horses with the field artillery regiment. With the Mountain artillery regiment the total is 10,632 men and 3,237 horses <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wartime_adjustments">Wartime adjustments</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wartime adjustments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> However, as the war progressed and masses of equipment was lost the 60 division plan was abandoned as were larger divisions in general as the Military Affairs Commission switched to a smaller more mobile division suited to the reality of the situation. This was after an initial reorganisation in 1937 which incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Type_89_grenade_discharger" title="Type 89 grenade discharger">type 89 grenade</a> launcher which impressed the Chinese. However, even though this 1937 reorganisation maintained division strength at slightly under 11,000 men, less than 4,000 (the frontline personnel) were issued small arms such as rifles.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1938 a further reform was brought about by <a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He Yingqin</a> at the behest of Chiang Kai-shek. He's report called for an integrated numbering and designation of units from the regimental level up and a standardised financial and supply system and the appointment of loyal commanders. A new division table was also organised: the 27th Year (1938) division, which created the field army as a fixed unit, abolished divisional artillery (often a paper force due to the chronic shortage of field artillery) and coordinated artillery support at the army level; although the division remained at roughly 11,000 men strong this template was not followed with few divisions being re-organised on this pattern due to the constant campaigning of the Central Army and the refusal of the warlords to adopt the new organisation. Nonetheless, the division still proved too large and they were reformed into triangular divisions (a division with a divisional HQ and 3 infantry regiments rather than the previous square division with 2 brigades each with 2 regiments); this 1938 organisation remained the most common formation until the end of the war although it was modified with 16 divisions receiving Anti-tank companies and 20 receiving anti-aircraft companies. Artillery remained in a chronic shortage only partially remedied by the production of 82mm mortars, but these mortars were far from universal even by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Further changes were made in the 1942 re-organisation with the 1938 division losing all of its non-combat formations. These formations were moved to the field army level, and with the universal adoption of the triangular division formation the 1942 division had a strength of 6,794 officers and enlisted 60% of the strength of the 1938 division.<a href="#cite_note-:2-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="1942_division">1942 division</h6> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1942 division" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Divisional HQ 71 men</li> <li>Signal Company 223 men</li> <li>Reconnaissance Company 189 men</li> <li>Engineer Company 172 men</li> <li>Special Service Company 235 men</li> <li>3 Infantry Regiments (Each 2,532 men): <ul><li>Regimental HQ 44 men</li> <li>Signal Platoon 76 men</li> <li>3 Infantry Battalions (Each 804 men) <ul><li>Battalion HQ 20 men</li> <li>3 Rifle Companies Total of 465 men</li> <li>Machine Gun Company 87 men</li> <li>Mortar Company 132 men</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> This gave a total of 8,251 men per division it is important to note the complete absence of any Anti-air, Anti-tank or artillery at a divisional level a sign of the dire state of equipment shortage in China.<a href="#cite_note-:2-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dare_to_Die_Corps">Dare to Die Corps</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dare to Die Corps" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> of the Republic of China, "Dare to Die Corps" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 敢死隊; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 敢死队; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: gǎnsǐduì) were frequently used by Chinese armies. China deployed these suicide units against the Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. "Dare to Die" troops were used by warlords in their armies to conduct <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> "Dare to Die" corps continued to be used in the Chinese military. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> used one to put down an insurrection in Canton.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Many women joined them in addition to men to achieve martyrdom against China's opponents.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A "dare to die corps" was effectively used against Japanese units at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">Battle of Taierzhuang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> They used swords.<a href="#cite_note-Fenby2009-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenby2008-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg/220px-Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg/220px-Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg/330px-Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg/440px-Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">Battle of Taierzhuang</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">Suicide bombing</a> was also used against the Japanese. A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Sihang_Warehouse#29_October" title="Defense of Sihang Warehouse">Sihang Warehouse</a>. Chinese troops <a href="/wiki/Explosive_belt" title="Explosive belt">strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies</a> and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This tactic was used during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a>, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers obliterated four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penal_Battalions">Penal Battalions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Penal Battalions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) was known to have used penal battalions from 1945 to 1949. A unit made up of deserters and those accused of cowardice, the penal battalion was giving such tasks as scouting ahead of the main forces to check for ambushes, crossing rivers and torrents to see whether they were fordable, and walking across unmapped minefields.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscription">Conscription</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conscription" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The military was formed through bloody and inhumane <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> campaigns. These are described by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> as:<blockquote> This was a deadly affair in which men were kidnapped for the army, rounded up indiscriminately by press-gangs or army units among those on the roads or in the towns and villages, or otherwise gathered together. Many men, some the very young and old, were killed resisting or trying to escape. Once collected, they would be roped or chained together and marched, with little food or water, long distances to camp. They often died or were killed along the way, sometimes less than 50 percent reaching camp alive. Then recruit camp was no better, with hospitals resembling Nazi concentration camps like Buchenwald.<a href="#cite_note-Rummel-53">[53]</a></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Ranks">Ranks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ranks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Military ranks of the Republic of China (1912–1949)">Military ranks of the Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioned_officer_ranks">Commissioned officer ranks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commissioned officer ranks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The rank insignia of <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned officers</a>. <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="text-align:center;"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="5">General officers </th> <th colspan="3">Senior commissioned officers </th> <th colspan="4">Junior commissioned officers </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Early 1929<a href="#cite_note-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018-54">[54]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-09(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ROCA_OF-09%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-09%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ROCA_OF-09%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-09%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ROCA_OF-09%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-09%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ROCA_OF-09%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-09%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-08(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ROCA_OF-08%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-08%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ROCA_OF-08%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-08%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ROCA_OF-08%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-08%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ROCA_OF-08%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-08%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-07(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ROCA_OF-07%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-07%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ROCA_OF-07%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-07%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ROCA_OF-07%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-07%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ROCA_OF-07%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-07%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-06(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ROCA_OF-06%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-06%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ROCA_OF-06%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-06%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ROCA_OF-06%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-06%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ROCA_OF-06%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-06%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-05(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ROCA_OF-05%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-05%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ROCA_OF-05%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-05%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ROCA_OF-05%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-05%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ROCA_OF-05%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-05%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-04(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ROCA_OF-04%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-04%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ROCA_OF-04%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-04%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ROCA_OF-04%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-04%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ROCA_OF-04%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-04%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-03(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ROCA_OF-03%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-03%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ROCA_OF-03%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-03%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ROCA_OF-03%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-03%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ROCA_OF-03%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-03%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-02(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ROCA_OF-02%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-02%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ROCA_OF-02%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-02%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ROCA_OF-02%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-02%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ROCA_OF-02%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-02%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-01(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ROCA_OF-01%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-01%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ROCA_OF-01%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-01%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ROCA_OF-01%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-01%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ROCA_OF-01%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-01%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_WO(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1929-1936<a href="#cite_note-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018-54">[54]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-09(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ROCA_OF-09%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-09%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ROCA_OF-09%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-09%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ROCA_OF-09%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-09%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ROCA_OF-09%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-09%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-08(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ROCA_OF-08%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-08%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ROCA_OF-08%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-08%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ROCA_OF-08%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-08%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ROCA_OF-08%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-08%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-07(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ROCA_OF-07%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-07%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ROCA_OF-07%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-07%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ROCA_OF-07%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-07%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ROCA_OF-07%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-07%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-06(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ROCA_OF-06%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-06%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ROCA_OF-06%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-06%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ROCA_OF-06%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-06%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ROCA_OF-06%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-06%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-05(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ROCA_OF-05%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-05%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ROCA_OF-05%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-05%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ROCA_OF-05%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-05%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ROCA_OF-05%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-05%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-04(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ROCA_OF-04%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-04%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ROCA_OF-04%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-04%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ROCA_OF-04%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-04%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ROCA_OF-04%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-04%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-03(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ROCA_OF-03%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-03%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ROCA_OF-03%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-03%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ROCA_OF-03%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-03%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ROCA_OF-03%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-03%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-02(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROCA_OF-02%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-02%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROCA_OF-02%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-02%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROCA_OF-02%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-02%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROCA_OF-02%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-02%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OF-01(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ROCA_OF-01%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-01%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ROCA_OF-01%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OF-01%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ROCA_OF-01%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OF-01%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ROCA_OF-01%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OF-01%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_WO(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ROCA_WO%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_WO%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ROCA_WO%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_WO%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ROCA_WO%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_WO%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ROCA_WO%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_WO%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1936-1946<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo2001192-56">[56]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-10_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tiwan-Army-OF-10_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-10_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tiwan-Army-OF-10_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-10_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tiwan-Army-OF-10_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-10_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tiwan-Army-OF-10_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-10_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-9_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-9_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-8_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tiwan-Army-OF-8_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-8_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tiwan-Army-OF-8_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-8_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tiwan-Army-OF-8_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-8_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tiwan-Army-OF-8_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-8_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-7_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tiwan-Army-OF-7_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-7_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tiwan-Army-OF-7_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-7_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tiwan-Army-OF-7_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-7_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tiwan-Army-OF-7_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-7_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-5_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tiwan-Army-OF-5_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-5_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tiwan-Army-OF-5_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-5_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tiwan-Army-OF-5_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-5_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tiwan-Army-OF-5_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-5_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-4_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tiwan-Army-OF-4_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-4_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tiwan-Army-OF-4_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-4_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tiwan-Army-OF-4_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-4_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tiwan-Army-OF-4_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-4_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-3_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tiwan-Army-OF-3_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-3_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tiwan-Army-OF-3_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-3_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tiwan-Army-OF-3_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-3_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tiwan-Army-OF-3_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-3_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-2_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tiwan-Army-OF-2_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-2_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tiwan-Army-OF-2_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-2_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tiwan-Army-OF-2_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-2_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tiwan-Army-OF-2_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-2_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-1b_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OF-1a_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-WO_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tiwan-Army-WO_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-WO_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tiwan-Army-WO_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-WO_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tiwan-Army-WO_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-WO_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tiwan-Army-WO_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-WO_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Title </td> <td>特級上將 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Tèjí shàngjiàng</a> </td> <td>一級上將 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Yījí shàngjiàng</a> </td> <td>二級上將 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Èrjí shàngjiàng</a> </td> <td>中將 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Zhōngjiàng</a> </td> <td>少將 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Shàojiàng</a> </td> <td>上校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Shàngxiào</a> </td> <td>中校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Zhōngxiào</a> </td> <td>少校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Shàoxiào</a> </td> <td>上尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Shàngwèi</a> </td> <td>中尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Zhōngwèi</a> </td> <td>少尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Shàowèi</a> </td> <td>准尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Zhǔnwèi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ranks">Other ranks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other ranks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The rank insignia of <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">enlisted personnel</a>. <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="text-align:center;"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="3">Non-commissioned officers </th> <th colspan="3">Soldiers </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Early 1929<a href="#cite_note-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018-54">[54]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-06(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ROCA_OR-06%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-06%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ROCA_OR-06%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-06%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ROCA_OR-06%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-06%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ROCA_OR-06%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-06%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-05(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ROCA_OR-05%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-05%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ROCA_OR-05%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-05%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ROCA_OR-05%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-05%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ROCA_OR-05%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-05%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-04(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ROCA_OR-04%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-04%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ROCA_OR-04%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-04%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ROCA_OR-04%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-04%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ROCA_OR-04%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-04%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-03(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ROCA_OR-03%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-03%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ROCA_OR-03%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-03%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ROCA_OR-03%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-03%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ROCA_OR-03%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-03%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-02(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ROCA_OR-02%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-02%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ROCA_OR-02%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-02%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ROCA_OR-02%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-02%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ROCA_OR-02%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-02%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-01(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ROCA_OR-01%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-01%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ROCA_OR-01%28Early_1929%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-01%28Early_1929%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ROCA_OR-01%28Early_1929%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-01%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ROCA_OR-01%28Early_1929%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-01%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1929-1936<a href="#cite_note-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018-54">[54]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-06(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ROCA_OR-06%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-06%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ROCA_OR-06%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-06%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ROCA_OR-06%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-06%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ROCA_OR-06%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-06%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-05(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ROCA_OR-05%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-05%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ROCA_OR-05%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-05%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ROCA_OR-05%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-05%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ROCA_OR-05%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-05%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-04(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ROCA_OR-04%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-04%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ROCA_OR-04%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-04%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ROCA_OR-04%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-04%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ROCA_OR-04%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-04%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-03(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ROCA_OR-03%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-03%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ROCA_OR-03%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-03%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ROCA_OR-03%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-03%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ROCA_OR-03%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-03%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-02(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ROCA_OR-02%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-02%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ROCA_OR-02%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-02%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ROCA_OR-02%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-02%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ROCA_OR-02%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-02%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_OR-01(1929-1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ROCA_OR-01%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-01%281929-1936%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ROCA_OR-01%281929-1936%29.png/100px-ROCA_OR-01%281929-1936%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ROCA_OR-01%281929-1936%29.png/150px-ROCA_OR-01%281929-1936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ROCA_OR-01%281929-1936%29.png/200px-ROCA_OR-01%281929-1936%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1936-1946<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo2001192-56">[56]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OR-6_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tiwan-Army-OR-6_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-6_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tiwan-Army-OR-6_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-6_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tiwan-Army-OR-6_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OR-6_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tiwan-Army-OR-6_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OR-6_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OR-5_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tiwan-Army-OR-5_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-5_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tiwan-Army-OR-5_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-5_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tiwan-Army-OR-5_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OR-5_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tiwan-Army-OR-5_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OR-5_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OR-4_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tiwan-Army-OR-4_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-4_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tiwan-Army-OR-4_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-4_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tiwan-Army-OR-4_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OR-4_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tiwan-Army-OR-4_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OR-4_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OR-3_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tiwan-Army-OR-3_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-3_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tiwan-Army-OR-3_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-3_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tiwan-Army-OR-3_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OR-3_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tiwan-Army-OR-3_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OR-3_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OR-2_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tiwan-Army-OR-2_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-2_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tiwan-Army-OR-2_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-2_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tiwan-Army-OR-2_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OR-2_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tiwan-Army-OR-2_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OR-2_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwan-Army-OR-1_(1928).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tiwan-Army-OR-1_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-1_%281928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tiwan-Army-OR-1_%281928%29.svg/100px-Tiwan-Army-OR-1_%281928%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tiwan-Army-OR-1_%281928%29.svg/150px-Tiwan-Army-OR-1_%281928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tiwan-Army-OR-1_%281928%29.svg/200px-Tiwan-Army-OR-1_%281928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Title </td> <td>上士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Shàngshì</a> </td> <td>中士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Zhōngshì</a> </td> <td>下士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Xiàshì</a> </td> <td>上等兵 <a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)" title="Bing (rank)">Shàngděngbīng</a> </td> <td>一等兵 <a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)" title="Bing (rank)">Yīděngbīng</a> </td> <td>二等兵 <a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)" title="Bing (rank)">Èrděngbīng</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="American-sponsored_divisions">American-sponsored divisions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: American-sponsored divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y-Force">Y-Force</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Y-Force" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T.V. Soong</a> at the behest of Chiang negotiated US sponsorship of 30 Chinese divisions which were to be designated assault divisions due to the fall of Burma. This plan was adopted concurrently with <a href="/wiki/Y_Force" title="Y Force">Y-Force</a> which was the Chinese army in Burma.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> The divisions of Y-Force were similar to the 1942 divisions’ organisation. With the addition of extra staff especially in communications as well as an anti-tank rifle squad with 2 anti-tank rifles, radios were issued as were <a href="/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">bren guns</a> with the number of mortars raised form 36 to 54 to accommodate the lack of heavy artillery. The demands of the Chinese Military Affairs Commission to add additional support staff and divisional artillery were all rejected by the Americans and the idea of a centralised Y-force with the 30 divisions being grouped together was never realised. General Chen Cheng commanded the largest contingent of 15 divisions, Long Yun commanded 5 and 9 under Chiang himself.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> Prior to the Salween offensive each division was allotted 36 bazookas though actual numbers ran below requirements and rockets were in short supply.<a href="#cite_note-:4-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Yun_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Long_Yun_1944.jpg/220px-Long_Yun_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="238"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Long_Yun_1944.jpg/220px-Long_Yun_1944.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Long_Yun_1944.jpg/330px-Long_Yun_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Long_Yun_1944.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Long Yun the Warlord and Governor of Yunnan inspects the members of the Chinese expeditionary Force.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Y-Force Strength March 1943<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Army </th> <th>Old Strength </th> <th>New Strength </th> <th>Actual Strength </th> <th>Reinforcements en route </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese expeditionary Force(Chen Cheng) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>XI Group Army </td> <td>107,200 </td> <td>124,300 </td> <td>55,550 </td> <td>49,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XX Group Army </td> <td>56,400 </td> <td>61,100 </td> <td>30,600 </td> <td>15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>163,600 </td> <td>185,400 </td> <td>86,100 </td> <td>64,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yunnan-Indochina Force(Long Yun) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I Group Army </td> <td>20,400 </td> <td>20,400 </td> <td>15,650 </td> <td>4,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IX Group Army </td> <td>56,400 </td> <td>71,400 </td> <td>18,400 </td> <td>9,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>66,800 </td> <td>91,800 </td> <td>34,050 </td> <td>13,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reserve Army(Chiang) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V Group Army </td> <td>125,200 </td> <td>131,220 </td> <td>86,785 </td> <td>37,269 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grand Total </td> <td>355,600 </td> <td>408,420 </td> <td>206,935 </td> <td>115,209 </td></tr></tbody></table> The Chinese army due to sustained combat was grossly under-strength and whilst Chiang promised over 110,000 additional reinforcements. Further reinforcements after this were not forthcoming due to ongoing combat. Nonetheless, Y-Force grew to over 300,000 men with rifles, mortars and machine guns in abundance.<a href="#cite_note-:4-58">[58]</a> A Y-force division contained 10,790 officers and men with 4,174 rifles, 270 submachine guns, 270 light machine guns, 54 medium machine guns. 27 AT rifles, 36 bazookas, 81 60mm mortars and 30 82mm mortars this was a large improvement over the 1942 division especially in terms of equipment with some divisions additionally receiving Anti-tank companies with guns ranging from 20-47mm. The army troops of a Y-force army contained over 3,000 horses and mules and 16 trucks with 8,404 officers and men with 21 additional machine guns and an artillery battalion with 12 guns and an anti-tank battalion with 4 guns though due to supply limitations over <a href="/wiki/The_Hump" title="The Hump">The Hump</a> artillery and anti-tank weaponry did not arrive in large quantities until late 1943 and early 1944.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg/220px-Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 279px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg/220px-Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="279" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg/330px-Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg/440px-Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chinese troops operating Stuart tanks in Burma a feat only possible due to the commitment of troops and material to the Burma theatre by the Western Allies and China.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="30_Division_Force">30 Division Force</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 30 Division Force" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> General Stilwell envisioned a 90 division strong regular army the first 30 divisions being the aforementioned Y-Force which would re-open the Burma road which would allow for the formation of the next 30 divisions via direct supply delivery. The remaining 30 divisions would be garrison divisions with a reduced force the remainder of the Chinese army would be gradually demobilised or used to fill out the new forces and act as replacements to save resources and supplies. In July 1943 the US War Department agreed to equip the first 30 divisions and 10% of the second batch to facilitate its training which was to be named Z-Force. Stilwell wished to consolidate the existing forces in east China into 30 divisions per the plan but was rebuffed by the Chinese who wanted the lend lease to be used by existing forces. Stilwell persisted and proposed again his 90 division plan with an additional 1-2 armoured divisions with all forces to be ready assuming the opening of the Burma road by January 1945. However, after the Cairo conference the British and Americans did not agree to an amphibious landing in Burma to support an offensive by Y-Force so the plan was dropped as the Burma road would not be opened anytime soon as long as the Japanese remained there.<a href="#cite_note-:5-60">[60]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>US Sponsored armies and their condition by late 1945<a href="#cite_note-:5-60">[60]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Army (with 3 divisions) </th> <th>Strength </th> <th>% equipped </th> <th>Combat efficiency </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>New 1st Army </td> <td>43,231 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>Excellent </td> <td>Gaoling,Guangxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd Army </td> <td>23,545 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>Satisfactory </td> <td>Baoshan, Yunnan </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th Army </td> <td>35,528 </td> <td>88% </td> <td>Satisfactory </td> <td>Kunming, Yunnan </td></tr> <tr> <td>New 6th Army </td> <td>43,519 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>Excellent </td> <td>Zhijiang, Hubei </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th Army </td> <td>34,942 </td> <td>93% </td> <td>Satisfactory </td> <td>Bose, Guangxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>13th Army </td> <td>30,677 </td> <td>88% </td> <td>Satisfactory </td> <td>Lipu, Guangxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>18th Army </td> <td>30,106 </td> <td>99% </td> <td>Very Satisfactory </td> <td>Yuanling, Hunan </td></tr> <tr> <td>53rd Army </td> <td>34,465 </td> <td>30% </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Midu, Yunnan </td></tr> <tr> <td>54th Army </td> <td>31,285 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>Satisfactory </td> <td>Wunming, Guangxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>71st Army </td> <td>30,547 </td> <td>96% </td> <td>Very Satisfactory </td> <td>Liuzhou, Guangxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>73rd Army </td> <td>28,963 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>Satisfactory </td> <td>Xinhua, Hunan </td></tr> <tr> <td>74th Army </td> <td>32,166 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>Very satisfactory </td> <td>Shanshuwan, Sichuan </td></tr> <tr> <td>94th Army </td> <td>37,531 </td> <td>79% </td> <td>Very Satisfactory </td> <td>Guilin, Guangxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>436,505 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Strength_and_distribution_in_early_1937">Strength and distribution in early 1937</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Strength and distribution in early 1937" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Distribution of NRA soldiers Within China<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Central Government Troops </th> <th>Warlord Troops </th> <th>Provincial Troops </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hebei (<a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">not including</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei)</a> </td> <td>51,000 </td> <td>39,800 </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td>102,800 soldiers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chahar </td> <td> </td> <td>17,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>17,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shanxi </td> <td>17,000 </td> <td>43,800 </td> <td>9,000 </td> <td>69,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shandong </td> <td> </td> <td>55,500 </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>63,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suiyuan </td> <td>20,500 </td> <td>30,700 </td> <td> </td> <td>61,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shaanxi </td> <td>100,000 </td> <td>39,000 </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>147,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gansu </td> <td>63,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>63,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ningxia </td> <td>27,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>27,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qinghai </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>11,000 </td> <td>23,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xinjiang </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>24,800 </td> <td>24,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhejiang </td> <td>52,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,800 </td> <td>60,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jiangxi </td> <td>49,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>49,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henan </td> <td>113,300 </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>129,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anhui </td> <td>54,000 </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>73,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hubei </td> <td>72,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>82,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jiangsu </td> <td>109,400 </td> <td>9,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>118,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hunan </td> <td>68,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>68,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sichuan </td> <td>26,000 </td> <td>126,600 </td> <td> </td> <td>152,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xikang </td> <td> </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>16,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guizhou </td> <td>36,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>36,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fujian </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>72,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guangdong </td> <td>42,000 </td> <td>51,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>93,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guangxi </td> <td> </td> <td>54,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>54,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yunnan </td> <td> </td> <td>21,900 </td> <td> </td> <td>21,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>China </td> <td>972,200 </td> <td>519,700 </td> <td>94,600 </td> <td>1,586,500 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg/220px-Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="603"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg/220px-Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg/330px-Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg/440px-Chiang_Kai-shek_and_Soong_May-ling_at_army_parade.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chiang and Soong reviewing the troops during the 2nd Sino-Japanese war.</figcaption></figure> (Former <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Army" title="Northeastern Army">Northeastern army</a> troops are included in the Central Government Column given the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Chang_Hsueh-liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang Hsueh-liang">Zhang Xueliang</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an incident</a>) The above categorisations are not the sole indicator of loyalty it is how they were categorised at the time. An alternative figure and breakdown is given by Field a US analyst in July 1937 (brackets indicate numbers given by Bin Shih):<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Formations and allegiances of the NRA forces.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Formations* </th> <th>Chiang's army </th> <th>Loyal to Chiang </th> <th>Semi-autonomous provincial troops under Chiang </th> <th>Only loyal in an anti-Japanese war </th> <th>Useless or disloyal troops </th> <th>CCP forces and Manchurian partisans </th></tr> <tr> <td>Armies/Route Armies </td> <td>1st 2nd 5th 6th 13th 16th 25th </td> <td>4th 7th 11th 15th 17th 26th </td> <td>19th 33rd 34th 35th 3rd </td> <td>29th 33rd 32nd 53rd 63rd </td> <td>10th route army (21,900) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Divisions </td> <td>1st-4th 9th Nanjing divisions </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>16 divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Army" title="Northeastern Army">NE army</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>no formation stated </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>100,000 Guangdong troops </td> <td> </td> <td>60,000 and 90,000 guangxi regulars and irregulars 250,000 Sichuan troops </td> <td>150,000 CCP forces 150,000 Manchurian partisans (overstated) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total numbers </td> <td>380,000 </td> <td>520,000 </td> <td>300,000 </td> <td>278,100 </td> <td>421,900 </td> <td>300,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> *not all formations are assigned a loyalty therefore this list does not constitute an exhaustive list of NRA formations. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Arsenals_of_the_NRA">Arsenals of the NRA</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Arsenals of the NRA" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> These arsenals listed below are those established before the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gongxian_Arsenal">Gongxian Arsenal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gongxian Arsenal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Established in 1915 in Henan, the Central Government took over the arsenal in 1930 and full production resumed in 1931. Employing 2,400 workers it was producing 1,800 rifles, 12 Maxim guns and 20,000 grenades each month. In 1934 production of rifles had risen to 3,200 per month. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiangnan_Arsenal">Jiangnan Arsenal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Jiangnan Arsenal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Established in 1865 in Shanghai, the arsenal was captured by the Central Government in 1927. Its production in 1931 was 8 75mm mountain guns, 31 Type Triple-Ten machine guns, three million cartridges and 600lbs of smokeless powder each month. However, following the demilitarization of Shanghai following the <a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">1932 battle</a>, the arsenal became dormant with its light machinery moved to other arsenals whilst the heavy machinery remained until 1937. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanyang_Arsenal">Hanyang Arsenal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hanyang Arsenal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> First began production in 1895 in Hubei, it was captured by the Central government in 1926. Between 1895 and 1938 the arsenal produced 876,316 <a href="/wiki/Hanyang_88" title="Hanyang 88">Type 88</a> rifles. In 1934 the arsenal also produced 240 Type Triple-Ten machine guns and 4 75mm field guns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiyuan_Arsenal">Taiyuan Arsenal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Taiyuan Arsenal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Established in 1898 in Shanxi, the arsenal was expanded by <a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a>. Production in 1930 was 500 pistols, 1,500 rifles, 50 machine guns, 300 mortars a month as well as a theoretical 30 mountain guns a month though none were in actual production. The arsenal however deteriorated and by 1937, the Central Government took the machinery and used it for other arsenals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jinling_Arsenal">Jinling Arsenal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Jinling Arsenal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Established in 1865 in Nanjing, the Central Government captured the arsenal in 1927. In 1936 after investment from the government, the arsenal was producing 610 machine guns, 3,600,000 cartridges, 480 mortars, 204,000 mortar shells and 34,000 gas masks annually. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guangdong_Arsenal">Guangdong Arsenal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Guangdong Arsenal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Established in 1874, in 1917 production was 600 rifles, 500,000 cartridges and 6 machine guns. However the production quality of the arsenal deteriorated and following a 1935 inspection only 10% of the cartridges were found to have passed inspection. The arsenal came under the control of the Central Government following the defection of <a href="/wiki/Yu_Hanmou" title="Yu Hanmou">Yu Hanmou</a> to Nanjing during the Liangguang incident. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sichuan_Arsenal/Chongqing_Arms_Depot">Sichuan Arsenal/Chongqing Arms Depot</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sichuan Arsenal/Chongqing Arms Depot" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Established in 1878, the arsenal's production in 1913 was 15,000 rifles, 7,500,000 cartridges and 45,000lbs of smokeless powder annually. However, due to warfare in Sichuan the arsenal was closed, then finally moved to Chongqing in 1932. In 1933 it produced 6,000 <a href="/wiki/SIG_KE7" title="SIG KE7">KE7 machine guns</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jinan_Arsenal">Jinan Arsenal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Jinan Arsenal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Located in Shandong, by the mid-1930s this arsenal was producing 3,000,000 cartridges and 60,000 grenades every month. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Equipment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_military_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Chinese military equipment in World War II">List of Chinese military equipment in World War II</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Chinese_armoured_forces_(1927%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of Chinese armoured forces (1927–45)">Development of Chinese armoured forces (1927–45)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Chinese_Nationalist_air_force_(1937%E2%80%931945)" title="Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)">Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMTcadet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KMTcadet.jpg/170px-KMTcadet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="610"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 292px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KMTcadet.jpg/170px-KMTcadet.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KMTcadet.jpg/255px-KMTcadet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KMTcadet.jpg/340px-KMTcadet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Chinese Nationalist Army soldier equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm" title="Stahlhelm">German M35 helmet</a> and a <a href="/wiki/ZB_vz._26" title="ZB vz. 26">ZB vz. 26</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg/220px-Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg/220px-Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg/330px-Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg/440px-Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_General_IB2789C.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>German-equipped Chinese troops practicing a march at the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Military Academy">Chinese Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> in 1944.</figcaption></figure> For regular provincial Chinese divisions the standard rifles were the <a href="/wiki/Hanyang_88" title="Hanyang 88">Hanyang 88</a> (copy of <a href="/wiki/Gewehr_88" class="mw-redirect" title="Gewehr 88">Gewehr 88</a>). Central army divisions were typically equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle" title="Chiang Kai-shek rifle">Chiang Kai-shek rifle</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> type rifles from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>. The standard <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light machine gun</a> were imported or domestically produced of the Czech <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> <a href="/wiki/ZB_vz._26" title="ZB vz. 26">ZB vz. 26</a> in the standard <a href="/wiki/8_mm_Mauser" class="mw-redirect" title="8 mm Mauser">7.92 mm</a>. There were machine guns from other sources, such as Belgian, French and from the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations#Second_Sino-Japanese_War_and_World_War_II" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Soviet Aid Programme</a>. In general, there were 6-9 LMG's in an infantry company, with the monthly ammunition supply being around 5,000 rounds (for 5 days consumption). <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy machine guns</a> were mainly locally-made Type 24 <a href="/wiki/Water-cooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-cooled">water-cooled</a> <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim guns</a> (which were based on the commercial version of the German <a href="/wiki/MG08" class="mw-redirect" title="MG08">MG08</a>), and Type Triple-Ten <a href="/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1917 Browning machine gun">M1917 Browning machine guns</a> chambered for the standard 8mm Mauser round. On average, every Central Army <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> contained a machine gun company with 5-6 heavy machine guns. They were allotted a monthly supply of 20,000 rounds. The most common sidearm for NCOs and officers was the <a href="/wiki/7_mm_caliber" title="7 mm caliber">7.63 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauser_C96" title="Mauser C96">Mauser C96</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Submachine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Submachine guns">Submachine guns</a> were not part of any TO&E, but many were inherited from former <a href="/wiki/Warlord_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlord era">warlord armies</a> or locally produced. They were generally carried by the guards of divisional or corps commanders or special service platoon/companies. Some elite units, such as the <a href="/wiki/X_Force_(Chinese_Expeditionary_Force)" title="X Force (Chinese Expeditionary Force)">X Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</a> used <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> US equipment. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India_marching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India_marching.jpg/250px-US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India_marching.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India_marching.jpg/250px-US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India_marching.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India_marching.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>US-equipped Chinese Army in India marching.</figcaption></figure> Generally speaking, the regular provincial army divisions did not possess any artillery. However, some Central Army divisions were equipped with 37 mm <a href="/wiki/PaK_35/36" class="mw-redirect" title="PaK 35/36">PaK 35/36</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-air guns</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_Contraves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oerlikon Contraves">Oerlikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madsen_machine_gun" title="Madsen machine gun">Madsen</a>, and Solothurn. Each of these infantry divisions ideally had 6 French <a href="/wiki/Brandt_Mle_27/31" title="Brandt Mle 27/31">Brandt 81 mm</a> mortars and 6 <a href="/wiki/Solothurn_ST-5" title="Solothurn ST-5">Solothurn 20 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a>. Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> <a href="/wiki/Krupp_7.5_cm_Model_1903" title="Krupp 7.5 cm Model 1903">75 mm L/29</a> field guns, Krupp <a href="/wiki/7.5_cm_GebirgsKanone_06" title="7.5 cm GebirgsKanone 06">75 mm L/14</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bofors" title="Bofors">Bofors</a> <a href="/wiki/Bofors_75_mm_mountain_gun" title="Bofors 75 mm mountain gun">75 mm L/20</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain guns">mountain guns</a>. There were also 24 <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall" title="Rheinmetall">Rheinmetall</a> 150 mm <a href="/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18" title="15 cm sFH 18">L/32 sFH 18</a> <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> (bought in 1934) and 24 <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> 150 mm <a href="/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18" title="15 cm sFH 18">L/30 sFH 18</a> <a href="/wiki/Howitzers" class="mw-redirect" title="Howitzers">howitzers</a> (bought in 1936). At the start of the war, the NRA and the Tax Police Regiment had three tank battalions armed with German <a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a> light tanks and <a href="/wiki/L3/35" title="L3/35">CV-35</a> tankettes. After defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a> the remaining tanks, together with several hundred <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a> and <a href="/wiki/BT-5" title="BT-5">BT-5</a> tanks acquired from the Soviet Union were reorganised into the 200th Division. Infantry uniforms were basically redesigned <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongshan suit">Zhongshan suits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puttee" title="Puttee">Puttees</a> were standard for soldiers and officers alike, since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. Troops were also issued sewn field caps. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German <a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm#M1935" title="Stahlhelm">M35 Stahlhelms</a> rolled off the production lines in 1935, and until 1936, the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, usually seen with the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">Blue Sky with a White Sun</a> emblem of the ROC on the sides. These helmets were worn by both the German-trained divisions and regular Central Army divisions. Other helmets included the French <a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">Adrian helmet</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Brodie_helmet" title="Brodie helmet">Brodie helmet</a> and later the American <a href="/wiki/M1_helmet" title="M1 helmet">M1 helmet</a>. Other equipment included straw shoes for soldiers (cloth shoes for Central Army), leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition for his weapon, along with ammunition pouches or harness, a <a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">water flask</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a>, food bag, and a <a href="/wiki/WWII_gas_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII gas mask">gas mask</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German-trained_divisions_of_the_National_Revolutionary_Army" title="List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army">List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_until_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation until 1941">Sino-German cooperation until 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Republic of China">Military history of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Ven2003" class="citation book cs1">Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+nationalism+in+China%2C+1925-1945&rft.place=London&rft.series=RoutledgeCurzon+studies+in+the+modern+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14571-8&rft.aulast=Van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Ven2003" class="citation book cs1">Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+nationalism+in+China%2C+1925-1945&rft.place=London&rft.series=RoutledgeCurzon+studies+in+the+modern+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14571-8&rft.aulast=Van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Ven2003" class="citation book cs1">Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 134–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+nationalism+in+China%2C+1925-1945&rft.place=London&rft.series=RoutledgeCurzon+studies+in+the+modern+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=134-137&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14571-8&rft.aulast=Van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Ven2003" class="citation book cs1">Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+nationalism+in+China%2C+1925-1945&rft.place=London&rft.series=RoutledgeCurzon+studies+in+the+modern+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14571-8&rft.aulast=Van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2017" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (2017). The bitter peace: conflict in China 1928-37. Gloucester, UK: Amberley. pp. 49–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5192-7"><bdi>978-1-4456-5192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bitter+peace%3A+conflict+in+China+1928-37&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+UK&rft.pages=49-52&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-5192-7&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2017" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (2017). The bitter peace: conflict in China 1928-37. Gloucester, UK: Amberley. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5192-7"><bdi>978-1-4456-5192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bitter+peace%3A+conflict+in+China+1928-37&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+UK&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-5192-7&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2017" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (2017). The bitter peace: conflict in China 1928-37. Gloucester, UK: Amberley. pp. 52–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5192-7"><bdi>978-1-4456-5192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bitter+peace%3A+conflict+in+China+1928-37&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+UK&rft.pages=52-55&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-5192-7&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Ven2003" class="citation book cs1">Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+nationalism+in+China%2C+1925-1945&rft.place=London&rft.series=RoutledgeCurzon+studies+in+the+modern+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14571-8&rft.aulast=Van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Ven2003" class="citation book cs1">Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+nationalism+in+China%2C+1925-1945&rft.place=London&rft.series=RoutledgeCurzon+studies+in+the+modern+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14571-8&rft.aulast=Van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang1978" class="citation book cs1">Liang, Hsi-Huey (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hp4KAQAAIAAJ&q=alexander+von+falkenhausen+1934">The Sino-German Connection: Alexander Von Falkenhausen Between China and Germany 1900-1941</a>. Van Gorcum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789023215547" title="Special:BookSources/9789023215547"><bdi>9789023215547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-German+Connection%3A+Alexander+Von+Falkenhausen+Between+China+and+Germany+1900-1941&rft.pub=Van+Gorcum&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789023215547&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Hsi-Huey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhp4KAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dalexander%2Bvon%2Bfalkenhausen%2B1934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung2005" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Mary Keng Mun (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ5VtyB0EgsC&dq=Guangxi+Women%27s+Battalion&pg=PA72">Chinese Women in Christian Ministry: An Intercultural Study</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5198-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5198-5"><bdi>978-0-8204-5198-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Women+in+Christian+Ministry%3A+An+Intercultural+Study&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-5198-5&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Mary+Keng+Mun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQ5VtyB0EgsC%26dq%3DGuangxi%2BWomen%2527s%2BBattalion%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q52yAAAAIAAJ&q=Guangxi+Women's+Battalion">Women of China</a>. Foreign Language Press. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+China&rft.pub=Foreign+Language+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq52yAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DGuangxi%2BWomen%27s%2BBattalion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> See for example Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army in World War II">United States Army in World War II</a>: China-Burma-India Theater, United States Army, 1952 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Taylor, Jay. 2009. The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2">978-0-674-03338-2</a>, pp. 277-292 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanxin_Xiang1995" class="citation book cs1">Lanxin Xiang (1995). Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-1950. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563244608" title="Special:BookSources/1563244608"><bdi>1563244608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recasting+the+Imperial+Far+East%3A+Britain+and+America+in+China%2C+1945-1950&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1563244608&rft.au=Lanxin+Xiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_L._Krenn1998" class="citation book cs1">Michael L. Krenn (1998). Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from 1900 Through World War II. Taylor and Francis. pp. 171–172, 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815329572" title="Special:BookSources/9780815329572"><bdi>9780815329572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+from+1900+Through+World+War+II&rft.pages=171-172%2C+347&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780815329572&rft.au=Michael+L.+Krenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://totallyhistory.com/national-revolutionary-army/">"National Revolutionary Army Summary – China's Military in WWII"</a>. Totally History. 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2018-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totally+History&rft.atitle=National+Revolutionary+Army+Summary+%E2%80%93+China%27s+Military+in+WWII&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftotallyhistory.com%2Fnational-revolutionary-army%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoes2010" class="citation book cs1">Joes, Anthony (2010-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQAEepIQ6zQC&q=14+million+men+china+ww2+kmt&pg=PT48">Victorious Insurgencies: Four Rebellions that Shaped Our World</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813129723" title="Special:BookSources/9780813129723"><bdi>9780813129723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorious+Insurgencies%3A+Four+Rebellions+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010-11-19&rft.isbn=9780813129723&rft.aulast=Joes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQAEepIQ6zQC%26q%3D14%2Bmillion%2Bmen%2Bchina%2Bww2%2Bkmt%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> United States Army, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-38/72-38.htm">China Defensive 4 July 1942 – 4 May 1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401141433/https://history.army.mil/brochures/72-38/72-38.HTM">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=sven+hedin+ma+chung-ying&pg=PA97">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7"><bdi>0-521-25514-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-25514-7&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsven%2Bhedin%2Bma%2Bchung-ying%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=tanks+planes+artillery+sword&pg=PA120">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7"><bdi>0-521-25514-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-25514-7&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtanks%2Bplanes%2Bartillery%2Bsword%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Tyler2004" class="citation book cs1">Christian Tyler (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&q=shadow-fencing+parallel+bars&pg=PA109">Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang</a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3533-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3533-6"><bdi>0-8135-3533-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+West+China%3A+the+taming+of+Xinjiang&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8135-3533-6&rft.au=Christian+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEzNwgtiVQ0C%26q%3Dshadow-fencing%2Bparallel%2Bbars%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=brown+mass+human">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7"><bdi>0-521-25514-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-25514-7&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbrown%2Bmass%2Bhuman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LIFE_Nov_1,_1948_Ma_Hung-Kwei-24"><a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_Nov_1,_1948_Ma_Hung-Kwei_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekoEAAAAMBAJ&q=Ma-Hung-kwei&pg=PA57">"Chinese Warlord"</a>. Life. 1 November 1948. p. 57. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Chinese+Warlord&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1948-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekoEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DMa-Hung-kwei%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSJW-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HSJW_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSJW_25-1">b</a> Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. pp. 149–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.pages=149-151&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. pp. 151–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.pages=151-154&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.pages=154-155&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett1997" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck6IumJLdPkC&pg=PA14">Chinese Civil War Armies 1911–49</a>. Vol. 306 (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855326655" title="Special:BookSources/1855326655"><bdi>1855326655</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Civil+War+Armies+1911%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1855326655&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCk6IumJLdPkC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiang_Kai-shek1957" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (June 24, 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IT8EAAAAMBAJ&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA147">"PART ONE CHIANG VERSUS COMMUNISM: HIS PERSONAL ACCOUNT"</a>. LIFE Magazine Vol. 42, No. 25. p. 147. Retrieved July 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE+Magazine+Vol.+42%2C+No.+25&rft.atitle=PART+ONE+CHIANG+VERSUS+COMMUNISM%3A+HIS+PERSONAL+ACCOUNT&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1957-06-24&rft.au=Chiang+Kai-shek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIT8EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Bchina%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjorie_Wall_Bingham,_Susan_Hill_Gross1980" class="citation book cs1">Marjorie Wall Bingham, Susan Hill Gross (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ3V9umMPf8C&q=Other+women+in+joining+the+%22Dare+to+Die%22+Regiments+later+on,+saw+her+as+a+model+for+rebellion+against+the+enemies+of+China.+One+of+her+last+poems+was+particularly+well-known+because+it+combined+the+themes+of+her">Women in modern China: transition, revolution, and contemporary times</a>. Glenhurst Publications. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86596-028-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86596-028-3"><bdi>0-86596-028-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+modern+China%3A+transition%2C+revolution%2C+and+contemporary+times&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Glenhurst+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-86596-028-3&rft.au=Marjorie+Wall+Bingham%2C+Susan+Hill+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZ3V9umMPf8C%26q%3DOther%2Bwomen%2Bin%2Bjoining%2Bthe%2B%2522Dare%2Bto%2BDie%2522%2BRegiments%2Blater%2Bon%2C%2Bsaw%2Bher%2Bas%2Ba%2Bmodel%2Bfor%2Brebellion%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2Benemies%2Bof%2BChina.%2BOne%2Bof%2Bher%2Blast%2Bpoems%2Bwas%2Bparticularly%2Bwell-known%2Bbecause%2Bit%2Bcombined%2Bthe%2Bthemes%2Bof%2Bher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YYpIAAAAYAAJ&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA79">China review, Volume 1</a>. China Trade Bureau, Inc. 1921. p. 79. Retrieved July 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+review%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=China+Trade+Bureau%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYpIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Bchina%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2003" class="citation book cs1">Fenby, Jonathan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNJOxyP0SqEC&q=dare+to+die+corps+swords&pg=PA319">Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743231449" title="Special:BookSources/0743231449"><bdi>0743231449</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generalissimo%3A+Chiang+Kai-shek+and+the+China+He+Lost&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0743231449&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNJOxyP0SqEC%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Bcorps%2Bswords%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2009" class="citation book cs1">Fenby, Jonathan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2NKutuUlA8C&q=dare+to+die+corps+swords&pg=PA18-IA9">Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</a>. DaCapo Press. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786739844" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786739844"><bdi>978-0786739844</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiang+Kai+Shek%3A+China%27s+Generalissimo+and+the+Nation+He+Lost&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=DaCapo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0786739844&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2NKutuUlA8C%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Bcorps%2Bswords%26pg%3DPA18-IA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2008" class="citation book cs1">Fenby, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VIUAQAAIAAJ&q=dare+to+die+corps+swords">Modern China: the fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present</a>. Ecco. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061661167" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061661167"><bdi>978-0061661167</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%3A+the+fall+and+rise+of+a+great+power%2C+1850+to+the+present&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0061661167&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VIUAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Bcorps%2Bswords&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1992" class="citation book cs1">Li, Leslie (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N68GRK67FjQC&q=dare+to+die+taierzhuang+japanese">Bittersweet</a>. C.E. Tuttle. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804817774" title="Special:BookSources/0804817774"><bdi>0804817774</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bittersweet&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=C.E.+Tuttle&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0804817774&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN68GRK67FjQC%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Btaierzhuang%2Bjapanese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gao, James Z. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJrLhcgog8oC&q=dare+to+die+taierzhuang+japanese&pg=PA350">Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949)</a>. Vol. 25 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810863088" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810863088"><bdi>978-0810863088</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Modern+China+%281800-1949%29&rft.pages=350&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810863088&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=James+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJrLhcgog8oC%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Btaierzhuang%2Bjapanese%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2010" class="citation book cs1">Fenby, Jonathan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhuNIR6GKPcC&q=dare+to+die+corps+swords&pg=PA319">The General: Charles DeGaulle and the France He Saved</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857200679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857200679"><bdi>978-0857200679</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General%3A+Charles+DeGaulle+and+the+France+He+Saved&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0857200679&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdhuNIR6GKPcC%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Bcorps%2Bswords%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby2009-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Fenby2009_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Fenby2009" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Fenby (27 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2NKutuUlA8C&q=dare+to+die+taierzhuang+swords&pg=PA15-IA42">Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3984-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3984-4"><bdi>978-0-7867-3984-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiang+Kai+Shek%3A+China%27s+Generalissimo+and+the+Nation+He+Lost&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3984-4&rft.au=Jonathan+Fenby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2NKutuUlA8C%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Btaierzhuang%2Bswords%26pg%3DPA15-IA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby2008-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Fenby2008_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Fenby2008" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Fenby (24 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VIUAQAAIAAJ&q=dare+to+die+taierzhuang+swords">Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present</a>. HarperCollins. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-166116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-166116-7"><bdi>978-0-06-166116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Great+Power%2C+1850+to+the+Present&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0-06-166116-7&rft.au=Jonathan+Fenby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VIUAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddare%2Bto%2Bdie%2Btaierzhuang%2Bswords&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaedler2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Schaedler, Luc (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719204815/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/17710/3/Angry_Monk_Dissertation.pdf">Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film</a> (PDF) (Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy). University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. p. 518. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zora.uzh.ch/17710/3/Angry_Monk_Dissertation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-07-19. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Angry+Monk%3A+Reflections+on+Tibet%3A+Literary%2C+Historical%2C+and+Oral+Sources+for+a+Documentary+Film&rft.inst=University+of+Zurich%2C+Faculty+of+Arts&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schaedler&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2F17710%2F3%2FAngry_Monk_Dissertation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Harmsen, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpPUAgAAQBAJ&q=shanghai+grenade+tanks+japanese&pg=PT127">Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze</a> (illustrated ed.). Casemate. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612001678" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612001678"><bdi>978-1612001678</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shanghai+1937%3A+Stalingrad+on+the+Yangtze&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1612001678&rft.aulast=Harmsen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpPUAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dshanghai%2Bgrenade%2Btanks%2Bjapanese%26pg%3DPT127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOng2005" class="citation book cs1">Ong, Siew Chey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bt7q8hfiZ4gC&q=taierzhuang+suicide+bombers&pg=PA94">China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture</a> (illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9812610677" title="Special:BookSources/9812610677"><bdi>9812610677</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Condensed%3A+5000+Years+of+History+%26+Culture&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9812610677&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=Siew+Chey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbt7q8hfiZ4gC%26q%3Dtaierzhuang%2Bsuicide%2Bbombers%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2012" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Lance (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140806195156/http://numistamp.com/Taierzhuang-1938----Stalingrad-1942-(Page-1).php">Taierzhuang 1938 – Stalingrad 1942</a>. Clear Mind Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9838435-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9838435-9-7"><bdi>978-0-9838435-9-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://numistamp.com/Taierzhuang-1938----Stalingrad-1942-(Page-1).php">the original</a> on August 6, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taierzhuang+1938+%E2%80%93+Stalingrad+1942&rft.pub=Clear+Mind+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9838435-9-7&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnumistamp.com%2FTaierzhuang-1938----Stalingrad-1942-%28Page-1%29.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOng2011" class="citation book cs1">Ong, Siew Chey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LdKIAAAAQBAJ&q=japanese+tanks+suicide+bombers&pg=PA79">China Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture</a> (reprint ed.). Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814312998" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814312998"><bdi>978-9814312998</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Condensed%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+History+%26+Culture&rft.pages=79&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9814312998&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=Siew+Chey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdKIAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Btanks%2Bsuicide%2Bbombers%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRlWAAAAYAAJ&q=Thus,+for+instance,+a+group+of+Chinese+soldiers,+in+spite+of+heavy+artillery+fire,+attacked+a+column+of+Japanese+tanks+with+hand-grenades+and+destroyed+four+tanks,+sacrificing+their+own+lives.+These+courageous+soldiers+thereby+opened+the+way+for+the+Chinese+troops.+According+to+reports+from+Shanghai,+the+losses+of+the+Japanese+army+operating+on+the+eastern+front+amounted+in+February+to+5,400+killed+and+12,700+wounded.+400+oificers+were+killed+or+wounded.+In+March+35+Japanese">International Press Correspondence, Volume 18</a>. Richard Neumann. 1938. p. 447. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Press+Correspondence%2C+Volume+18&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Richard+Neumann&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRlWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThus%2C%2Bfor%2Binstance%2C%2Ba%2Bgroup%2Bof%2BChinese%2Bsoldiers%2C%2Bin%2Bspite%2Bof%2Bheavy%2Bartillery%2Bfire%2C%2Battacked%2Ba%2Bcolumn%2Bof%2BJapanese%2Btanks%2Bwith%2Bhand-grenades%2Band%2Bdestroyed%2Bfour%2Btanks%2C%2Bsacrificing%2Btheir%2Bown%2Blives.%2BThese%2Bcourageous%2Bsoldiers%2Bthereby%2Bopened%2Bthe%2Bway%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Btroops.%2BAccording%2Bto%2Breports%2Bfrom%2BShanghai%2C%2Bthe%2Blosses%2Bof%2Bthe%2BJapanese%2Barmy%2Boperating%2Bon%2Bthe%2Beastern%2Bfront%2Bamounted%2Bin%2BFebruary%2Bto%2B5%2C400%2Bkilled%2Band%2B12%2C700%2Bwounded.%2B400%2Boificers%2Bwere%2Bkilled%2Bor%2Bwounded.%2BIn%2BMarch%2B35%2BJapanese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1939" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Israel (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TevqAAAAIAAJ&q=The+men+in+the+trenches+waited+till+the+tanks+came+close,+then+jumped+out+and+threw+bundles+of+hand-+grenades+under+their+wheels+and+into+their+ports.+Four+tanks+were+destroyed,+neatly+pierced+by+anti-tank+shells,+and+nine+others+were">The people's war</a>. V. Gollancz. p. 172. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+people%27s+war&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=V.+Gollancz&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTevqAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bmen%2Bin%2Bthe%2Btrenches%2Bwaited%2Btill%2Bthe%2Btanks%2Bcame%2Bclose%2C%2Bthen%2Bjumped%2Bout%2Band%2Bthrew%2Bbundles%2Bof%2Bhand-%2Bgrenades%2Bunder%2Btheir%2Bwheels%2Band%2Binto%2Btheir%2Bports.%2BFour%2Btanks%2Bwere%2Bdestroyed%2C%2Bneatly%2Bpierced%2Bby%2Banti-tank%2Bshells%2C%2Band%2Bnine%2Bothers%2Bwere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2010" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Michael (2010). Osprey Guide to...The Chinese Civil War 1945–1949. Osprey Publishing. pp. Kindle Locations 878–880. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1025-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-1025-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osprey+Guide+to...The+Chinese+Civil+War+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=Kindle+Locations+878-880&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1025-0&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rummel-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Rummel_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.J.Rummel" class="citation web cs1">R.J.Rummel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CHINA.CHAP1.HTM">"CHINA'S BLOODY CENTURY"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHINA%27S+BLOODY+CENTURY&rft.au=R.J.Rummel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FCHINA.CHAP1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-中國百年陸軍軍服1905~2018-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018_54-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF吳尚融2018" class="citation book cs1">吳尚融 (2018). 中國百年陸軍軍服1905~2018. Taiwan, ROC: 金剛出版事業有限公司. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-97216-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-97216-1-5"><bdi>978-986-97216-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D1905~2018&rft.place=Taiwan%2C+ROC&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-986-97216-1-5&rft.au=%E5%90%B3%E5%B0%9A%E8%9E%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDI2015" class="citation web cs1">DI (15 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017182944/http://dailyinfographics.eu/world-war-2-allied-officers-rank-insignia/">"World War 2 Allied Officers Rank Insignia"</a>. Daily Infographics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailyinfographics.eu/world-war-2-allied-officers-rank-insignia/">the original</a> on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Infographics&rft.atitle=World+War+2+Allied+Officers+Rank+Insignia&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.au=DI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailyinfographics.eu%2Fworld-war-2-allied-officers-rank-insignia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo2001192-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo2001192_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo2001192_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMollo2001">Mollo 2001</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNessShih2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S.; Shih, Bin (2016). Kangzhan: guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-1945. Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion & Company. pp. 160–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-1945&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.pages=160-165&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft.au=Shih%2C+Bin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNessShih2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S.; Shih, Bin (2016). Kangzhan: guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-1945. Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion & Company. pp. 165–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-1945&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.pages=165-170&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft.au=Shih%2C+Bin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland (2016). Kangzhan Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937-45. Helion. pp. 169–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781912174461" title="Special:BookSources/9781912174461"><bdi>9781912174461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+Guide+to+Chinese+Ground+Forces+1937-45&rft.pages=169-174&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781912174461&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland (2016). Kangzhan Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45. Helion. pp. 175–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781912174461" title="Special:BookSources/9781912174461"><bdi>9781912174461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+Guide+to+Chinese+Ground+Forces+1937%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=175-186&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781912174461&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2013" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828893085">China's Wars : Rousing the Dragon, 1894-1949</a>. Oxford. pp. 331–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-407-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-407-3"><bdi>978-1-78200-407-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828893085">828893085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Wars+%3A+Rousing+the+Dragon%2C+1894-1949&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=331-334&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828893085&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-407-3&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F828893085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. pp. 742–755. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.pages=742-755&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2016" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Leland S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">Kangzhan : guide to Chinese ground forces 1937-45</a>. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-42-0"><bdi>978-1-910294-42-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898163587">898163587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangzhan+%3A+guide+to+Chinese+ground+forces+1937-45&rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands%2C+England&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898163587&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-42-0&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Leland+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F898163587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mollo" title="Andrew Mollo">Mollo, Andrew</a> (2001). The Armed Forces of World War II: Uniforms, Insignia & Organisation. <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>: Silverdale books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-603-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85605-603-1"><bdi>1-85605-603-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+World+War+II%3A+Uniforms%2C+Insignia+%26+Organisation&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Silverdale+books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85605-603-1&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Revolutionary+Army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>Dreyer, Edward L. (1995) China at War 1901–1949 (reprint Routledge, 2014)</li> <li>Jowett, Philip. (2013) China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013).</li> <li>Li, Xiaobing. (2012) China at War: An Encyclopedia <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R7qNuIJJsNEC">excerpt</a></li> <li>Lynch, Dr Michael, The Chinese Civil War 1945–49: Modern Warfare (Guide To... Book 61) Osprey Publishing (2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B4728%2B1025%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+4728+1025+0">978 1 4728 1025 0</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706133557/http://www.mnd.gov.tw/English">ROC Ministry of National Defense Official Website</a> (archived 6 July 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.mnd.gov.tw/English/index.aspx">The Armed Forces Museum of ROC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swallow.com.tw/military/chinese.htm#c00821">Information and pictures of Nationalist Revolutionary Army weapons and equipment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=57350">rare pictures of NRA heavy armoury</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030853/http://www.hardcorpsmodels.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=28">more pictures of NRA</a> (archived 28 September 2007)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&oldid=1258617348">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&oldid=1258617348</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 18:14 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الجيش الوطني الثوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجيش الوطني الثوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcitu_Nacional_Revolucionariu" title="Exércitu Nacional Revolucionariu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exércitu Nacional Revolucionariu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нацыянальна-рэвалюцыйная армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальна-рэвалюцыйная армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Национална революционна армия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национална революционна армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_Nacional_Revolucionari" title="Exèrcit Nacional Revolucionari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit Nacional Revolucionari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_revolu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_arm%C3%A1da" title="Národní revoluční armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní revoluční armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalrevolution%C3%A4re_Armee" title="Nationalrevolutionäre Armee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalrevolutionäre Armee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvuslik_Revolutsiooniarmee" title="Rahvuslik Revolutsiooniarmee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvuslik Revolutsiooniarmee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Nacional_Revolucionario" title="Ejército Nacional Revolucionario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Nacional Revolucionario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Revolucia_Armeo" title="Nacia Revolucia Armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Revolucia Armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Iraultzaile_Nazionala" title="Armada Iraultzaile Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armada Iraultzaile Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ارتش انقلابی ملی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش انقلابی ملی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_nationale_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Armée nationale révolutionnaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée nationale révolutionnaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85%EA%B5%B0" title="국민혁명군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민혁명군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Revolusioner_Nasional" title="Tentara Revolusioner Nasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Revolusioner Nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B3m%C3%ADn_G%C3%A9m%C3%ACng_J%C5%ABn" title="Guómín Gémìng Jūn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guómín Gémìng Jūn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეროვნული-რევოლუციური არმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეროვნული-რევოლუციური არმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Forradalmi_Hadsereg" title="Nemzeti Forradalmi Hadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzeti Forradalmi Hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Үндэсний Хувьсгалт Арми – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үндэсний Хувьсгалт Арми" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Revolutionair_Leger" title="Nationaal Revolutionair Leger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationaal Revolutionair Leger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BB%8D" title="国民革命軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民革命軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_nasjonale_revolusjonsh%C3%A6r" title="Den nasjonale revolusjonshær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den nasjonale revolusjonshær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="قومی انقلابی فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قومی انقلابی فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Nacional_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Chin%C3%AAs" title="Exército Nacional Revolucionário Chinês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército Nacional Revolucionário Chinês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Национально-революционная армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национально-революционная армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Revolutionary Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Национална револуционарна армија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национална револуционарна армија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallinen_vallankumousarmeija" title="Kansallinen vallankumousarmeija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallinen vallankumousarmeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationella_revolution%C3%A4ra_arm%C3%A9n" title="Nationella revolutionära armén – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationella revolutionära armén" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กองทัพปฏิวัติแห่งชาติจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพปฏิวัติแห่งชาติจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_Devrimci_Ordu" title="Ulusal Devrimci Ordu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulusal Devrimci Ordu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Національно-революційна армія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національно-революційна армія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="قومی انقلابی فوج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قومی انقلابی فوج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_d%C3%A2n_C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BB%87nh_Qu%C3%A2n" title="Quốc dân Cách mệnh Quân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc dân Cách mệnh Quân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BB%8D" title="國民革命軍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國民革命軍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 18:14 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Army&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-7cl89","wgBackendResponseTime":256,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.369","walltime":"1.710","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10432,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":340394,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11727,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":274173,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1341.549 1 -total"," 34.13% 457.919 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.67% 330.971 54 Template:Cite_book"," 13.97% 187.462 1 Template:Infobox_military_unit"," 13.32% 178.752 2 Template:Infobox"," 11.71% 157.061 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 7.78% 104.406 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.10% 81.805 1 Template:National_Revolutionary_Army"," 5.81% 78.008 1 Template:Chinese_Civil_War"," 5.65% 75.789 1 Template:Navbox_with_columns"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.776","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25912986,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChiang_Kai-shek1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian_Tyler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChung2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDI2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Fenby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Fenby2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowett1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowett2017\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLanxin_Xiang1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiang1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarjorie_Wall_Bingham,_Susan_Hill_Gross1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_L._Krenn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollo2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNess2016\"] = 12,\n [\"CITEREFNessShih2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.J.Rummel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaedler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_Ven2003\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREF吳尚融2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese Nationalist Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 8,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military unit\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox war faction\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 36,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"National Revolutionary Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Second Sino-Japanese War\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-fhs4r","timestamp":"20241207144634","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Revolutionary_Army","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q714843","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q714843","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-26T23:00:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T18:14:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/94\/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg","headline":"Nationalist Army of the Republic of China"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>