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interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="جیمز پیرس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز پیرس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Pearce" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="جیمز پیرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز پیرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="ג'יימס פירס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס פירס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="جيمس بيرس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس بيرس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alfred_Pearce" title="James Alfred Pearce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Alfred Pearce" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named James Pearce, see <a href="/wiki/James_Pearce_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="James Pearce (disambiguation)">James Pearce (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Senator Pearce" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Senator_Pearce_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Pearce (disambiguation)">Senator Pearce (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James Pearce</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Alfred_Pearce,_standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/James_Alfred_Pearce%2C_standing.jpg/200px-James_Alfred_Pearce%2C_standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/James_Alfred_Pearce%2C_standing.jpg/300px-James_Alfred_Pearce%2C_standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/James_Alfred_Pearce%2C_standing.jpg/400px-James_Alfred_Pearce%2C_standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1843 – December 20, 1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Leeds_Kerr" title="John Leeds Kerr">John L. Kerr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks" title="Thomas Holliday Hicks">Thomas H. Hicks</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 2nd congressional district">2nd</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bennett_Carmichael" title="Richard Bennett Carmichael">Richard B. Carmichael</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Philip Thomas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Philip Thomas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Brengle" title="Francis Brengle">Francis Brengle</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates" title="Maryland House of Delegates">Maryland House of Delegates</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1831-1835</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Alfred Pearce</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1805-12-14</span>)</span>December 14, 1805<br /><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, DC</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 20, 1862<span style="display:none">(1862-12-20)</span> (aged 57)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chestertown,_Maryland" title="Chestertown, Maryland">Chestertown, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Martha J.Laird</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1829; died 1845)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Matilda Cox Ringgold</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1847)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/James_Alfred_Pearce_(judge)" title="James Alfred Pearce (judge)">James Alfred Pearce Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">College of New Jersey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_James_Alfred_Pearce_(1805%E2%80%931862).png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Pearce's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Signature_of_James_Alfred_Pearce_%281805%E2%80%931862%29.png/128px-Signature_of_James_Alfred_Pearce_%281805%E2%80%931862%29.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Signature_of_James_Alfred_Pearce_%281805%E2%80%931862%29.png/192px-Signature_of_James_Alfred_Pearce_%281805%E2%80%931862%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Signature_of_James_Alfred_Pearce_%281805%E2%80%931862%29.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierce_-_NARA_-_528740.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pierce_-_NARA_-_528740.jpg/220px-Pierce_-_NARA_-_528740.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pierce_-_NARA_-_528740.jpg/330px-Pierce_-_NARA_-_528740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pierce_-_NARA_-_528740.jpg/440px-Pierce_-_NARA_-_528740.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2549" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>James A. Pearce, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>James Alfred Pearce</b> (December 14, 1805 – December 20, 1862) was an American politician. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives,_Maryland_District_2" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives, Maryland District 2">second district</a> of Maryland from 1835 to 1839 and 1841 to 1843. He later served as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> from 1843 until his death in 1862. </p><p>In 1850, he developed the so-called <i>Pearce Plan</i>, a part of <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850#Clay_proposes_compromise" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>. The Pearce Plan provided a solution for the boundary dispute between Texas and the Federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearce wrote a bill that granted Texas $10 million in compensation for agreeing with the state borders charted by the government. After being approved by Congress, the bill was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pearce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pearce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearce was in born <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, DC</a>, the son of Gideon Pearce and Julia Dick, and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Elisha_C._Dick" title="Elisha C. Dick">Elisha C. Dick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he turned four years old, his mother died; his father moved to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> to become a sugar planter, leaving his son in Alexandria to the care of grandparents.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearce attended a private academy in Alexandria and entered the College of New Jersey (now <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>) in 1819. He graduated in 1822 at the age of seventeen with honors and started studying law in Baltimore under Judge John Glenn and attorney David Hoffman (1784–1854), an American legal ethics pioneer and author of <i>Fifty Resolutions in Regard to Professional Deportment</i> (1836). There was a requirement for aspiring jurists set by the Maryland legislature for at least three years of legal studies under the guidance of practicing lawyers (in 1831 it was lowered to two years).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahead of time, in 1824, Pearce passed exams and was admitted to the Maryland Bar, commencing practice in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Maryland" title="Cambridge, Maryland">Cambridge, Maryland</a> for a year. In 1825, Pearce moved with his father in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and briefly engaged in sugar planting business, then he returned to <a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Maryland" title="Kent County, Maryland">Kent County, Maryland</a>, in 1828, where he started the practice of law in <a href="/wiki/Chestertown,_Maryland" title="Chestertown, Maryland">Chestertown</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_life">Family life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pearce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1829, Pearce married Martha J. Laird; they were raising 3 children in <a href="/wiki/Chestertown,_Maryland" title="Chestertown, Maryland">Chestertown, Maryland</a> until 1845, when Martha died. In 1847, Pearce remarried, his new wife became Matilda Cox Ringgold; they had one child. His son, <a href="/wiki/James_Alfred_Pearce_(judge)" title="James Alfred Pearce (judge)">James Alfred Pearce Jr.</a>, became a judge for the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Court of Appeals">Maryland Court of Appeals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_career">Political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pearce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1831 until 1835, Pearce was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates" title="Maryland House of Delegates">Maryland House of Delegates</a>. He was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> to the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1835 until March 3, 1839, but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1838 to the Twenty-sixth Congress, losing to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Philip Thomas</a>. He was again elected to Congress in 1840, and served one term from March 4, 1841, until March 3, 1843. </p><p> Pearce was again elected as a Whig to the United States Senate in 1843, and was re-elected in 1849, 1855, and 1861, the last time as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, and served from March 4, 1843, until his death in 1862. In the Senate, Pearce served for nineteen years as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_the_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on the Library">Committee on the Library</a> (Twenty-ninth through Thirty-seventh Congresses).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Perley_Poore" title="Benjamin Perley Poore">Benjamin Perley Poore</a>, Pearce, while "a brilliant conversationalist and a welcome guest at dinner," also "shrank from political controversy," a disposition reflected in his management of the Committee on the Library:</p><blockquote><p>[D]uring his long service on the Committee having it [the Library of Congress] in charge he selected the books purchased. In doing this he excluded all works calculated in his opinion to engender sectional differences, and when the Atlantic Monthly was established he refused to order it for the Library.<sup id="cite_ref-Poore_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Pearce also served in 1861 for two months as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Finance">Committee on Finance</a>. In 1847–1862, he served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Executive Committee of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was involved with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast Survey</a>, which was among the oldest <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a> scientific organizations, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">United States Botanic Garden</a>. </p><p>In the U.S. Senate, Pearce became known as an erudite and pragmatist. In 1850, he developed the so-called <i>Pearce Plan</i>, a part of <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850#Clay_proposes_compromise" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>. The Pearce Plan provided a solution for the boundary dispute between Texas and the Federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearce wrote a bill that granted Texas $10 million in compensation for agreeing with the state borders charted by the government. After being approved by Congress, the bill was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, President Fillmore offered Pearce, first, to become a judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Maryland" title="United States District Court for the District of Maryland">United States District Court for the District of Maryland</a>, and then, — <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>. Pearce chose to stay in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> having become fragmented after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>'s death, Pearce joined the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in 1856 and supported <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>'s nomination for presidency. During the sectional crisis Pearce stood against the dissolution of the Union. However, he was hesitant to discuss the slavery issue being a slaveholder himself.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> broke out, he did not resign. In March 1862, he appeared in the Senate for the last time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearce died in <a href="/wiki/Chestertown,_Maryland" title="Chestertown, Maryland">Chestertown</a> on December 20, 1862, and is interred in New Chester Cemetery. His deathbed from the <a href="/wiki/Hynson-Ringgold_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Hynson-Ringgold House">Hynson-Ringgold House</a> was preserved and now exhibited in the historic Geddes-Piper House (c. 1770) in <a href="/wiki/Chestertown,_Maryland" title="Chestertown, Maryland">Chestertown, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pearce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pearce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsjunction.com/events/comp1850.htm">Compromise of 1850</a>, <i>Lone Star Junction</i>, a Texas history resource.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmarks-7thperiod.weebly.com/boundary-dispute-pearce-plan.html">Boundary Dispute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Lincoln_Kaye1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ruth Lincoln Kaye (March–April 1994). "Cottage Farm". <i>The Friends Sentinel</i>. <b>VIII</b> (2). Alexandria Library Lloyd House Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Friends+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Cottage+Farm&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1994-03%2F1994-04&rft.au=Ruth+Lincoln+Kaye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Pearce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANB_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney P. Carlisle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-00769.html">Pearce, James Alfred</a>. <i>American National Biography Online</i>, February 2000. Retrieved December 14, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Ariens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.law.uark.edu/arklawreview/files/2015/02/571-625-Ariens.pdf">Lost and Found: David Hoffman and the History of American Legal Ethics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084054/http://media.law.uark.edu/arklawreview/files/2015/02/571-625-Ariens.pdf">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Arkansas Law Review</i>, 2014, Vol. 67, p. 571-625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horsey, Patricia J. O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qm8GCwAAQBAJ&dq=James+Alfred+Pearce&pg=PA10"><i>Legendary Locals of Kent County.</i></a> Arcadia Pub., 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostrowski, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSfjuaCFJlMC&dq=James+Alfred+Pearce&pg=PA145"><i>Books, Maps, and Politics: A Cultural History of the Library of Congress, 1783-1861.</i></a> Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poore-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poore_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perleysreminisce00poor/page/n185/mode/1up?view=theater">Poore, Ben. Perley, <i>Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis</i>, Vol.1, pp.176-177 (1886)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n689/mode/1up"><i>Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 682.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+annual+cyclopaedia+and+register+of+important+events+of+the+year%3A+1862&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=682&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1862appletonsan02newyuoft%23page%2Fn689%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Pearce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsjunction.com/events/comp1850.htm">Compromise of 1850</a>, <i>Lone Star Junction</i>, a Texas history resource.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmarks-7thperiod.weebly.com/boundary-dispute-pearce-plan.html">Boundary Dispute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5woSAQAAIAAJ&dq=Steiner%2C+Bernard+James+Alfred+Pearce&pg=PA177">James Alfred Pearce.</a> <i>Maryland Historical Magazine</i>, Volume 17 (March 1922), p. 33-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqCONmbEFKYC&dq=James+Alfred+Pearce&pg=PA3"><i>U.S. Congress. Addresses on the Death of Hon. James A. Pearce: Delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives, on Tuesday, January 13, 1863.</i></a> Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1863, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbell, John T, James W. Geary, and Jon L. Wakelyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5icXs8tT3XsC&dq=James+Alfred+Pearce&pg=PA397"><i>Biographical Dictionary of the Union: Northern Leaders of the Civil War.</i></a> Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1995, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, D S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6JdoCgAAQBAJ&dq=James+Alfred+Pearce&pg=PA44"><i>Ghosts of Chestertown and Kent County.</i></a> Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2015.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pearce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Steiner, Bernard. James Alfred Pearce. <i>Maryland Historical Magazine</i>, Volume 16 (December 1921), p. 319-39; Volume 17 (March 1922), p. 33-47; (June 1922), p. 177-90; (September 1922), p. 269-83; (December 1922), p. 348-63; Volume 18 (March 1923), p. 38-52; (June 1923), 134–50; (September 1923), 257–73; (December 1923), 341–57; Volume 19 (March 1924), p. 13-29; (June 1924), p. 162-79.</li> <li>Some Letters from Correspondence of James Alfred Pearce. <i>Maryland Historical Magazine</i>, Volume 16 (June 1921), p. 150-78.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqCONmbEFKYC&dq=James+Alfred+Pearce&pg=PA3">U.S. Congress. Addresses on the Death of Hon. James A. Pearce: Delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives, on Tuesday, January 13, 1863.</a> Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1863.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pearce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Pearce" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James Pearce">James Pearce</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressP000161" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000161">"James Pearce (id: P000161)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=James+Pearce+%28id%3A+P000161%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DP000161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Pearce" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Carmichael" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard B. Carmichael">Richard B. Carmichael</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Maryland02 !"><a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 2nd congressional district">Maryland's 2nd congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1835–1839 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Philip Thomas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Philip Thomas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Maryland02 !"><a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 2nd congressional district">Maryland's 2nd congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1841–1843 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Brengle" title="Francis Brengle">Francis Brengle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Leeds_Kerr" title="John Leeds Kerr">John L. Kerr</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland"> U.S. senator (Class 3) from Maryland</a> </b><br />March 4, 1843 – December 20, 1862 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/William_Duhurst_Merrick" title="William Duhurst Merrick">William D. Merrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Stewart_(Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Stewart (Maryland)">David Stewart</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pratt_(Maryland_politician)" title="Thomas Pratt (Maryland politician)">Thomas G. Pratt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy_(Maryland_politician)" title="Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)">Anthony Kennedy</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks" title="Thomas Holliday Hicks">Thomas H. Hicks</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M.T._Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M.T. Hunter">Robert M.T. Hunter</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> </b><br />1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt Fessenden">William Pitt Fessenden</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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senators from Maryland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Maryland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">United States senators from Maryland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Potts" title="Richard Potts">Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper" title="Robert Goodloe Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Contee_Hanson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Contee Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kent" title="Joseph Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duhurst_Merrick" title="William Duhurst Merrick">Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart_(Maryland_politician)" title="David Stewart (Maryland politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pratt_(Maryland_politician)" title="Thomas Pratt (Maryland politician)">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy_(Maryland_politician)" title="Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney_Whyte" title="William Pinkney Whyte">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney_Whyte" title="William Pinkney Whyte">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._McComas" title="Louis E. McComas">McComas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Rayner" title="Isidor Rayner">Rayner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Jackson" title="William P. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Lee_I" title="Blair Lee I">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I._France" title="Joseph I. France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Bruce" title="William Cabell Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Lee_Goldsborough" title="Phillips Lee Goldsborough">P. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._P._Radcliffe" title="George L. P. Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_O%27Conor" title="Herbert O'Conor">O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall" title="J. Glenn Beall">Beall Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tydings" title="Joseph Tydings">J. Tydings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">Beall Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(Maryland_politician)" title="John Henry (Maryland politician)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Maryland_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Maryland politician)">J. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hindman" title="William Hindman">Hindman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(Maryland_politician)" title="Robert Wright (Maryland politician)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Reed_(politician)" title="Philip Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Goldsborough" title="Robert Henry Goldsborough">R. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Edward Lloyd (Governor of Maryland)">E. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_F._Chambers" title="Ezekiel F. Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Goldsborough" title="Robert Henry Goldsborough">R. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Spence" title="John S. Spence">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leeds_Kerr" title="John Leeds Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks" title="Thomas Holliday Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Creswell" title="John Creswell">Creswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vickers" title="George Vickers">Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Dennis" title="George R. Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_Groome" title="James Black Groome">Groome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_King_Wilson_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim King Wilson II">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hopper_Gibson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hopper Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Wellington" title="George L. Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney_Whyte" title="William Pinkney Whyte">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Smith" title="John Walter Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovington_Weller" title="Ovington Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Tydings" title="Millard Tydings">M. Tydings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Butler" title="John Marshall Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathias" title="Charles Mathias">Mathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Van Hollen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">United States Senate Committee on Finance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(American_politician)" title="George Evans (American politician)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Atherton" title="Charles G. Atherton">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Simmons" title="F. M. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_J._McCumber" title="Porter J. McCumber">McCumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roth" title="William Roth">Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deans_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_deans" title="Template:US Senate deans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_deans" title="Template talk:US Senate deans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_deans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate deans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Deans of the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn (senator)">Gunn</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Foster" title="Theodore Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Kentucky_politician,_born_1757)" title="John Brown (Kentucky politician, born 1757)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillhouse" title="James Hillhouse">Hillhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ruggles" title="Benjamin Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr." title="James A. Bayard Jr.">Bayard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Simmons" title="F. M. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_L._McClellan" title="John L. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368739#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368739#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368739#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000024784867">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35908198">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1898893/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJckRhfGKrwJhxkG6TtYfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85300382">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p132875152">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000161">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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