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content"><a id="top" class="top"></a> <div id="mw-indicators" class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-smw-entity-examiner" class="mw-indicator mw-indicator-smw-entity-examiner"><div class="smw-entity-examiner smw-indicator-vertical-bar-loader" data-subject="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor#0##" data-dir="ltr" data-uselang="" title="Running an examiner in the background"></div></div> </div> <div class="contentHeader">  <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">IEEE Medal of Honor</span></h1>  <div id="siteSub" class="siteSub">From ETHW</div><div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump jump-to-nav">Jump to:<a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="bodyContent">  <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><span survey-data-id="2" survey-data-expiry="2592000" survey-data-min-pages="2" survey-data-ratio="75" class="surveytag" survey-data-token="+\"></span> </p><div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins_of_the_IEEE_Medal_of_Honor"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins of the IEEE Medal of Honor</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Introduction"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Organizations"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Organizations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#First_Professional_Associations"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">First Professional Associations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_First_Wireless_Associations"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The First Wireless Associations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Institute_of_Radio_Engineers"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Institute of Radio Engineers</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#IRE's_Medal_of_Honor"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">IRE's Medal of Honor</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#IRE_Establishes_The_Medal_of_Honor"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">IRE Establishes The Medal of Honor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#A_Design_for_the_Medal"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">A Design for the Medal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#First_Recipient_of_the_Medal_of_Honor"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">First Recipient of the Medal of Honor</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#The_Medal's_Growing_Reputation"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">The Medal's Growing Reputation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Early_Conflicts_and_Controversies"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early Conflicts and Controversies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#An_Evolving_Range_of_Medal_Winners"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">An Evolving Range of Medal Winners</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Relationship_to_the_Edison_and_Fritz_Medals"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship to the Edison and Fritz Medals</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#The_Edison_Medal"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Edison Medal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#The_John_Fritz_Medal"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">The John Fritz Medal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Edison_Medal_Becomes_AIEE's_Highest_Award"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Edison Medal Becomes AIEE's Highest Award</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ties_with_the_Edison_and_Fritz_Medals"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ties with the Edison and Fritz Medals</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Associations_with_the_Nobel_Prize"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Associations with the Nobel Prize</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Ties_to_the_Radio_Club_of_America's_Armstrong_Medal"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Ties to the Radio Club of America's Armstrong Medal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#IEEE's_Medal_of_Honor"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">IEEE's Medal of Honor</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Growing_Importance_of_the_Medal_of_Honor"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Growing Importance of the Medal of Honor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#The_IRE_and_AIEE_Merger"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.2</span> <span class="toctext">The IRE and AIEE Merger</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Qualifications_and_Today's_Award"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Qualifications and Today's Award</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#The_Legacy_of_the_Medal_of_Honor"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.4</span> <span class="toctext">The Legacy of the Medal of Honor</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#List_of_Medal_of_Honor_Recipients"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">List of Medal of Honor Recipients</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#IRE_Medal_of_Honor_Recipients_1917-1963"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">IRE Medal of Honor Recipients 1917-1963</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Recipients_1963-Present"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients 1963-Present</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Acknowledgements"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Acknowledgements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Further_Reading_and_Archival_Documents"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further Reading and Archival Documents</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins_of_the_IEEE_Medal_of_Honor">Origins of the IEEE Medal of Honor</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MedalOfHonor.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/8/83/MedalOfHonor.jpg/300px-MedalOfHonor.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="295" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/8/83/MedalOfHonor.jpg/450px-MedalOfHonor.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/8/83/MedalOfHonor.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MedalOfHonor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Medal of Honor After 1963. (IEEE Global History, 2011a.)</div></div></div> <p>By David and Julia Bart, 2011 </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Introduction">Introduction</span></h3> <p><a href="/IEEE_History" title="IEEE History">The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</a> is the world’s largest technical society with approximately 400,000 members in 150 countries. The Medal of Honor is the IEEE’s most prestigious award for meritorious accomplishments in the fields of electronics and electrical engineering. Since 1917, the most important contributors to these fields have received the Medal in recognition of their critical roles in laying the foundations of the modern electric world. This article presents the story of the Medal, its origins, connections to other major awards, and its legacy of honor. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Organizations">The Organizations</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="First_Professional_Associations">First Professional Associations</span></h4> <p>By the mid-1850s, electricity had made its grand entrance into society. The technology for employing electrical telegraph communications developed rapidly following the work of <a href="/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> and <a href="/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F.B. Morse</a>. Indeed, this technology was now nearly twenty years old. The joint American and British effort to span the Atlantic Ocean with a telegraph cable was currently underway. Clocks coordinated by telegraph were being used to standardize time management and schedule the railroads. Burglar alarms and electric elevators were on the horizon, and new uses for electricity were being developed daily (Century of Electricals, 1984; Ryder & Fink, 1984). </p><p>Prior to 1860, most scientific and technical information was disseminated through the publications of learned societies, books and privately published letters, correspondence and pamphlets. The most respected scientific journals were “refereed” by the British Royal Society (Barton, 1998). The rapid growth of telegraphy and new applications of electricity further stimulated demand for sharing more information in an organized and timely manner. Soon, new technical journals emerged to bridge the gap between scientific discoveries and their engineering applications. <i>The Electrician </i>began publication in 1861, and <i>The Telegraphic Journal</i> was published weekly from 1861 to 1899 when it was renamed <i>The Electrical Review</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum1-1">[1]</a></sup> The British telegraph industry was particularly driven by the influence of Sir William Thomson (later known as <a href="/Archives:Papers_of_Lord_Kelvin" title="Archives:Papers of Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>) and its many renowned electrical engineers. They created demand for, and organized, the first professional societies and journals specifically catering to the electrical sciences. With the success of the 1866 Atlantic Cable, most scientific and popular magazines or journals carried articles about submarine telegraphy (Barton, 1998). </p><p>Between 1870 and 1890, professional, technical and academic societies helped facilitate greater communication and the direct exchange of knowledge and ideas in many fields (Frary, 2008). Thomson worked to establish a dedicated technical society and corresponding journal that catered to the unique interests of telegraphers and electrical engineers. In 1871, he became a founding member and the first vice-president of the new British Society of Telegraph Engineers (BSTE). Thomson regarded the society as a vehicle that would bridge the gap between theory and practice in the electrical sciences by providing a place for organized cooperative discourse on topics of common interest. The BSTE was the first professional society focused specifically on the new science and technology of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum2-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</span></h4> <p>The Americans were not far behind their British counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum3-3">[3]</a></sup> Beginning in the 1860s, new American publications emerged that provided a platform for telegraphers and electrical workers to share information. The National Telegraph Union founded <i>The Telegrapher </i>in 1864. <i>The Operator </i>was founded in 1874, and the <i>Journal of the Telegraph </i>was founded by Western Union in 1877. Unlike their British colleagues, American telegraphers were not heavily involved in the creation of submarine cable telegraph systems. Therefore, they were less interested in creating a “science” of electricity based on the laws of induction. Instead, the Americans were driven by practical experience and a spirit of invention. Nevertheless, American telegraphers increasingly sought a formal means to communicate scientific and technical discoveries. Many Americans were members of the BSTE, but they needed a society of their own. The American Electrical Society was founded in 1875; but it, and a number of smaller societies that followed, did not survive the decade (McMahon, 1984; Israel, 1992). </p><p>By 1880, advanced automated technologies were being applied to telegraphy, and the telephone was making inroads into the communication field. The Civil War was a distant memory, and the country was united by the trans-continental telegraph and the trans-continental railroad. Thomas Edison had installed the world’s first central station for electric power generation in New York City, and electric lighting was beginning its march across the country. The industry’s leading professionals soon made two more attempts to form a national society for electricians; founding the New York Electrical Society in 1881 and the Franklin Institute’s electrical section in 1882. (McMahon, 1976; Israel, 1992). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:342px;"><a href="/File:5310_-_Call_to_Form_AIEE,_1884.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/3/30/5310_-_Call_to_Form_AIEE%2C_1884.jpg/340px-5310_-_Call_to_Form_AIEE%2C_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="230" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/30/5310_-_Call_to_Form_AIEE%2C_1884.jpg/510px-5310_-_Call_to_Form_AIEE%2C_1884.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/30/5310_-_Call_to_Form_AIEE%2C_1884.jpg/680px-5310_-_Call_to_Form_AIEE%2C_1884.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:5310_-_Call_to_Form_AIEE,_1884.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Nathaniel Keith’s “Call” to Organize the AIEE from Electrical World April 5, 1884. (IEEE Global, 2011d.)</div></div></div> <p>The International Electrical Exhibition hosted by The Franklin Institute was scheduled to take place in Philadelphia in September, 1884. <a href="/Archives:Papers_of_Nathaniel_S._Keith" title="Archives:Papers of Nathaniel S. Keith">Nathan S. Keith</a>, an inventor and electrometallurgical engineer, wanted American professionals to form their own organization so that they could participate in the Exhibition on an equal footing with their international peers. Keith, along with <a href="/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a>, <a href="/Edwin_Houston" title="Edwin Houston">Edwin Houston</a>, <a href="/Edward_Weston" title="Edward Weston">Edward Weston</a> and twenty other prominent leaders in the American electrical sciences, issued three published “calls” to create a national organization. Their calls noted that the Philadelphia Exhibition would be attended by numerous “foreign electrical savants, engineers, and manufacturers” and that “it would be a lasting disgrace to American electricians if no American electrical national society was in existence to receive them with the honors due them from their collaborators in the United States” (McMahon, 1984; Reiman, 1984). Keith organized a formal meeting on May 13, 1884 at the American Society of Civil Engineers (the oldest American professional society founded in 1852) to “unite those involved in the art of producing and utilizing electricity” (Century of Electricals, 1984). The attendees drew up a charter and named themselves the <a href="/AIEE_History_1884-1963" title="AIEE History 1884-1963">American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum4-4">[4]</a></sup> The first technical session of the newly formed AIEE was held at The Franklin Institute during the ten day Exhibition. By far, the largest numbers of new members were inventor-manufacturers and corporate managers, but electrical engineers, electricians, professors and instructors were well represented. Nine future presidents of the AIEE were among the Exhibition’s eighty-nine American representatives (McMahon, 1976 & 1984). </p><p>Over time, the AIEE would deliver <a href="/Presidents_of_the_American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers_(AIEE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE)">a distinguished group of presidents</a> including <a href="/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, <a href="/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Charles Proteus Steinmetz</a>, <a href="/Schuyler_Wheeler" title="Schuyler Wheeler">Schuyler S. Wheeler</a>, <a href="/Dugald_C._Jackson" title="Dugald C. Jackson">Dugald C. Jackson</a>, <a href="/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">Michael I. Pupin</a> and <a href="/Titus_G._LeClair" title="Titus G. LeClair">Titus G. LeClair</a> (IEEE Global, 2011f). Although early topics included telegraph and telephone communications, the challenges of electric power generation and the design of electric motors soon dominated the interests of the AIEE. The standardization of electrical units, definitions and nomenclature were also top priorities. Edison’s legendary battle with <a href="/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> and <a href="/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> regarding alternating versus direct current technologies grabbed headlines and fostered scientific research. Increasingly, communications technology was relegated to a secondary concern of the society (see Note 3). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:342px;"><a href="/File:ACenturyofElectricals_Page_05-1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/1/1d/ACenturyofElectricals_Page_05-1.jpg/340px-ACenturyofElectricals_Page_05-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="444" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/1/1d/ACenturyofElectricals_Page_05-1.jpg/510px-ACenturyofElectricals_Page_05-1.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/1/1d/ACenturyofElectricals_Page_05-1.jpg/680px-ACenturyofElectricals_Page_05-1.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:ACenturyofElectricals_Page_05-1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>International Electrical Exhibition Broadside for the First Electrical Exhibition in America. (Century of Electricals, 1984.)</div></div></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_First_Wireless_Associations">The First Wireless Associations</span></h4> <p>The science and technology of wireless telegraphy traces its roots to the experiments of <a href="/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a> and <a href="/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> and to <a href="/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi’s</a> development of a working system in the late 19th century. Professional engineers, amateur experimenters and academic scientists raced to claim new inventions and discoveries that would enable the new technology to succeed. But, the technology underlying <a href="/Wireless_Telegraphy" title="Wireless Telegraphy">wireless</a> involved the use of many more scientific and theoretical concepts than land-line telegraphy. Limited practical approaches once used to propel the growth of the telegraph industry were no longer robust enough to meet these new challenges. University trained engineers, academic scientists and advanced amateurs with specialized interests soon dominated early progress in the field. Applications of engineering theory, rather than practical mechanical expertise, were now playing the key role (McMahon, 1984; Israel, 1992). This was seen in the AIEE’s leadership which, by 1900, was dominated by corporate electrical engineers and no longer had manufacturers in leadership positions. Ten years later, over 85% of AIEE’s leadership were directly employed in the electrical industry or were consultants for large companies, and the need for college training was indisputable (McMahon, 1976). Demand for professional associations dedicated to radio and wireless communications could have provided the impetus for change within the AIEE. But, given the AIEE’s focus on electrical power generation, and its lack of emphasis on communications technology, a new association would have to satisfy the growing demand by professionals for a society that was relevant to their interests. Even at a time when companies were intensely competitive and protective of their technological secrets, professionals still needed a place to share ideas and to learn from one another (Proceedings, 1952; Whittemore, 1957). In 1912, the <a href="/IRE_History_1912-1963" title="IRE History 1912-1963">Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE)</a> became the premier professional organization satisfying this demand. Its roots lie in the consolidation of two smaller predecessor organizations, the Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers (SWTE) and The Wireless Institute (TWI).<sup id="cite_ref-refnum5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum5-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>SWTE was founded in Boston on February 25, 1907 by <a href="/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a><sup id="cite_ref-refnum6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum6-6">[6]</a></sup> with eleven members of the engineering staff of Stone Wireless Telegraph Company and its successor the Stone Telegraph & Telephone Company (collectively, “STTC”).<sup id="cite_ref-refnum7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum7-7">[7]</a></sup> At the outset, SWTE provided a forum for STTC’s staff to read and discuss technical papers, focusing on “the mathematical treatment of wireless problems” in order that the engineers might “speak the same language” (Clark, 1946). All employees who were not out of town were required to attend. John Stone was SWTE’s first President. The SWTE published a small booklet in 1908 outlining its aims, membership and management. Membership soon expanded to include “the technical staff of any wireless telegraph or wireless telephone company, or a wireless telegraph engineer” (Clark, 1946) Notably, the membership included <a href="/Reginald_A._Fessenden" title="Reginald A. Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden’s</a> National Electric Signaling Company (NESCO). <a href="/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee de Forest</a> and then Fritz Lowenstein succeeded Stone as President. SWTE’s goal was to help “crystallize” ideas and to share information about the work being performed (Clark, 1946). Although SWTE did not publish proceedings, or a journal, it did share scientific papers among its members. As an organization, it remained more of a club and discussion group than a professional society (see Note 5). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:0301_-_John_Stone_Stone.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/6/68/0301_-_John_Stone_Stone.jpg/300px-0301_-_John_Stone_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="391" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/6/68/0301_-_John_Stone_Stone.jpg/450px-0301_-_John_Stone_Stone.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/6/68/0301_-_John_Stone_Stone.jpg/600px-0301_-_John_Stone_Stone.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:0301_-_John_Stone_Stone.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>John Stone Stone, Founder of the Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers. (IEEE Global History, 2010b.)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:0300_-_marriott.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/d/df/0300_-_marriott.jpg/300px-0300_-_marriott.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="425" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/d/df/0300_-_marriott.jpg 1.5x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:0300_-_marriott.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Robert H. Marriott, Founder of The Wireless Institute and First President of the IRE. (IEEE Global History, 2010c.)</div></div></div> <p>TWI was the first truly professional organization dedicated to radio-telegraph communications. On May 14, 1908, <a href="/Robert_H._Marriott" title="Robert H. Marriott">Robert H. Marriott</a>, then the Assistant Scientific manager of the United Wireless Telegraph Company, issued a circular soliciting some 200 people regarding their interests in forming a professional society focused on radio engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum8-8">[8]</a></sup> Discussions and inquiries continued across the summer. Finally, on January 23, 1909, Marriott formed TWI with fourteen members and was elected as its first President. He remained its president through 1912. TWI was dedicated to the new fields of wireless communications and radio engineering. By design, TWI was modeled after AIEE, but sought an international membership. Given the larger number of wireless operators and radio engineers in New York City compared to Boston, TWI soon became a much more active organization than SWTE.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum9-9">[9]</a></sup> TWI published the first dedicated professional journal in the wireless engineering field known as <i>The Wireless Institute Proceedings </i>(see Note 5). </p><p>In 1910, just two years after organizing the SWTE, the Stone businesses ceased operation. In the meantime, NESCO relocated to Brooklyn, effectively moving a significant share of SWTE’s membership away from Boston (see Note 9). Coincidentally, Fessenden became involved with the newly formed Radio Club of America (RCofA) as its first Consulting Engineer (see below). TWI lost a significant number of members following the July, 1911 collapse of New York based United Wireless Telegraph Company, then the largest wireless company in the U.S. (Clark, 1942). The financially strapped TWI was soon struggling to pay its debts and was placed into receivership (see Note 5). </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Institute_of_Radio_Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</span></h4> <p>In 1912, Marriott, on behalf of TWI, and <a href="/Alfred_N._Goldsmith" title="Alfred N. Goldsmith">Alfred N. Goldsmith</a><sup id="cite_ref-refnum10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum10-10">[10]</a></sup> and <a href="/John_Hogan" title="John Hogan">John V.L. Hogan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-refnum11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum11-11">[11]</a></sup> on behalf of SWTE, met informally to review the fate of both organizations. On May 13, 1912, TWI<sup id="cite_ref-refnum12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum12-12">[12]</a></sup> and SWTE<sup id="cite_ref-refnum13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum13-13">[13]</a></sup> gathered at Columbia University in New York City and approved the constitution of a new consolidated organization, the <a href="/IRE_History_1912-1963" title="IRE History 1912-1963">Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE)</a>. The creation of the world’s first professional association of radio engineers came just a few weeks after the historic sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 14, 1912. Radio signals carried the distress calls that saved more than 700 lives in the tragedy, and radio was now a hot topic (New York Times, 1942). Efforts to form a new independent professional society serving radio engineers culminated on August 23, 1913 when IRE incorporated under the laws of New York. Marriott became the first President. Ironically, AIEE had finally authorized creation of a Radio Transmission Committee the same month, but it was too little, too late. The first IRE meetings were held at Sweet’s Restaurant on Fulton Street in New York within blocks of at least ten prominent radio companies. Membership in the new IRE quickly grew from 46 in May, 1912 to 231 by January, 1914. By the next year, 83 members were registered from foreign countries (see Notes 5 & 9). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:342px;"><a href="/File:IRE_at_Luchows_1915_0364b.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/a/a8/IRE_at_Luchows_1915_0364b.jpg/340px-IRE_at_Luchows_1915_0364b.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/a8/IRE_at_Luchows_1915_0364b.jpg/510px-IRE_at_Luchows_1915_0364b.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/a8/IRE_at_Luchows_1915_0364b.jpg/680px-IRE_at_Luchows_1915_0364b.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:IRE_at_Luchows_1915_0364b.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IRE Dinner at Luchow’s Restaurant in New York City in 1915. (IEEE Global History, 2011b.)</div></div></div> <p>The IRE’s goals included both the presentation and preservation of technical papers. This led to publication of the <i>Proceedings of the IRE </i>beginning in January, 1913. The IRE’s structure and organization were based on TWI, which had itself followed the AIEE model; but, as with TWI, IRE’s membership was, by design, international in scope, rather than principally American. The organization’s new emblem featured the IRE’s initials, representing the mathematical symbols for current, resistance and electromotive force, placed within a triangle, together with a symbol for electrical and magnetic forces. The IRE now stood completely independent of AIEE, focused on electronics and electrical communications.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum14_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum14-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>Over the next fifty years, the IRE expanded to ninety countries. By December, 1961, the IRE had 96,551 members. A list of its officers is a who’s who of the electronics communication field. <a href="/Presidents_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers_(IRE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE)">IRE past presidents</a> include such notables as <a href="/Greenleaf_W._Pickard" title="Greenleaf W. Pickard">Greenleaf W. Pickard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-refnum15_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum15-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/Arthur_E._Kennelly" title="Arthur E. Kennelly">Arthur E. Kennelly</a>, <a href="/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">Michael I. Pupin</a>, <a href="/Ernst_F._W._Alexanderson" title="Ernst F. W. Alexanderson">Ernst F.W. Alexanderson</a>, <a href="/Alfred_N._Goldsmith" title="Alfred N. Goldsmith">Alfred N. Goldsmith</a>, <a href="/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee de Forest</a>, <a href="/Charles_Stuart_Ballantine" title="Charles Stuart Ballantine">C. Stuart Ballentine</a> and <a href="/Alan_Hazeltine" title="Alan Hazeltine">L.A. Hazeltine</a> (Whittemore, 1957 & 1962). </p> <h3><span id="IRE.27s_Medal_of_Honor"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="IRE's_Medal_of_Honor">IRE's Medal of Honor</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="IRE_Establishes_The_Medal_of_Honor">IRE Establishes The Medal of Honor</span></h4> <p>By 1917, the IRE had more than 1,000 members and had become the leading technical and scientific society in the wireless field with major sections located in New York, Washington, Boston, Seattle and San Francisco (<i>Wireless Age</i>, 1917a). </p><p>Professional medals of recognition and accomplishment were now well established among engineers and academic scientists. The <a href="/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">AIEE’s Edison Medal</a> and the John Fritz Medal were regularly presented and were more than a decade old (see below). Yet, the community of electrical specialists interested in communications had no award of its own. On February 15, 1917, the IRE established its own medal to recognize the prominent advances made in radio-telegraphy and radio-telephony (Proceedings, 1919a). </p><p>The IRE announced the creation of its new award in May, 1917. The candidates were to be named annually at the April IRE meeting as the person(s) who, during the prior two calendar years, made public the greatest patented or unpatented advance in radio communication. The advance was to be publicly and completely described in a scientific or engineering journal of recognized standing, and it was required to be operational. Preference was given to widely adopted devices or explanations of previously unexplained phenomena accompanied by rigorous analytical treatment of the subject. The advance or the explanation had to be relevant to the art of radio communication, such as patented or unpatented inventions, scientific analysis or explanation, and it could extend to a system of traffic regulation or control, a system for administration of radio companies or even legislative programs. A “Board of Direction” called upon IRE members for suggested candidates and then nominated up to three eligible candidates by the April IRE meeting. The award recipient was then selected by majority vote of the Board of Direction during the four weeks following the April IRE meeting. The official presentation of the medal was scheduled to occur at the subsequent May or June meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum16_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum16-16">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>Two years later, the rules changed, eliminating the time period for the production and publication of the medal candidate’s advancement. Recipients could now be awarded the medal regardless of when they performed or published their work (Proceedings, 1919a & b). </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="A_Design_for_the_Medal">A Design for the Medal</span></h4> <p>The IRE awarded the task of designing its medal to the well known sculptor Edward Field Sanford, Jr. of New York. Sanford was born in New York in 1886. He studied at the Art Students League and the National Academy of Design in 1907 and 1908, and attended the Academie Julian in Paris and the Royal Academy in Munich. Sanford’s best known works included the Charles Francis Adams Memorial at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, and the two colossal bronze groups for the Core Mausoleum in Norfolk, Virginia. Sanford was at the forefront of a new movement in American art during the 1920s that supported large public sculpture. He later produced many colossal Gothic figures and bronze facades for power companies, cemeteries and court houses, as well as the base panels of the New York State Roosevelt Memorial. Sanford also designed medallions and bronze reliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum17_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum17-17">[17]</a></sup> </p><p>Sanford’s design for the obverse (face) of the IRE’s Medal of Honor was inscribed with the words “Institute of Radio Engineers” and an allegorical representation of electromagnetic waves interlinking the magnetic and electric forces in space. The reverse (back) includes a laurel wreath surrounding the inscription “To___, In Recognition of Distinguished Service In Radio Communication” followed by the date (<i>Wireless Age</i>, 1917a; Proceedings, 1919a). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_6.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/3/31/MOH_Figure_6.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/31/MOH_Figure_6.jpg/450px-MOH_Figure_6.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/3/31/MOH_Figure_6.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_6.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Medal of Honor Beginning 1917. (Wireless Age, 1917a.)</div></div></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="First_Recipient_of_the_Medal_of_Honor">First Recipient of the Medal of Honor</span></h4> <p>Due to the U.S. involvement in World War I, the IRE postponed its presentation of the first Medal of Honor, although the IRE did announce it would be presented to <a href="/Edwin_H._Armstrong" title="Edwin H. Armstrong">Captain Edwin H. Armstrong</a> for his work on receiving apparatus. His selection was seen as an inspiration to <a href="/Amateur_Radio" title="Amateur Radio">amateur radio</a> experimenters since “Mr. Armstrong’s regenerative circuit was evolved in his amateur days” (<i>Wireless Age</i>, 1917b). The IRE postponed the presentation of Armstrong’s 1917 Medal and did not award a Medal of Honor in 1918 due to the war. Finally, in April, 1919, the IRE announced that Mr. (now Major) Edwin H. Armstrong would receive his 1917 Medal “in recognition of his work and publications dealing with the action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion” (Proceedings, 1919a). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:342px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_7.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/0/09/MOH_Figure_7.jpg/340px-MOH_Figure_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="238" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/0/09/MOH_Figure_7.jpg/510px-MOH_Figure_7.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/0/09/MOH_Figure_7.jpg/680px-MOH_Figure_7.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_7.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Edwin H. Armstrong Explaining the Principles of Super-Regeneration at a Meeting of the Radio Club of America at Columbia University in New York Circa 1923. (First Amateur, 1923.)</div></div></div> <h3><span id="The_Medal.27s_Growing_Reputation"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Medal's_Growing_Reputation">The Medal's Growing Reputation</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Conflicts_and_Controversies">Early Conflicts and Controversies</span></h4> <p>The Medal of Honor has been awarded annually since 1919 with the exception of 1925, 1947, 1965 and 1976 (IEEE Website, 2011b). In its early years, it was referred to as the “Gold Medal” of the IRE, and it was presented at a special dinner event with multiple speakers and an evening program (George H. Clark Radioana, 1923). The ensuing history of the Medal of Honor includes legendary stories about important award recipients and major controversies. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_8.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/8/8b/MOH_Figure_8.JPG/300px-MOH_Figure_8.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="446" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/8/8b/MOH_Figure_8.JPG/450px-MOH_Figure_8.JPG 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/8/8b/MOH_Figure_8.JPG/600px-MOH_Figure_8.JPG 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_8.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>John Stone Stone Medal of Honor Presentation Program for 1923. (George H. Clark Radioana Collection, Smithsonian Institution, 1923.)</div></div></div> <p><a href="/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi’s</a> well known work in radio-telegraphy laid many of the foundations of wireless communication. The IRE selected Marconi to receive its third Medal of Honor in 1920. The award was presented on June 20, 1922 to an audience of more than 1,000 cheering radio scientists and engineers. Marconi took the opportunity to demonstrate experiments in directional radio signals and short wave transmission during his acceptance speech (<i>New York Times</i>, 1922). He also presented and later published “Radiotelegraphy,” a sweeping history of the early years of radio and his own experimental work (Marconi, 1922). This was actually Marconi’s second visit to the U.S. On January 13, 1902, he was the guest of the AIEE when he formally announced to the scientific community his historic trans-Atlantic broadcast of the Morse code letter “S” across the ocean on December 12, 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum18_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum18-18">[18]</a></sup> Upon his receipt of the IRE Medal in 1922, Marconi thanked his American hosts for their “generous encouragement and valid support so heartily extended to me practically at the commencement of my career, when perhaps I most needed it” (Marconi, 1922). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:342px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_9.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/6/6c/MOH_Figure_9.jpg/340px-MOH_Figure_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/6/6c/MOH_Figure_9.jpg/510px-MOH_Figure_9.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/6/6c/MOH_Figure_9.jpg/680px-MOH_Figure_9.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_9.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Guglielmo Marconi’s 1920 Medal of Honor. (Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford, 2011a.)</div></div></div> <p><a href="/Reginald_A._Fessenden" title="Reginald A. Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> was awarded the fourth Medal of Honor in 1921 for his landmark work in radio. Known for his difficult personality, Fessenden was deeply suspicious. Fessenden had heard that Marconi’s earlier medal was made of solid gold, so he had his own medal analyzed and discovered it was an alloy, not pure gold. Fessenden returned the medal to the IRE and requested that his name be stricken from the list of award winners. <a href="/Greenleaf_W._Pickard" title="Greenleaf W. Pickard">Greenleaf W. Pickard</a>, a close friend, investigated and determined that both medals were made of exactly the same composition. Only then did Fessenden agree to take the medal back. His award contains no citation or description of his contributions (Coe, 1996; IEEE Website, 2011b). </p><p>By 1934, <a href="/Edwin_H._Armstrong" title="Edwin H. Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong’s</a> twenty years of intense rivalry and protracted litigation with <a href="/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee de Forest</a>, regarding the legal priority to the regenerative circuit, came to a head. An initial case had been decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1928 in favor of de Forest. For the first time in its history, the U.S. Supreme Court heard the same patent litigation twice. In May, 1934, the Court issued its final landmark decision based primarily on the dates of notes contained in various laboratory notebooks. The Court recognized that de Forest’s work on feedback circuits, beginning in August, 1912, preceded the work of Armstrong. The Court also decided that de Forest’s work preceded the claims of Irving Langmuir at General Electric and <a href="/Alexander_Meissner" title="Alexander Meissner">Alexander Meissner</a> in Germany which had been independently performed. Although de Forest had essentially invented a telephone circuit with the potential for radio amplification, and Armstrong had invented his circuit specifically for radio, the Court ruled in favor of de Forest. Armstrong was devastated.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum19_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum19-19">[19]</a></sup> </p><p>On May 28, 1934 Armstrong walked into the IRE’s ninth annual convention, with nearly 1,000 members in attendance, intent on returning the Medal of Honor awarded to him in 1919. As Armstrong began his composed speech, <a href="/Cyril_M._Jansky,_Jr." title="Cyril M. Jansky, Jr.">Charles Jansky, Jr.</a>, IRE’s President, addressed Major Armstrong directly from his chair, “…by unanimous opinion of the members of the Board, I have been directed to say to you…that the present Board of Directors, with full consideration of the great value and outstanding quality of the original scientific work of yourself and of the present high esteem and repute in which you are held by the membership of the Institute and themselves, hereby strongly reaffirms the original award, and similarly reaffirms the sense of what it believes to have been the original citation.”<sup id="cite_ref-refnum20_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum20-20">[20]</a></sup> The meeting erupted into a standing ovation reaffirming that, despite the Supreme Court’s decision, to the engineers, Armstrong was the inventor of the regenerative circuit. Thus, by the unanimous decision of the Board, with many senior representatives of AT&T and the powerful Radio Corporation of America in its ranks, the scientific and engineering community issued their definitive opinion that the scientific credit for the invention belonged to Armstrong. For his part, Armstrong considered the IRE’s Medal of Honor, bestowed by his fellow radio engineers, to be the highest honor he received (Lessing, 1956; Lewis, 1991). With tears in his eyes, Armstrong closed his statements with “This is the highest honor a radio engineer can hold. I give you my heartfelt thanks, and I assure you they come from the bottom of my heart” (Lessing, 1956). </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="An_Evolving_Range_of_Medal_Winners">An Evolving Range of Medal Winners</span></h4> <p>In its early years, the Medal of Honor was primarily awarded to recognize achievements in the field of radio. <a href="/John_Fleming" title="John Fleming">John A. Fleming</a> received the 1933 Medal “for the conspicuous part he played in introducing physical and engineering principles into the radio art” (Brittain, 2007). Fleming’s contributions included the two-element “Fleming Valve” and over one hundred technical articles and twenty-one textbooks (Brittain, 2007). The 1941 Medal was given to <a href="/Alfred_N._Goldsmith" title="Alfred N. Goldsmith">Alfred N. Goldsmith</a>, not only for his contributions to radio research and engineering, but for his leadership in standardization and the establishment of the Proceedings of the IRE. <a href="/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a> received the 1951 Medal for his development of television and other advances. The IRE made no comment and simply sidestepped any debate with <a href="/Philo_T._Farnsworth" title="Philo T. Farnsworth">Philo T. Farnsworth</a> over who was really responsible for the invention of television. In 1954, <a href="/William_Everitt" title="William Everitt">William L. Everitt</a> won the award for his contributions to establishing electronics as a branch of electrical engineering and his leadership in the IRE (IEEE Website, 2011b). </p><p>In 1963, <a href="/Formation_of_IEEE_by_the_Merger_of_AIEE_and_IRE" title="Formation of IEEE by the Merger of AIEE and IRE">the IRE merged with AIEE, forming the IEEE (see below)</a>. Although IEEE officially commenced operations in 1963, the awards committees for the IRE and AIEE remained separate that year due to delays in their consolidation and the time needed to meet the logistical requirements of their awards processes. Two candidates were selected for the 1963 Medal of Honor: <a href="/George_C._Southworth" title="George C. Southworth">George C. Southworth</a>, a research engineer at <a href="/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a>, renowned for his pioneering work with waveguides, and <a href="/John_Hammond" title="John Hammond">John H. Hammond, Jr.</a>, a prolific inventor with more than 700 inventions, including a remote controlled boat, radio-controlled torpedoes and radio directed missiles. The proponents of the two candidates refused to compromise. A subsequent deadlock arose within the new Board of Directors as it struggled with setting the precedent of IEEE’s new direction while creating a broader scope for the IEEE Medal of Honor. The Board resolved the impasse by awarding the 1963 Medal of Honor to both candidates. It was the only time that two Medals of Honor were given in one year (Gannett, 1998). </p><p>After 1963, the range of recipients broadened to include subjects beyond the original scope of the IRE into areas that which were formerly recognized by AIEE. The awards now included new topics such as mathematical theorists (<a href="/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a> in 1966), lasers (<a href="/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> in 1967), holography (<a href="/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> in 1970), transistors (<a href="/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> in 1971), digital computers (<a href="/Jay_W._Forrester" title="Jay W. Forrester">Jay W. Forrester</a> in 1972), systems theory (<a href="/Rudolf_E._Kalman" title="Rudolf E. Kalman">Rudolf E. Kalman</a> in 1974), the beginning of integrated circuits (<a href="/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a> in 1978) and the discovery of magnetic resonance imaging (<a href="/Calvin_F._Quate" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a> in 1988) (IEEE Website, 2011b). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_10.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/a/a4/MOH_Figure_10.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="312" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/a4/MOH_Figure_10.jpg/450px-MOH_Figure_10.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/a4/MOH_Figure_10.jpg/600px-MOH_Figure_10.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_10.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Three Medal of Honor Winners (L to R): John R. Pierce (1975), Rudolf Kompfner (1973), and Harry Nyquist (1960). (AT&T Archives. See Gannett, 1998.)</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_to_the_Edison_and_Fritz_Medals">Relationship to the Edison and Fritz Medals</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Edison_Medal">The Edison Medal</span></h4> <p>America had made significant and society-altering contributions to industrial technology in the late 19th century, including electric lighting, the telegraph, telephone, electric railway transportation and the phonograph. Thomas Edison was a household hero and was perhaps the most easily identified public personality associated with the development of electricity. </p><p>1904 was the 25th anniversary of Edison’s invention of his incandescent lamp. Samuel Insull, <a href="/Charles_Batchelor" title="Charles Batchelor">Charles Batchelor</a> and a group of Edison’s friends, former employees and associates decided to commemorate that anniversary on the occasion of Edison’s birthday. They formed the Edison Medal Association with Samuel Insull (Chairman), Charles Batchelor (Vice-Chairman) and 124 additional members including J. Pierpont Morgan, <a href="/Reginald_A._Fessenden" title="Reginald A. Fessenden">Reginald A. Fessenden</a>, W.S. Mallory, <a href="/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a> and <a href="/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>. The group planned to name an endowed academic medal after Edison that would be awarded through the AIEE, with AIEE acting as trustee of the medal. The medal was intended to “serve as an honorable incentive to the youth of America to maintain by their works the high standard of accomplishment by the illustrious man whose name and features shall live while human intelligence continues to inhabit the world” (<i>Science</i>, 1904). While Edison’s anniversary celebration was a success, little progress was made on the actual design or awarding of the Edison Medal. After 1904, the initial excitement of the Edison celebration faded, and the medal languished (Bart & Bart, 2009 & 2010). </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_John_Fritz_Medal">The John Fritz Medal</span></h4> <p>Meanwhile, the John Fritz Medal, the highest American award in the engineering profession, was being presented each year. It was established by professional associates and friends of John Fritz on 21 August 1902, his eightieth birthday, "to perpetuate the memory of his achievements in industrial progress." The Fritz Medal recognized notable scientific or industrial achievement, regardless of nationality or sex, in any field of pure or applied science. Fritz had achieved fame and recognition for his development of American iron and steel manufacturing. The medal named in Fritz's honor was jointly established by the American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME), the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and the AIEE. originally, the medal was awarded annually by a board composed of four representatives of each of the four national engineering societies (AIME, ASCE, ASME, and AIEE). Sponsorship eventually included the American Association of Engineering Studies (AAES) as well.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum21-21">[21]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_11.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/f/f8/MOH_Figure_11.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/f8/MOH_Figure_11.jpg/450px-MOH_Figure_11.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/f8/MOH_Figure_11.jpg/600px-MOH_Figure_11.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_11.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Guglielmo Marconi’s 1922 John Fritz Medal. (Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford, 2011b.)</div></div></div> <p>The first four Fritz Medals were given to John Fritz (1902), <a href="/Archives:Papers_of_Lord_Kelvin" title="Archives:Papers of Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1905), <a href="/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1906) and <a href="/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (1907) (John Fritz Medal, 2009a). <a href="/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Edison</a> received the fifth Fritz Medal in 1908 for his “invention of the duplex and quadruplex telegraph; the phonograph; the development of a commercially practical incandescent lamp; the development of a complete system of electric lighting, including dynamos, regulating devices, underground system protective devices and meters” (John Fritz Medal, 1910). </p> <h4><span id="Edison_Medal_Becomes_AIEE.27s_Highest_Award"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Edison_Medal_Becomes_AIEE's_Highest_Award">Edison Medal Becomes AIEE's Highest Award</span></h4> <p>Finally, five years after the initial 1904 organization of the Edison Medal Association, the Edison Medal Awards Committee officially named its first Edison Medal recipient. <a href="/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Dr. Elihu Thomson</a> was cited for his “meritorious achievement in electrical science, engineering and arts as exemplified in his contributions thereto during the past 30 years” (Edison Medal Committee, 1910). Thomson’s accomplishments were wide ranging and internationally acclaimed. He was also active in the AIEE.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum22_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum22-22">[22]</a></sup> The Edison Medal Association presented Thomson with a parchment certificate constituting official notice of the award at AIEE’s annual dinner on February 24, 1910. He received the Edison Medal at AIEE’s annual meeting on May 17 (Edison Medal Committee, 1910). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_12.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/f/f8/MOH_Figure_12.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/f8/MOH_Figure_12.jpg/450px-MOH_Figure_12.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/f8/MOH_Figure_12.jpg/600px-MOH_Figure_12.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_12.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The First Edison Medal Awarded to Elihu Thomson in 1909. (IEEE Global History, 2008: Images 410 & 535.)</div></div></div> <p>Over the ensuing years, AIEE’s focus remained on electric power generation as demonstrated by the following innovators of alternating current technology who received Edison Medals during its first decade: <a href="/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> (1909), <a href="/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a> (1910), <a href="/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1911), <a href="/William_Stanley" title="William Stanley">William Stanley, Jr.</a> (1912), <a href="/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush">Charles F. Brush</a> (1913), <a href="/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (1916) and <a href="/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">Michael I Pupin</a> (1920) (IEEE Website, 2009c). </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ties_with_the_Edison_and_Fritz_Medals">Ties with the Edison and Fritz Medals</span></h4> <p>Medal of Honor recipients are well represented among the winners of both the Edison Medal and the Fritz Medal. </p><p>Of the winners of the Fritz Medal since 1902, seven also received the Medal of Honor. These include <a href="/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> [MOH 1920, JFM 1923], <a href="/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a> [MOH 1966, JFM 1983], <a href="/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a> [MOH 1978, JFM 1989], <a href="/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> [MOH 1997, JFM 1999], <a href="/Gordon_E._Moore" title="Gordon E. Moore">Gordon E. Moore</a> [MOH 2008, JFM 1993] (John Fritz Medal, 2009a; IEEE Website, 2011b) and <a href="/Asad_M._Madni" title="Asad M. Madni">Asad M. Madni</a> [MOH 2022, JFM 2023] (ETHW Website, 2024; John Fritz Medal Website). </p><p>Of the recipients of the Edison Medal since 1908, eight also received the Medal of Honor for their critical roles in developing the science and technology underlying radio and television communication. These include <a href="/Edwin_H._Armstrong" title="Edwin H. Armstrong">Edwin H. Armstrong</a> [MOH 1917, EM 1942], <a href="/Ernst_F._W._Alexanderson" title="Ernst F. W. Alexanderson">Ernst F.W. Alexanderson</a> [MOH 1919, EM 1944], <a href="/Arthur_E._Kennelly" title="Arthur E. Kennelly">Arthur E. Kennelly</a> [MOH 1932, EM 1933] and <a href="/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a> [MOH 1951, EM 1952]. As communications technology advanced, four individuals won both the Medal of Honor and Edison Medal for their important contributions to satellites, signal processing, semiconductors, and computer memory; including, <a href="/John_Pierce" title="John Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> [MOH 1975, EM 1963], <a href="/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a> [MOH 1981, EM 1975], <a href="/Nicholas_Holonyak,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Holonyak, Jr.">Nick Holonyak, Jr.</a> [MOH 2003, EM 1989] and <a href="/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a> [MOH 2009, EM 2001] (IEEE Website, 2009c & 2010a, IEEE Edison Medal, 2009). </p><p>Columbia University’s legendary Professor <a href="/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">Michael I. Pupin</a> was the only person to receive all three engineering awards. He received the Edison Medal in 1920, the Medal of Honor in 1924 and the Fritz Medal in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum23-23">[23]</a></sup> Pupin was president of the IRE in 1917 and President of the AIEE from 1925-1926. He received the Edison Medal “For his work in mathematical physics and its application to the electric transmission of intelligence,” and he received the IRE Medal of Honor “In recognition of his fundamental contributions in the field of electrical tuning and the rectification of alternating currents used for signaling purposes” (IEEE Global, 2011l). He received the Fritz Medal as a “scientist, engineer, author, inventor of the tuning of oscillating circuits and the loading of telephone circuits by inductive coils” (<i>Electrical Engineering</i>, 1932). In 1915, he was made a Fellow of both the AIEE and IRE. A student of Hermann Von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff, Pupin was a highly regarded scientist who was a mentor to <a href="/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners <a href="/Robert_A._Millikan" title="Robert A. Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a> and <a href="/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a>, as well as <a href="/Gano_Dunn" title="Gano Dunn">Gano Dunn</a>, Edwin Armstrong, Alfred Goldsmith and the larger community of radio engineers (Architects, 1984; Brittain, 1999). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Associations_with_the_Nobel_Prize">Associations with the Nobel Prize</span></h3> <p>The <a href="/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>, the world’s highest award in science, has many ties to the Medal of Honor. The Nobel Prize was established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel. Between 1901 and 2010 there have been 543 Nobel Prizes, including 104 in Physics and 102 in Chemistry (Nobel Prize, 2011). </p><p>The winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics include twenty-one members of the IEEE and its predecessors, the AIEE and IRE. Two other IEEE members received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Medicine. <a href="/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a>, the 1932 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, was <a href="/Presidents_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers_(IRE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE)">President of the IRE</a> in 1923 (Nobel Prize, 2011). </p><p>Seven recipients of the Medal of Honor received the Nobel Prize in Physics. Their work ranged from radio wave propagation in the ionosphere, investigations in quantum electronics, superconductor superlattices, coding, and the invention of the transistor; including <a href="/Edward_V._Appleton" title="Edward V. Appleton">Edward V. Appleton</a> [MOH 1962, Nobel 1947], <a href="/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> [MOH 1971, Nobel 1956], <a href="/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> [MOH 1983, Nobel 1981], <a href="/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> [MOH 1991, Nobel 1973], <a href="/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack S. Kilby</a> [MOH 1986, Nobel 2000], <a href="/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William R. Shockley</a> [MOH, 1980, Nobel 1956] and <a href="/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> [MOH 1967, Nobel 1964] (IEEE Global History, 2009; IEEE Website, 2011b). </p><p>The importance of developing a system of wireless telegraphy was considered so significant that <a href="/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> remains the only person to have received the Nobel Prize and two of the most prestigious engineering awards. He received the Nobel Prize in 1909, the Fritz Medal in 1923 and the Medal of Honor in 1920 (IEEE Global History, 2009; John Fritz Medal, 2009a). Contrary to popular misconception, Marconi never received the Edison Medal (IEEE Website, 2009c). Marconi noted in his 1909 Nobel Lecture that “Whatever may be its present shortcomings and defects, there can be no doubt that wireless telegraphy - even over great distances - has come to stay, and will not only stay, but continue to advance” (Marconi, 1909). </p> <h3><span id="Ties_to_the_Radio_Club_of_America.27s_Armstrong_Medal"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ties_to_the_Radio_Club_of_America's_Armstrong_Medal">Ties to the Radio Club of America's Armstrong Medal</span></h3> <p><a href="/Edwin_H._Armstrong" title="Edwin H. Armstrong">Edwin H. Armstrong</a> played a prominent role in linking professional electrical engineers and amateur experimenters. The recipients of IRE’s Medal of Honor share a common history with the Radio Club of America’s <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.radioclubofamerica.org/people.php?page=awards.html#Armstrong">Armstrong Medal</a>. </p><p>The <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.radioclubofamerica.org/">Radio Club of America</a> (RCofA) is the oldest radio communications society in the world. It was initially formed in 1907 as the Junior Aero Club of the U.S. On January 2, 1909, the club was renamed the Junior Wireless Club Ltd. reflecting its new focus on wireless telegraphy and telephony. On October 21, 1911, the club changed its name to RCofA. Membership quickly grew to include amateur wireless operators and professional radio engineers. The word ‘club’ is actually a misnomer, because RCofA operated as a blend of professional society and amateur experimenter’s association. RCofA effectively bridged the gap between the amateurs and professionals, but it remained a smaller society promoting cooperation among those interested in the advancement and study of radio communications; versus the orientation of the IRE and its successors as large international professional organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum24_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum24-24">[24]</a></sup> </p><p>RCofA’s focus was on experimentation, and many seminal papers were presented at RCofA’s meetings that were later published in the Proceedings of the RCofA. Its membership included IRE founders Marriott, Goldsmith and Hogan as well as notable industry leaders, including David Sarnoff (Radio Corporation of America) who was also Secretary of the IRE from 1915-1917. Fessenden was RCofA’s founding Consulting Engineer, and Armstrong served as President from 1916-1920. The club’s membership is a digest of communications visionaries who advanced wireless technologies and then two-way and amateur radio; radio and television broadcasting; paging, wireless voice, data and messaging; and modern cellular communications (see Note 24). </p><p>RCofA’s first major honor was presented to its President, Edwin H. Armstrong, on November 19, 1919, just months after he had received the IRE’s Medal of Honor. When Armstrong returned from World War I, he was widely heralded as one of the foremost contributors to radio’s development, and he was one of RCofA’s pre-eminent members. RCofA held a banquet at the Hotel Ansonia to celebrate Armstrong’s achievements in regenerative circuit design and his contributions to the U.S. Army Signal Corps during the war. The sixty-four guests encompassed many IRE members and its founders, including Hogan, Goldsmith and Pupin as well as George C. Clark and J. Andrew White. RCofA did not conduct another banquet until 1926 (<i>Wireless Age</i>, 1919; Radio Club 1934 & 1959). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_13.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/1/1d/MOH_Figure_13.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/1/1d/MOH_Figure_13.jpg/450px-MOH_Figure_13.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/1/1d/MOH_Figure_13.jpg/600px-MOH_Figure_13.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_13.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Radio Club of America Banquet to Honor Edwin Armstrong November 19, 1919. (Wireless Age, 1919.)</div></div></div> <p>RCofA’s first major award was established in 1935 when it inscribed a testimonial scroll presented to Major Armstrong dedicating an RCofA medal in his name. The scroll was presented to Armstrong following a special reading by Armstrong of his paper on Frequency Modulation on December 19, 1935. Armstrong was taken completely by surprise (Radio Club, 1959). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_14.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/a/aa/MOH_Figure_14.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="395" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/a/aa/MOH_Figure_14.jpg 1.5x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_14.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Radio Club of America Scroll Dedicating the Establishment of the Armstrong Medal. (Radio Club, 1959)</div></div></div> <p>RCofA’s <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.radioclubofamerica.org/people.php?page=awards.html#Armstrong">Armstrong Medal</a> was subsequently designed by John Vassos, W.B. Stevenson and J.P. “Jack” Barnes. All three worked for the Radio Corporation of America as artist/designers. The sculptor was Harry Straubel.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum25_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum25-25">[25]</a></sup> The obverse (face) features a portrait of Armstrong with his accomplishments inscribed around the edge. The reverse (back) names RCofA, the Armstrong Medal and the recipient. The reverse includes allegorical representations of the earth and planets joined by an electrical charge between two coils. </p><p>Louis A. Hazeltine received the first medal in 1937. Hazeltine had been active in both IRE and RCofA and was IRE’s President in 1936 (Radio Club 1959; Brittain, 1999). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_15.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/4/41/MOH_Figure_15.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/4/41/MOH_Figure_15.jpg 1.5x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_15.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Original Press Photographs of the 1937 Radio Club of America Armstrong Medal. (Katzdorn, 2011.)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_16.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/0/0c/MOH_Figure_16.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/0/0c/MOH_Figure_16.jpg/450px-MOH_Figure_16.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/0/0c/MOH_Figure_16.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_16.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Professor Alan Hazeltine Receiving the First Armstrong Medal from John Miller President of the Radio Club Of America on Oct. 29, 1937. L To R: Edwin H. Armstrong, Prof. Hazeltine, John Miller, Harry Sadenwater, George Burghard. (Radio Club, 1959.)</div></div></div> <p>RCofA’s Board of Directors awards the Armstrong Medal to candidates within RCofA’s membership who have made an important contribution to the art and science of radio. The Armstrong Medal is not awarded every year, but only after careful consideration of the candidate proposed by the awards committee. All of the Armstrong Medals have been granted to people who made contributions in the fields of radio, television and other communication media (Radio Club, 2011a). </p><p>In October, 1950, a special issue of the <i>Proceedings of the RCofA </i>described in detail the December, 1921 successful transmission of the first short wave radio signals across the Atlantic Ocean by members of RCofA and the <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/">American Radio Relay League</a>. This was a success noted by amateur experimenters who had made so many contributions in the early days of radio and which again reflected Armstrong’s leadership. Armstrong received the 1950 RCofA <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.radioclubofamerica.org/people.php?page=awards.html#Armstrong">Armstrong Medal</a> for this accomplishment.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum26_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum26-26">[26]</a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong and RCofA had again brought together the amateur, professional and scientific communities in another radio first (Story, 1950; Radio Club, 2011a). Out of the fourty-four recipients of RCofA’s Armstrong Medal since 1935, six were Medal of Honor winners. The Armstrong Medal was awarded to two of IRE’s founders who also administered the Medal of Honor: <a href="/Greenleaf_W._Pickard" title="Greenleaf W. Pickard">Greenleaf W. Pickard</a> [MOH 1926, AM 1940] and <a href="/John_Hogan" title="John Hogan">John V.L. Hogan</a> [MOH 1956, AM 1947]. Other Armstrong Medal winners included <a href="/Melville_Eastham" title="Melville Eastham">Melville Eastham</a> [MOH 1937, AM 1956], <a href="/Harold_H._Beverage" title="Harold H. Beverage">Harold H. Beverage</a> [MOH 1945, AM 1938], and <a href="/Harold_A._Wheeler" title="Harold A. Wheeler">Harold A. Wheeler</a> [MOH 1964, AM 1964]. Armstrong’s long time collaborator, <a href="/Harry_W._Houck" title="Harry W. Houck">Harry W. Houck</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-refnum27_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum27-27">[27]</a></sup> received the Armstrong Medal in 1941, but never received any other major honors (Radio Club, 2011a; IEEE Website, 2011b). </p><p>Armstrong is the only person to be recognized twice by RCofA’s Armstrong Medal, receiving the scroll in 1935 and the medal in 1950 (Story, 1950; Radio Club, 2011a). </p> <h3><span id="IEEE.27s_Medal_of_Honor"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="IEEE's_Medal_of_Honor">IEEE's Medal of Honor</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Growing_Importance_of_the_Medal_of_Honor">Growing Importance of the Medal of Honor</span></h4> <p>In 1942, the IRE staged demonstrations of mechanical color television, and Armstrong demonstrated his FM transmitter at Alpine, New Jersey to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the organization. The IRE had grown to over 7,000 members with more than 1,000 attending its anniversary conference. Medal of Honor winners now included <a href="/Ernst_F._W._Alexanderson" title="Ernst F. W. Alexanderson">Alexanderson</a>, <a href="/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">Pupin</a>, <a href="/Stanford_Hooper" title="Stanford Hooper">Hooper</a>, <a href="/Arthur_E._Kennelly" title="Arthur E. Kennelly">Kennelly</a>, <a href="/John_Fleming" title="John Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/John_H._Dellinger" title="John H. Dellinger">Dellinger</a>, <a href="/Lloyd_Espenschied" title="Lloyd Espenschied">Espenschied</a> and <a href="/Alfred_N._Goldsmith" title="Alfred N. Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a>. The IRE’s list of presidents now included such radio engineering legends as <a href="/Greenleaf_W._Pickard" title="Greenleaf W. Pickard">Pickard</a>, <a href="/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Langmuir</a>, <a href="/John_Harold_Morecroft" title="John Harold Morecroft">Morecroft</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stuart_Ballentine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Stuart Ballentine (page does not exist)">Ballentine</a>, <a href="/Alan_Hazeltine" title="Alan Hazeltine">Hazeltine</a>, <a href="/Harold_H._Beverage" title="Harold H. Beverage">Beverage</a> and <a href="/Haraden_Pratt" title="Haraden Pratt">Pratt</a>. In one way or another, the IRE and its members had led the development of electronic communications.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum28_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum28-28">[28]</a></sup> </p><p>Within ten years, IRE was overtaking AIEE in growth and leadership in electronics. In 1952, the IRE hosted 27,500 participants at its conference with over 200 technical papers presented. Displays included guided missile, long distance television, home video and transistors (<i>New York Times</i>, 1952). </p><p>The field of electronics was rapidly expanding. Just one year earlier, in 1951, <a href="/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a> received the Medal of Honor for his work in developing television. He stated that the Medal “means to me more than recognition of my past efforts by the group of engineers who shared in them and are best qualified to judge them” (Proceedings, 1951). His acceptance speech went on to describe a future in which medicine would apply the principals of radio and television to the development of new devices capable of diagnosis and treatment. In mid-century, Zworykin anticipated the eventual explosion of the electrical sciences and electrical engineering into entirely new fields of endeavor that would become part of 21st century life (Proceedings, 1951). </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_IRE_and_AIEE_Merger">The IRE and AIEE Merger</span></h4> <p>In 1963, <a href="/Formation_of_IEEE_by_the_Merger_of_AIEE_and_IRE" title="Formation of IEEE by the Merger of AIEE and IRE">IRE and AIEE merged to form the IEEE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum29_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum29-29">[29]</a></sup> Several attempts had been made to consolidate the organizations dating back to 1922, but the AIEE was resistant to giving adequate time and attention to communications related topics, and IRE members wanted to retain their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum30_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum30-30">[30]</a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the Second World War, the AIEE had a total membership of 21,400, twice the size of the IRE. But rapid changes in electronics technology, shifting student enrollments, the expansion of telecommunications, and the use of electronics in the defense and space industries were changing the playing field (McMahon, 1984). After the war, the two organizations became more and more competitive (Goldsmith & Hogan, 1952; Should the IRE, 1962). By 1961, the purposes of the two organizations increasingly overlapped as they fought for dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum31_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum31-31">[31]</a></sup> Neither organization represented the full scope of electrical technology, nor efficiently served the broad range of related industries or academic interests. Many professionals were actually members of both organizations and questioned the need for two competing groups. The proposal to combine both organizations resolved to merge all fields of interest, including both power engineering and the newer fields of electronics and communications, and sought to accommodate new technologies as they emerged (<i>Century of Electricals</i>, 1984; Ryder & Fink, 1984). </p><p>These professional trends revealed a shifting landscape that was very evident in the membership statistics. By 1961, AIEE had approximately 70,000 members in the U.S. and Canada. IRE had 91,000 members with significant international participation. Some 6,000 members belonged to both societies (<i>IRE Almanac</i>, 1961). Just two years later, IRE could claim 96,500 members while membership in AIEE had declined to 57,000 members (Reiman, 1989; IEEE Global, 2011f & 2011h). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_17.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/d/dd/MOH_Figure_17.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="280" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/d/dd/MOH_Figure_17.jpg 1.5x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_17.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Total Members in IRE and AIEE. (Membership Statistics, 1962.)</div></div></div> <p>Most compelling was the dramatic shift in engineering student memberships that represented the future of both organizations. Between 1955 and 1962, the number of student members climbed from 7,000 in each organization to 21,000 in the IRE, versus only 10,000 in the AIEE. During the five years prior to 1955, student memberships in AIEE had already fallen from 20,000 to 7,000 (Ryder, 1984; Ryder & Fink, 1984). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_18.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/7/74/MOH_Figure_18.jpg/300px-MOH_Figure_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="328" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/7/74/MOH_Figure_18.jpg 1.5x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:MOH_Figure_18.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Student Members in IRE and AIEE. (Membership Statistics, 1962.)</div></div></div> <p>The reasons for the eventual merger were summarized by <a href="/Lloyd_V._Berkner" title="Lloyd V. Berkner">L.V. Berkner</a>, President of the IRE, in 1961. Essentially, by the late 1950s, the subjects addressed by the AIEE and IRE were “migrating onto the same ground” and competition between the societies was seen as dissipating professional resources at a time when AIEE was trying to broaden its interests and IRE was growing in size. More than 85% of IRE’s membership favored consolidation for the benefit of the profession (Berkner, 1961; Should the IRE, 1962). At the time of the vote, both IRE’s and AIEE’s members each favored the merger by an overwhelming 87% majority (Ryder & Fink, 1984; Reiman, 1990). </p><p>The IRE’s former Medal of Honor, its highest award, was selected to be IEEE’s highest award in the field of electronics and electrical engineering. The IEEE also continues to present the Edison Medal, which remains the oldest award in the field of electrical engineering (Century of Honors, 1984; IEEE Awards, 2010). </p> <h4><span id="Qualifications_and_Today.27s_Award"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Qualifications_and_Today's_Award">Qualifications and Today's Award</span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Wall_of_Fame.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/5/52/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Wall_of_Fame.jpg/300px-IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Wall_of_Fame.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/5/52/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Wall_of_Fame.jpg/450px-IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Wall_of_Fame.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/5/52/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Wall_of_Fame.jpg/600px-IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Wall_of_Fame.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Wall_of_Fame.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Internet Pioneer and 2024 Medal of Honor winner <a href="/Robert_Kahn" title="Robert Kahn">Robert Kahn</a> and IEEE President Thomas Coughlin (left) view the Medal of Honor Wall created by the IEEE History Center in partnership with IEEE Awards</div></div></div> <p>The Medal of Honor is granted for “an exceptional contribution or an extraordinary career in the IEEE fields of interest” (IEEE Website, 2010). Contributions are evaluated based on the “substantial significance of achievement; originality; impact on society; impact on the profession; publications and patents relating to the achievement” (IEEE Website, 2010). Nominations consider the candidate’s leadership in the field, breadth of work, achievement in other fields, inventive value (patents), individual versus group contributions, publications (articles, books, etc.), originality of contribution, quality of nomination, society and professional activities and honors, and the quality of endorsements.<sup id="cite_ref-refnum32_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnum32-32">[32]</a></sup> </p><p>The selection of today’s Medal of Honor recipients is governed by the IEEE Medals Council and a nine person Medal of Honor Committee of the IEEE Awards Board. If the Medal of Honor recipient is not an IEEE member, they are automatically recommended to the IEEE Board of Directors for IEEE Honorary Membership (see Note 32). In conjunction with the merger of the two organizations, the design of the Medal of Honor was modified. The obverse (front) now includes the name “The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.” </p><p>The original award included a gold medal, bronze replica, a certificate and a small honorarium. In 2024, it was announced that, beginning in 2025, the honorarium will be increased from $50,000 to $2,000,000 to be shared equally among recipients. The Medal may only be awarded to an individual or team of up to three. It is considered of such importance that recipients are no longer eligible to receive any other IEEE institute-level medal, technical field award, or recognition (IEEE Website, 2010; IEEE Awards, 2010). At the IEEE VICs Summit and Awards Ceremony in May 2024, the IEEE History Center, in partnership with IEEE Awards, unveiled the IEEE Medal of Honor Wall of Fame, which incorporates an interactive touchscreen display containing biographies and photographs of the award's recipients. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Legacy_of_the_Medal_of_Honor">The Legacy of the Medal of Honor</span></h4> <p>The Medal of Honor is the only major award for achievement in the field of electronics that is not named for an inventor or scientist. Other awards such as the Edison Medal, Armstrong Medal and Fritz Medal were intended to inspire and recognize achievement by noting the examples of their namesakes. The Nobel Prize, awarded in many fields, seeks to recognize an individual’s contributions to humanity as an ideal, but also commemorates its namesake Alfred Nobel. Only the Medal of Honor celebrates outstanding accomplishment through a purely institutional recognition of both excellence and personal contributions to science and technology. </p><p>The 2010 Medal of Honor was awarded to <a href="/Andrew_J._Viterbi" title="Andrew J. Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a>, developer of the Viterbi Algorithm and co-founder of Qualcomm Incorporated. The Viterbi Algorithm involves a coder and decoder used in disk drives and MP3 players. It is also utilized to transmit images from deep space. Third-generation mobile telephones also employ one or more of the Viterbi systems (IEEE Website, 2011b). </p><p>Viterbi’s work in the field of applied mathematics and computers seems far removed from Armstrong’s development of the regenerative radio circuit first commemorated by the IRE in 1917. The tremendous progress achieved in electronics and electrical science over the past century, which is characterized by the recipients of the Medal of Honor, has made it a living testament to the life and work of these major contributors to our modern world. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_Medal_of_Honor_Recipients">List of Medal of Honor Recipients</span></h2> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="IRE_Medal_of_Honor_Recipients_1917-1963">IRE Medal of Honor Recipients 1917-1963</span></h4> <ul><li><a href="/Edwin_H._Armstrong" title="Edwin H. Armstrong">E. H. Armstrong</a>, 1917, Action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion</li> <li>No award, 1918</li> <li><a href="/Ernst_F._W._Alexanderson" title="Ernst F. W. Alexanderson">E. F. W. Alexanderson</a>, 1919, Long distance radio communication, frequencies, amplifiers</li> <li><a href="/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, 1920, Radio-telegraphy</li> <li><a href="/Reginald_A._Fessenden" title="Reginald A. Fessenden">R. A. Fessenden</a>, 1921, (No citation)</li> <li><a href="/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee de Forest</a>, 1922, Three electrode vacuum tube, radio-telephonic communication</li> <li><a href="/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a>, 1923, Contributions to the radio art</li> <li><a href="/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">M. I. Pupin</a>, 1924, Electrical tuning, AC rectification</li> <li>No award, 1925</li> <li><a href="/Greenleaf_W._Pickard" title="Greenleaf W. Pickard">G. W. Pickard</a>, 1926, Crystal detectors, antennas, wave propagation, atmospherics</li> <li><a href="/Louis_W._Austin" title="Louis W. Austin">L. W. Austin</a>, 1927, Quantitative measurements in radio wave transmission</li> <li><a href="/Jonathan_Zenneck" title="Jonathan Zenneck">Jonathan Zenneck</a>, 1928, Radio circuits, author</li> <li><a href="/George_W._Pierce" title="George W. Pierce">G. W. Pierce</a>, 1929, Crystal detectors, magnetostriction devices, author</li> <li><a href="/Peder_Pedersen" title="Peder Pedersen">P. O. Pedersen</a>, 1930, (No citation)</li> <li><a href="/Gustave-Auguste_Ferrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustave-Auguste Ferrie">G. A. Ferrie</a>, 1931, Radio communication in France, international radio cooperation</li> <li><a href="/Arthur_E._Kennelly" title="Arthur E. Kennelly">A. E. Kennelly</a>, 1932, Radio propagation phenomena, theory and measurement of AC</li> <li><a href="/John_Fleming" title="John Fleming">J. A. Fleming</a>, 1933, Physical and engineering principles into the radio art</li> <li><a href="/Stanford_Hooper" title="Stanford Hooper">S. C. Hooper</a>, 1934, Radio communication in the Government Service</li> <li><a href="/Balthasar_Van_der_Pol" title="Balthasar Van der Pol">Balth. van der Pol</a>, 1935, Circuit theory and electromagnetic wave propagation</li> <li><a href="/George_Campbell" title="George Campbell">G. A. Campbell</a>, 1936, Electrical networks</li> <li><a href="/Melville_Eastham" title="Melville Eastham">Melville Eastham</a>, 1937, Radio measurements, laboratory practice, IRE leadership</li> <li><a href="/John_H._Dellinger" title="John H. Dellinger">J. H. Dellinger</a>, 1938, Radio measurements and standards, wave propagation</li> <li><a href="/Albert_G._Lee" title="Albert G. Lee">A. G. Lee</a>, 1939, International radio services</li> <li><a href="/Lloyd_Espenschied" title="Lloyd Espenschied">Lloyd Espenschied</a>, 1940, Radio telephony, international radio coordination</li> <li><a href="/Alfred_N._Goldsmith" title="Alfred N. Goldsmith">A. N. Goldsmith</a>, 1941, Research, engineering, standardization, IRE Proceedings</li> <li><a href="/Albert_H._Taylor" title="Albert H. Taylor">A. H. Taylor</a>, 1942, Piezoelectric controls, HF wave-propagation, Naval Research Labs</li> <li><a href="/William_Wilson" title="William Wilson">William Wilson</a>, 1943, Radio-telephony, IRE service</li> <li><a href="/Haraden_Pratt" title="Haraden Pratt">Haraden Pratt</a>, 1944, Extension of communication facilities to distant lands, IRE service</li> <li><a href="/Harold_H._Beverage" title="Harold H. Beverage">H. H. Beverage</a>, 1945, Radio research, IRE service</li> <li><a href="/Ralph_Hartley" title="Ralph Hartley">R. V. L. Hartley</a>, 1946, Oscillating circuits, triode tubes, information transmission</li> <li>No Award, 1947</li> <li><a href="/Lawrence_C._F._Horle" title="Lawrence C. F. Horle">Lawrence C. F. Horle</a>, 1948, Radio, standardization, electron tubes, IRE service</li> <li><a href="/Ralph_Bown" title="Ralph Bown">Ralph Bown</a>, 1949, Contributions to radio, IRE leadership</li> <li><a href="/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">F. E. Terman</a>, 1950, Teacher, author, scientist and administrator</li> <li><a href="/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">V. K. Zworykin</a>, 1951, Television, application of electronics, national security</li> <li><a href="/Walter_Baker" title="Walter Baker">W. R. G. Baker</a>, 1952, Engineering projects, IRE service</li> <li><a href="/John_M._Miller" title="John M. Miller">J. M. Miller</a>, 1953, Electron tube theory, crystal controlled oscillators, receivers</li> <li><a href="/William_Everitt" title="William Everitt">W. L. Everitt</a>, 1954, Distinguished career, contributions establishing electronics, IRE</li> <li><a href="/Harald_T._Friis" title="Harald T. Friis">H. T. Friis</a>, 1955, Spectrum of radio frequencies, leadership</li> <li><a href="/John_Hogan" title="John Hogan">J. V. L. Hogan</a>, 1956, Lifetime achievement, founder IRE, inventions</li> <li><a href="/Julius_A._Stratton" title="Julius A. Stratton">J. A. Stratton</a>, 1957, Teacher, physicist, engineer, author and administrator</li> <li><a href="/Albert_W._Hull" title="Albert W. Hull">A. W. Hull</a>, 1958, Electron tubes</li> <li><a href="/E._Leon_Chaffee" title="E. Leon Chaffee">E. L. Chaffee</a>, 1959, Research contributions and training for leadership in radio</li> <li><a href="/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a>, 1960, Thermal noise, data transmission and negative feedback</li> <li><a href="/Ernst_Guillemin" title="Ernst Guillemin">Ernst A. Guillemin</a>, 1961, Scientific and engineering achievements</li> <li><a href="/Edward_V._Appleton" title="Edward V. Appleton">Edward V. Appleton</a>, 1962, Ionosphere and radio waves</li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Recipients_1963-Present">IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients 1963-Present</span></h4> <ul><li><a href="/John_Hammond" title="John Hammond">John H. Hammond, Jr.</a>, 1963, Radio control of missiles, basic communication methods</li> <li><a href="/George_C._Southworth" title="George C. Southworth">George C. Southworth</a>, 1963, Microwave physics, radio astronomy, waveguide transmission</li> <li><a href="/Harold_A._Wheeler" title="Harold A. Wheeler">Harold A. Wheeler</a>, 1964, TV resolution, antennas, microwave elements, circuits</li> <li>No award, 1965</li> <li><a href="/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a>, 1966, Mathematical theory of communication</li> <li><a href="/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Charles H. Townes</a>, 1967, Quantum electronics, maser and the laser</li> <li><a href="/Gordon_Teal" title="Gordon Teal">Gordon K. Teal</a>, 1968, Single crystal germanium, silicon technology, transistors</li> <li><a href="/Edward_L._Ginzton" title="Edward L. Ginzton">Edward L. Ginzton</a>, 1969, High power klystrons and linear particle accelerators</li> <li><a href="/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>, 1970, Holography</li> <li><a href="/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, 1971, Conductivity of solids, transistors, theory of superconductivity</li> <li><a href="/Jay_W._Forrester" title="Jay W. Forrester">Jay W. Forrester</a>, 1972, Magnetic-core random access memory</li> <li><a href="/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a>, 1973, Traveling wave tube amplification</li> <li><a href="/Rudolf_E._Kalman" title="Rudolf E. Kalman">Rudolf E. Kalman</a>, 1974, System theory and algebraic structures</li> <li><a href="/John_Pierce" title="John Pierce">John R. Pierce</a>, 1975, Satellites, traveling wave tubes, electron beam optics</li> <li>No award, 1976</li> <li><a href="/H._Earle_Vaughan" title="H. Earle Vaughan">H. Earle Vaughan</a>, 1977, High-capacity pulse-code modulation time-division telephone</li> <li><a href="/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a>, 1978, Silicon integrated circuit</li> <li><a href="/Richard_Bellman" title="Richard Bellman">Richard Bellman</a>, 1979, Decision processes, control systems, dynamic programming</li> <li><a href="/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, 1980, Junction transistor, analog and junction field-effect transistor</li> <li><a href="/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a>, 1981, Filtering and signal processing leading to chirp radar</li> <li><a href="/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Wilder Tukey</a>, 1982, Analysis random processes, fast Fourier transform algorithm</li> <li><a href="/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, 1983, Quantum Electronics and three-level maser</li> <li><a href="/Norman_F._Ramsey" title="Norman F. Ramsey">Norman F. Ramsey</a>, 1984, Cesium atomic clock and hydrogen maser oscillator</li> <li><a href="/John_R._Whinnery" title="John R. Whinnery">John R. Whinnery</a>, 1985, Microwave, laser, and optical devices</li> <li><a href="/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a>, 1986, Semiconductor integrated circuit technology</li> <li><a href="/Paul_C._Lauterbur" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a>, 1987, Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging</li> <li><a href="/Calvin_F._Quate" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a>, 1988, Scanning acoustic microscope</li> <li><a href="/C._Kumar_Patel" title="C. Kumar Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a>, 1989, Quantum electronics, CO2 laser, spin-flip Raman laser</li> <li><a href="/Robert_G._Gallager" title="Robert G. Gallager">Robert G. Gallager</a>, 1990, Communications coding techniques</li> <li><a href="/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>, 1991, Tunneling, semiconductor super lattices, and quantum wells</li> <li><a href="/Amos_E._Joel,_Jr." title="Amos E. Joel, Jr.">Amos E. Joel, Jr.</a>, 1992, Telecommunications switching systems</li> <li><a href="/Karl_J._Astrom" title="Karl J. Astrom">Karl Johan Äström</a>, 1993, Adaptive control technology</li> <li><a href="/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a>, 1994, Molecular beam epitaxy</li> <li><a href="/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lofti A. Zadeh</a>, 1995, Fuzzy logic and its many applications</li> <li><a href="/Robert_M._Metcalfe" title="Robert M. Metcalfe">Robert M. Metcalfe</a>, 1996, Ethernet</li> <li><a href="/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a>, 1997, Electro-optic effects in liquid crystals</li> <li><a href="/Donald_O._Pederson" title="Donald O. Pederson">Donald O. Pederson</a>, 1998, SPICE Program used for the computer aided circuit design</li> <li><a href="/Charles_Concordia" title="Charles Concordia">Charles Concordia</a>, 1999, Power System Dynamics</li> <li><a href="/Andrew_S._Grove" title="Andrew S. Grove">Andrew S. Grove</a>, 2000, Metal oxide semiconductor devices and technology</li> <li><a href="/Herwig_Kogelnik" title="Herwig Kogelnik">Herwig Kogelnik</a>, 2001, Lasers, optoelectronics, photonics, light wave communication</li> <li><a href="/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a>, 2002, High-frequency transistors and hot electron devices</li> <li><a href="/Nicholas_Holonyak,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Holonyak, Jr.">Nick Holonyak, Jr.</a>, 2003, Semiconductors, alloys, LEDs, lasers</li> <li><a href="/Tadahiro_Sekimoto" title="Tadahiro Sekimoto">Tadahiro Sekimoto</a>, 2004, Digital satellites, leadership in computers & communications</li> <li><a href="/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a>, 2005, Speech technology</li> <li><a href="/James_D._Meindl" title="James D. Meindl">James D. Meindl</a>, 2006, Microelectronics and chip interconnect networks</li> <li><a href="/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a>, 2007, Algorithms in communications, computing, signal processing</li> <li><a href="/Gordon_E._Moore" title="Gordon E. Moore">Gordon E. Moore</a>, 2008, Integrated-circuits, MOS memory, microprocessors</li> <li><a href="/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard,</a> 2009, Single transistor Dynamic Random Access Memory</li> <li><a href="/Andrew_J._Viterbi" title="Andrew J. Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi,</a> 2010, Communications technology and theory</li> <li><a href="/Morris_Chang" title="Morris Chang">Morris Chang</a>, 2011, Semiconductor industry</li> <li><a href="/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a>, 2012, Computer engineering and higher education</li> <li><a href="/Irwin_M._Jacobs" title="Irwin M. Jacobs">Irwin M. Jacobs</a>, 2013, Digital communications and wireless technology</li> <li><a href="/B._Jayant_Baliga" title="B. Jayant Baliga">B. Jayant Baliga</a>, 2014, "For the invention, implementation, and commercialization of power semiconductor devices with widespread benefits to society."</li> <li><a href="/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a>, 2015, “For leadership and contributions across many fields of science and engineering."</li> <li><a href="/G._David_Forney,_Jr." title="G. David Forney, Jr.">G. David Forney, Jr.</a>, 2016, “For pioneering contributions to the theory of error-correcting codes and the development of reliable high-speed data communications.”</li> <li><a href="/Kees_A._S._Immink" title="Kees A. S. Immink">Kees A. S. Immink</a>, 2017, “For pioneering contributions to video, audio, and data recording technology, including compact disc, DVD, and Blu-ray.”</li> <li><a href="/Bradford_W._Parkinson" title="Bradford W. Parkinson">Bradford W. Parkinson</a>, 2018, "For fundamental contributions to and leadership in developing the design and driving the early applications of the Global Positioning System."</li> <li><a href="/Kurt_E._Petersen" title="Kurt E. Petersen">Kurt E. Petersen</a>, 2019, “For technical contributions to and leadership in the development of wireless semiconductor technology.”</li> <li><a href="/Chenming_Hu" title="Chenming Hu">Chenming Hu</a>, 2020, “For a distinguished career of developing and putting into practice semiconductor models, particularly 3-D device structures, that have helped keep Moore’s Law going over many decades.”</li> <li><a href="/Jacob_Ziv" title="Jacob Ziv">Jacob Ziv</a>, 2021, “For fundamental contributions to information theory and data compression technology, and for distinguished research leadership.”</li> <li><a href="/Asad_M._Madni" title="Asad M. Madni">Asad M. Madni</a>, 2022, “For pioneering contributions to the development and commercialization of innovative sensing and systems technologies, and for distinguished research leadership.”</li> <li><a href="/Vinton_Cerf" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>, 2023, "For co-creating the Internet architecture and providing sustained leadership in its phenomenal growth in becoming society’s critical infrastructure"</li> <li><a href="/Robert_Kahn" title="Robert Kahn">Robert Kahn</a>, 2024, “For pioneering technical and leadership contributions in packet communication technologies and foundations of the Internet.”</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</span></h2> <p>This article was written as a joint project undertaken by the <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/about/history_center/index.html">IEEE History Center</a> and the <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquewireless.org/">Antique Wireless Association</a>. This wiki article was originally posted with the assistance of the authors, David and Julia Bart, based on their research that was also published in the <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquewireless.org/museum/reviewstofc.htm"><i>AWA Review</i></a>, August, 2010, Vol. 23.  The <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquewireless.org/museum/reviewstofc.htm"><i>AWA Review</i></a> is published each year by the <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquewireless.org/">Antique Wireless Association</a> in conjunction with its <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://awamuseum.org/">Annual Conference</a>. Due to the nature of a wiki like the ETHW, this article may evolve over time, therefore <a href="/w/images/c/c2/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Final.pdf" class="internal" title="IEEE Medal of Honor Final.pdf">a .pdf of the Barts' original article, is posted here</a>. </p><p>The authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr. Michael Geselowitz and the staff of the <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/about/history_center/index.html">IEEE History Center</a> located at Rutgers University for their ongoing support and assistance with the research for this article. The authors also extend their thanks to Dr. Robert Murray and the staff and editors of the <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquewireless.org/museum/reviewstofc.htm"><i>AWA Review</i></a>for their contributions and continuing support for the project. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <p>Abbreviations Used in References: </p><p>AIEE: American Institute of Electrical Engineers </p><p>IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers </p><p>IRE: Institute of Radio Engineers </p><p>RCofA: Radio Club of America </p><p><br />AIEE Annual Dinner Program Menu 1902 at the Waldorf Astoria, New York. (1902, Jan. 13). IEEE Archives Box HB-020. 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A Dinner To Armstrong. </p><p>This article was peer reviewed. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refnum1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Bright, 1898; Lynch, 1985; Beauchamp, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum2_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The society soon evolved into The Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians, and eventually became the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) in London. It survives today as the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), which was formed by a consolidation of the IEE and the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) on March 31, 2006. See Frary, 2008; IET, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum3_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The early history of the American electrical profession, the beginnings of American professional societies and the emergence of the AIEE are explained in Ryder &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Fink, 1984; Century of Electricals, 1984; McMahon, 1984; Israel, 1992. The history of the IEEE and its predecessor organizations is also at IEEE Global, 2011e-k; Reiman 1984, 1989a&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum4_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">AIEE’s founders included Norvin Green, President of Western Union and the first President of the AIEE, plus Alexander Graham Bell, Charles Cross, Thomas Edison, George Hamilton, Charles Haskins, Frank Pope, Charles Brush, <a href="/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a>, Edwin Houston and Theodore Vail (Ryder & Fink, 1984; McMahon, 1984, IEEE Global, 2011f & 2011h). See also Note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum5_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The early histories of the SWTE and TWI and their consolidation into the IRE are contained in Radio Pioneers, 1945; Hogan, 1951; Proceedings, 1952; Goldsmith &amp;amp;amp;amp; Hogan, 1952; Whittemore, 1957 &amp;amp;amp;amp; 1962; and IEEE Global History, 2010b. See also Clark, 1942 &amp;amp;amp;amp; 1946; McMahon, 1984; Reiman, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum6_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone was a telephone engineer with the American Bell Telephone Company in Boston. In 1901 he formed the Stone Wireless Telegraph Syndicate which was followed in 1902 by the Stone Telegraph and Telephone Company (collectively, “STTC”). Stone developed telephone battery systems and carrier current transmission systems. In radio, he pioneered adjustable tuning methods focusing on selectivity, single wave emission and the use of loose-coupled circuits. After the collapse of STTC in 1910, Stone became a consultant and expert witness in patent cases, eventually going to American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1920. During the course of his career, he obtained 120 patents on his radio and telephone inventions (Dunlap, 1944; Clark, 1946; Architects, 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum7_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">STTC was one of the first companies to receive permission from the U.S. Navy to install and test wireless systems at naval installations and onboard ships (Howeth, 1963; IEEE Global History, 2010b). Lee de Forest would later credit Stone with having provided de Forest important assistance with the mathematics and theory of radio circuits. On June 21, 1943, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized Stone’s Feb. 8, 1900 patent application (No. 714,756) for tuned antenna circuits and loose-coupling plus the work of Nikola Tesla in 1897 and others as preceding the work of Guglielmo Marconi. The Court then invalidated Marconi’s U.S. Patent No. 763,772 filed Nov. 10, 1900 for his “four-tuned-circuit” which was dated nine months later than Stone’s patent (U.S. Supreme Court, 1943; Dunlap, 1944; Clark, 1946; de Forest, 1950).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum8_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marriott was responsible for a number of patents and was the author of many papers and articles on the development of radio. He did experimental work for a number of early radio concerns, was a radio aide of the U. S. Navy in 1915-1925, and was a consulting engineer for the Federal Radio Commission in 1928-1929. He founded TWI and co-founded the IRE, serving as its first President in 1913 (Whittemore, 1957; Architects, 1984; IEEE Global History, 2010c).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum9_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In radio’s early years, New York City had a large concentration of wireless companies including the American Marconi Company, Lee de Forest’s various enterprises, Harry Shoemaker’s International Wireless Telegraph Company and the United Wireless Telegraph Company. Boston was the home of STTC and NESCO. Walter W. Massie’s companies straddled the corridor between New York and Boston with the Massie Wireless Telegraph system. NESCO’s move to Brooklyn helped permanently focus the communications industry in New York (Radio Pioneers, 1945). By 1912, at least ten major wireless companies were located within a few blocks of Fulton Street in New York City (Clark, 1942).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum10_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldsmith worked at the General Electric Company, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America and at Radio Corporation of America making significant technical contributions. He is best known for his work shaping the professional organizations in his field. He was a founder of IRE, forty-two year Editor of the Proceedings of the IRE and also served as its President in 1928 (Whittemore, 1957; IEEE Global History, 2011c).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum11_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogan was a laboratory assistant to de Forest, and worked for Fessenden and NESCO at the famous Brant Rock station where he served as a telegraph operator. He helped develop Fessenden’s 1910 crystal detector, single control tuning in 1912, and discovered the “rectifier heterodyne” in 1913. He also developed the first ink tape siphon for recording transatlantic radio signals using an audion amplifier. Hogan later developed FM radio station WQXR, a facsimile transmission system, and worked with radar and guided missiles for the U.S. Army Signal Corps. He was instrumental in forming the SWTE and the IRE, and was elected President of the IRE in 1920. He served as the U.S. Navy’s chief research engineer at its Arlington Station and was a commercial manager for NESCO and its successor, the International Radio Telegraph Company (Radio Club, 1959; New York Times, 1960; Reiman, 1992; IEEE Global, 2011m).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum12_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IRE founding members from TWI include William F. Bissing, A.B. Cole, P.B. Collinson, Janes N. Dages, Lloyd Espenscheid. Philip Farnsworth, Frank Fay, Edward G. Gage, Alfred N. Goldsmith, Francis A. Hart, Robert L. Hatfield, Arthur A. Herbert, Frank Hinners, James H Hoffman, Robert H. Marriott (President), A.F. Parkhurst, G.W. Pickard, H.S. Price, A. Rau, Harry Shoemaker, Emil J. Simon, A. Kellogg Sloan, C.H. Sphar, Floyd Vanderpoel and R.A. Weagant (Proceedings, 1952; Whittemore, 1962).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum13_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IRE founding members from SWTE include: J.C. Armor, Sewall Cabot, W.E. Chadbourne, G.H. Clark, T.E. Clark, E.R. Cram, G.S. David, Lee de Forest, E.D. Forbes, V.F. Greaves, J.V.L. Hogan, Jr., W.S. Hogg, Guy Hill, F.A. Knowlton, W.S. Kroger, Fritz Lowenstein, Walter W. Massie G.W. Pickard, Samuel Reber, Oscar C. Roos, J.S. Stone (President), and A.F. VanDyck (Proceedings, 1952; Whittemore, 1962).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum14-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum14_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Hogan, 1951; Goldsmith &amp;amp; Hogan, 1952; Whittemore, 1957 &amp;amp; 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum15-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum15_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickard had been the only person who was a member of both STWE and TWI, the IRE’s predecessor organizations (Whittemore, 1957 &amp;amp; 1962).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum16-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum16_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Electrical World, 1917; Wireless Age, 1917a; Medal of Honor, 1917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum17-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum17_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanford also produced the renowned sculptural figures of the Great Dane, Ajax and Pegassus; a commemorative tablet at Columbia University; designed fountains for the estates of wealthy patrons; and the sculpture and pediments for the State Capitol at Sacramento, California. In the mid-1920s, he reorganized the department of sculpture of the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design, became the director, and inaugurated the Paris Prize. See AskArt, 2010; Sculpture, 1916 &amp;amp; 1937; New York Times: 1914, 1916, 1928 &amp;amp; 1932.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum18-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum18_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">On January 13, 1902, Marconi was the guest of honor at a hastily assembled dinner of the AIEE. The affair was a celebration of his historic accomplishments that was attended by many leading figures in electrical engineering, including Charles Proteus Steinmetz, Michael I. Pupin, Alexander Graham Bell and Elihu Thomson. Letters and telegrams of congratulations were read from notables including Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. Marconi would state, “I can hardly find words to express my gratitude and thanks for the reception I have received here tonight” (New York Times, 1902). See also AIEE Annual Dinner Program, 1902; Annual Dinner, 1902.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum19-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum19_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The long history and differing personal perspectives on this complex litigation are described in de Forest, 1950; Lessing, 1956; Legacies, 1991; Lewis, 1991 and Coe, 1996. See also U.S. Supreme Court, 1934. Over the years, 13 separate court decisions issued by thirty judges had been split evenly between Armstrong and de Forest. Despite the legal confusion, the scientific and technical societies of the time conducted their own investigations and rendered their own opinions. “There is no doubt that the great majority of well-informed radio engineers regard Armstrong and not de Forest as the inventor of the regenerative circuit” (New York Times, 1934b). Nevertheless, de Forest received many awards for his invention of the triode tube including the prestigious Edison Medal, the Franklin Institute’s Cresson Medal and the IRE’s own Medal of Honor; but, he never received an award for the regenerative circuit. Armstrong would receive the Edison Medal, the Franklin Medal and other medals including the IRE’s Medal of Honor, all for the regenerative circuit. Armstrong would also receive the AIEE’s honorary lifetime membership (the first granted to Lord Kelvin) and a fellowship to Great Britain’s Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacturers and Commerce, an honor granted to few Americans. Ironically, Armstrong served as President of the RCofA from 1916-1920, and de Forest served as president of the IRE in 1930. See Bart &amp;amp;amp;amp; Bart, 2009 &amp;amp;amp;amp; 2010 regarding the AIEE’s awarding of the Edison Medal to Armstrong.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum20-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum20_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See New York Times, 1934a; Lessing, 1956; Lewis, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum21-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum21_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For a complete history of John Fritz and the Fritz Medal including its winners, see Science, 1902; John Fritz Medal 2009a & 2009b; John Fritz Medal, 1910; Trainer, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum22-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum22_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Elihu Thomson is not related to Sir William Thomson, known as Lord Kelvin. Elihu Thomson’s accomplishments included approximately 700 patents, work on electric arc lighting, establishing the Thomson-Houston Electric Company (which would eventually merge with the Edison General Electric Company to become General Electric Company), the Thomson Electric Meter, alternating current devices, the electric air drill, methods of electric arc welding, investigating X-rays and research on fused quartz for use in reflecting astronomical telescopes. Thomson was active in the AIEE, contributed too many other societies, and received the John Fritz Medal in 1916. He later became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In addition to the Edison Medal, Thomson was the first American recipient of the Kelvin Gold Medal issued by the Institute of Civil Engineers in Great Britain in 1923. The Kelvin Medal is awarded for “distinguished service in the application of science to engineering” (Presentation to Thomson, 1917; Brittain, 2004; IEEE Explore, 2008; ICE, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum23-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum23_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pupin was a legendary Columbia University Professor who made contributions in the fields of wave propagation, long distance telephony and induction. He discovered the electrically tuned circuit and developed the loading of telephone circuits with induction coils which effectively removed the barriers to long distance telephone communication. He was the first to suggest the use of an electrical rectifier for use in receiving radio signals. Pupin also developed a method of rapid X-ray photography. His autobiography From Immigrant to Inventor won the Pulitzer Prize in 1924. See John Fritz Medal, 2009a; IEEE Website, 2009c &amp;amp; 2011b. For Pupin’s biography, see Gherardi, 1932; Michael, 1935; Architects, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum24-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum24_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">RCofA continues to conduct meetings, events and banquets, and it continues to publish. Recent awards were given to Martin Cooper, inventor of the first hand held Motorola cell phone, and to Dr. Donald Cox for his development of land mobile radio and communications. See First Amateur, 1923; Radio Club, 1959, 2009 &amp;amp;amp;amp; 2011; Perry, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum25-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum25_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vassos designed radio and television cabinets including RCA’s art deco lines. Barnes worked for RCA/Victor drafting phonograph styling designs. The medal was “drafted” by Barnes, “designed” by Stevenson and “done” by Vassos. Straubel crafted the bronze medal (Schultz, 2011). Thirteen silver medals were made. One finished medal was given to each of the designers for their services. The remaining ten were retained by RCofA together with the master. Since the last of the ten medals was presented in 1956, RCofA authorized a new mould to be cast from the Master, and a new supply of Armstrong Medals was produced for future use (Radio Club, 1959; Schultz, 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum26-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum26_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seven small versions of the Armstrong Medal were awarded in 1950 to Ernest V. Amy, Major Edwin Armstrong, George E. Burghard, Minton Cronkite, Paul F. Godley, John F. Grinan and Walker P. Inman in recognition of their achievement (Story, 1950; Radio Club, 2011a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum27-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum27_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Houck was much more than Armstrong’s assistant. He served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps in France during World War I working with Armstrong to develop the super-heterodyne method of reception. He was an engineer for the International Radio Telegraph Company, Chief Engineer for Dubilier Condenser and Radio Corporation, a consultant to the Federal Telegraph Company, and President of Measurements Corporation. He was responsible for designing the second harmonic super-heterodyne, the first type to be placed in large scale commercial production, and his work on capacitors made possible the filter systems used in all modern radio receivers (Harry W. Houck, 1931; Radio Club, 1959).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum28-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum28_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See New York Times, 1942; Whittemore, 1957 &amp;amp; 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum29-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum29_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Special Merger Supplement, 1962 for the agreements between the AIEE and IRE and the principals of consolidation. The merger is further explained at Reiman 1989 &amp;amp; 1990; Ryder &amp;amp; Fink, 1984; Century of Electricals, 1984; McMahon, 1984; IEEE Website, 2009c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum30-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum30_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred N. Goldsmith, a founder of the IRE, and Arthur E. Kennelly, a past president of both the IRE and AIEE, had long advocated a merger of the two organizations (Reiman, 1989; Ryder &amp;amp; Fink, 1984; McMahon, 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum31-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum31_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The stated purpose of the AIEE in 1961 was “the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical engineering and of the allied arts and sciences, and the maintenance of a high professional standing among its members.” The stated purpose of the IRE was “to advance theory and practice of radio and allied branches of engineering, and related arts and sciences, and to maintain high professional standing among members” (Scientific, 1961).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnum32-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-refnum32_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See IEEE Website, 2010 & 2011a; IEEE Awards, 2010; Nomination Form, 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_Reading_and_Archival_Documents">Further Reading and Archival Documents</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/w/images/3/34/AR-490_-_Letter_from_Goldsmith_to_Dellinger_re_IRE_Medal_of_Honor.pdf" class="internal" title="AR-490 - Letter from Goldsmith to Dellinger re IRE Medal of Honor.pdf">Letter from Alfred N. Goldsmith to Dr. J. H. Dellinger re: Symbolism of IRE Medal of Honor Design, 29 July 1938</a> (pdf)</li> <li><a href="/w/images/f/fb/Ieee-history-center-newsletter-125.pdf" class="internal" title="Ieee-history-center-newsletter-125.pdf">IEEE History Center Newsletter #125, July 2024</a>, contains a profile on the Medal of Honor Wall</li></ul>    </div></div><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Medal_of_Honor&oldid=203126">https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Medal_of_Honor&oldid=203126</a>"</div>   <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <p><div id="banner-slideshow"><a href="https://www.aiaa.org/SciTech" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-1" style="display: none;"></a><a href="https://www.smeannualconference.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-2" style="display: none;"></a><a href="https://bit.ly/3GTH9SQ" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" 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