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Tolkien et la Philologie</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>SAVOIR</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>Tom Shippey, J.R.R. Tolkien et la Philologie</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>Tom Shippey, médiéviste et philologue, définit la philologie comparée et explique son importance pour les œuvres littéraires de Tolkien.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>Le domaine professionnel de J.R.R. Tolkien,</strong><span> </span>celui auquel il a été formé comme étudiant, et qui à bien des égards a nourri son œuvre d’écrivain tout comme ses réalisations universitaires, est la philologie, et en particulier la philologie comparée.</p> <p>Il s’agit d’un domaine novateur au XIXe siècle ; et pendant quelque temps, la philologie comparée a pu prétendre être ce qui s’apprrochait le plus d’une « vraie science », au sein des humanités. On peut la définir comme l’étude des langues, de leurs relations et de leur développement historique depuis les premiers témoignages attestés, voire avant eux.</p> <p> <strong>L’importance de Grimm : les « lois » linguistiques</strong></p> <p>Le père fondateur de cette discipline est Jacob Grimm, plus connu de nos jours pour avoir, avec son frère Wilhelm, collecté, édité et publié (en allemand) les<span> </span><em>Contes des frères Grimm<span> </span></em>en 1812. Mais quelques années plus tard, Grimm a commencé à faire paraître son ouvrage intitulé<span> </span><em>Deutsche Grammatik</em><span> </span>(1819-1840). Malgré son titre, il ne s’agissait pas d’une « grammaire allemande », mais d’une description des langues germaniques connues alors, y compris des langues disparues tels le vieil anglais et le gotique. Cette description incluait un récit de leur évolution.</p> <p>Particulièrement éclairante, la démonstration désormais connue sous le nom de « Loi de Grimm » dégageait un lien systématique entre le lexique germanique et celui des langues classiques. Certains rapports étaient déjà familiers : tout le monde peut constater qu’il existe un lien entre des noms comme<span> </span><em>pater</em><span> </span>(« père », en latin),<span> </span><em>Vater</em><span> </span>(en allemand) et<span> </span><em>father</em><span> </span>(en anglais). Mais que dire du latin<span> </span><em>quinque<span> </span></em>(« cinq), de l’allemand<span> </span><em>fünf</em><span> </span>et de<span> </span><em>five</em><span> </span>en anglais ? Et des milliers, au bas mot, d’autres exemples d’une variété en apparence très déroutante ?</p> <p>La prouesse de Grimm a été de mettre en ordre ce lux linguistique, de lui donner des « lois » qui, une fois comprises, semblaient fonctionner avec une universalité quasi newtonienne. Des centaines d’érudits ont profité de l’avancée décisive de Grimm, affinant les conceptions relatives à l’évolution des langues, devenant capables de lire des langues et des textes anciens, oubliés depuis des siècles ; c’est une « histoire » de la pré-histoire entièrement renouvelée qui a vu le jour.</p> <p><strong>Ré-inventer des langues, récrire des poèmes disparus</strong></p> <p><strong></strong></p> <p>Un intérêt nouveau, et scientifique pour l’histoire des mots apparaît comme un corollaire de la révolution provoquée par Grimm. On peut l’observer facilement, par exemple en regardant un dictionnaire d’étymologie, le<span> </span><em>Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</em>, préparé par C.T. Onions – l’un des collègues, plus expérimenté, que Tolkien a eus lorsqu’il a pris son premier poste à Oxford. Comme Tolkien, il était d’ailleurs de Birmingham, et c’est l’un des quatre responsables de<span> </span>l’<em>Oxford English Dictionary</em>, ou, comme Tolkien les appelle avec humour (dans<span> </span><em>Le<span> </span><span>Fermier Gilles de Ham</span></em>), l’un des « quatre Sages Clercs d’Oxenford ».</p> <p>La confiance de ces « nouveaux philologues » était telle qu’ils ont vite commencé à recréer, ou « reconstruire », des langues dont on n’avait conservé aucun mot par écrit, tel l’indo-européen primitif ; et d’écrire (ou de réécrire) des poèmes depuis longtemps tombés dans l’oubli.</p> <p>Tolkien a participé à ce type d’entreprises. Il a ainsi rédigé un poème en gotique, publié dans le volume<span> </span><em>Songs for the Philologists</em><span> </span>[<em>Chansons pour philologues</em>] édité par lui et son collègue<em><span> </span></em>de Leeds, E.V. Gordon. En cela, il a suivi l’exemple d’August Schleicher, entre autres noms, auteur d’une fable en indo-européen ; ou du Danois Axel Olrik qui, peiné de la disparition du poème nordique<span> </span><em>Bjarkamál</em>, l’a reconstitué en norrois.</p> <p>Tolkien a fait la même chose : huit pages manquent, dans le manuscrit dit<span> </span><em>Codex Regius</em><span> </span>de<span> </span><em>L’Edda poétique</em>, qui contenaient apparemment un résumé du<span> </span><em>Grand Lai de Sigurd le Völsung</em>. Dans deux lettres à W.H. Auden, Tolkien mentionne un poème qu’il a écrit,<em><span> </span>Volsungakviða en nyja</em>, ou « Nouveau Lai des Völsung », justement pour combler cette lacune – il a paru dans une édition établie par Christopher Tolkien, sous le titre<span> </span><em><span>La Légende de</span><span> </span><span>Sigurd and Gudrún</span></em>).</p> <p>En outre, dans les premiers temps de son travail philologique, J.R.R. Tolkien s’est surtout employé à tâcher d’élucider le sens de mots difficiles, en vieil anglais et en moyen anglais ; on peut aussi mentionner une analyse convaincante du nom d’un dieu celte,<span> </span><em>Nodens</em>.</p> <p><strong>Reconstruire des mythologies</strong><strong> </strong></p> <p>Les résultats obtenus par la philologie comparée ont fini par donner naissance à des tentatives de « reconstructions » de mythologies disparues, selon la même méthode : on citera un autre ouvrage majeur de Grimm, sa<span> </span><em>Deutsche Mythologie</em>, ou « mythologie teutonique ».</p> <p>J.R.R. Tolkien n’est donc pas absolument le premier à écrire des contes de fées (ou d’Elfes), en leur donnant pour assise non seulement une langue elfique inventée, mais plutôt un ensemble de langues elfiques, marquées par un développement et des transformations au fil de l’Histoire, à partir d’une racine commune, exactement comme les langues indo-européennes authentiques ; et en procurant à ces langues elfiques, comme cadre, une « mythologie » élaborée, que l’on peut voir se développer depuis<span> </span><em>Le Livre des Contes Perdus</em>, au fil des versions successives du « <span>Silmarillion </span>»</p> <p>Toutefois, la philologie a aussi entrainé d’autres réalisations. Les spécialistes de philologie comparée, comme les frères Grimm et J.R.R. Tolkien, ont toujours montré un vif intérêt pour ce que l’on pourrait appeler les « genres persistants », autrement dit des formes littéraires, ou des formes de discours, qui sont parvenues par oral – comme le langage – jusqu’à nous aujourd’hui. Ces formes pourraient, par conséquent, avoir préservé des éléments authentiques, contenant des bribes fascinantes d’informations sur le passé.</p> <p>On pense évidemment aux contes de fées, dans lesquels les Grimm ont décelé de nombreuses traces mythiques ; mais l’on pourrait aussi évoquer des formes telles que les énigmes, les proverbes, les berceuses… toutes considérées par les savants, après le Moyen Âge, comme étant l’apanage des enfants, des vieilles femmes, et (plus généralement) des classes laborieuses illettrées. Mais elles ont été redécouvertes par les philologues, dont Tolkien, qui s’est passionné pour tous ces genres : il lui est même arrivé d’écrire des versions personnelles, ou des « reconstructions » plausibles, de formes vieil-anglaises disparues.</p> <p>Toutefois, les plus répandues de ces formes « persistantes » demeurent les noms, en particulier les noms de personnes et de lieux. Dans la mesure où peu de gens se rappellent encore leur signification, ces noms ont tendance à demeurer inchangés ; par conséquent, ils contiennent de nombreuses informations qu’il faut mettre au jour. J.R.R. Tolkien s’est beaucoup intéressé aux noms propres, en particulier à leur étymologie, qu’il était toujours prêt à discuter ; il est absolument exact qu’il pouvait s’absorber dans la lecture d’un annuaire téléphonique et, plus encore, dans la lecture d’une carte.</p> <p><strong>Tolkien, philologue et éditeur</strong></p> <p>Il faut enfin mentionner deux autres activités, en lien avec la philologie : d’une part l’édition de textes anciens, d’autre part l’étude de dialectes modernes.</p> <p>J.R.R. Tolkien s’est fait connaitre, dans le milieu universitaire, par son édition du<span> </span><em>romance</em><span> </span>médiéval intitulé<span> </span><em>Sire Gauvain et le Chevalier Vert</em>, mais les problèmes auxquels il s’est attaqué dans cette édition ont aussi donné naissance à des éléments de son univers fictionnel tels que les<span> </span><em>Woses</em><span> </span>de la Forêt de Drúadan : ils sont nés d’une erreur (ou du moins, de ce que Tolkien a considéré comme tel) présente dans le texte médiéval.</p> <p>Tolkien aimait également beaucoup relever la présence de traits linguistiques propres à ce poème au sein de dialectes modernes, où ils apparaissaient naturellement et sans artifice : voir, sur ce point, son avant-propos à l’étude publiée par Haigh, en 1928, sur le dialecte de Huddersfield.</p> <p>Peut-être que la chose la plus importante à souligner, concernant la philologie, est que pour Tolkien il s’agissait d’une discipline permettant d’associer, de rapprocher : elle demande d’étudier ensemble la langue et la littérature, tout comme les histoires et les mythologies. Et c’est un domaine qui met en lumière une continuité interrompue, depuis un passé héroïque souvent tombé dans l’oubli, jusqu’aux jours présents. </p> <p>Peut-être que la chose la plus importante à souligner, concernant la philologie, est que pour Tolkien il s’agissait d’une discipline permettant d’associer, de rapprocher : elle demande d’étudier ensemble la langue et la littérature, tout comme les histoires et les mythologies. Et c’est un domaine qui met en lumière une continuité interrompue, depuis un passé héroïque souvent tombé dans l’oubli, jusqu’aux jours présents. « Les grands récits ne se terminent donc jamais ? », se demande Sam sur les marches de Cirith Ungol ; et pour Tolkien, la réponse est<span> </span><em>non</em>. Toutefois, c’est bien la philologie, la philologie comparée, qui les a rendus à la lumière.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer class="et-l et-l--footer"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0_tb_footer et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0_tb_footer"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="434" height="244" src="http://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/footerlogo-fr.png" alt="" title="footerlogo-fr" srcset="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/footerlogo-fr.png 434w, https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/footerlogo-fr-300x169.png 300w" 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