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<span>International law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" 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<span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_European_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_European_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other European countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_European_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_energy_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_energy_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24.1</span> <span>General energy topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_energy_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_laws_and_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_laws_and_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24.2</span> <span>Specific laws and policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_laws_and_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_think-tanks_and_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_think-tanks_and_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24.3</span> <span>Academic think-tanks and associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_think-tanks_and_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_and_alternative_energy_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_and_alternative_energy_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24.4</span> <span>Renewable and alternative energy sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_and_alternative_energy_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24.5</span> <span>Awards and standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/125px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/188px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/250px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Pollution control law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Air quality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality_law" title="Water quality law">Water quality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_cleanup_law" title="Environmental cleanup law">Environmental cleanup law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Natural resources law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Species protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_law" title="Water resources law">Water resources law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">Forestry law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Reference materials</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals" title="List of environmental journals">Environmental journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">International environmental agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Environmental laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuits" title="List of environmental lawsuits">Environmental lawsuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environmental ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supranational_environmental_agencies" title="List of supranational environmental agencies">Supranational environmental agencies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_law" title="Earth law">Earth law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">Insurance law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">Law of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust_doctrine" title="Public trust doctrine">Public trust doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_law" title="Wild law">Wild law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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world.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Energy laws</b> govern the use and taxation of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-renewable energy">non-renewable</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Primary_authority" title="Primary authority">primary authorities</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Caselaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Caselaw">caselaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a>, rules, <a href="/wiki/Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulations">regulations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edicts</a>) related to energy. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> of energy. </p><p>Energy law includes the legal provision for oil, gasoline, and "extraction taxes." The practice of energy law includes contracts for siting, extraction, licenses for the acquisition and <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">ownership rights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> both under the soil before discovery and after its <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_capture" title="Rule of capture">capture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">adjudication</a> regarding those rights. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewable_energy_law">Renewable energy law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Renewable energy law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_law" title="Renewable energy law">Renewable energy law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law">International law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png/220px-Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png/330px-Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png/440px-Coal_power_plant_Datteln_2_Crop1.png 2x" data-file-width="2325" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>A coal power plant in Germany. Due to <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> may become less competitive as a fuel.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Agency" title="Nuclear Energy Agency">Nuclear Energy Agency</a></div> <p>There is a growing academic interest in <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_energy_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International energy law (page does not exist)">international energy law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Continuing_legal_education" title="Continuing legal education">continuing legal education</a> seminars,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatises</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Law_reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="Law reviews">law reviews</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graduate courses.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same line, there has been growing interest on energy-specific issues and their particular relation with international trade and connected organizations like the World Trade Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy in Egypt</a> is regulated by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electricity_and_Renewable_Energy_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (Egypt)">The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy of Egypt</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">government ministry</a> in charge of managing and regulating the generation, transmission, and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Its headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. The current minister as of 2020 is <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Shaker_El-Markabi" title="Mohamed Shaker El-Markabi">Mohamed Shaker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cp17june_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp17june-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ministry was established in 1964 with presidential decree No. 147.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The famous <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan High Dam</a>, which produces electricity, is government owned and regulated; its construction required the removal of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Simbel temples">Abu Simbel temples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Dendur" title="Temple of Dendur">Temple of Dendur</a>. Egypt has established a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Plants_Authority_(Egypt)" title="Nuclear Power Plants Authority (Egypt)">separate power authority to build and operate a nuclear power plant</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> has a regulatory body over energy, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Commission_(Ghana)" title="Energy Commission (Ghana)">Energy Commission</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>'s government owns the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Petroleum_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation">Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lagos_Business_School" title="Lagos Business School">Lagos Business School</a> has a number of academic offerings related to the legal, economic, and business management of energy, particularly oil and petroleum, which is a major sector in Nigeria's economic sector. Nigeria heavily subsidies petrol, which mainly benefits rich people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 2012, the Nigerian government headed by president Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, tried to cease the subsidy on petrol and deregulate the oil prices by announcing the new price for petrol as US$0.88/litre from the old subsidised price of US$0.406/litre (LAGOS), which in areas distant from Lagos petrol was priced at US$1.25/litre. This led to the longest general strike (eight days), riots, Arab spring like protests and on 16 January 2012 the government capitulated by announcing a new price of US$0.60/litre with an envisaged price of US$2.0/litre in distant areas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2016 the Buhari administration increased fuel prices again to NGN 145 per litre ($0.43 at black market rates for the currency).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, the government had announced an increase in the pump price of petrol to NGN 151.56 per litre from NGN 148.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> has adopted a new <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> law, which it hopes "will boost technical cooperation between the country and the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>," according to "a <a href="/wiki/Background_(journalism)#Anonymous_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Background (journalism)">senior agency official</a>" from that <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> country.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_Australia_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Energy_Australia_Building.jpg/220px-Energy_Australia_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Energy_Australia_Building.jpg/330px-Energy_Australia_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Energy_Australia_Building.jpg/440px-Energy_Australia_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Energy Australia Building in Sydney</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_mining_law" title="Australian mining law">Australian mining law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Australia">Anti-nuclear movement in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Australia" title="Nuclear power in Australia">Nuclear power in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Renewable energy in Australia</a></div> <p>Energy is big business in Australia. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Petroleum_Production_and_Exploration_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association">Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association</a> represents 98% of the oil and gas producers in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_policy_of_Alberta" title="Electricity policy of Alberta">Electricity policy of Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_policy_of_Ontario" title="Electricity policy of Ontario">Electricity policy of Ontario</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has an extensive energy law, both through the <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: </p> <ul><li>Alternative Fuels Act ( 1995, c. 20 ) <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cooperative Energy Act ( 1980-81-82-83, c. 108 )<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Energy Administration Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-6 )<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Energy Monitoring Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-8 )<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nuclear Energy Act ( R.S., 1985, c. A-16 ) <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act ( R.S., 1985, c. O-7 )<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Canada Petroleum Resources Act ( 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.) ) <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National Energy Board Act ( R.S., 1985, c. N-7 ) <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Electricity and Gas Inspection Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-4 ) <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There is some academic interest in the energy law of Canada, with looseleaf periodical services,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consultation with lawyers specializing in that practice,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> available. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> has had issued some Canadian energy case law.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's energy laws are so extensive and complicated in large part because of its government-owned energy resources: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> are gold not only for the oil companies, but also for Alberta's provincial government, <b>which owns the mineral rights to virtually all the land</b> and has encouraged the industry for three-quarters of a century.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert Kunzig, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>, March 2009, p. 49 (<i>emphasis in original</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Canada and the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> province also own extensive <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric dam">hydroelectric dam</a> facilities, which have generated not only power but controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy of China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law of the People's Republic of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union">European Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_energy_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union energy policy">European Union energy policy</a></div> <p>European energy law has been focused on the legal mechanisms for managing short-term disruptions to the continent's <a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">energy supply</a>, such as Germany's 1974 Law to Secure the Energy Supply.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_integrated_hydrogen_project" title="European integrated hydrogen project">European integrated hydrogen project</a> was a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> project to integrate <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a> (ECE) guidelines and create a basis of ECE regulation of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen vehicles</a> and the necessary <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> replacing national <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a>. The aim of this project was enhancing of the safety of hydrogen vehicles and harmonizing their <a href="/wiki/Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing">licensing</a> and approval process.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five nations have created the <a href="/wiki/EurObserv%27ER" title="EurObserv'ER">EurObserv'ER</a> energy <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>. The EU has also created an <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a> to extend their policies into Southeastern Europe. Austuraiu hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/World_Sustainable_Energy_Days" title="World Sustainable Energy Days">World Sustainable Energy Days</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_Renewable_Energy_Sources_Act" title="German Renewable Energy Sources Act">German Renewable Energy Sources Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany#Government_energy_policy" title="Energy in Germany">Energy_in_Germany § Government_energy_policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Energiewende" title="Energiewende">Energiewende</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_law" title="Renewable energy law">renewable energy law</a> mandates the use of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> through its taxes and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>. It promotes the development of renewable energy sources via a system of feed-in tariffs. It regulates the amount of energy generated by the producer and the type of renewable energy source. It also creates an incentive to encourage technological advancements and costs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results have been startling: on 6 June 2014, more than half of the nation's energy used on that date came from solar power.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite regulatory processes adding more renewable energy to its energy mix, Germany's electric grid has become <i>more</i> reliable, not less.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German government has proposed abandoning "its planned phase-out of nuclear energy to help rein in surging electricity prices and protect the environment, according to proposals drawn up by an energy task force under Economy Minister Michael Glos."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">German Green Party</a> has opposed nuclear energy, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">market power</a> of German utilities, claiming the "energy shortfall" has been artificially created.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is significant academic interest in German energy law.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chart summarizing German energy <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> is available.<sup id="cite_ref-bmwi-2016_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmwi-2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy in Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Italy" title="Wind power in Italy">Wind power in Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Italy" title="Nuclear power in Italy">Nuclear power in Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy#Energy_and_natural_resources" title="Economy of Italy">Economy of Italy § Energy and natural resources</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg/220px-Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg/330px-Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg/440px-Centrale_Eolica_Frigento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italy has few natural resources. lacking substantial deposits of iron, coal, or <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>. Proven natural gas reserves, mainly in the Po Valley and offshore Adriatic, constitute the country's most important mineral resource. More than 80% of the country's energy sources are imported. The energy sector is highly dependent on imports from abroad: in 2006 the country imported more than 86% of its total energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, ranking as the world's fifth largest <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> producer in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-REN21_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BaroPhoto2010_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaroPhoto2010-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sixth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-gwec_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwec-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, after the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl">Chernobyl</a> disaster, a large majority of Italians passed a <a href="/wiki/Italian_referendums,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian referendums, 1987">referendum</a> opting for phasing out nuclear power. The government responded by closing existing nuclear power plants and completely putting a halt to the national nuclear program. Italy also imports about 16% of its electricity need from France for 6.5 <a href="/wiki/GWe" class="mw-redirect" title="GWe">GWe</a>, which makes it the world's biggest importer of electricity. Due to its reliance on expensive <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> and imports, Italians pay approximately 45% more than the EU average for electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-Emerging_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emerging-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, a new Energy Law brought the possibility of joint ventures with foreign companies to build nuclear power plants and import electricity. In 2005, Italy's power company, <a href="/wiki/ENEL" class="mw-redirect" title="ENEL">ENEL</a> made an agreement with Electricite de France for 200 <a href="/wiki/MWe" class="mw-redirect" title="MWe">MWe</a> from a nuclear reactor in France and potentially an additional 1,000 <a href="/wiki/MWe" class="mw-redirect" title="MWe">MWe</a> from new construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Emerging_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emerging-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the agreement, ENEL received a 12.5% stake in the project and direct involvement in design, construction, and operation of the plants. In another move, ENEL also bought 66% of the Slovak Electric utility that operates six nuclear reactors. As part of this agreement, ENEL will pay the Slovak government EUR 1.6 billion to complete a nuclear power plant in <a href="/wiki/Mochovce" title="Mochovce">Mochovce</a>, which has a gross output of 942 <a href="/wiki/MWe" class="mw-redirect" title="MWe">MWe</a>. With these agreements, Italy has managed to access nuclear power without placing reactors on Italian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Emerging_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emerging-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nation of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> has an energy law, Energetikos teisė.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, renewable energy projects are supported by a <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">feed-in tariff</a> system. The law of Ukraine "On alternative sources of energy"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to alternative energy sources: solar, wind, geothermal, hydrothermal, marine and hydrokinetic energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, landfill <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> and others. Ukrainian National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and State Agency on Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the main renewable energy regulation authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforms have been made by Ukrainian government in alternative energy sphere. There is a need of energy savings services in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its potential reaches about 5 billion EUR only in state-owned buildings. </p><p>Ukraine has a separate <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone#Management_of_the_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl Exclusion Zone">regulatory agency to manage the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_European_countries">Other European countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other European countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> has an established the Albanian Institute of Oil and Gas.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is significant <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Iceland" title="Geothermal power in Iceland">geothermal power in Iceland</a>; about 80% of the nation's energy needs are met by geothermal sources, all of which is owned by the government, or regulated by it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93India_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement">U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oil_Industry_Safety_Directorate" title="Oil Industry Safety Directorate">Oil Industry Safety Directorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)">Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Electricity_Regulatory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Electricity Regulatory Commission (page does not exist)">Kerala Electricity Regulatory Commission</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity sector in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear power in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar power in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind power in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">Renewable energy in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuel in India">Biofuel in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Petrol_stations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol stations in India">Petrol stations in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle#India" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle § India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iraq">Iraq</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_oil_law_(2007)" title="Iraq oil law (2007)">Iraq oil law (2007)</a></div> <p>Technically, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> has no energy law, but proposed legislation has been pending for almost five years as of early 2012. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Oil (Iraq)">Iraqi Oil Ministry</a> awards <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq#2009_Oil_services_contracts" title="Economy of Iraq">contracts to only a few companies</a>. As of July 2014, there are 23 established oil companies, but only 17 banking corporations in Iraq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israel">Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Israel Energy Sources Law, 5750-1989 ("Energy Law"), defines what is considered as "energy" and "energy source" and its purpose is to regulate the exploitation of energy sources whilst ensuring the efficiently of its use. Under the Energy Law, certain regulation methods of measurement have been nominated by the Israel legislature in order to regulate the efficiency of the use of the energy source. In addition to which entity shall be entitled to the pursuit and use of such sources. </p><p>Furthermore, in Israel there are certain additional laws that deal with the use of energy sources, such as the Natural Gas Sector Law,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5762-2002 which provides the conditions for the development of the natural gas sphere in Israel, and the Electricity Sector Law, 5756–1996, which established the "Public Utility Authority – Electricity" which publishes directives and regulations for the use of renewable electricity sources, including solar energy and hydro-energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Oil,_Gas_and_Metals_National_Corporation" title="Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation">Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Japan" title="Nuclear power in Japan">Nuclear power in Japan</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe_crop.jpg/220px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe_crop.jpg/330px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe_crop.jpg/440px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>, the world's worst <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear accident</a> since 1986, displaced 50,000 households after <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> leaked into the air, soil and sea.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">earthquake and tsunami of March 2011</a>, and the nuclear disasters that resulted from it, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> generated 30% of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear energy</a> was a national strategic priority in Japan, but there had been concern about the ability of Japan's nuclear plants to withstand seismic activity. The <a href="/wiki/Kashiwazaki-Kariwa_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant">Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant</a> was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-mycle_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mycle-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems at the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant</a> on March 11 and a nuclear emergency was declared. 140,000 residents were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-bi-emergency_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bi-emergency-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Naoto_Kan" title="Naoto Kan">Naoto Kan</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Hamaoka_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant">Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant</a> be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-digitaljournal.com_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitaljournal.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg.com_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Japan_nuke_plant_suspends_work_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_nuke_plant_suspends_work-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M._V._Ramana_44_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._V._Ramana_44-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I nuclear plant had hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, "more than 80 percent of Japanese now say they are <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> and distrust government information on <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-refuse2011_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refuse2011-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M._V._Ramana_43_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._V._Ramana_43-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usatoday.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of October 2011, there have been electricity shortages, but Japan survived the summer without the extensive blackouts that had been predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An energy white paper, approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011, says "public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged" by the Fukushima disaster, and calls for a reduction in the nation's reliance on nuclear power.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsuyoshi_Inajima_and_Yuji_Okada_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsuyoshi_Inajima_and_Yuji_Okada-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Japan's nuclear plants have been closed, or their operation has been suspended for safety inspections. The last of Japan's 54 reactors (<a href="/wiki/Tomari_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Reactors_on_site" title="Tomari Nuclear Power Plant">Tomari-3</a>) went offline for maintenance on May 5, 2012.,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Japan completely without nuclear-produced electrical power for the first time since 1970. Despite protests, on 1 July 2012 unit 3 of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ci_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Ōi Nuclear Power Plant">Ōi Nuclear Power Plant</a> was restarted.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2012, Ōi units 3 and 4 are Japan's only operating nuclear power plants, although the city and prefecture of Osaka have requested they be shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States-Japan_Joint_Nuclear_Energy_Action_Plan" title="United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan">United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">bilateral agreement</a> aimed at putting in place a framework for the joint research and development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a> technology, which was signed on April 18, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the agreement is the first that the US has signed to develop nuclear power technologies with another country,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Japan has agreements with <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the plan, the United States and Japan would each conduct research into <a href="/wiki/Fast_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast reactor">fast reactor</a> technology, fuel cycle technology, advanced computer simulation and modeling, small and medium reactors, safeguards and physical protection; and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> management, which it to be coordinated by a joint steering committee.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty's progress has been in limbo since the Fukushima I nuclear accidents. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Oil,_Gas_and_Metals_National_Corporation" title="Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation">Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation</a> (JOGMEC) is a <a href="/wiki/Independent_Administrative_Institution" title="Independent Administrative Institution">government-owned company</a> involved in fossil-fuel energy exploration, amongst other activities. In 2013, its corporate workers first extracted <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">Methane clathrate</a> from seabed deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Energy policy of Malaysia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_Commission_(Malaysia)" title="Energy Commission (Malaysia)">Energy Commission (Malaysia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Electricity" title="Sabah Electricity">Sabah Electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Electricity_Supply_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation">Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuel_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Biofuel policy of Malaysia">Biofuel policy of Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional_Berhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenaga Nasional Berhad">Tenaga Nasional Berhad</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> heavily regulates its energy sector. </p><p>From 1982 to 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sabah" title="Government of Sabah">Government of Sabah</a> owned <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Gas_Industries" title="Sabah Gas Industries">Sabah Gas Industries</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">downstream</a> operations of Sabah natural gas resources, based in <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a>, Malaysia,<sup id="cite_ref-insight_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-straits081290_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straits081290-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-straits280190_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straits280190-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was put up for <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-straits280190_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straits280190-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-straits151288_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straits151288-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its methanol plant was sold to <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> and operates today as <a href="/wiki/Petronas_Methanol_(Labuan)_Sdn_Bhd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd">Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-insight_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-starproperty_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starproperty-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-malaysiatoday161108_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malaysiatoday161108-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power station was sold to <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Electricity" title="Sabah Electricity">Sabah Electricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-insight_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexico">Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/PEMEX" class="mw-redirect" title="PEMEX">PEMEX</a></div> <p>Mexico had numerous laws that subsidize oil, until c. 2017. PEMEX, a government company in charge of selling oil in Mexico is subsidized by the Mexican government. This serves to quell inflationary pressures in Mexico. Mexico buys much of its gasoline and diesel from the United States and resells it at US$98 per barrel. Many residents of US border communities cross the border to buy fuel in Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby enjoying a cheaper fuel subsidy at the expense of Mexican taxpayers. This has caused frequent supply shortages at a number of filling stations along the border for Mexican drivers, especially truck and bus drivers who use diesel.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Mexico ended its oil industry subsidies, leading to increased prices and <a href="/wiki/2017_Mexican_protests" title="2017 Mexican protests">widespread protests</a> throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorker_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippines">Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_energy_law" title="Philippine energy law">Philippine energy law</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philippines#Law" title="Philippines">Philippines law</a> has provisions concerning energy, fossil fuels, and renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-abernales_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abernales-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy law in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> is important because that nation is one of the fastest growing in Asia, and has over 80 million residents. </p><p>The earliest Philippine energy law dates from 1903, during the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> Commonwealth, Act No. 667, concerning <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchises</a> for <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utilities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-abernales_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abernales-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Act No. 1022, which allowed such to have <a href="/wiki/Mortgages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgages">mortgages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">uniform law</a> in 1929 allowed for new utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-abernales_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abernales-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> law, known as the Coal Land Act, dates to 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-abernales_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abernales-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a> was allowed in a 1920 law.<sup id="cite_ref-abernales_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abernales-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mining Act (1936) <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been amended several times by acts and decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-abernales_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abernales-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> law dates from 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-abernales_92-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abernales-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been updated since, including one that created the National Power Corporation,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been amended several times through 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-abernales_92-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abernales-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Renewable Energy Law (2009) encourages the development and use of non-traditional energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia">Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Energy policy of Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_energy_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia energy law">Saudi Arabia energy law</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia#Law" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia has some laws</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, especially oil and gas law. <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> is the largest oil producer in the world and therefore its energy law has great influence over the world's overall energy supply. Under the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia</a>, all its oil and gas wealth belongs to the government: "All Allah's bestowed wealth, be it under the ground, on the surface or in national territorial waters, in the land or maritime domains under the state's control, are the property of the state as defined by law. The law defines means of exploiting, protecting, and developing such wealth in the interests of the state, its security, and economy."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy taxes are also specifically allowed; Article 20 of the basic law states, "Taxes and fees are to be imposed on a basis of justice and only when the need for them arises. Imposition, amendment, revocation, and exemption are only permitted by law."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two ministries of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia share the responsibility of the energy sector: the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Water and Electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's laws have also established other agencies that have some legal powers, but are not strictly regulatory. These include <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a>, originally a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> between the Kingdom and the California-Arabian Standard Oil, but now wholly owned by the Kingdom, and Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies (SCECOs). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_energy_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigeria energy law">Nigeria energy law</a></div> <pre><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> is the largest oil producer in Africa and is the 11th largest producer in the world. The energy law in the country covers oil and gas, and other sources of power generation. It also has a strong law and policy in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beebeejump.ng/">renewable energy source</a> of power generation in the country. The rural electrification project has also taken root in the energy law in the country. </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singapore"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_Carta" title="Energy Carta">Energy Carta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Market_Authority" title="Energy Market Authority">Energy Market Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Studies_Institute" title="Energy Studies Institute">Energy Studies Institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Energy in Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Electricity_Act_2024" title="Sri Lanka Electricity Act 2024">Sri Lanka Electricity Act 2024</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_sector_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy sector in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Energy sector in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>Sri Lanka’s energy law has undergone significant reforms to enhance efficiency, attract investment, and promote renewable energy. With a growing population and increasing energy demand, these reforms are critical for sustainable development. </p><p>The earliest laws governing energy in Sri Lanka include the Ceylon Electricity Board Act, No. 17 of 1969, which established the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Electricity_Board" title="Ceylon Electricity Board">Ceylon Electricity Board</a> (CEB) to manage electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. This act was a cornerstone in centralising the country’s electricity sector but faced criticism for inefficiencies and financial challenges. </p><p>Significant updates came with the Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 20 of 2009, which aimed to introduce more competition and regulatory oversight. However, it was the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Electricity_Act,_No._36_of_2024" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 36 of 2024">Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 36 of 2024</a>, that marked a major overhaul of the sector. This act established the National Electricity Advisory Council and designated the <a href="/wiki/Public_Utilities_Commission_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka">Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka</a> (PUCSL) as the main regulator. The 2024 Act promotes market competition, facilitates private sector investment, and encourages the use of renewable energy sources. <sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkey">Turkey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey#Policy_and_regulation" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy in Turkey § Policy and regulation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Turkey" title="Wind power in Turkey">Wind power in Turkey</a></div> <p>Turkey's old Petroleum Law was in effect for 70 years until 2013, when it enacted a new Petroleum Law, number 6491. Amongst other provisions, it extends the permissible years for drilling permits, reduces a fee, and eliminates a state monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Energy policy of the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_use_and_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Energy" title="British Energy">British Energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></div> <p>The United Kingdom started the process of leaving the <a href="/wiki/European_community" class="mw-redirect" title="European community">European community</a> as of January 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_law" title="United States energy law">United States energy law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_law_in_the_United_States" title="Oil and gas law in the United States">Oil and gas law in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy of the United States</a></div> <p><i>This section concerns the law of the United States, as well as the states that are the most populous or largest producers of energy.</i> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, energy is regulated extensively through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, as well as state regulatory agencies. </p><p>Every state, the Federal government, and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> collect some <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, these are excise taxes on <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gasohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasohol">gasohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many states in the western U.S. rely to a great deal on <a href="/wiki/Severance_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Severance taxes">severance taxes</a> (taxes on mineral extraction), most states get a relatively small amount of their revenue from such sources.<sup id="cite_ref-taxdis_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxdis-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General energy topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy form">Energy form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">Energy economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_market" title="Energy market">Energy markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_derivative" title="Energy derivative">energy derivatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">Hydraulic fracturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy topics">List of energy topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy resources and consumption">World energy resources and consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_oil_market_chronology_from_2003" title="World oil market chronology from 2003">World oil market chronology from 2003</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_laws_and_policies">Specific laws and policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Specific laws and policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Basic_Law" title="Atomic Energy Basic Law">Atomic Energy Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlative_rights_doctrine" title="Correlative rights doctrine">Correlative rights doctrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_est_solum_eius_est_usque_ad_coelum_et_ad_inferos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos">Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle_laws" title="Electric bicycle laws">Electric bicycle laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Charter_Treaty" title="Energy Charter Treaty">Energy Charter Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">Energy security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_Tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed-in Tariff">Feed-in Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_regulatory_bodies" title="List of energy regulatory bodies">List of energy regulatory bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuits" title="List of environmental lawsuits">List of environmental lawsuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> state energy corporation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_think-tanks_and_associations">Academic think-tanks and associations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Academic think-tanks and associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_to_Save_Energy" title="Alliance to Save Energy">Alliance to Save Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Energy,_Petroleum_and_Mineral_Law_and_Policy" title="Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy">Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Petroleum_Data_Management_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Petroleum Data Management Association (page does not exist)">Professional Petroleum Data Management Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_and_Energy_Efficiency_Partnership" title="Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership">Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RETScreen" title="RETScreen">RETScreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Energy_and_Resources_Institute" title="The Energy and Resources Institute">The Energy and Resources Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wyoming" title="University of Wyoming">University of Wyoming</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_and_alternative_energy_sources">Renewable and alternative energy sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Renewable and alternative energy sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/120px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/180px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/240px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind_kite_power" title="Crosswind kite power">Crosswind kite power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a 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power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy" title="Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy">Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Marketing and policy trends</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Search Engine results for "international energy law" reveals over 15,000 titles, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22international+energy+law%22&aq=f&oq=">Google search results</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320110850/http://www.rmmlf.org/confrnce/SCI09news.pdf">"International Energy Law, Contracts, and Negotiations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmmlf.org/confrnce/SCI09news.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(brochure)</span> on March 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rocky+Mountain+Mineral+Law+Foundation&rft.atitle=International+Energy+Law%2C+Contracts%2C+and+Negotiations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmmlf.org%2Fconfrnce%2FSCI09news.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bar_Association,_Section_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources_Law1984" class="citation book cs1">International Bar Association, Section on Energy and Natural Resources Law (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHBXNwAACAAJ&q=%22international+energy+law%22"><i>International Energy Law: Houston, 1984</i></a>. M. Bender.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Energy+Law%3A+Houston%2C+1984&rft.pub=M.+Bender&rft.date=1984&rft.au=International+Bar+Association%2C+Section+on+Energy+and+Natural+Resources+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHBXNwAACAAJ%26q%3D%2522international%2Benergy%2Blaw%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span> Proceedings of a conference held in Houston, Tex.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeketelaere2002" class="citation book cs1">Deketelaere, Kurt R. (2002). <i>International Encyclopaedia of Laws: Energy Law</i>. Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1405-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1405-1"><bdi>978-90-411-1405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopaedia+of+Laws%3A+Energy+Law&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1405-1&rft.aulast=Deketelaere&rft.aufirst=Kurt+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rex J. Zedalis, "International Energy Law" (Ashgate 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2164-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2164-5">978-0-7546-2164-5</a> found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fu2wAAAACAAJ&q=%22international+energy+law%22">Google books</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>International Energy Law and Taxation Review</i> (Int Energ Law Taxat Rev) Published by Sweet & Maxwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1472-4529">1472-4529</a>. Found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalseek.net/cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=issn&query=1472-4529">Journal seek website</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine Redgwell, Course Syllabus, "International energy law," Course Code: LAWSG086, Masters of Law (LLM) at UCL, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/prospective/llm/courses/index.shtml?llm_121">UCL website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321155538/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/prospective/llm/courses/index.shtml?llm_121">Archived</a> 2009-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarahCima2013" class="citation journal cs1">Farah, Paolo Davide; Cima, Elena (September 2013). "Energy Trade and the WTO: Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel". <i>Journal of International Economic Law</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 707–740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjiel%2Fjgt024">10.1093/jiel/jgt024</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2330416">2330416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Economic+Law&rft.atitle=Energy+Trade+and+the+WTO%3A+Implications+for+Renewable+Energy+and+the+OPEC+Cartel&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=707-740&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2330416%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjiel%2Fjgt024&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Paolo+Davide&rft.au=Cima%2C+Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp17june-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cp17june_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecairopost.com/news/115224/news/breaking-new-government-swear-in">"BREAKING: New government swears in"</a>. <i>Cairo Post</i>. 17 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cairo+Post&rft.atitle=BREAKING%3A+New+government+swears+in&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecairopost.com%2Fnews%2F115224%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-new-government-swear-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavalCornishMunshi2021" class="citation news cs1">Raval, Anjli; Cornish, Chloe; Munshi, Neil (2021-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/27b4b7f1-9b08-4406-8119-03a73fb6ce19">"Oil producers face costly transition as world looks to net-zero future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Oil+producers+face+costly+transition+as+world+looks+to+net-zero+future&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft.aulast=Raval&rft.aufirst=Anjli&rft.au=Cornish%2C+Chloe&rft.au=Munshi%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F27b4b7f1-9b08-4406-8119-03a73fb6ce19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21699171-petrol-prices-are-now-bit-more-realistic-will-naira-be-next-fuel-and">"A fuel and your money"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+fuel+and+your+money&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21699171-petrol-prices-are-now-bit-more-realistic-will-naira-be-next-fuel-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16382286">"Nigeria fury as fuel prices double after subsidy ends"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nigeria+fury+as+fuel+prices+double+after+subsidy+ends&rft.date=2012-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-16382286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54010088">"See why some Buhari goment policy change dey make Nigerians remember Jonathan"</a>. <i>BBC News Pidgin</i>. 2020-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Pidgin&rft.atitle=See+why+some+Buhari+goment+policy+change+dey+make+Nigerians+remember+Jonathan&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fpidgin%2Ftori-54010088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/641046">Uganda's new atomic energy law, from New Vision (UK) website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605235615/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/641046">Archived</a> June 5, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appea.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=47&Itemid=256">"About APPEA"</a>. <i>APPEA website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APPEA+website&rft.atitle=About+APPEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appea.com.au%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dsection%26layout%3Dblog%26id%3D47%26Itemid%3D256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwecan.htm">Lexadin website</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cirl.ca/CELS">Canada Energy Law Service website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123183916/http://cirl.ca/CELS">Archived</a> January 23, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertacanada.com/intl-business/energy-sector-regulations.html">Alberta Canada government energy regulation website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707103435/http://www.albertacanada.com/intl-business/energy-sector-regulations.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved November 26, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/A-10.7">Canada Department of Justice government website page on Alternative Fuels Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105200159/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/A-10.7">Archived</a> January 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-41.5/index.html">"Cooperative Energy Act"</a>. <i>Canada Department of Justice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715212821/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-41.5/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Cooperative+Energy+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FC-41.5%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-6/index.html">"Energy Administration Act"</a>. <i>Canada Department of Justice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914231736/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-6/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Energy+Administration+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FE-6%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-8/index.html">"Energy Monitoring Act"</a>. <i>Canada Department of Justice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909195817/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-8/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Energy+Monitoring+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FE-8%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/A-16/index.html">Canada Department of Justice government website page on Nuclear Energy Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061025165435/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/A-16/index.html">Archived</a> October 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-7/index.html">"Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act"</a>. <i>Canada Department of Justice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716202548/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/O-7/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Canada+Oil+and+Gas+Operations+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FO-7%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-8.5/index.html">Canada Department of Justice government website page on Canada Petroleum Resources Act ( 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.) )</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925033631/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-8.5/index.html">Archived</a> September 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-7/index.html">Canada Department of Justice government website page on National Energy Board Act ( R.S., 1985, c. N-7 )</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061223144927/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-7/index.html">Archived</a> December 23, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/index.html">Canada Department of Justice government website page on Electricity and Gas Inspection Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-4 )</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209042236/http://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/index.html">Archived</a> December 9, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian Institute of Resources Law, "Canada Energy Law Service <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88820-410-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88820-410-3">978-0-88820-410-3</a> (Carswell, starting in 1990). Found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carswell.com/description.asp?docid=23">Carswell website</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/b/OL11265818M">Open Library website</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cirl.ca/CELS">Canadian Institute of Resources Law website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123183916/http://cirl.ca/CELS">Archived</a> January 23, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Osigbernhe Iyalomh, Thesis, "Environmental Regulation of the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria: Lessons from Alberta's Experience," (University of Alberta 1998), found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ29006.pdf">national Library of Canada website</a>. (.pdf) Retrieved March 10, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcasts.acc.com/handouts/FMC_-_Canadas_Wind_Energy_Law_Firm.pdf">Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320110850/http://webcasts.acc.com/handouts/FMC_-_Canadas_Wind_Energy_Law_Firm.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (.pdf) Retrieved March 10, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>ATCO Gas & Pipelines Ltd. v. Alberta</i> (Energy & Utilities Board), 2006 SCC 4, [2006] 1 S.C.R. 140 (concerning <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> and standard of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>) found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/17/index.do">U Montreal website</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218203824/http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/17/index.do">Archived</a> February 18, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kunzig" title="Robert Kunzig">Robert Kunzig</a>, "The Canadian Oil Boom: Scraping Bottom: Once considered too expensive, as well as too damaging to the land, exploitation of Alberta's oil sands is now a gamble worth billns," <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>, March 2009, pp. 1, 34–59, quote at 49 (photographs by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Essick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Essick (page does not exist)">Peter Essick</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katrina Kieltyka, "Sierra Club fighting plan to buy Canadian power: Say hydroelectric dams would harm indigenous people," <i>Legislative Gazette</i>, March 16, 2009, p. 21, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislativegazette.com/back_issues/09-3-16_for_web.pdf"><i>Legislative Gazette</i> archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325113240/http://www.legislativegazette.com/back_issues/09-3-16_for_web.pdf">Archived</a> March 25, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (.pdf file). Retrieved March 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terence Daintith and Leigh Hancher, <i>Energy strategy in Europe: the legal framework</i>, pp. 3, 16, 26, 37–9, 97–8, 102. (European University Institute, Series A, Volume 4) (Walter de Gruyter, 1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89925-173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89925-173-8">978-0-89925-173-8</a>. Found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQGjcH3Gp5kC&dq=%22energy+supply%22&pg=PA38">Google Books</a>. Retrieved January 21, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oecd-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oecd_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tMjlmSK_XoC&pg=PA113"><i>Can Cars Come Clean?: Strategies for Low-Emission Vehicles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. 2004. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-10497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-10497-6"><bdi>978-92-64-10497-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+Cars+Come+Clean%3F%3A+Strategies+for+Low-Emission+Vehicles&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-92-64-10497-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tMjlmSK_XoC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/eeg_en.pdf">English translation of EEG legislation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320110850/http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/eeg_en.pdf">Archived</a> March 20, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoundDog_(pseudonym)2014" class="citation web cs1">HoundDog (pseudonym) (23 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/06/23/1308923/-50-6-of-Germany-s-electricity-produced-by-solar-power-on-June-6-also-achieves-grid-parity">"50% of Germany's electricity produced by solar in one hour on June 6, also achieves grid parity"</a>. <i>DailyKos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyKos&rft.atitle=50%25+of+Germany%27s+electricity+produced+by+solar+in+one+hour+on+June+6%2C+also+achieves+grid+parity&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.au=HoundDog+%28pseudonym%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fstory%2F2014%2F06%2F23%2F1308923%2F-50-6-of-Germany-s-electricity-produced-by-solar-power-on-June-6-also-achieves-grid-parity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpross2014" class="citation web cs1">Spross, Jeff (August 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/08/12/3470070/germany-reliable-grid-renewables/">"Germany Added A Lot Of Wind And Solar Power, And Its Electric Grid Became More Reliable"</a>. <i>Think Progress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Think+Progress&rft.atitle=Germany+Added+A+Lot+Of+Wind+And+Solar+Power%2C+And+Its+Electric+Grid+Became+More+Reliable&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.aulast=Spross&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkprogress.org%2Fclimate%2F2014%2F08%2F12%2F3470070%2Fgermany-reliable-grid-renewables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730180145/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aEeSfgPAenzk&refer=germany">Bloomberg News story about German proposal</a>. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview, "Green Party Energy Expert Höhn: 'The Nuclear Industry Has Invented the Energy Shortfall'" Spiegel, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,569929,00.html">Spiegel Online</a>. Retrieved August 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetek.de/">vetek.de Homepage des Instituts für Energie- und Regulierungsrecht Berlin e.V.</a> (In German, English, Russian, and Spanish). Retrieved March 30, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bmwi-2016-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bmwi-2016_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040914/http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/gesetzeskarte,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf"><i>Overview of legislation governing Germany's energy supply system: key strategies, acts, directives, and regulations / ordinances</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/gesetzeskarte,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overview+of+legislation+governing+Germany%27s+energy+supply+system%3A+key+strategies%2C+acts%2C+directives%2C+and+regulations+%2F+ordinances&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+of+Economic+Affairs+and+Energy+%28BMWi%29&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwi.de%2FEnglish%2FRedaktion%2FPdf%2Fgesetzeskarte%2Cproperty%3Dpdf%2Cbereich%3Dbmwi2012%2Csprache%3Den%2Crwb%3Dtrue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurostat" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123071423/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DK-08-001/EN/KS-DK-08-001-EN.PDF">"Energy, transport and environment indicators"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DK-08-001/EN/KS-DK-08-001-EN.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Energy%2C+transport+and+environment+indicators&rft.au=Eurostat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fcache%2FITY_OFFPUB%2FKS-DK-08-001%2FEN%2FKS-DK-08-001-EN.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurostat" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603143806/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-GH-09-001/EN/KS-GH-09-001-EN.PDF">"Panorama of energy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/3636.htm">Act No. 3636</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526093004/http://www.abernales.com/3636.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as amended by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/ca132.htm">Commonwealth Act 132 of 1936</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526111840/http://www.abernales.com/ca132.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/2719.htm">Art Abernales' website Act No. 2719 page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526103748/http://www.abernales.com/2719.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as amended by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/3516.htm">Act No. 3516</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526111014/http://www.abernales.com/3516.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/740.htm">Republic Act 740</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526104627/http://www.abernales.com/740.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/2932.htm">Act No. 2932</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526104605/http://www.abernales.com/2932.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/ca137.htm">Commonwealth Act No. 137</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526103449/http://www.abernales.com/ca137.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/225.htm">Republic Act No. 225</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526104935/http://www.abernales.com/225.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/746.htm">Republic Act No. 746</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526110632/http://www.abernales.com/746.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/4388.htm">Republic Act No. 4388</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526110114/http://www.abernales.com/4388.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/pd99-a.htm">Presidential Decree No. 99-a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526094331/http://www.abernales.com/pd99-a.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/pd295.htm">Presidential Decree No. 295</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526112454/http://www.abernales.com/pd295.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/pd463.htm">Presidential Decree No. 463</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526094310/http://www.abernales.com/pd463.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/pd1385.htm">Presidential Decree No. 1383</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526110446/http://www.abernales.com/pd1385.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/pd1677.htm">Presidential Decree No. 1677</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526102930/http://www.abernales.com/pd1677.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Some of the decrees by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> allowed "exploitation" of resources to unsustainable levels, <a href="/wiki/Strip_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip mining">strip mining</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/4062.htm">Act No. 4062</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526103804/http://www.abernales.com/4062.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/ca120.htm">Commonwealth Act No. 120</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526112650/http://www.abernales.com/ca120.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/358.htm">Republic Act No. 358</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526110109/http://www.abernales.com/358.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/1397.htm">Republic Act No. 1397</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526104132/http://www.abernales.com/1397.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/2058.htm">Republic Act No. 2058</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526111004/http://www.abernales.com/2058.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/2641.htm">Republic Act No. 2641</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527161656/http://www.abernales.com/2641.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/3043.htm">Republic Act No. 3043</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526102354/http://www.abernales.com/3043.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abernales.com/4897.htm">Republic Act No. 4897</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526103300/http://www.abernales.com/4897.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Asia Pacific Tax Notes</i>, p. 52, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwccn.com/webmedia/doc/633784182636518249_aotn22_may2009_ph.pdf">PriceWaterhouseCoopers China website</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2011">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Accessed November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia</a> Article 14, found at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia#Chapter_4_Economic_Principles" class="extiw" title="s:Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia at Wikisource.</a> Retrieved October 26, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, Article 20, found at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia#Chapter_4_Economic_Principles" class="extiw" title="s:Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia at Wikisource.</a> Retrieved October 26, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000526193829/http://www.saudinf.com/main/c6x.htm">"Ministry of Water and Electricity - SAMIRAD (Saudi Arabia Market Information Resource)"</a>. <i>www.saudinf.com</i>. Archived from the original on May 26, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saudinf.com&rft.atitle=Ministry+of+Water+and+Electricity+-+SAMIRAD+%28Saudi+Arabia+Market+Information+Resource%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudinf.com%2Fmain%2Fc6x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015183758/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudi.html">"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudi.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2Fsaudi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.lk/uploads/acts/gbills/english/6242.pdf">"Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 36 of 2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament of Sri Lanka</a></i>. 27 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+Electricity+Act%2C+No.+36+of+2024&rft.date=2024-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.lk%2Fuploads%2Facts%2Fgbills%2Fenglish%2F6242.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErsoyAkal2013" class="citation web cs1">Ersoy, Kerem; Akal, Oğuz (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=253268">"Turkey: The New Petroleum Law"</a>. <i>Mondaq</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mondaq&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+The+New+Petroleum+Law&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.aulast=Ersoy&rft.aufirst=Kerem&rft.au=Akal%2C+O%C4%9Fuz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondaq.com%2Farticle.asp%3Farticleid%3D253268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MVET_Rates-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/motor_fl.html">Motor Fuel Excise Tax Rates as of January 1, 2008 from the Federation of Tax Administrators website</a>. Retrieved February 24, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223072815/http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/motor_fl.html">Archived</a> February 23, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taxdis-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taxdis_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/07taxdis.html">2007 State Tax Collection by Source from the Federation of Tax Administrators website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221235533/http://taxadmin.org/fta/rate/07taxdis.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Klause Bosselmann, <i>The Principle of Sustainability</i> (Burlington, VT: Ashland 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7355-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7355-2">978-0-7546-7355-2</a>.</li> <li>G. T. Goodman, W. D. Rowe, <i>Energy Risk Management</i> (New York: Academic Press 1979) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-122896804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-122896804">978-0-122896804</a>. Found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblio.com/9780122896804">Biblio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_law&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/">U.S. Energy Information Administration website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cailaw.org/iel/about.html">The Institute for Energy Law website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abanet.org/environ/">Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources of the American Bar Association website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/energy">Energy law at Cornell Law School website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121128033541/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Academics/Degrees/Master_of_Laws_(LLM)/LLM_in_Energy_Law.htm">LLM in Energy Law at Vermont Law School</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007071939/http://www.eba-net.org/journal.php">Energy Law Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514071037/http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/">Journal of World Energy Law & Business</a></i>, the peer-reviewed, official journal of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_International_Petroleum_Negotiators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (page does not exist)">Association of International Petroleum Negotiators</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001182903/http://www.energylawnet.com/">Energy Law Net, an interactive website for energy lawyers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.pace.edu">Pace University Energy & Climate Center website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621102902/http://www.findlaw.com/01topics/42energy/index.html">United States energy law, from FindLaw.com website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporate.findlaw.com/industry/energy/index.html">Energy industry listings for United States, from FindLaw.com website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.einnews.com/">Energy Industry Today website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peak_oil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peak_oil" title="Template:Peak oil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peak_oil" title="Template talk:Peak oil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peak_oil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peak oil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peak_oil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory" title="Hubbert peak theory">Hubbert peak theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">Predicting the timing of peak oil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/120px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/180px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/240px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results/responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_energy_crisis_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global energy crisis (2021–present)">Global energy crisis (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Land_Model" title="Export Land Model">Export Land Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirsch_report" title="Hirsch report">Hirsch report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves_and_resource_quantification" title="Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification">Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens_Plan" title="Pickens Plan">Pickens Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price of oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_protocol" title="Rimini protocol">Rimini protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Allen_Bartlett" title="Albert Allen Bartlett">Albert Allen Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(geologist)" title="Colin Campbell (geologist)">Colin J. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Deffeyes" title="Kenneth S. Deffeyes">Kenneth S. Deffeyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodstein" title="David Goodstein">David Goodstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Greer" title="John Michael Greer">John Michael Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinberg" title="Richard Heinberg">Richard Heinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laherr%C3%A8re" title="Jean Laherrère">Jean Laherrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Leggett" title="Jeremy Leggett">Jeremy Leggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Allen_Pfeiffer" title="Dale Allen Pfeiffer">Dale Allen Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rainwater" title="Richard Rainwater">Richard Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruppert" title="Michael Ruppert">Michael Ruppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Simmons" title="Matthew Simmons">Matthew Simmons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Oil" title="Beyond Oil">Beyond Oil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Oil" title="The End of Oil">The End of Oil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Emergency" title="The Long Emergency">The Long Emergency</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Gas:_The_End_of_the_Age_of_Oil" title="Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil">Out of Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Party%27s_Over:_Oil,_War,_and_the_Fate_of_Industrial_Societies" title="The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies">The Party's Over</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Down:_Options_and_Actions_for_a_Post-Carbon_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World">Power Down</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_in_the_Desert" title="Twilight in the Desert">Twilight in the Desert</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentary films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Crude_Awakening:_The_Oil_Crash" title="A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash">A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_(film)" title="Collapse (film)"><i>Collapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_(2007_film)" title="Crude (2007 film)"><i>Crude</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Suburbia" title="The End of Suburbia">The End of Suburbia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Suburbia" title="Escape from Suburbia">Escape from Suburbia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_(film)" title="Fuel (film)"><i>Fuel</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GasHole" title="GasHole">GasHole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oil_Factor" title="The Oil Factor">The Oil Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PetroApocalypse_Now%3F" title="PetroApocalypse Now?">PetroApocalypse Now?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Community:_How_Cuba_Survived_Peak_Oil" title="The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil">The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_a_Way_to_Go:_Life_at_the_End_of_Empire" title="What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire">What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Watch_Group" title="Energy Watch Group">Energy Watch Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oil_Drum" title="The Oil Drum">The Oil Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Arab_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" title="Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Carbon_Institute" title="Post Carbon Institute">Post Carbon Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other peaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_car" title="Peak car">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak soil">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_by_country" title="Category:Renewable energy by country">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> 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