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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_German-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_German-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development in German-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_in_German-speaking_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development in German-speaking countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_in_German-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_and_teaching_scripts_until_1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_and_teaching_scripts_until_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Standard and teaching scripts until 1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_and_teaching_scripts_until_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_scripts_since_1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_scripts_since_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Teaching scripts since 1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_scripts_since_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deutsche_Normalschrift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deutsche_Normalschrift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Deutsche Normalschrift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deutsche_Normalschrift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Lateinische Ausgangsschrift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schulausgangsschrift_and_Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schulausgangsschrift_and_Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.3</span> <span>Schulausgangsschrift and Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schulausgangsschrift_and_Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grundschrift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grundschrift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.4</span> <span>Grundschrift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grundschrift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.5</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_English-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_English-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Development in English-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_in_English-speaking_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development in English-speaking countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_in_English-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Teaching script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Teaching_script" title="Talk:Teaching script">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Getty-Dubay_Italic_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Getty-Dubay_Italic_sample.svg/220px-Getty-Dubay_Italic_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Getty-Dubay_Italic_sample.svg/330px-Getty-Dubay_Italic_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Getty-Dubay_Italic_sample.svg/440px-Getty-Dubay_Italic_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Getty-Dubay_Italic" title="Getty-Dubay Italic">Getty-Dubay Italic</a>, an American teaching script</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>teaching script</b> is a sample script that serves as a visual orientation for learning to <a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">write by hand</a>. In the sense of a guideline or a prototype, it supports the demanding process of developing handwriting skills and abilities in a visual and illustrative way. </p><p>Teaching scripts are represented as alphabets (upper and lower case letters), which are generally accompanied by numbers and punctuation marks. For detailed information on the execution of movements and the design of individual letters and their incorporation into words, various learning materials such as writing exercise sheets or corresponding exercise books are usually provided. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the older approach was to provide students with a beautiful, readable, and efficient <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> as a standard script for learning. Students were supposed to bring their writing closer and closer to this perfect model. In the first third of the 20th century, type teachers such as Rudolf von Larisch<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-Welz_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Ludwig Sütterlin">Ludwig Sütterlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-Welz_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> changed this traditional approach by defining the teaching script as a starting point instead of a target model. </p><p>The teaching script does not represent a desired target script. It therefore does not have to be particularly beautiful or efficient, but above all simple and clear. The students should develop an individual handwriting from it. The fact that this goal is not always achieved does not change the popularity of the concept.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1916, the writing pedagogue Fritz Kuhlmann took an even more far-reaching approach: the students should develop an individual handwriting from <a href="/wiki/Block_letters" title="Block letters">block letters</a> rather than from a teaching cursive. The urge for speed should lead the pupil to invent combinations of letters and fluid, uninterrupted strokes himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-Welz_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach did not prove successful at the time, but it was revived in 2011 under the name <a href="/wiki/Grundschrift" title="Grundschrift">Grundschrift</a> ("basic script") and has been tested again since then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basics">Basics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano,_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_(prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org)-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano%2C_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_%28prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org%29-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf/page1-220px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano%2C_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_%28prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org%29-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf/page1-330px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano%2C_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_%28prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org%29-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf/page1-440px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption>Italian cursive script, taught since the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <p>The following information is included in a teaching script: </p> <ul><li>the character of the line as a formative element (for example, a monoline <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">nib</a> stroke, a broad nib stroke or a pointed nib stroke),</li> <li>the ratio of line width to font size,</li> <li>the design of the characteristic features of the individual characters,</li> <li>the size and width proportions of the letters and their shape elements,</li> <li>the position of their main axes (inclination angle),</li> <li>the connections and ligatures and</li> <li>the execution of movements in detail and as a whole (<a href="/wiki/Ductus_(linguistics)" title="Ductus (linguistics)">ductus</a>).</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, teaching scripts are part of the curriculum for German lessons. It contains statements about the binding nature of the respective template. </p><p>Furthermore, teaching scripts have the function of illustrating the coordination of the individual aspects of the design (angle of inclination, proportions of size and width, reversal of movement in the form of angles, arcs, cover lines or loops, letter spacing and connections). In this way, teaching scripts demonstrate a certain style principle that helps learners not only to give the individual letters an unmistakable shape, but also to establish a certain visual order in the script. Such an order is aimed at combining the parts into an easily comprehensible whole and is an essential prerequisite for the legibility of the scripts. <a href="/wiki/Ruled_paper" title="Ruled paper">Lineaments</a> are an aid in the difficult process of ordering. There are different views on the use of lineages when learning to write. </p><p>The design of teaching scripts represents the interface between type design and the didactics of native speaker teaching. Learning to write by means of graphomotor skills is one aspect of the very complex process of learning to write in primary school. In the history of writing education, the concepts of how to structure the process of acquiring skills and abilities in handwritten writing have undergone major changes. This has an impact on the form of the respective teaching scripts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_in_German-speaking_countries">Development in German-speaking countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development in German-speaking countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the German-speaking parts of the Holy Roman Empire, after the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> (9th–12th centuries), a cursive writing style had prevailed, building on the Gothic cursive (from the 14th century) – an italic form of Gothic writing in everyday use (from the 12th century). This development was continued by the Nuremberg master scribe Johann Neudörffer (1497–1563), who had played a decisive role in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a>. In his writing book "Eine gute Ordnung und kurze unterricht [...]" (Nuremberg, 1538), he created a unified style from letters of German cursive scripts – more precisely German <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a> scripts – which has been around for a long time. With the spread of the school system from the 16th century onwards, reading and writing skills became commonplace among ever more diverse classes. </p><p>Alongside the German Kurrent, the <a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">humanistic cursive</a> developed as a script for Latin and non-German texts, and from this the Latin cursive evolved. In the German-speaking world it was necessary and common for educated people to learn two scripts, the German and the Latin script. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_and_teaching_scripts_until_1941">Standard and teaching scripts until 1941</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard and teaching scripts until 1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1714, a decree in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> for the first time introduced a standard script, which is said to go back to the Berlin teacher Hilmar Curas (<a href="/wiki/Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium">Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-Welz_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its pointed, right-leaning forms, which largely avoided curves, also became naturalized in other German territories and became characteristic of German Kurrent scripts. </p><p>The Berlin graphic artist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Ludwig Sütterlin">Ludwig Sütterlin</a> (1865–1917) changed this typical style of the German Kurrent script. He relied entirely on the concept of the teaching script – which as such need be neither beautiful nor efficient, but above all clear and simple – as well as the monoline <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">nib</a> for beginners. He developed his own typeface, which stood vertically on the line, divided ascenders, corpus size and descenders in a 1:1:1 ratio, and had geometric-looking spikes and curls. The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a> script – which existed in two variants, as German (Kurrent) and Latin script – was used in Prussian schools in 1924 and from 1930 in most other German countries as the school teaching script. </p><p>In Hesse, another typeface pedagogue, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Koch" title="Rudolf Koch">Rudolf Koch</a>, developed his own concept, which he presented in 1927: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offenbacher_Schrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offenbacher Schrift (page does not exist)">Offenbacher Schrift</a>. Koch rejected Sütterlin's monoline nib and teaching-script principle. His script – which also existed as German (Kurrent) and Latin script – was written with the broad nib and was in principle to be retained in later life, although it also took on personal traits.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-Welz_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the introduction of Sütterlin's script in Hesse in 1930, the Offenbach script remained unused. Likewise, the Stäbchenschrift developed by Maximilian Schlegl in the 1930s did not become established. </p><p>In the Third Reich, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schemm" title="Hans Schemm">Hans Schemm</a> introduced his own teaching script in Bavaria in 1933: the Bavarian "Volksschrift". This contained numerous changes compared to the German Sütterlin script, such as the replacement of the small loops by U-shaped arcs, clear differences in the c, C, d, y, I, J, T and Y, vertical umlaut strokes, the number 7 and curls in the number 0 as well as in the O. The <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Science,_Education_and_Culture" title="Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture">Reich Ministry of Education</a> liked this script, but wanted uniformity throughout the Reich. With a decree of 7 September 1934, which came into force at the beginning of the school year 1935/36, the "Verkehrsschrift" was introduced throughout the Reich. This was a variant of the Bavarian "Volksschrift", in which the writing was slightly tilted to the right. This was possibly a consequence of the realization that in practice not all pupils reached their own handwriting in accordance with the original idea of the original script and that the stencil-like forms of Sütterlin's original script were still to be found in the handwriting of young people.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-Welz_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schriftbeispiel_Hilmar_Curas_1714.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of Hilmar Curas, 1714, who shaped the Prussian standard script (Kurrent)"><img alt="Example of Hilmar Curas, 1714, who shaped the Prussian standard script (Kurrent)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schriftbeispiel_Hilmar_Curas_1714.png/200px-Schriftbeispiel_Hilmar_Curas_1714.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schriftbeispiel_Hilmar_Curas_1714.png/300px-Schriftbeispiel_Hilmar_Curas_1714.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schriftbeispiel_Hilmar_Curas_1714.png/400px-Schriftbeispiel_Hilmar_Curas_1714.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of Hilmar Curas, 1714, who shaped the Prussian standard script (Kurrent)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alphabet of Kurrent writing, c. 1865 (the penultimate line shows the umlauts ä, ö, ü and the corresponding capital letters Ae, Oe, Ue; the last line shows the ligatures ch, ck, th, sch, sz and st)"><img alt="Alphabet of Kurrent writing, c. 1865 (the penultimate line shows the umlauts ä, ö, ü and the corresponding capital letters Ae, Oe, Ue; the last line shows the ligatures ch, ck, th, sch, sz and st)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg/175px-Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg/262px-Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg/349px-Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1869" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alphabet of Kurrent writing, c. 1865 (the penultimate line shows the umlauts ä, ö, ü and the corresponding capital letters Ae, Oe, Ue; the last line shows the ligatures ch, ck, th, sch, sz and st)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCtterlin-Ausgangsschrift.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Sütterlin script, from 1924"><img alt="German Sütterlin script, from 1924" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/S%C3%BCtterlin-Ausgangsschrift.jpg/200px-S%C3%BCtterlin-Ausgangsschrift.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/S%C3%BCtterlin-Ausgangsschrift.jpg/300px-S%C3%BCtterlin-Ausgangsschrift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/S%C3%BCtterlin-Ausgangsschrift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German Sütterlin script, from 1924</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCtterlin_,_lateinisches_Alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin Sütterlin"><img alt="Latin Sütterlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/S%C3%BCtterlin_%2C_lateinisches_Alphabet.jpg/200px-S%C3%BCtterlin_%2C_lateinisches_Alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/S%C3%BCtterlin_%2C_lateinisches_Alphabet.jpg/300px-S%C3%BCtterlin_%2C_lateinisches_Alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/S%C3%BCtterlin_%2C_lateinisches_Alphabet.jpg/400px-S%C3%BCtterlin_%2C_lateinisches_Alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Latin Sütterlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Offenbacher_Schrift,_das_deutsche_Alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Offenbach script by Rudolf Koch, German alphabet, 1927"><img alt="The Offenbach script by Rudolf Koch, German alphabet, 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_deutsche_Alphabet.jpg/200px-Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_deutsche_Alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_deutsche_Alphabet.jpg/300px-Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_deutsche_Alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_deutsche_Alphabet.jpg/400px-Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_deutsche_Alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Offenbach script by Rudolf Koch, German alphabet, 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Offenbacher_Schrift,_das_lateinische_Alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Offenbach script – Latin alphabet"><img alt="The Offenbach script – Latin alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_lateinische_Alphabet.jpg/200px-Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_lateinische_Alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_lateinische_Alphabet.jpg/300px-Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_lateinische_Alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_lateinische_Alphabet.jpg/400px-Offenbacher_Schrift%2C_das_lateinische_Alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Offenbach script – Latin alphabet</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teaching_scripts_since_1941">Teaching scripts since 1941</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Teaching scripts since 1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Deutsche_Normalschrift">Deutsche Normalschrift</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deutsche Normalschrift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_normalschrift_ab_01091941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Deutsche_normalschrift_ab_01091941.jpg/220px-Deutsche_normalschrift_ab_01091941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Deutsche_normalschrift_ab_01091941.jpg/330px-Deutsche_normalschrift_ab_01091941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Deutsche_normalschrift_ab_01091941.jpg/440px-Deutsche_normalschrift_ab_01091941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Deutsche Normalschrift, from 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1941, all <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">broken</a> and Kurrent scripts were abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Antiqua%E2%80%93Fraktur_dispute" title="Antiqua–Fraktur dispute">Normalschrifterlass</a> ("standard script decree") on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Now only the Latin script was taught in schools and everything was changed over to it. For this purpose, a new teaching script was created, which was called "Deutsche Normalschrift". It was developed on the basis of the Latin Sütterlin script, with a right slant, more pleasing forms and simplifications such as the abolition of the loops in the x, X and T and the descender length in the z, Z, F and H, but also the addition of loops in the capital letters C, D and L. The <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a> was no longer contained in it. The letters N, M, P, T and X, but not V, W and Y, are, similar to the Offenbach script, more closely based on the <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a>, the P has no descender, and X and Z were given a <a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">horizontal line</a>. The number 7 was again written with a diagonal line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift">Lateinische Ausgangsschrift</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lateinische Ausgangsschrift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift_1953_plain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift_1953_plain.svg/220px-Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift_1953_plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift_1953_plain.svg/330px-Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift_1953_plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift_1953_plain.svg/440px-Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift_1953_plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Lateinische Ausgangsschrift, since 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lateinische Ausgangsschrift (LA) was developed by the Iserlohner Schreibkreis from the Deutsche Normalschrift and was introduced on 4 November 1953 by the decree of the <a href="/wiki/Kultusministerkonferenz" title="Kultusministerkonferenz">Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs</a> as the school teaching script in the Federal Republic of Germany. In Bavaria, the LA was only introduced in 1966. The Lateinische Ausgangsschrift shows only minor changes compared to the Deutsche Normalschrift. The letter S was given a shape similar to the L, some small loops were turned to pointed turns, x and X got their loops back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Schulausgangsschrift_and_Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift">Schulausgangsschrift and Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Schulausgangsschrift and Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR), a teaching script was initially used which was essentially the same as the LA, with only minor changes such as the letter t or the omission of the horizontal line of the Z. </p><p>In connection with the introduction of a new syllabus, this teaching script was changed in 1968. Both didactic and aesthetic reasons were decisive for this. In order to be able to start learning to read block letters at the same time as learning to write cursive, the capital letters were simplified. The sequence of movements in the lower case letters was streamlined. This <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schulausgangsschrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schulausgangsschrift (page does not exist)">Schulausgangsschrift</a> (SAS) was partially adopted in the old federal states in 1991. </p><p>At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift" title="Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift">Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift</a> (VA) was developed in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1969 to overcome difficulties in the use of the Lateinische Ausgangsschrift. Similar to the SAS, the forms of the VA were brought more into line with the printed letters. For this purpose, it was implemented that almost all lowercase letters begin and also end at the upper middle band, which should standardize the joining of the letters and thus simplify writing. The letter z was given back its descender in the VA. It has been tested since 1972. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ausgangsschrift_der_DDR_1958.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teaching script of the GDR from 1958"><img alt="Teaching script of the GDR from 1958" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ausgangsschrift_der_DDR_1958.png/150px-Ausgangsschrift_der_DDR_1958.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ausgangsschrift_der_DDR_1958.png/225px-Ausgangsschrift_der_DDR_1958.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ausgangsschrift_der_DDR_1958.png/300px-Ausgangsschrift_der_DDR_1958.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Teaching script of the GDR from 1958</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schulausgangsschrift_1968.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Schulausgangsschrift, in the GDR since 1968"><img alt="Schulausgangsschrift, in the GDR since 1968" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schulausgangsschrift_1968.png/138px-Schulausgangsschrift_1968.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schulausgangsschrift_1968.png/207px-Schulausgangsschrift_1968.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schulausgangsschrift_1968.png/276px-Schulausgangsschrift_1968.png 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="2653" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schulausgangsschrift, in the GDR since 1968</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift, since 1972"><img alt="Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift, since 1972" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/200px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/300px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/400px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift, since 1972</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Grundschrift">Grundschrift</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grundschrift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburger_Druckschrift_ab_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hamburger_Druckschrift_ab_2011.jpg/220px-Hamburger_Druckschrift_ab_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hamburger_Druckschrift_ab_2011.jpg/330px-Hamburger_Druckschrift_ab_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hamburger_Druckschrift_ab_2011.jpg/440px-Hamburger_Druckschrift_ab_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grundschrift" title="Grundschrift">Grundschrift</a>, a teaching script in Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2011, interested schools in some federal states have been testing a new concept for teaching writing with the <a href="/wiki/Grundschrift" title="Grundschrift">Grundschrift</a>, which was developed by a group of experts on behalf of the Grundschulverband. The idea behind the Grundschrift is that cursive is no longer taught in any form whatsoever and that only a printed script is used as the teaching script. The pupils should develop a personal handwriting from the printed script completely independently and without any references. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Today">Today</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>in Germany the Lateinische Ausgangsschrift, the Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift, the Schulausgangsschrift and the Grundschrift are used. It is the task of the respective <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">federal states</a> to issue rules for the use of the scripts, whereby either no script is prescribed, several scripts are available for selection or one script is made mandatory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1969.jpg/200px-%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1969.jpg/300px-%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1969.jpg/400px-%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Austrian Schulschrift 1969–1995</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1995.jpg/200px-%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1995.jpg/300px-%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1995.jpg/400px-%C3%96sterreichische_Schulschrift_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Austrian Schulschrift since 1995</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Until the school year 1938/1939, the Kurrent script, established as the "official and protocol script" in the Austrian Empire, was taught and taught as the first script in elementary school. The schoolbooks were set in Fraktur and Kurrent script. </p><p>The oldest Austrian Schulschrift dates back to 1775 and was designed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ignaz_von_Felbiger" title="Johann Ignaz von Felbiger">Johann Ignaz von Felbiger</a> ("Anleitung zum Schönschreiben [...] zum Gebrauch der deutschen Schulen in den k.k. Staaten", Vienna 1775) under Empress Maria Theresia. The next standardization dates from 1832, but hardly anyone followed these rules, teachers designed their own templates, sometimes even within a school. </p><p>The "Richtformen 1924" were declared binding by the Vienna City School Board, while the other provinces used their own teaching scripts before and also afterwards, in part.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria</a> by the Nazi Germany in 1938, attempts were made to replace the Kurrent script by the Sütterlin script, which was already in use in Germany. In 1941, Austria was also affected by the Reich-wide introduction of the "Deutsche Normalschrift". </p><p>Under a decree issued by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research">Federal Ministry of Education</a> on 22 May 1951, the Kurrent script was reintroduced in Austrian schools, this time as a secondary script for "Schönschreiben" (calligraphic writing). By that time, the Kurrent script was rarely practised in daily life. </p><p>The "Lateinische Ausgangsschrift" (LA), which was introduced in the FRG in 1953, was also introduced in Austria's elementary schools in 1963 with largely identical letters. "P" and "R", however, were written in Austria in one go, i.e. with a loop running continuously upwards on the left. The "r" was continued after the stroke down to the baseline from there with a small right-turning loop (standing on the baseline) and was thus very similar to the previously used Kurrent script. </p><p>The "Österreichische Schulschrift" adopted in 1967/1970 largely followed the Austrian variant of the Lateinische Ausgangsschrift, simplifying the loop to a small arc and a second pointed reversal on the baseline. Around 1970, it was further simplified to a single pointed reversal – as already done in 1953 in the FRG. </p><p>In 1995 a new version of the "Österreichische Schulschrift" was adopted. It removed the loops inside the letters a, d, g, o and in many capital letters. The P and R are no longer written in one stroke, the X resembles the Antiqua-X and the numbers are more straightforward. Since the 1995/96 school year, teachers have had a free choice: during the writing course, either the new "Österreichische Schulschrift 1995" or the older "Österreichische Schulschrift 1969" can be used as the teaching script.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweizer_Schulschrift_ab_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Schweizer_Schulschrift_ab_1947.jpg/220px-Schweizer_Schulschrift_ab_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Schweizer_Schulschrift_ab_1947.jpg/330px-Schweizer_Schulschrift_ab_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Schweizer_Schulschrift_ab_1947.jpg/440px-Schweizer_Schulschrift_ab_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Schweizer Schulschrift (from 1947)</figcaption></figure> <p>The currently taught Swiss Schulschrift (also known colloquially as "Schnürlischrift") was introduced in 1947. </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eduard_Meier" title="Hans Eduard Meier">Hans Eduard Meier</a> developed the no-frills <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutschschweizer_Basisschrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutschschweizer Basisschrift (page does not exist)">Deutschschweizer Basisschrift</a>, which is similar to the Deutsche Grundschrift, and proposed it as a contemporary alternative. In the canton of Lucerne, the Basisschrift has been approved as an alternative since 2006. Other cantons are waiting or are still discussing the use of the script. In 2008, a study by the Pädagogische Hochschule Zentralschweiz (University of Teacher Education Central Switzerland) showed that students who had learned to write with the Basisschrift were able to write more text in the same time than those who had learned the Schulschrift. In addition, the script was more legible and students more often agreed with the statement "I like writing".<sup id="cite_ref-Schreibt_die_Schnürlischrift_ihr_letztes_Kapitel?_–_tagesanzeiger.ch_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreibt_die_Schnürlischrift_ihr_letztes_Kapitel?_–_tagesanzeiger.ch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French <a href="/wiki/Ronde_script" title="Ronde script"><i>ronde</i> script</a>, a cursive script born in the late 16th century from an Italian Renaissance script, has been the traditional handwriting style in France for teaching, administration and financial documents, until the 20th century. </p><p>It was then replaced by the English <a href="/wiki/Round_hand" title="Round hand">round hand</a>, a derivative of the <i>ronde</i> script, more suited to metal pointed nibs that had become prevalent. The round hand remained the teaching script throughout the 20th century, until 2013. </p><p>From 2013 onwards, for teaching purposes, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">French Ministry of National Education</a> recommends the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8les_d%27%C3%A9criture_scolaire_A_et_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèles d'écriture scolaire A et B (page does not exist)"><i>modèles d'écriture scolaire A</i> and <i>B</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8les_d%27%C3%A9criture_scolaire_A_et_B" class="extiw" title="fr:Modèles d'écriture scolaire A et B">fr</a>]</span>, which look more similar to printed scripts. These scripts were designed as part of a competition. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EcritureRonde-Encyclopedie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The French ronde script (taught until the 20th century)"><img alt="The French ronde script (taught until the 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/EcritureRonde-Encyclopedie.jpg/85px-EcritureRonde-Encyclopedie.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/EcritureRonde-Encyclopedie.jpg/128px-EcritureRonde-Encyclopedie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/EcritureRonde-Encyclopedie.jpg/171px-EcritureRonde-Encyclopedie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The French <i>ronde</i> script (taught until the 20th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bickham-letter.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A sample[note 1] of the English roundhand (taught during the 20th and early 21st centuries)"><img alt="A sample[note 1] of the English roundhand (taught during the 20th and early 21st centuries)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bickham-letter.png/83px-Bickham-letter.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bickham-letter.png/125px-Bickham-letter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bickham-letter.png/166px-Bickham-letter.png 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sample<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the English roundhand (taught during the 20th and early 21st centuries) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89criture_A-sample.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="France’s Modèle d’écriture scolaire A (from 2013)"><img alt="France’s Modèle d’écriture scolaire A (from 2013)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%C3%89criture_A-sample.svg/101px-%C3%89criture_A-sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%C3%89criture_A-sample.svg/152px-%C3%89criture_A-sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%C3%89criture_A-sample.svg/203px-%C3%89criture_A-sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">France’s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Modèle d’écriture scolaire A</i></span> (from 2013)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89criture_B-sample.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="France’s Modèle d’écriture scolaire B (from 2013)"><img alt="France’s Modèle d’écriture scolaire B (from 2013)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%89criture_B-sample.svg/101px-%C3%89criture_B-sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%89criture_B-sample.svg/152px-%C3%89criture_B-sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%89criture_B-sample.svg/203px-%C3%89criture_B-sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">France’s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Modèle d’écriture scolaire B</i></span> (from 2013)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denmark">Denmark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1875 broken scripts were abolished and replaced by a looped cursive ("løkkeskrift"). In 1952, the <i>Formskrift</i> of the Norwegian Alvhild Bjerkenes was introduced to Denmark by the writing and grammar school teacher Christian Clemens Hansen and became the dominant script in schools over the next 20 to 30 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norway">Norway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formskrift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Formskrift.jpg/220px-Formskrift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Formskrift.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Formskrift (top), stavskrift (middle) and løkkeskrift (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1850 broken and <i>Kurrent</i> scripts were abandoned in favour of Latin cursive scripts with loops. Until around 1970 cursive scripts with loops remained dominant in schools, although Alvhild Bjerkenes' <i>formskrift</i> and other cursive scripts without loops were introduced from the late 1940s onwards. </p><p>In 1979 Grunnskolerådet published standardized versions of <i>trykkskrift</i> (print), <i>løkkeskrift</i>, a cursive handwriting with loops, and <i>stavskrift</i>, a cursive handwriting without loops. Students are usually taught <i>trykkskrift</i> and either <i>løkkeskrift</i> or <i>stavskrift</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skol%C3%B6verstyrelsestilen_sample.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Skol%C3%B6verstyrelsestilen_sample.png/220px-Skol%C3%B6verstyrelsestilen_sample.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Skol%C3%B6verstyrelsestilen_sample.png/330px-Skol%C3%B6verstyrelsestilen_sample.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Skol%C3%B6verstyrelsestilen_sample.png/440px-Skol%C3%B6verstyrelsestilen_sample.png 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>Skolöverstyrelsestilen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svssfb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Svssfb.jpg/220px-Svssfb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Svssfb.jpg/330px-Svssfb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Svssfb.jpg/440px-Svssfb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Swedish Skrivstil</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1959, the school board (<i>Skolöverstyrelsen</i>, <i>SÖ</i>) had the possibility of introducing a uniform writing course examined. Until then there was no binding uniform method. The teaching scripts or textbooks used were <i>Skrivkursen Tomten</i>, <i>Skrivkursen Runa</i>, <i>Min skrivbok</i>, <i>Normalskriften</i>, <i>Funktionell handstil</i>, <i>Stockholmsstilen</i> and <i>Skrivkursen Pennan</i>. In 1975, after a period of research and experimentation, the board introduced the <i>Skolöverstyrelsestilen</i> (<i>SÖ-stilen</i>), which was designed by calligrapher Kerstin Anckers and based on <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Vicentino_degli_Arrighi" title="Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi">Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi</a>'s chancery cursive. After heavy criticism, the binding nature of this school script was revoked ten years later and some resumed using older scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-Handskrivning_1989_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handskrivning_1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karlsson_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karlsson_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_in_English-speaking_countries">Development in English-speaking countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Development in English-speaking countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg/170px-Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg/255px-Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg/340px-Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption>Continuous Cursive in an English letter from 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the 19th century, a widely used resource for handwriting teaching in British <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Elementary school (England and Wales)">elementary schools</a> was Henry Gordon's <i>Handwriting and How to Teach it</i>, originally published in the 1870s. This detailed how to develop handwriting from childish scribbles to a style based on the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Copperplate_script" title="Copperplate script">copperplate script</a>. A simpler style, based on the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a>, was promoted by "Mrs Bridges" (Mary Monica Bridges), the wife of the poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bridges" title="Robert Bridges">Robert Bridges</a>, which she published in <i>A New Handwriting for Teachers</i> (1899). However, the copperplate script continued to be taught in state-funded schools because it was required for clerks in commercial and professional offices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important influence in the teaching of handwriting in the 20th century was <a href="/wiki/Marion_Richardson" title="Marion Richardson">Marion Richardson</a> (1892-1946), a school inspector for the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a>, who devised a simple cursive script intended to allow children to develop their own style. It was published in <i>Writing and Writing Patterns</i> (1935), which was widely used in British schools and remained in print until the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there is no standardized teaching script stipulated in the various <a href="/wiki/National_curriculum" title="National curriculum">national curriculums</a> for schools in the United Kingdom, only that one font style needs to be used consistently throughout the school.<sup id="cite_ref-SchoolReady_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoolReady-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four teaching routes a school can choose from when teaching handwriting:<sup id="cite_ref-SchoolReady_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoolReady-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Use <a href="/wiki/Print_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Print writing">Print script</a> as initial handwriting style, then progress to <a href="/wiki/English_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="English cursive">Cursive script</a>, finally move to Continuous Cursive script.</li> <li>Use Print script initially, then move to Continuous Cursive script.</li> <li>Use Cursive script initially, then move to Continuous Cursive script.</li> <li>Use Continuous Cursive script throughout all <a href="/wiki/Key_Stage" title="Key Stage">Key Stages</a>.</li></ol> <p>Characteristics of Cursive and Continuous Cursive scripts:<sup id="cite_ref-Difference_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Difference-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="English cursive">Cursive</a> </th> <th>Continuous Cursive </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>starting point for letters</b> </td> <td>variable </td> <td>always on the writing line </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>finishing point for letters</b> </td> <td>always on the writing line (except for <i>o, r, v</i> and <i>w</i>, which have a top exit stroke) </td> <td>always on the writing line (except for <i>o, r, v</i> and <i>w</i>, which have a top exit stroke) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>single letter formation</b> </td> <td>letters taught with exit strokes only </td> <td>letters taught with entry and exit strokes </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In all handwriting styles, letters are created through joining lines and curve shapes in a particular way. Once pupils have learnt how to clearly form single letters, they are taught how single letters can be joined to form a flowing script.<sup id="cite_ref-threehandwritingstages_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threehandwritingstages-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether Print, Cursive or Continuous Cursive is to be favoured as a teaching script remains a subject of debate in the United Kingdom. While many schools are opting to teach Continuous Cursive throughout the year groups, often starting in <a href="/wiki/Reception_(school)" title="Reception (school)">Reception</a>, critics have argued that conjoined writing styles leave many children struggling with the high level of gross and fine motor coordination required.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spencerian_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencerian Method">Spencerian Method</a> was the most important standardized handwriting system in the United States since the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyler_2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler_2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1888, the award-winning <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Method" title="Palmer Method">Palmer Method</a> was developed as a simplification of Spencerian, which was supposed to be simpler and faster and soon became the most popular handwriting system.<sup id="cite_ref-Apps-Bodilly_2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apps-Bodilly_2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trubek_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trubek-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corresponding <i>Palmer's Guide to Business Writing</i> from 1894 sold one million copies in the United States in 1912. The use of the method declined in the 1950s and it was eventually superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Zaner-Bloser_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaner-Bloser Method">Zaner-Bloser Method</a> by 1976, which first taught block letters and then cursive in order to enable written expression as quickly as possible and thus develop the ability to write.<sup id="cite_ref-Alston_1987_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alston_1987-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978 the <a href="/wiki/D%27Nealian_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Nealian Method">D'Nealian Method</a> was introduced which sought to alleviate the difficulties of the transition from block letters to cursive writing with the Zaner-Bloser method and returned to a more cursive style based on the Palmer script with block letters that have many similarities to cursive counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Viadero_1993_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viadero_1993-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Makala_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makala-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular newer teaching scripts include Handwriting Without Tears and the <a href="/wiki/Getty-Dubay" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty-Dubay">Getty-Dubay</a> cursive italic. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spencerian_example.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spencerian script"><img alt="Spencerian script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/120px-Spencerian_example.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/180px-Spencerian_example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/241px-Spencerian_example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spencerian script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmer_Method_alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palmer script"><img alt="Palmer script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Palmer_Method_alphabet.jpg/200px-Palmer_Method_alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Palmer_Method_alphabet.jpg/300px-Palmer_Method_alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Palmer_Method_alphabet.jpg/400px-Palmer_Method_alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2522" data-file-height="1534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palmer script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaner-Bloser_script_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zaner-Bloser script"><img alt="Zaner-Bloser script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Zaner-Bloser_script_sample.svg/200px-Zaner-Bloser_script_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Zaner-Bloser_script_sample.svg/300px-Zaner-Bloser_script_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Zaner-Bloser_script_sample.svg/400px-Zaner-Bloser_script_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4957" data-file-height="3530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zaner-Bloser_(teaching_script)" title="Zaner-Bloser (teaching script)">Zaner-Bloser script</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27Nealian_Cursive.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="D'Nealian script"><img alt="D'Nealian script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/D%27Nealian_Cursive.svg/200px-D%27Nealian_Cursive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/D%27Nealian_Cursive.svg/300px-D%27Nealian_Cursive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/D%27Nealian_Cursive.svg/400px-D%27Nealian_Cursive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">D'Nealian script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handwriting_Without_Tears_Print_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Handwriting Without Tears"><img alt="Handwriting Without Tears" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Handwriting_Without_Tears_Print_sample.svg/148px-Handwriting_Without_Tears_Print_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Handwriting_Without_Tears_Print_sample.svg/222px-Handwriting_Without_Tears_Print_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Handwriting_Without_Tears_Print_sample.svg/296px-Handwriting_Without_Tears_Print_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Handwriting Without Tears</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hong Kong, primary school children learn to write using the <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a>. The character shapes to be taught are defined in the <i>Hong Kong Chinese Lexical Lists for Primary Learning</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-HK">香港小學學習字詞表</span></span>), published by the Regional Government Office for Education in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, <i>textbook type</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93" class="extiw" title="ja:教科書体">教科書体</a></span></span>) is commonly used for education purpose. It is based on <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a> but with specific emphasis on clarity of strokes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_Decision_31_Cursive_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vietnamese_Decision_31_Cursive_Chart.svg/220px-Vietnamese_Decision_31_Cursive_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vietnamese_Decision_31_Cursive_Chart.svg/330px-Vietnamese_Decision_31_Cursive_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vietnamese_Decision_31_Cursive_Chart.svg/440px-Vietnamese_Decision_31_Cursive_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese cursive script according to Decision no. 31/2002/QĐ-BGDĐT</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Erik Blumenthal: <i>Schulschriften der verschiedenen Länder</i>. Bern/Stuttgart 1957.</li> <li>Kurt Warwel: <i>Schulausgangsschriften in deutschsprachigen Ländern. </i> In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 7, 1986.</li> <li>Mechthild Dehn: <i>Die Kursiv als Ausgangsschrift. Ein Anstoß für Diskussion und Erprobung.</i> In: Die Grundschulzeitschrift 69, 1993, pages 30, 35 and 36.</li> <li>Wilhelm Topsch: <i>Das Ende einer Legende. Die vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift auf dem Prüfstand. Analyse empirischer Arbeiten zur vereinfachten Ausgangsschrift.</i> Auer Verlag, Donauwörth 1996, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-403-02855-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-403-02855-0">3-403-02855-0</a>.</li> <li>Elisabeth Neuhaus-Siemon: <i>Aspekte und Probleme des Schreibunterrichts</i>. In: Hartmut Günther, Otto Ludwig (eds.): <i>Schrift und Schriftlichkeit. Ein interdisziplinäres Handbuch internationaler Forschung</i>. 2nd half volume, Berlin / New York 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019413-5">978-3-11-019413-5</a>.</li> <li>Gabriele Faust-Siehl, Ariane Garlichs and others: <i>Ausgangsschrift</i>. In: <i>Die Zukunft beginnt in der Grundschule</i>. Arbeitskreis Grundschule. Rowohlt Taschenbuchverlag, Reinbek near Hamburg 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-499-60156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-499-60156-9">978-3-499-60156-9</a>.</li> <li>Wilhelm Topsch: <i>Anfangsschriften</i>. In: <i>Grundkompetenz Schriftspracherwerb. Methoden und handlungsorientierte Praxisanregungen.</i> 2. revised and extended edition. Beltz, Weinheim and others, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-407-25368-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-407-25368-0">3-407-25368-0</a>.</li> <li>Jürgen Hasert: <i>Schulschriften.</i> In: <i>Didaktik der deutschen Sprache</i>, volume 1. Schöningh, Paderborn 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8252-8235-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8252-8235-6">978-3-8252-8235-6</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang Menzel: <i>Plädoyer für eine Schrift ohne normierte Verbindungen</i>. In: <i>Grundschule aktuell</i>, number 110, May 2010, pages 23–25</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Teaching_scripts" class="extiw" title="commons:Teaching scripts"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Teaching scripts</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This heavily decorated sample is not representative of the simpler style taught in French schools.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Steiner-Welz_2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner-Welz_2003_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonja_Steiner-Welz2003" class="citation book cs1">Sonja Steiner-Welz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFt2eW5HVXoC"><i>Von der Schrift und den Schriftarten</i></a>. Reinhard Welz Vermittler Verlag e.K. pp. 113, 127, 133, 135, 137, 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937636-47-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937636-47-4"><bdi>978-3-937636-47-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+der+Schrift+und+den+Schriftarten&rft.pages=113%2C+127%2C+133%2C+135%2C+137%2C+139&rft.pub=Reinhard+Welz+Vermittler+Verlag+e.K.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-937636-47-4&rft.au=Sonja+Steiner-Welz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEFt2eW5HVXoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">exhibition documentation school museum Klagenfurt by Brigitte Strasser</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur GZ 38.554/32-I/1/94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schreibt_die_Schnürlischrift_ihr_letztes_Kapitel?_–_tagesanzeiger.ch-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schreibt_die_Schnürlischrift_ihr_letztes_Kapitel?_–_tagesanzeiger.ch_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">tagesanzeiger.ch: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/leben/gesellschaft/Schreibt-die-Schnuerlischrift-ihr-letztes-Kapitel/story/10932152">Schreibt die Schnürlischrift ihr letztes Kapitel?</a></i>, accessed 30 April 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handskrivning_1989-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handskrivning_1989_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Vad har hänt med svensk handskrivningsundervisning?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2077/30955"><i>Handskrivning : kommentarmaterial läroplan för grundskolan 80</i></a> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Utbildningsförlaget. 1989. pp. 6–9. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2077%2F30955">2077/30955</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-47-02945-5" title="Special:BookSources/91-47-02945-5"><bdi>91-47-02945-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60929194">60929194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vad+har+h%C3%A4nt+med+svensk+handskrivningsundervisning%3F&rft.btitle=Handskrivning+%3A+kommentarmaterial+l%C3%A4roplan+f%C3%B6r+grundskolan+80&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=6-9&rft.pub=Utbildningsf%C3%B6rlaget&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2077%2F30955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60929194&rft.isbn=91-47-02945-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2077%2F30955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karlsson_2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karlsson_2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson,_Mats2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karlsson, Mats (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2009/04/skrivstilen-som-havererade">"Skrivstilen som havererade"</a>. <i>Språktidningen</i> (in Swedish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5ktidningen&rft.atitle=Skrivstilen+som+havererade&rft.date=2009-04&rft.au=Karlsson%2C+Mats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspraktidningen.se%2Fartiklar%2F2009%2F04%2Fskrivstilen-som-havererade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sassoon" title="Rosemary Sassoon">Sassoon, Rosemary</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iraShWPHteAC&pg=PA27"><i>Handwriting of the Twentieth Century</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 27–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415178822" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415178822"><bdi>978-0415178822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handwriting+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27-35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415178822&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiraShWPHteAC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcu.ac.uk/arts-design-and-media/art-and-design-archive/collections/marion-richardson-collection">"Marion Richardson Collection"</a>. <i>www.bcu.ac.uk/arts-design-and-media</i>. Birmingham City University, Faculty of Arts, Design and Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bcu.ac.uk%2Farts-design-and-media&rft.atitle=Marion+Richardson+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcu.ac.uk%2Farts-design-and-media%2Fart-and-design-archive%2Fcollections%2Fmarion-richardson-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchoolReady-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchoolReady_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchoolReady_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Be School Ready – What Letter Font is Your Child’s School Teaching? (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachhandwriting.blog/2019/08/29/be-school-ready-what-letter-font-is-your-childs-school-teaching/">online</a>), 29 August 2019, access date 30 March 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Difference-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Difference_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">What's The Difference between Cursive and Continuous Cursive Handwriting Fonts? (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachhandwriting.blog/2017/11/09/whats-the-difference-between-cursive-and-continuous-cursive-handwriting-fonts/">online</a>), 9 November 2017, access date 30 March 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-threehandwritingstages-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-threehandwritingstages_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teach handwriting: The three handwriting stages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachhandwriting.co.uk/three-stages-handwriting.html">online</a>), access date 30 March 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angela Webb: 'Continuous Cursive: Cure or Curse?', <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Handwriting_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Handwriting Association (page does not exist)">National Handwriting Association</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nha-handwriting.org.uk/handwriting/articles/continuous-cursive-cure-or-curse/">online</a>), access date 30 March 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyler_2010-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyler_2010_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2010" class="citation cs2">Tyler, Robin DVC (2010-04-12), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php/Palmer_Method_of_Penmanship#Precursors_and_Palmer.27s_Method"><i>Palmer Method of Penmanship</i></a>, NYU Dead Media Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmer+Method+of+Penmanship&rft.pub=NYU+Dead+Media+Archive&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Robin+DVC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcultureandcommunication.org%2Fdeadmedia%2Findex.php%2FPalmer_Method_of_Penmanship%23Precursors_and_Palmer.27s_Method&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apps-Bodilly_2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apps-Bodilly_2013_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApps-Bodilly2013" class="citation book cs1">Apps-Bodilly, Susan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThFJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>One room schools : stories from the days of 1 room, 1 teacher, 8 grades</i></a>. Wisconsin Historical Society. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87020616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87020616-0"><bdi>978-0-87020616-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+room+schools+%3A+stories+from+the+days+of+1+room%2C+1+teacher%2C+8+grades&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-87020616-0&rft.aulast=Apps-Bodilly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThFJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trubek-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trubek_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrubek" class="citation cs2">Trubek, Anne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204210820/http://www.miller-mccune.com/culture-society/handwriting-is-history-6540/"><i>Handwriting Is History</i></a>, Pacific Standard, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miller-mccune.com/culture-society/handwriting-is-history-6540/">the original</a> on 2010-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handwriting+Is+History&rft.pub=Pacific+Standard&rft.aulast=Trubek&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miller-mccune.com%2Fculture-society%2Fhandwriting-is-history-6540%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alston_1987-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alston_1987_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlstonTaylor1987" class="citation cs2">Alston, Jean; Taylor, Jane (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpg9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Handwriting: Theory, Research and Practice</i></a>, New York: Nichols Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709951070" title="Special:BookSources/9780709951070"><bdi>9780709951070</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handwriting%3A+Theory%2C+Research+and+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nichols+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780709951070&rft.aulast=Alston&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpg9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viadero_1993-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Viadero_1993_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViadero1993" class="citation news cs1">Viadero, Debra (6 October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1993/10/06/05write.h13.html">"D'Nealian Handwriting Method Abandons 'Ball-and-Stick' Approach"</a>. Education Week<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=D%27Nealian+Handwriting+Method+Abandons+%27Ball-and-Stick%27+Approach&rft.date=1993-10-06&rft.aulast=Viadero&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Few%2Farticles%2F1993%2F10%2F06%2F05write.h13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makala-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Makala_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakala" class="citation web cs1">Makala, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.sc.edu/spcoll/hist/handwriting/page3.html">"Born to Please, Art of Handwriting Instruction, Spencerian and Palmer methods"</a>. <i>University Libraries' Rare Books and Special Collections</i>. University of South Carolina<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Libraries%27+Rare+Books+and+Special+Collections&rft.atitle=Born+to+Please%2C+Art+of+Handwriting+Instruction%2C+Spencerian+and+Palmer+methods&rft.aulast=Makala&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.sc.edu%2Fspcoll%2Fhist%2Fhandwriting%2Fpage3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126124612/https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/curriculum-development/major-level-of-edu/special-educational-needs/basic-edu-curriculum/hk%20chinese%20lexical%20list%20for%20primary%20learning_(sen)_2009.pdf">"香港小學學習字詞表特殊教育需要補充篇（智障學生適用）"</a> [Hong Kong Primary Learning Word List—Special Education Supplement (for students with developmental disabilities)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong SAR <a href="/wiki/Education_Bureau" title="Education Bureau">Education Bureau</a></i>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/curriculum-development/major-level-of-edu/special-educational-needs/basic-edu-curriculum/hk%20chinese%20lexical%20list%20for%20primary%20learning_(sen)_2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+SAR+Education+Bureau&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E%E8%A1%A8+%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%A3%9C%E5%85%85%E7%AF%87%EF%BC%88%E6%99%BA%E9%9A%9C%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E9%81%A9%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edb.gov.hk%2Fattachment%2Ftc%2Fcurriculum-development%2Fmajor-level-of-edu%2Fspecial-educational-needs%2Fbasic-edu-curriculum%2Fhk%2520chinese%2520lexical%2520list%2520for%2520primary%2520learning_%28sen%29_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://font.designers-garage.jp/media/pick-up/kyoukasyotai">"気になるフォント「教科書体」"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%97%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%80%8C%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93%E3%80%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffont.designers-garage.jp%2Fmedia%2Fpick-up%2Fkyoukasyotai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeaching+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&oldid=1256821148">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teaching_script&oldid=1256821148</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Handwriting_script" title="Category:Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_materials" title="Category:Educational materials">Educational materials</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2020">Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 19:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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