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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Povijest</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakreno_doba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakreno_doba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bakreno doba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakreno_doba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brončano_doba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brončano_doba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Brončano doba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brončano_doba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Željezno_doba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Željezno_doba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Željezno doba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Željezno_doba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekstraktivna_metalurgija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekstraktivna_metalurgija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ekstraktivna metalurgija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekstraktivna_metalurgija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Ekstraktivna metalurgija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekstraktivna_metalurgija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Legura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toplinska_obrada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toplinska_obrada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Toplinska obrada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toplinska_obrada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spajanje_metala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spajanje_metala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spajanje metala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spajanje_metala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mehanička_metalurgija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mehanička_metalurgija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mehanička metalurgija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mehanička_metalurgija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Mehanička metalurgija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mehanička_metalurgija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kovanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kovanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kovanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kovanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalurgija_praha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalurgija_praha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metalurgija praha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalurgija_praha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fizikalna_metalurgija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizikalna_metalurgija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fizikalna metalurgija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fizikalna_metalurgija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Fizikalna metalurgija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fizikalna_metalurgija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metalografija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalografija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Metalografija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalografija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metalurgija</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 117 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaalkunde" title="Metaalkunde – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metaalkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurchia" title="Metalurchia – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metalurchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धातुविज्ञान – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="धातुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم الفلزات – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفلزات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurxa" title="Metalurxa – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metalurxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धातुविज्ञान – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="धातुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgiya" title="Metallurgiya – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metallurgiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="متالوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="متالوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoikunde" title="Metoikunde – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Metoikunde" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorg%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Metalorgėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metalorgėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металургія – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Металургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мэталюргія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэталюргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металургия – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Металургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ধাতুবিদ্যা – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতুবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalouriezh" title="Metalouriezh – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metalouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Металлурги – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Металлурги" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%C2%B7l%C3%BArgia" title="Metal·lúrgia – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metal·lúrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کانزاناسی – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزاناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteleg" title="Meteleg – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meteleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurciye" title="Metallurciye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Metallurciye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεταλλουργία – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταλλουργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgio" title="Metalurgio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metalurgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="متالورژی – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متالورژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Métallurgie – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métallurgie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal%C3%B3ireacht" title="Miotalóireacht – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotalóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學 – gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="冶金學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9talirji" title="Métalirji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métalirji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurxia" title="Metalurxia – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metalurxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotikuaa" title="Kuarepotikuaa – gvaranski" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotikuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ધાતુશાસ્ત્ર – gudžaratski" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધાતુશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מטלורגיה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטלורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धातुकर्म – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धातुकर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaatu_vigyan" title="Dhaatu vigyan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhaatu vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh%C3%A1szat" title="Kohászat – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kohászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մետալուրգիա – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետալուրգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մետաղագործութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մետաղագործութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metalurgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhia" title="Metalurhia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Metalurhia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgio" title="Metalurgio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metalurgio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Málmfræði – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="金属工学 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金属工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloerji" title="Metaloerji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Metaloerji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მეტალურგია – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტალურგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_t%CA%8Bm%C9%A9y%C9%9B_la%C9%A3s%C9%A9_(M%C3%A9tallurgie)" title="N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="금속공학 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금속공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanieth" title="Alkanieth – kornski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alkanieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makambo_mwa_bibend%C3%A9" title="Makambo mwa bibendé – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Makambo mwa bibendé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalur%C4%A3ija" title="Metalurģija – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metalurģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Металургија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഹസംസ്കരണശാസ്ത്രം – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോഹസംസ്കരണശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Металлург – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Металлург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धातुशास्त्र – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धातुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metalurgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – mirandski" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धातुशास्त्र – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धातुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82" title="Згъæркуыст – osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Згъæркуыст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਧਾਤ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਤ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="میٹلرجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میٹلرجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%8A" title="متالورژي – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="متالورژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illay_llamk%27ay" title="Q'illay llamk'ay – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'illay llamk'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металурґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Металурґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Тимири уһаарыы – jakutski" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимири уһаарыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitallurgia" title="Mitallurgia – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitallurgia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – samoanski" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukowasimbi" title="Mukowasimbi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukowasimbi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgjia" title="Metalurgjia – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metalurgjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Металургија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufuaji_metali" title="Ufuaji metali – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufuaji metali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உலோகவியல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோகவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิศวกรรมโลหการ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมโลหการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhiya" title="Metalurhiya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metalurhiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurji" title="Metalurji – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metalurji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металургія – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Металургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دھات کاری – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھات کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgiya" title="Metallurgiya – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metallurgiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgii" title="Metallurgii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Metallurgii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luy%E1%BB%87n_kim" title="Luyện kim – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luyện kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurdjeye" title="Metalurdjeye – valonski" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Metalurdjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhiya" title="Metalurhiya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metalurhiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冶金学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מעטאלורגיע – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטאלורגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冶金学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A1-kim" title="Iá-kim – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iá-kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冶金學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11467#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Glockenbronze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Glockenbronze.jpg/250px-Glockenbronze.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Glockenbronze.jpg/375px-Glockenbronze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Glockenbronze.jpg/500px-Glockenbronze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikrostruktura" title="Mikrostruktura">Mikrostruktura</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronca" title="Bronca">bronce</a> koja pokazuje <a href="/wiki/Dendrit" title="Dendrit">dendritička</a> (u obliku jelke) <a href="/wiki/Kristalno_zrno" title="Kristalno zrno">kristalna zrna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:GoldThebes750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GoldThebes750.jpg/250px-GoldThebes750.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GoldThebes750.jpg/375px-GoldThebes750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GoldThebes750.jpg/500px-GoldThebes750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">Zlatna</a> vrpca oko glave iz <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Teba_(Gr%C4%8Dka)" title="Antička Teba (Grčka)">antičke Tebe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka">Grčka</a>), 750. – 700. pr. Kr.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg/250px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Brončano oružje i oruđe pronađeno u <a href="/wiki/Rumunjska" title="Rumunjska">Rumunjskoj</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Tutanchamun_Maske.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tutanchamun_Maske.jpg/250px-Tutanchamun_Maske.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tutanchamun_Maske.jpg/375px-Tutanchamun_Maske.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tutanchamun_Maske.jpg/500px-Tutanchamun_Maske.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutankhamon">Tutankhamonova</a> zlatna posmrtna maska</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Castings_fresh_from_the_heat_treatment_furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Castings_fresh_from_the_heat_treatment_furnace.jpg/250px-Castings_fresh_from_the_heat_treatment_furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Castings_fresh_from_the_heat_treatment_furnace.jpg/375px-Castings_fresh_from_the_heat_treatment_furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Castings_fresh_from_the_heat_treatment_furnace.jpg/500px-Castings_fresh_from_the_heat_treatment_furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4453" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celi%C4%8Dni_lijev" title="Čelični lijev">Čelični lijev</a> nakon 12 sati toplinske obrade na temperaturi od 1 200 °C (Goodwin Steel Castings Ltd. - <a href="/wiki/Ujedinjeno_kraljevstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujedinjeno kraljevstvo">Ujedinjeno kraljevstvo</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Katana_hardened_edge_pic_with_inset_of_nioi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Katana_hardened_edge_pic_with_inset_of_nioi.JPG/250px-Katana_hardened_edge_pic_with_inset_of_nioi.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Katana_hardened_edge_pic_with_inset_of_nioi.JPG/375px-Katana_hardened_edge_pic_with_inset_of_nioi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Katana_hardened_edge_pic_with_inset_of_nioi.JPG/500px-Katana_hardened_edge_pic_with_inset_of_nioi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2897" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>Različito <a href="/wiki/Otvrdnjavanje_povr%C5%A1ine_%C4%8Delika" title="Otvrdnjavanje površine čelika">otvrdnjavanje</a> japanskog <a href="/wiki/Samuraji" title="Samuraji">samurajskog</a> mača <i>katane</i>. Svijetle valovite linije (<i>nioi</i>) odvajaju <a href="/wiki/Martenzit" title="Martenzit">martenzitne</a> krajeve od <a href="/wiki/Perlit" title="Perlit">perlitne</a> osnove.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Kova%C4%8D.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kova%C4%8D.JPG/250px-Kova%C4%8D.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kova%C4%8D.JPG/375px-Kova%C4%8D.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kova%C4%8D.JPG/500px-Kova%C4%8D.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kovač.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:AlubronzeCuAl20v500.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AlubronzeCuAl20v500.png/250px-AlubronzeCuAl20v500.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AlubronzeCuAl20v500.png/375px-AlubronzeCuAl20v500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AlubronzeCuAl20v500.png/500px-AlubronzeCuAl20v500.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Metalografija omogućuje metalurzima proučavanje <a href="/wiki/Mikrostruktura" title="Mikrostruktura">mikrostrukture</a> metala i <a href="/wiki/Kristalno_zrno" title="Kristalno zrno">kristalnih zrna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Mikroskop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Mikroskop.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Mikroskop.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Metalurgija</b> predstavlja znanost, odnosno granu <a href="/wiki/In%C5%BEenjering" class="mw-redirect" title="Inženjering">inženjeringa</a> koja se bavi proizvodnjom <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metalnih</a> <a href="/wiki/Legura" title="Legura">legura</a>. Obuhvaća i rafinaciju, proizvodnju legura, oblikovanje, oplemenivanje, kao i proučavanje strukture, sastava i svojstava metala. Po vrsti metala koji se proizvode dijeli se na crnu (dobivanje željeza i čelika) i metalurgiju obojenih metala (dobivanje svih ostalih metala). Razlikujemo ekstraktivnu i prerađivačku metalurgiju. </p><p>Iako u <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_kora" title="Zemljina kora">Zemljinoj kori</a> postoji obilna količina <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metala</a>, velika većina njih se ne nalazi u obliku pogodnom za ljudsku upotrebu. Oni se, naime, nalaze kombinirani s <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomima</a> <a href="/wiki/Nemetali" title="Nemetali">nemetala</a> u različitim <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_spojevi" title="Kemijski spojevi">spojevima</a> kao što su sulfidi, <a href="/wiki/Oksidi" title="Oksidi">oksidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbonati" title="Karbonati">karbonati</a> itd. Prvi korak u dobivanju metala u upotrebljivom obliku je oslobađanje metala iz njegovih spojeva. Tim područjem bavi se <b>ekstraktivna metalurgija</b>. Čak i nakon taljenja, rafinacije i <a href="/wiki/Legura" title="Legura">legiranja</a>, metal je samo djelomično pogodan za konačnu upotrebu. </p><p>Metali, koje svakodnevno koristimo, kao npr. <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_%C5%BEarulja" title="Električna žarulja">grlo žarulje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opruga" title="Opruga">oprugu</a>, svrdlo itd. imaju poseban oblik. Tim područjem – oblikovanjem metala – bavi se <b>mehanička metalurgija</b>. Pritom, za njihovo oblikovanje ona koristi brojne postupke kao što su <a href="/wiki/Valjanje" title="Valjanje">valjanje</a>, prešanje, <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanje</a>, izvlačenje itd. Ponekad ogromni strojevi, teški i više tona, daju metalnim predmetima, kao npr. <a href="/wiki/Tra%C4%8Dnice" title="Tračnice">željezničkim tračnicama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cijev" title="Cijev">cijevima</a> i limovima konačan oblik. </p><p><b>Fizička metalurgija</b> se bavi kontrolom procesa uz pomoć različitih metoda i testova. Ona istražuje važne teorijske i praktične principe ponašanja metala kod različitih uvjeta upotrebom metoda <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemija" title="Kemija">kemije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamike</a> itd. Time se ujedno postižu i optimalni proizvodni parametri za željenu kvalitetu i oblik. Fizička metalurgija ispituje također unutarnju <a href="/wiki/Mikrostruktura" title="Mikrostruktura">strukturu</a> čvrstih metala, koja umnogome određuje mehanička i druga svojstva, te otvara mogućnost njihovog predviđanja i planiranja. Istražuje i objašnjava ravnotežne i neravnotežne <a href="/wiki/Fazni_dijagram" title="Fazni dijagram">dijagrame stanja</a> metala, te principe legiranja koji uz teorijsko značenje nalaze i direktnu primjenu u praksi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Povijest ljudskog roda najuže je povezana s razvojem <a href="/wiki/Materijal" title="Materijal">materijala</a>. Upravo su različiti materijali, koji su pretežno bili upotrebljavani u pojedinim epohama, obilježili čitave <a href="/wiki/Civilizacija" title="Civilizacija">civilizacije</a>. Po njima su i velika povijesna razdoblja dobila svoje ime: <a href="/wiki/Kameno_doba" title="Kameno doba">kameno doba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakreno_doba" title="Bakreno doba">bakreno doba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bron%C4%8Dano_doba" title="Brončano doba">brončano doba</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba">željezno doba</a>. S vremenom su se materijali za izradu <a href="/wiki/Alat" title="Alat">alata</a> i <a href="/wiki/Oru%C5%BEje" title="Oružje">oružja</a>, a potom i raznovrsnih naprava, te konačno i <a href="/wiki/Strojevi" title="Strojevi">strojeva</a>, sve više usavršavali. Ljudi su naučili mijenjati njihova svojstva prilagođavajući ih sve složenijim zahtjevima, ali i obrnuto: poboljšanje, a ponekad i skokovita promjena, svojstava materijala omogućavali su realizaciju sasvim novih <a href="/wiki/Tehnika" title="Tehnika">tehničkih</a> rješenja i proizvoda. Među raznovrsnim svojstvima materijala naročito mjesto zauzimaju mehfanička svojstva. Ona uvjetuju <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto%C4%87a" title="Čvrstoća">čvrstoću</a>, krutost, integritet, a uvelike i trajnost izradaka koji su od njih izrađeni. </p><p>Sve donedavna znanje o materijalima – njihovoj proizvodnji, obradi, svojstvima, ali i primjeni – sticalo se uglavnom <a href="/wiki/Iskustvo" title="Iskustvo">iskustveno</a>. Često se radilo i o svojevrsnoj <a href="/wiki/Alkemija" title="Alkemija">alkemiji</a>, a slučaj je igrao važnu ulogu u otkrivanju novih materijala i njihovom unapređenju. Tek od 19. stoljeća nadalje, sustavna istraživanja na području fizike i kemije, dovela su do utemeljenja interdisciplinarne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Znanost_materijala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Znanost materijala (stranica ne postoji)">znanosti o materijalima</a>, koja se tom problematikom bavi na <a href="/wiki/Znanost" title="Znanost">znanstvenoj</a> osnovi.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakreno_doba">Bakreno doba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Bakreno doba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bakreno doba"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Bakreno_doba" title="Bakreno doba">Bakreno doba</a></div></i></div> <p>Čovjek je nedvojbeno počeo upotrebljavati samorodne metale <a href="/wiki/Bakar_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakar (element)">bakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebro</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlato</a>, te <a href="/wiki/Metalni_meteoriti" title="Metalni meteoriti">meteorsko (telurno) “željezo”</a> najkasnije oko 5500. pr. Kr. U to vrijeme <a href="/wiki/Drevni_Egipat" title="Drevni Egipat">Egipćani</a> su izrađivali i upotrebljavali ukrasne bakrene kuglice, a njihovi <a href="/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon">vladari</a> kupali su se u vodi, koja se dovodila bakrenim cijevima iz rijeke <a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nila</a> do privatnih <a href="/wiki/Bazen" title="Bazen">bazena</a>. Radi usporedbe treba napomenuti, da je čovjek počeo obrađivati polja oko 6000. pr. Kr., u području gorja <a href="/wiki/Elbrus" title="Elbrus">Elbrus</a> i <a href="/wiki/Perzijski_zaljev" title="Perzijski zaljev">Perzijskog zaljeva</a>, a u <a href="/wiki/Srednja_Europa" title="Srednja Europa">srednjoj Europi</a> negdje oko 4000. pr. Kr. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">Zlato</a> je sigurno prvi samorodni <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metal</a> koji se upotrebljavao zbog svoje ljepote i postojanosti. Grumenčići zlata sakupljeni na obalama rijeka, prerađivali su se i oblikovali najčešće u ukrasne predmete. Već vrlo rano, oko 5000. pr. Kr., znalo se da bakar <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanjem</a> očvršćava, a zagrijavanjem omekšava. Za razliku od bakra, zlato kovanjem slabo očvršćava, pa je bilo nepodesno za izradu <a href="/wiki/Alat" title="Alat">alata</a>. Nije stoga začuđujuće, da su u starom Egiptu neko vrijeme bakar i srebro bili skuplji od zlata. Srebro se također upotrebljavalo za izradu <a href="/wiki/Nakit" title="Nakit">nakita</a>, ali u mnogo manjim količinama od zlata. Smatra se, da su <a href="/wiki/Kova%C4%8D" title="Kovač">kovači</a> zlata bili prvi “metalurzi”, kao što pokazuju najstariji arheološki nalazi iz Egipta, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Iraka</a> i s <a href="/wiki/Minojska_kultura" title="Minojska kultura">otoka Krete</a>, a da se najraniji začeci metalurgije mogu naći na području slivova triju rijeka: Nila, <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigrisa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ind" title="Ind">Inda</a>. </p><p>Prvo dobivanje metala iz <a href="/wiki/Mineralne_sirovine" title="Mineralne sirovine">ruda</a> vezano je najvjerojatnije uz dobivanje bakra. Naime, jedan od njegovih prekrasnih minerala, zelenkasti <a href="/wiki/Malahit" title="Malahit">malahit</a>, mogao se reducirati u bakar na temperaturi od oko 700 - 800 <a href="/wiki/Celzijev_stupanj" class="mw-redirect" title="Celzijev stupanj">ºC</a>, koja se postizala u primitivnim <a href="/wiki/Lon%C4%8Darstvo" title="Lončarstvo">lončastim</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" title="Peć">pećima</a>. <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">Temperatura</a> logorske <a href="/wiki/Vatra" title="Vatra">vatre</a> od oko 600 - 650 ºC za tu svrhu nije bila dovoljna. Ova pretpostavka je potvrđena s odgovarajućim nalazima na području gorja Elbrus u <a href="/wiki/Armenija" title="Armenija">Armeniji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datiranje_ugljikom-14" title="Datiranje ugljikom-14">datiranim</a> negdje oko 4300. pr. Kr. Oko 4000. pr. Kr. bakar se dobivao iz svojih ruda u cijeloj <a href="/wiki/Jugozapadna_Azija" title="Jugozapadna Azija">zapadnoj Aziji</a>, a već oko 3800. pr. Kr. i u cijelom <a href="/wiki/Stari_svijet" title="Stari svijet">“starom svijetu”</a>. Srednja Europa ulazi u bakreno doba negdje oko 2200. pr. Kr, dok je područje <a href="/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska">Engleske</a> direktno iz kamenog doba ušlo u brončano doba, preskočivši bakreno doba. </p><p>Interesantno je spomenuti, kako neki autori smatraju, da je u “starom svijetu”, u razdoblju od 2800. do 1300. pr. Kr., bilo proizvedeno ukupno oko 10 000 <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> bakra, što znači, uzimajući prosjek, oko 6,5 tona na godinu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brončano_doba"><span id="Bron.C4.8Dano_doba"></span>Brončano doba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Brončano doba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Brončano doba"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Bron%C4%8Dano_doba" title="Brončano doba">Brončano doba</a></div></i></div> <p>Vrlo rano, najvjerojatnije slučajno, nastala su i prva <a href="/wiki/Legura" title="Legura">legiranja</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metala</a>. Rude metala rijetko se pojavljuju čiste, jer su uglavnom već pomiješane s rudama drugih metala, te prilikom njihove redukcije ne nastaje čisti metal nego legura. To se prvenstveno odnosi na bakar i <a href="/wiki/Kositar" title="Kositar">kositar</a>, čija legura se naziva <a href="/wiki/Bronca" title="Bronca">bronca</a>. Bronca se upotrebljavala vrlo rano, jer je imala bolja mehanička svojstva od samog bakra. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element)">Olovo</a> se dobivalo iz rude, vjerojatno <a href="/wiki/Olovni_sjajnik" title="Olovni sjajnik">olovnog sjajnika ili galenita</a> (PbS), već oko 3500. pr. Kr. Postupak dobivanja olova putem tzv. “koštanog pepela”, poznat je već 2500. pr. Kr. Olovo se moglo lako dobiti iz galenita, <a href="/wiki/Oksidacija" title="Oksidacija">oksidacijskim</a> prženjem, te redukcijom oksida uz dovoljnu količinu <a href="/wiki/Ugljen" title="Ugljen">ugljena</a>, već na temperaturi od oko 600 ºC. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">Srebro</a> se dobivalo uglavnom kao ostatak kod dobivanja olova, a rijetko iz inače relativno čestog minerala AgCl (cerargirita). Za dobivanje <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlata</a> iz ruda i načine njegovog lijevanja znalo se oko 3000. pr. Kr., dok se prvi postupak obogaćivanja rude primjenjivao u Egiptu oko 2000. pr. Kr. Amalgamski postupak dobivanja zlata uz upotrebu <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiva" title="Živa">žive</a> bio je poznat oko 500. pr. Kr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Željezno_doba"><span id=".C5.BDeljezno_doba"></span>Željezno doba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Željezno doba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Željezno doba"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članci o temama: <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba">Željezno doba</a> i <a href="/wiki/Povijest_metalurgije_%C5%BEeljeza" title="Povijest metalurgije željeza">Povijest metalurgije željeza</a></div></i></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Metalni_meteoriti" title="Metalni meteoriti">Meteorsko (telurno) željezo</a> upotrebljavalo se već vrlo rano. Faraon <a href="/wiki/Tutankamon" title="Tutankamon">Tutankamon</a>, koji je živio oko 2800. pr. Kr,. poznavao je <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a>. U grobu jednog kasnijeg faraona (oko 1350. pr. Kr.) pronađen je željezni naslonjač za glavu. Željezo se počelo dobivati iz ruda, najvjerojatnije <a href="/wiki/Hematit" title="Hematit">hematita</a> (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), oko 1500. pr. Kr. najprije u <a href="/wiki/Anatolija" title="Anatolija">Anatoliji</a>, današnjoj <a href="/wiki/Mala_Azija" title="Mala Azija">Maloj Aziji</a>, kao <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEvasto_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Spužvasto željezo">spužvasto željezo</a>. U to vrijeme, zbog nedovoljne temperature primitivnih peći, nije bilo moguće dobivanje <a href="/wiki/Lijevano_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Lijevano željezo">lijevanog željeza</a>, već je nastajalo spužvasto željezo, koje se <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanjem</a> pretvaralo u upotrebljiv metal. Nalazišta u Uru (<a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>), te u Egiptu svjedoče o ranom dobivanju željeza iz ruda. Željezo je u to vrijeme bilo nevjerojatno važan strateški materijal. Smatra se, da je pleme <a href="/wiki/Hetiti" title="Hetiti">Hetita</a> iz Male Azije postiglo svoju veliku <a href="/wiki/Vojna_povijest" title="Vojna povijest">vojnu moć</a> upravo zbog rane proizvodnje željeznog oružja. U to je vrijeme cijena željeza bila veća od cijene zlata, a način njegovog dobivanja čuvao se kao najstroža tajna.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekstraktivna_metalurgija">Ekstraktivna metalurgija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Ekstraktivna metalurgija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ekstraktivna metalurgija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prvi korak u dobivanju <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metala</a> u upotrebljivom obliku je oslobađanje metala iz njegovih <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_spojevi" title="Kemijski spojevi">spojeva</a>. Tim područjem bavi se ekstraktivna metalurgija. Ali čak i nakon taljenja, rafinacije i legiranja, metal je samo djelomično podesan za konačnu upotrebu. Otprilike 75% <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijskih elemanata</a> na <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlji</a> su metali. Prema raširenosti metala u Zemljinoj kori na prvom mjestu je <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminij</a> (8,23%), dok na primjer olovo, koji je vrlo važan metal, u Zemljinoj kori ga ima oko 6500 puta manje od aluminija. </p><p>Rude (<a href="/wiki/Mineralne_sirovine" title="Mineralne sirovine">mineralne sirovine</a>) su glavna sirovina za dobivanje metala. Korisni sadržaj metala u rudi vrlo je različit, a najmanji, <a href="/wiki/Ekonomija" class="mw-disambig" title="Ekonomija">ekonomski</a> iskoristljiv sadržaj zavisan je od razvoja <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija" title="Tehnologija">tehnologije</a> dobivanja i različit je za razne metale. Tako na primjer, željezne rude sadrže 50% do 60% željeza, dok se <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">molibden</a> (ima ga samo oko 0,01% u bakrenoj rudi) dobiva se kao sporedni proizvod u metalurgiji bakra. Bakrena ruda sadrži samo oko 0,000005% <a href="/wiki/Renij" title="Renij">renija</a>, a ipak se njegova proizvodnja ekonomski isplati. </p><p><b>Procesna metalurgija</b> obuhvaća izdvajanje metala, pročišćavanje, legiranje, lijevanje, oblikovanje, <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_obrada" title="Toplinska obrada">toplinsku obradu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Spoj_(strojarstvo)" title="Spoj (strojarstvo)">spajanje metala</a>, da bi se dobio poluproizvod ili gotov <a href="/wiki/Proizvod" title="Proizvod">proizvod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legura">Legura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Legura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Legura"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Legura" title="Legura">Legura</a></div></i></div> <p>Legura ili slitina je homogena smjesa metala ili nemetala u metalu i pripravljaju se zbog postizanja određenih svojstava. Tako legure mogu imati veću <a href="/wiki/Tvrdo%C4%87a" title="Tvrdoća">tvrdoću</a>, otpornost na <a href="/wiki/Korozija" title="Korozija">koroziju</a> ili bolja neka druga svojstva od metala od kojih su sastavljene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toplinska_obrada">Toplinska obrada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Toplinska obrada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Toplinska obrada"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_obrada" title="Toplinska obrada">Toplinska obrada</a></div></i></div> <p>Toplinska obrada je postupak djelovanja temperature na materijal u svrhu mijenjanja njegove <a href="/wiki/Mikrostruktura" title="Mikrostruktura">mikrostrukture</a> i time mijenjanja njegovih svojstava. Toplinski se obrađuju najčešće <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelici</a>, ali nerijetko i drugi metali, te <a href="/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika">keramike</a> (<a href="/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo">staklo</a>). Najčešći razlozi za toplinsku obradu čelika su očvršćivanje (povećanje mehaničkih svojstava, posebno <a href="/wiki/Vla%C4%8Dna_%C4%8Dvrsto%C4%87a" title="Vlačna čvrstoća">vlačne čvrstoće</a>), povećanje žilavosti, povećanje <a href="/wiki/Duktilnost" title="Duktilnost">duktilnosti</a> i mogućnosti preoblikovanja, smanjenje unutrašnjih <a href="/wiki/Naprezanje" title="Naprezanje">naprezanja</a>, priprema za obradu rezanjem. </p><p>Toplinska se obrada obavlja: </p> <ul><li>prije oblikovanja komada plastičnom deformacijom i odvajanjem strugotine, da bi metal omekšao,</li> <li>poslije oblikovanja komada, da bi se uklonila zaostala naprezanja,</li> <li>završno, za postizanje konačne <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto%C4%87a" title="Čvrstoća">čvrstoće</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tvrdo%C4%87a" title="Tvrdoća">tvrdoće</a> proizvoda.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spajanje_metala">Spajanje metala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Spajanje metala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Spajanje metala"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Spoj_(strojarstvo)" title="Spoj (strojarstvo)">Spoj (strojarstvo)</a></div></i></div> <p>Spoj u strojarstvu može biti rastavljivi spoj ili nerastavljivi spoj. Rastavljivi spoj je takav spoj koji se može rastaviti bez razaranja ili oštećenja, a zatim ponovo sastaviti. Nerastavljiv spoj je takav spoj gdje se sastavljeni dijelovi ne mogu rastaviti bez razaranja ili oštećenja.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mehanička_metalurgija"><span id="Mehani.C4.8Dka_metalurgija"></span>Mehanička metalurgija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Mehanička metalurgija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mehanička metalurgija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mehanička metalurgija se bavi oblikovanjem metala i pritom za njihovo oblikovanje koristi brojne postupke kao što su <a href="/wiki/Valjanje" title="Valjanje">valjanje</a>, prešanje, <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanje</a>, izvlačenje itd. Ponekad ogromni <a href="/wiki/Strojevi" title="Strojevi">strojevi</a>, teški i više <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a>, daju metalnim predmetima, kao npr. <a href="/wiki/Tra%C4%8Dnice" title="Tračnice">željezničkim tračnicama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cijev" title="Cijev">cijevima</a> i limovima konačan oblik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kovanje">Kovanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Kovanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kovanje"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">Kovanje</a></div></i></div> <p>Kovanje je obrada materijala bez odvajanja čestica, kod koje se promjena oblika i dimenzija vrši udarcima <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ceki%C4%87" title="Čekić">čekića</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Bat" class="mw-disambig" title="Bat">bata</a> po otkivku, koji je položen na <a href="/wiki/Nakovanj" title="Nakovanj">nakovanj</a>. Obrada je češće u toplom stanju, ali može biti i u hladnom stanju. Prema načinu na koji se obavlja preoblikovanje postoji <b>ručno kovanje</b> i <b>strojno kovanje</b>. </p><p>Ručno kovanje je postupak preoblikovanja materijala udarcima kovačkog čekića po otkivku. Otkivak se zagrije u kovačkoj vatri do <a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Toplinsko zračenje">bijelog sjaja</a>. Kovačkim <a href="/wiki/Klije%C5%A1ta" title="Kliješta">klještima</a> se vadi iz vatre i polaže na nakovanj. Otkivak polako mijenja oblik i dimenzije pod udarcima čekića. <a href="/wiki/Tolerancija_du%C5%BEinskih_mjera" title="Tolerancija dužinskih mjera">Točnost dimenzija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolerancija_oblika_i_polo%C5%BEaja" title="Tolerancija oblika i položaja">oblika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvaliteta" title="Kvaliteta">kvaliteta</a> proizvoda i količina ovise isključivo o preciznosti i iskustvu <a href="/wiki/Kova%C4%8D" title="Kovač">kovača</a>. </p><p>Strojno kovanje je moderniji način kovanja, koji omogućava kovanje od najmanjih otkivaka do izuzetno velikih (do 580 <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a>). Dimenzije otkivka ovise samo o veličini stroja. Postupak može biti u toplom i hladnom stanju. Za kovanje u toplom stanju, u postupku proizvodnje potrebne su i kovačke peći. </p><p>Ručno ili strojno kovanje može biti: </p> <ul><li><b>slobodno kovanje</b> ili</li> <li><b>kovanje u ukovnjima</b> (kalupima).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalurgija_praha">Metalurgija praha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Metalurgija praha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Metalurgija praha"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Metalurgija_praha" title="Metalurgija praha">Metalurgija praha</a></div></i></div> <p>Metalurgija praha ili praškasta metalurgija (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">eng</a>. <i>Powder Metallurgy</i> - PM) je <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija" title="Tehnologija">tehnologija</a> proizvodnje <a href="/wiki/Konstrukcijsko_strojarstvo" title="Konstrukcijsko strojarstvo">mehaničkih konstrukcijskih</a> i drugih dijelova od metalnih prahova. Pri tome se odvijaju dva procesa: </p> <ul><li><b>kompaktiranje</b> – zbijanje metalnog praha u željeni oblik i</li> <li><b>sinteriranje</b> – povezivanje čestica praha u čvrstu masu.</li></ul> <p>Mehanička su svojstva proizvoda uglavnom jednaka, a nekim slučajevima i bolja od proizvoda istog kemijskog sastava koji su izrađeni rezanjem strugotine, <a href="/wiki/Valjanje" title="Valjanje">valjanjem</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanjem</a>. Osnovna su svojstva proizvoda praškaste metalurgije da se postiže mala <a href="/wiki/Tolerancija_hrapavosti_povr%C5%A1ine" title="Tolerancija hrapavosti površine">površinska hrapavost</a> (< 63 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">μm</a>), velika <a href="/wiki/Tolerancija_du%C5%BEinskih_mjera" title="Tolerancija dužinskih mjera">točnost dimenzija</a> (< 0,125 mm) i <a href="/wiki/Proizvodnost" title="Proizvodnost">proizvodnost</a> je velika. Prema tome, postupci praškaste metalurgije konkuriraju tradicionalnim strojarskim postupcima: skidanju strugotine, <a href="/wiki/Lijevanje" title="Lijevanje">preciznom lijevanju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lijevanje" title="Lijevanje">tlačnom lijevanju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanju u ukovnjima</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fizikalna_metalurgija">Fizikalna metalurgija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak: Fizikalna metalurgija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Fizikalna metalurgija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fizikalna metalurgija obuhvaća <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalografiju</a>, mehanička ispitivanja, određivanje fizikalnih svojstava, metalografiju i mnoge druge <a href="/wiki/Znanost" title="Znanost">znanstvene</a> oblasti, koje primjenjujemo pri ispitivanju metala, odnosno proizvoda iz metala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalografija">Metalografija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak: Metalografija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Metalografija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Metalografija" title="Metalografija">Metalografija</a></div></i></div> <p>Metalografija se bavi istraživanjem strukture metala i <a href="/wiki/Legura" title="Legura">legura</a> pomoću <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">svjetlosnog</a> (metalografskog) i <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop">elektronskog mikroskopa</a>. Makrostruktura je vidljiva golim <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">okom</a> ili uz malo povećanje. <a href="/wiki/Mikrostruktura" title="Mikrostruktura">Mikrostruktura</a> zahtijeva pomoć mikroskopa, a povećanje treba biti barem 25 puta. Metalografska analiza može dati podatke o sastavu materijala, prethodnoj obradi i svojstvima, posebno: </p> <ul><li>veličinu <a href="/wiki/Kristalno_zrno" title="Kristalno zrno">kristalnog zrna</a></li> <li>prisutne faze</li> <li>kemijsku homogenost</li> <li>raspodjelu faza</li> <li>deformacije strukture nastale nakon plastične deformacije materijala</li> <li>debljinu i strukturu površinskih prevlaka</li> <li>određivanje pukotine i načina <a href="/wiki/Lom_materijala" title="Lom materijala">loma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.riteh.uniri.hr/zav_katd_sluz/zm/pdf/nastava/mehanika_materijala/Povijest.pdf">[1]</a><sup>[<span style="color:#a44"><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Provjerljivost" title="Wikipedija:Provjerljivost">neaktivna poveznica</a></i></span>]</sup> "Povijesni razvitak materijala", www.riteh.uniri.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Tehnička enciklopedija", glavni urednik Hrvoje Požar, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.simet.unizg.hr/nastava/predavanja/Fizikalna%20metalurgija%20I.pdf/view">[2]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704150245/http://www.simet.unizg.hr/nastava/predavanja/Fizikalna%20metalurgija%20I.pdf/view">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 4. srpnja 2014. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "Fizikalna metalurgija I", dr.sc. Tanja Matković, dr.sc. Prosper Matković, www.simet.unizg.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Strojarski priručnik", Bojan Kraut, Tehnička knjiga Zagreb 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/metalurgija/">Metalurgija</a> Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija, portal hrvatske tehničke baštine. <a href="/wiki/LZMK" class="mw-redirect" title="LZMK">LZMK</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Tehnologija" title="Predložak:Tehnologija"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_predlo%C5%A1ku:Tehnologija" title="Razgovor o predlošku:Tehnologija"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Razgovor o ovom predlošku.">r</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Tehnologija&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Glavna polja <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija" title="Tehnologija">tehnologije</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Primijenjene_znanosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Primijenjene znanosti">primijenjene znanosti</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Umjetna_inteligencija" title="Umjetna inteligencija">umjetna inteligencija</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerami%C4%8Dko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keramičko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">keramičko inženjerstvo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo" title="Računarstvo">računarstvo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Energetika" title="Energetika">energetika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pohrana_energije" title="Pohrana energije">pohrana energije</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=In%C5%BEenjerska_fizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inženjerska fizika (stranica ne postoji)">inženjerska fizika</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tehnologija_okoli%C5%A1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tehnologija okoliša (stranica ne postoji)">tehnologija okoliša</a> • <a href="/wiki/Znanost_o_materijalima" title="Znanost o materijalima">znanost o materijalima</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrotehnologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrotehnologija (stranica ne postoji)">mikrotehnologija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nanotehnologija" title="Nanotehnologija">nanotehnologija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_tehnologija" title="Nuklearna tehnologija">nuklearna tehnologija</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opti%C4%8Dko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optičko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">optičko inženjerstvo</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Informacija" title="Informacija">informacija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Komunikacija" title="Komunikacija">komunikacija</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Komunikacija" title="Komunikacija">komunikacija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grafika" title="Grafika">grafika</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glazbena_tehnologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glazbena tehnologija (stranica ne postoji)">glazbena tehnologija</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prepoznavanje_govora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prepoznavanje govora (stranica ne postoji)">prepoznavanje govora</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizualna_tehnologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vizualna tehnologija (stranica ne postoji)">vizualna tehnologija</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Industrija" title="Industrija">industrija</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Konstruiranje" title="Konstruiranje">konstruiranje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proizvodnja" title="Proizvodnja">proizvodnja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Strojevi" title="Strojevi">strojevi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rudarstvo" title="Rudarstvo">rudarstvo</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Vojska" title="Vojska">vojska</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba">bombe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oru%C5%BEje" title="Oružje">oružje</a> i <a href="/wiki/Streljivo" title="Streljivo">streljivo</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojna_tehnologija_i_oprema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vojna tehnologija i oprema (stranica ne postoji)">vojna tehnologija i oprema</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brodsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brodsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">brodsko inženjerstvo</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%87anstvo" title="Kućanstvo">kućanstvo</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%87ni_ure%C4%91aji" title="Kućni uređaji">kućni uređaji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%87na_tehnologija" title="Kućna tehnologija">kućna tehnologija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Obrazovna_tehnologija" title="Obrazovna tehnologija">obrazovna tehnologija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prehrambena_tehnologija" title="Prehrambena tehnologija">prehrambena tehnologija</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/In%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Inženjerstvo">inženjerstvo</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svemirsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svemirsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">svemirsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poljoprivredno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poljoprivredno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">poljodjelsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arhitekturalno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arhitekturalno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">arhitekturalno</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioin%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioinženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">bioinženjerstvo</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biokemijsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biokemijsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">biokemijsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomedicinsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomedicinsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">biomedicinsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerami%C4%8Dko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keramičko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">keramičko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kemijsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Kemijsko inženjerstvo">kemijsko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%91evinarstvo" title="Građevinarstvo">građevinarstvo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Potresno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Potresno inženjerstvo">potresno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Računalno inženjerstvo">računalno</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstrukcijsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstrukcijsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">konstrukcijsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriogenika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriogenika (stranica ne postoji)">kriogenika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektrotehnika" title="Elektrotehnika">elektrotehnika</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroni%C4%8Dko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroničko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">elektroničko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okoli%C5%A1no_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okolišno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">okolišno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prehrambeno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Prehrambeno inženjerstvo">prehrambeno</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrijsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrijsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">industrijsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=In%C5%BEenjerstvo_materijala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inženjerstvo materijala (stranica ne postoji)">materijala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Strojarstvo" title="Strojarstvo">strojarstvo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mehatronika" title="Mehatronika">mehatronika</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">metalurgija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rudarstvo" title="Rudarstvo">rudarstvo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brodogradnja" title="Brodogradnja">pomorsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuklearno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">nuklearno</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naftno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naftno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">naftno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Programsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Programsko inženjerstvo">programsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturalno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturalno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">strukturalno</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustavsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sustavsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">sustavsko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekstilno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekstilno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">tekstilno</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=In%C5%BEenjerstvo_tkiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inženjerstvo tkiva (stranica ne postoji)">tkiva</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Zdravlje" title="Zdravlje">zdravlje</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sigurnost" title="Sigurnost">sigurnost</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomedicinsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomedicinsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">biomedicinsko inženjerstvo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">bioinformatika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biotehnologija" title="Biotehnologija">biotehnologija</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keminformatika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keminformatika (stranica ne postoji)">keminformatika</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatroza%C5%A1tita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatrozaštita (stranica ne postoji)">vatrozaštita</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Znanost_o_zdravlju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Znanost o zdravlju (stranica ne postoji)">tehnologije zdravstva</a> • <a href="/wiki/Farmakologija" title="Farmakologija">farmakologija</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigurnosno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigurnosno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">sigurnosno inženjerstvo</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanitarno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanitarno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">sanitarno inženjerstvo</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Promet" title="Promet">promet</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zrakoplovno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zrakoplovno inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">zrakoplovno inženjerstvo</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svemirsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svemirsko inženjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">svemirsko inženjerstvo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pomorsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Pomorsko inženjerstvo">pomorsko inženjerstvo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Motorno_vozilo" title="Motorno vozilo">motorna vozila</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svemirska_tehnologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svemirska tehnologija (stranica ne postoji)">svemirska tehnologija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&oldid=6825539">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metalurgija&oldid=6825539</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Metalurgija" title="Kategorija:Metalurgija">Metalurgija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Tehnologija" 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