CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9137011b3d26a999',cH: 'GFpWhIr9PplLY6HU6LhH1d6F4Gz2uQkAIqkgZI6s1aE-1739808173-1.2.1.1-14kATNcxberkDp0x28MSaW5psIgGxjQOhiDj6QxC4Q42it3msDibLdBlq3E08aRK',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=permanent%20magnet%20machines&__cf_chl_tk=6mOHbgeDQRpJZKPX1np6bmf0hbKR3ThGvkbJd_1yUAs-1739808173-1.0.1.1-EH5fxGrSdYajyxj0mMqACOsRvMjdTgUzhCH1Twe7CiY",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739808173',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=permanent%20magnet%20machines&__cf_chl_f_tk=6mOHbgeDQRpJZKPX1np6bmf0hbKR3ThGvkbJd_1yUAs-1739808173-1.0.1.1-EH5fxGrSdYajyxj0mMqACOsRvMjdTgUzhCH1Twe7CiY",md: "vILjOv3Tna5wE6p3eIrASkCTnXSwMwlgjhwbZmFLPvY-1739808173-1.2.1.1-kS2zEzSj7TPht3CUuG1Z6hjywXGGOAlYFVFSxDc5BopIf7xH2YzekUsRLXlyjQOff0Tye4CCK3BQn_r3m97vq3fUKJ1NpMiVIc6turmQ79_QFttrt9W62PkVuNrBnKmXOcXcYKk_LqXw.MlBv.CwT2KU.C0a56fZW7CWd0U2tjOoxP0_0Kkl3LQF29AA6UGqzs22_u5MAr6ufsd4HV_CKkbQxvaGFX9zsmJmubJayfYIuaImAYByl1PsWiv769lvH_lQ_LRdTEcWgOUzckB11EeJoRRsP4RydkSZXG0UpS1JTE6JOexNuY5StuBk4x4ea_fcIrup_EDEw1fmfMDqYeb6mYduOUhjvu09G_b5v9pBi_Vvt.rIheKY1E7efXOZnvrrV0MZ0ckpwMBICUZbWfsAw5ih6mG.LgXji2.6gt4JLJXfXopNmJKkY6A7cpbDI2iT9BYf_CatzKV47jqvM.A3aQg9MGr6IzkdYUdHIDwX0s5Jk.b3ya1koLVt15aJ2pSJrQpUdXV8RYqY3NQ8hsZNt.7v2WlvMhzx0NnuoTZKxI57gXsT3PcrByt3J7U5bxBwmJgy4D7S839fejM3LilS8lClU0.awDV2XqLHR0CrUi75euljpYQ6KntefETAiw5KfIajTFSX9idhSiOx..It0CPElp7Exr63ZFmehrijNQYbns48BUSA1HspUmUQGChGVX0iDdJ9M6eYfEEE64t0iejGpb35vIfWR8FvXpiDTMeOW5iePB3V7H5ckOkRcEdNTRHK1HaqVPKcN57sU1ChEPVqA2ZbEyAn5NeBAbUi5U48wtwbjxDn3zasR20940D9sTRa7K7mde07HAFyGEx1NGNRZVumxOBpiUPYBud3wPdnsQlJ.CHqV26WfVGQzh.PUXWwnAH3EPX.WDuT6Rd8yOUHh81bnswDkPaFJiycRhs0Lok7S65M5n9Fqb1HIrzzt3C4HhJmhBq5pvwPD3n4zl72djnwnq9OehRqlGDEOrCCmzuvp5Z_y8GHADoBesXmf9Dl1tPI3QMDLn13NmlvOJ3NijPX2RMCBx0eNMnwVVRSkLzjUPqr026H3.FX5dOxvqe58lKhdieq6UTStVHOa_go8v59Xrd7P_TV0dwEk1w9CNNGqUbe3..6lpG0FKH.QQbDQADU8a50L.mLJffaEE_K0wujY6Ca5IEQg5wW5_.uzPPd73BJOXBsiuVok41JgkZIsBzg8jcSJnqLHy1rP8.43Ojb4t2YLcgU_lVHRgEBPOgJEVPlcONQHz1oyQIWDD.k.FhBBaruXiXIB1z9DzxOk8i3M_GgBn_c_uiucqLcuzGnShKAQPlWEXxPqd9iKfze0NhzAKIOy8nkKDDPxCmfe1Yo6W0_P7OTxQmcm0HK8rIgyWV0KIPOXGASMX1n.GeVk9z.Mj2zmKSSWkonukonrvU1gN3Sr5ApZcNhSxK.fwqHmsny_WitkpL2EpDNRoplGgjFVx4zQjmRLf_Fl4SmuhLRc8tKbj.Phu9FvQJIE.Mn1p4h9GIMzmN8vZKyCD3Jc8CKc6Ggu3gVlHfSPiz6JbL7pLZvkXuytoHRxtXaBfmyBGjYPaB1HhGeS.tA1EMihEDFzJWjW5UFo_ah6FCb9Mp2fGX6VNkW370ZQ1_SbmWudDTQ1.5hK7lXb.KDNLKprHerv.ndVglgNzJn5Iqtd2T.dy0IzB.iND1pKR_sfQMh3Ztg5_VlHTMKHtl.IfNkQLscbkzQmYGH4Uy7YpuvNvsFxk1CJHjZnpxJImNw0f_oLRe3trZvzPuRSyjr.ef4pwdkE7Fwg64P.Pd02rJV2CQe.aArH8RYkc.AFzJ9WlyM5xHI_YYCjkDxvyjA9s0xpskufCj8AWdiTGZzZr9GWEaLQs4RLM2bsjcbZpx4VtXqyd6O5JlsfzrTm1pnXfCxue58NfT1Xf0b1EpVTCK6gRUDHHu_urv9yVeozqf7_gLFQNOi6UCf2WSjISPp1uK9K7KsF7rrZQ.AiQ",mdrd: "_DbKe1r.pDCYKLa69FzMMc6WzaE8QzgczjFxGn4Oq54-1739808173-1.2.1.1-LmHJWowCt056oNGG8FbRdi98HGLhOGRCvj_sYUPNl9O6tAO4C.LCUUowjxAHkmU1YiaVURtEGfffbYuhQEgA_HC9DTd28ceUs3P0YNoOVCvR8RqTqHlTM5GShjtUBYejLFvw2bOs1XLVuD5fEHskb1JOscAVnsYqkWkonRb_cPrE72.WO39y5.i7bntOug5VCCVwUXBkiXDKdiOu7mcej3ssWYb.6ihvVTZQ6kOj9oZhoH2EzO3Qc5KKuK5RDJXBKimgsn66kQ9QgUz7yDKlmU4Q5xZNoXt5bemDt4XjcbEztLCd2nXaywBpYjdB1d4dxyHchVAOpT_v8VnntZ_jj7o6t8IEBw4eqT_oiX1D895b1jRDM1lwvSXS6kZs4iT3wHWw9CRNFPkk77n9eqyOP_NQ_JAxvewqbOvntGTeaw90.wbMLTzCh3cFFqrryKwTQV1yil7GOcZiF9JsMhg6rR_mEfByJ4s8nDp0P1gv0Fz15DtYy9HFMlBlXAOQplXq7sysuAqFXyRkp86l3AOGZL3RxroqEn2YtXpwXNwzNm8sDwtX2GzFxCyWNg6A0P8xwcEYdqjDszFAH6YIT4vGy3OD0gzXebtAnHRby_.Svjx75TgqyIrXvUZRXCA7Gh_HSNKz5UB5OSaho9B6EFrZnUPQOoqholIItLyUr0N44VafQNOHFNO.npKdPCQ1EwA.QrMJkeJTSuwYDbaml4S1lKA9RSnZvhljY_3yFyOFIxWOG2S9U8D7IxZn5_sFBrh0eJ6umO3swTdWLA6vCY5aVcT.PzVgFOy8.ow5tVNFkCaFmJAV5pItdbeCBYpsk3DUqRK9YorjX.baGwgbko2rgsKTv.pztR6zmUle4Fd3bGWmTWVtEzQT4_9Rca4MAqHsLehMF9k.KYE5VLlD8JhaJryqiBWVMMb9wuRlcTc01ck9ih8G_XoTzu_3JbYbvVasM0F7svI18dzHat97lAvwbiNUnctHVi0pZLDl.C_MEbT12jeNG83MotcAYSqG4xQsythCz4k6XUQ4Sn4bE3lC8quXWDRXljYQmCxITBSmSBMBdY2lBfgQef989m4B6oxCEGv9njNlxPZRIJzQSzuKHcBbN8DLpm5jJNv9suZYHzSwNZazTL5fqiPexZYi4CtaToCHN96pn6i40ps.dgApS2dDE7s8C3QxqAIdC6q7kmyo26ZkuVM9TpZlSvI9irWFhGfnozSa58qnvijRe0h05uthTKYdrh45gyR_NqcNk6EJHuzmxHgD7aAa7WtP8KlP3KNqbgIBTLo1fvGf9i9S1vZ71FLmEoVDy61taYFbGzz_QlbrCESj3FHQVxuRDGBBSgsVfokGC6zxlD7gB1T1svB2_sMFwBP_toho8O1T0OV9J2DdhwamfoVSttk667rMha80S0o6_KL.KfHv9WYoiRag3QuL_4M2IQEiItKB3T7NYm9Urk1mfbJ472DiovlcGtDP7_Nf3NKs7OM6qYOxd1Wp3v9bzHR93Owt50YVipVKxu17RN0.KWDWJ6lojDrMm69T7GgtWdBVGTGJKaA5CFuY39jnMxFawDnRvQHPc4TvpbqVdWXUA6lK.wISumTimhGj31QAgxySNIyel2PN6YsMAgrOrec_k2Rmtocm0ZKznEA_XVTtqu4X8TU621NqQJcnf1dk69M0ST.IjkY5ipR5bnN7DK3Z0pa1pW6L.1w.W1Zt6tPAyIcIjexNTJ6mH01dnd2I4OGDGLuFd.T8ZZoAB7Y1sGWWPDwNZDzzVkFjYP3Ljcz_6Zd.lvjseZd9027xqdLfMZwPtTW52EKwmoK8e9tzdrHGP2q2AYSBUI8UElasZEwIk61Lipm4KB0zCbAJFwF9yD8fmyVPo4BSVScqfYj3zi32N2zd1rfdJC1oDfVXT06YZ6h90D71VEIQphiYyzpWsFHen_EvWFB_3EiNYa3gVMF8Usmn9AVqfgBdti6drtARKKa9XwpkIFOwO0922svSsMppwKJ8Ha0WLw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9137011b3d26a999';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=permanent%20magnet%20machines&__cf_chl_rt_tk=6mOHbgeDQRpJZKPX1np6bmf0hbKR3ThGvkbJd_1yUAs-1739808173-1.0.1.1-EH5fxGrSdYajyxj0mMqACOsRvMjdTgUzhCH1Twe7CiY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>