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style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Exec</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sassenrath" title="Carl Sassenrath">Carl Sassenrath</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">Closed source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1985<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985-07-23</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.1 Final Edition Update 2 / 12 January 2021<span class="noprint">; 3 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-01-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data">Compile from <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a> (MC680x0, 68k)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Command-line interface</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigaos.net">www<wbr />.amigaos<wbr />.net</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Exec</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> of <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a>. It is a 13 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KB</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> which enabled <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive multitasking">pre-emptive multitasking</a> in as little as 256 KB of memory (as supplied with the first <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000s</a>). Exec provided functions for multitasking, <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>, and handling of <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_linker" title="Dynamic linker">dynamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Shared_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared libraries">shared libraries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amiga_rkm_libs_exec_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amiga_rkm_libs_exec-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holloway_oo_amiga_exec_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holloway_oo_amiga_exec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It acts as a <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">scheduler</a> for tasks running on the system, providing pre-emptive multitasking with prioritized <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">round-robin scheduling</a>. Exec also provides access to other <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> and high-level <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> via <a href="/wiki/Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a>. Other comparable microkernels have had performance problems because of the need to copy messages between <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address spaces</a>. Since the Amiga has only one address space, Exec message passing is quite efficient. The only fixed memory address in the Amiga software (address 4) is a pointer to <code>exec.library</code>, which can then be used to access other libraries. Exec was designed and implemented by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sassenrath" title="Carl Sassenrath">Carl Sassenrath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exec">Exec</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exec_(Amiga)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Exec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike newer modern <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, the exec kernel does not run "privileged". Contemporary operating systems for the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">Atari TOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> used <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">trap</a> instructions to invoke kernel functions. This made the kernel functions run in the 68000's <i>supervisor mode</i>, while user software ran in the unprivileged <i>user mode</i>. By contrast, exec function calls are made with the library jump table, and the kernel code normally executes in user mode. Whenever supervisor mode is needed, either by the kernel or user programs, the library functions <code>Supervisor()</code> or <code>SuperState()</code> are used. </p><p>One limit of the Exec kernel was that an uncooperative program could disable multitasking for a long time, or indefinitely, by invoking Exec's calls <code>Forbid()</code> or <code>Disable()</code>, with no later invocation of corresponding <code>Permit()</code> or <code>Enable()</code>, causing the environment to run as one task. Multitasking could also be disabled by programs which, by software bug or intent, modify Exec's data structures or the code stored in <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM), possibly due to lack of <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a> (MMU) support. </p><p>Even with such limits, Exec satisfies the definition of preemptive scheduling algorithm, using a preemptive scheduling routine and basing its interrupt intervals on a clock.<sup id="cite_ref-stallings_2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stallings_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> developer <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> once described the Amiga design as cooperative,<sup id="cite_ref-Torvalds_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torvalds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it uses a preemptive scheduling policy. The reason for that, he argued, was because the lack of <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">[memory] protection</a> between tasks, meant a task could hinder the system from operating preemptively. As tasks would need to choose not to stop the preemptive mechanism this would reduce to a kind of inverted cooperative system. This kind of conflation between protection and scheduler policy is nonstandard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ExecSG">ExecSG</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exec_(Amiga)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: ExecSG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>ExecSG</b> (Second Generation) is the kernel used by <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a>. This kernel was licensed by <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a> from Thomas Frieden and Hans-Jörg Frieden.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It exposes the same functions and structures as the Amiga Exec kernel but runs on <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> processors only. The ultimate origin of ExecSG is unspecified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exec_(Amiga)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-amiga_rkm_libs_exec-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amiga_rkm_libs_exec_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSassenrath1986" class="citation book cs1">Sassenrath, Carl (1986). <i>Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual</i>. Exec.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amiga+ROM+Kernel+Reference+Manual&rft.place=Exec&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sassenrath&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExec+%28Amiga%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holloway_oo_amiga_exec-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holloway_oo_amiga_exec_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway1991" class="citation news cs1">Holloway, Tim (January 1991). "The Object-Oriented Amiga Exec: The design of the Amiga operating-system kernel follows the rules of object-oriented programming". <i><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a></i>. No. January 1991. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. pp. 329–332, 234. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5280">0360-5280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=The+Object-Oriented+Amiga+Exec%3A+The+design+of+the+Amiga+operating-system+kernel+follows+the+rules+of+object-oriented+programming&rft.issue=January+1991&rft.pages=329-332%2C+234&rft.date=1991-01&rft.issn=0360-5280&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExec+%28Amiga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225171845/http://theamigamuseum.com/amiga-people/carl-sassenrath/">"Carl Sassenrath"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theamigamuseum.com/amiga-people/carl-sassenrath/">the original</a> on 2020-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+Sassenrath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheamigamuseum.com%2Famiga-people%2Fcarl-sassenrath%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExec+%28Amiga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stallings_2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stallings_2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallings2009" class="citation book cs1">Stallings, William (2009). <i>Operating Systems - Internals and Design Principles</i> (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Prentice_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120336292" title="Special:BookSources/9788120336292"><bdi>9788120336292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operating+Systems+-+Internals+and+Design+Principles&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788120336292&rft.aulast=Stallings&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExec+%28Amiga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torvalds-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torvalds_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1996" class="citation newsgroup cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torvalds, Linus (October 17, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.google.fi/group/sfnet.atk.sodat/msg/9d730043aa229345?hl=fi&dmode=source">"Jalleen mahtava uusi keksinto m$oftilta"</a> [Again, a great new invention from M$] (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:sfnet.atk.sodat">sfnet.atk.sodat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:545idd$3fj@linux.cs.Helsinki.FI">545idd$3fj@linux.cs.Helsinki.FI</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The Amiga is "pseudo-pre-emptive" multitasking, which Amiga people call pre-emptive, but it really is not. <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">WinNT</a> in this regard, is light years ahead. ... due to lack of memory protection. Any program can take possession of the machine completely and thus prevent multitasking. Multitasking in Amiga is co-operative because it requires approval and help from running applications [... muistinsuojauksen puutteen vuoksi. Mikä tahansa ohjelma voi ottaa koneen haltuunsa täysin ja estää siten moniajo. Eli Amigan moniajo on kooperatiivinen, koska se vaatii sen että ajettavat ohjelmat hyväksyvät sen moniajon ja auttavat sitä]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jalleen+mahtava+uusi+keksinto+m%24oftilta&rft.pub=sfnet.atk.sodat&rft.date=1996-10-17&rft_id=news%3A545idd%243fj%40linux.cs.Helsinki.FI%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.fi%2Fgroup%2Fsfnet.atk.sodat%2Fmsg%2F9d730043aa229345%3Fhl%3Dfi%26dmode%3Dsource&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExec+%28Amiga%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609194559/https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/washington/wawdce/2:2007cv00631/143245/30">"Justia: Hyperion Entertainment vs. Amiga Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/washington/wawdce/2:2007cv00631/143245/30">the original</a> on 2016-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justia%3A+Hyperion+Entertainment+vs.+Amiga+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2Fwashington%2Fwawdce%2F2%3A2007cv00631%2F143245%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExec+%28Amiga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exec_(Amiga)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Blitter_object" title="Blitter object">Blitter object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Amiga_MIDI_Driver" title="Commodore Amiga MIDI Driver">CAMD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exec</a>/<a href="/wiki/WarpOS" title="WarpOS">WarpOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Meditation" title="Guru Meditation">Guru Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Hunk" title="Amiga Hunk">Hunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(programming_language)" title="Installer (programming language)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_drive" title="RAM drive">RAM disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAD_(software)" title="XAD (software)">XAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_(desktop_environment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient (desktop environment)">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_User_Interface" title="Magic User Interface">MUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Opus" title="Directory Opus">Opus Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReAction_GUI" title="ReAction GUI">ReAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalos" title="Scalos">Scalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)">Workbench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_(widget_toolkit)" title="Zune (widget toolkit)">Zune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrossDOS" title="CrossDOS">CrossDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">SFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_version_history" title="AmigaOS version history">AmigaOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software packs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Forever" title="Amiga Forever">Amiga Forever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmiKit" title="AmiKit">AmiKit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Amiga_software" title="Amiga software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminet" title="Aminet">Aminet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Reflections" title="Amiga Reflections">Amiga Reflections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_demos" title="Amiga demos">Demos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amiga_games" title="List of Amiga games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(programming_language)" title="Hollywood (programming language)">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Disk_File" title="Amiga Disk File">ADF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHDLoad" title="WHDLoad">WHDLoad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_(emulator)" title="UAE (emulator)">WinUAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAM_(Yet_Another_Mailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="YAM (Yet Another Mailer)">YAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmiZilla" title="AmiZilla">AmiZilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS">AtheOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllable_Desktop" title="Syllable Desktop">Syllable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:AmigaOS" title="Category:AmigaOS">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microkernels-nanokernels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microkernel" title="Template:Microkernel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microkernel" title="Template talk:Microkernel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microkernel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microkernel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microkernels-nanokernels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernels</a>-<a href="/wiki/Microkernel#Nanokernel" title="Microkernel">nanokernels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eumel" title="Eumel">Eumel</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/L3_microkernel" class="mw-redirect" title="L3 microkernel">L3</a></i> → <a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">OKL4</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_nanokernel" title="Mac OS nanokernel">Mac OS nanokernel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NuKernel" class="mw-redirect" title="NuKernel">NuKernel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/EKA1" title="EKA1">EKA1</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/EKA2" title="EKA2">EKA2</a></i>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exec</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#ExecSG">ExecSG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_(kernel)" title="Quark (kernel)">Quark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WarpOS" title="WarpOS">WarpOS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems" title="Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems">ADEOS</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a></i>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K42" title="K42">K42</a></i>°</li> <li>Little Kernel</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></i>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Mach" title="GNU Mach">GNU Mach</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MicroEmpix" title="MicroEmpix">MicroEmpix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_Software#Real-time_operating_systems" title="Green Hills Software">µ-velOSity</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(operating_system)#The_nucleus" title="Spring (operating system)">nucleus</a></i></li> <li>Off++ → Plan B</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taligent#Pink_system" title="Taligent">Opus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PowerUP_(accelerator)#PowerUP_software" title="PowerUP (accelerator)">PowerUP</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI-RTOS#RTOS_kernel_overview" title="TI-RTOS">TI-RTOS kernel</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARX_(operating_system)" title="ARX (operating system)">ARX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lites" title="Lites">Lites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meiko_Scientific#MeikOS" title="Meiko Scientific">MeikOS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minix-vmd" class="mw-redirect" title="Minix-vmd">Minix-vmd</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multi-Environment_Real-Time" title="Multi-Environment Real-Time">Multi-Environment Real-Time</a></i>^ (<i>MERT</i> – <i>Unix-RT</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OS2000" title="OS2000">OS2000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(operating_system)" title="Spring (operating system)">Spring</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinix" title="Tinix">Tinix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UNICOS" title="UNICOS">UNICOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VSTa" title="VSTa">VSTa</a></i></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a>^</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity_(operating_system)" title="Integrity (operating system)">Integrity</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_RTOS" title="Nucleus RTOS">Nucleus RTOS</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuttX" title="NuttX">NuttX</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_System_Embedded" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating System Embedded">OSE</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIOT_(operating_system)" title="RIOT (operating system)">RIOT</a>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">Capability-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/KeyKOS" title="KeyKOS">KeyKOS</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a></i> → CapROS</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(operating_system)" title="Hydra (operating system)">Hydra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family#High_assurance:_seL4" title="L4 microkernel family">seL4</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony#Oniro_OS" title="OpenHarmony">Oniro OS</a>)</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L<sup>4</sup>Linux</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/REX_OS" title="REX OS">REX OS</a></i>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wombat_(operating_system)" title="Wombat (operating system)">Wombat</a>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/JavaOS" title="JavaOS">JavaOS</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/JavaOS#Chorus/Jazz" title="JavaOS">Chorus/Jazz</a></i>^ integrates <i><a href="/wiki/ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a></i>^)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JX_(operating_system)" title="JX (operating system)">JX</a></i>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Unix-like" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacMach" title="MacMach">MacMach</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8#Mac_OS_8.6" title="Mac OS 8">Classic Mac OS</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> kernel)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> OS</i>^°</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#AspireOS" title="AROS Research Operating System">AspireOS</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#Broadway" title="AROS Research Operating System">Broadway</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#Icaros_Desktop" title="AROS Research Operating System">Icaros Desktop</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThreadX" title="ThreadX">ThreadX</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verve_(operating_system)" title="Verve (operating system)">Verve</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Pink</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a> OS</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BeRTOS" title="BeRTOS">BeRTOS</a></i>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChibiOS/RT" title="ChibiOS/RT">ChibiOS/RT</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelenOS" title="HelenOS">HelenOS</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-Controller_Operating_Systems" title="Micro-Controller Operating Systems">µC/OS</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQX" title="MQX">MQX</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenComRTOS" title="OpenComRTOS">OpenComRTOS</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_OS" title="Phantom OS">Phantom OS</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RC_4000_multiprogramming_system" title="RC 4000 multiprogramming system">RC 4000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharpOS" title="SharpOS">SharpOS</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPIN_(operating_system)" title="SPIN (operating system)">SPIN</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoth_(operating_system)" title="Thoth (operating system)">Thoth</a></i>^ → <i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(operating_system)" title="Harmony (operating system)">Harmony</a></i>^ → <i><a href="/wiki/V_(operating_system)" title="V (operating system)">V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Real-Time_Executive" title="Versatile Real-Time Executive">VRTX</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(operating_system)" title="Zephyr (operating system)">Zephyr</a>^°</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">kits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(operating_system)" title="Cosmos (operating system)">Cosmos</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genode" title="Genode">Genode</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI-RTOS" title="TI-RTOS">TI-RTOS</a>^°</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell_(QNX)" title="Gordon Bell (QNX)">Gordon Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bushnell" title="Thomas Bushnell">Thomas Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Dodge" title="Dan Dodge">Dan Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Per Brinch Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gernot_Heiser" title="Gernot Heiser">Gernot Heiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Liedtke" title="Jochen Liedtke">Jochen Liedtke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Mitchell" title="James G. Mitchell">James G. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Nassi" title="Ike Nassi">Ike Nassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wulf" title="William Wulf">William Wulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b></li> <li><b>^ = <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></b></li> <li><b>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Microkernel-based_operating_systems" title="Category:Microkernel-based operating systems">Category: Microkernel-based operating systems</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Microkernels" title="Category:Microkernels">Category: Microkernels</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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