CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '917be153c93c9c81',cH: 'zl6TqI4mV3B_34MqweHLFlM.BxDYxgPXUrhJpUN23p8-1740530389-1.2.1.1-eaG56it8l5FEQMNdWmmaJKS19mpLSkyYUTiqmisfcavAIojCNg7l21yvqnq.xKVp',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=CO2%20emissions&__cf_chl_tk=JXCKzrCuIBFEh76I1SwdwCLv_HVtcjYVc5DFMpvdiBo-1740530389-1.0.1.1-1UOVIZcXHphXvd1pILNtnFE5V.b4GjHRcM2pEpAEDtQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740530389',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=CO2%20emissions&__cf_chl_f_tk=JXCKzrCuIBFEh76I1SwdwCLv_HVtcjYVc5DFMpvdiBo-1740530389-1.0.1.1-1UOVIZcXHphXvd1pILNtnFE5V.b4GjHRcM2pEpAEDtQ",md: "OQlc5_X4pykiKuA3CHv9HF4oexawYH5tbSp2x1X5N44-1740530389-1.2.1.1-b3No3yGZjbUjzzwPdy9vs58E1bk8h_EkOovBCrFk2Pqx0ivZw34iDwquCGYAdiC5YCj4sTjW7EnvHWuj5vbWW6Tbr5n9fMgaOMAIxlS.B7oRHayOZpSMQeVCOQZGuyi.aEAMMCCtrcBB1Phw7CAOOJJ2SLHjnVvPV7zR_awi1bKQ7oASfUMtErvXq90WU3Q._4JrYi4C9DcnOxZ4ELG9pzDiXpMi.Xf4i0kEvy0Sb9c7AEWS3mC9QGrfirNHsJG40iF3pDpgjVuYZrFThvQyNI59avoBhAjZWJJsRJTT_tTJKeqB2JN1qK4WN4GUFAE409J3oJ1cA5.TSbhLR2HOKUsUSpcTvhcW34MGiTTzSDtYjOrC8CDCpHESwz2b0vL_I70EskQPSHGOx08_.CJxq38hw45vdQ4TOo_KPtpXRq9TA3EQDuZmmA2TzFBkXztX0ISqMxrCe6xbwkiieV6n91IL7LUpGSw2LVqZRxgf_wHMgSqiFnGnNBBtdJGUJj1eZO589pz06JtT2Zwu1hAgg97fPSUvJIlC3dT7DA9RN4TjbM8uQAwiA_T_pWkulGZoQ37OM00ri9MVtWjZG7mJGf7OwHXZeP0x63_tccFVfSOSlZWZhr9iZG54W7aAR49VUUmsoCYZvi8iAdv7e8l5mDSwcJR4Fk8C5Z82w7Sf7cv7hwrgDifPUdJdGYFFz8OCSvrpjjUQZe2jltGhD99jAVeWTrTyGcAFxkjT8iuJEvk9r8LGA6ng5zSSk3w7RU6qDBgBXjphEPEfJvxo6zpmCIHeNG1CssnvH2aJzXdaRDpMVsT7kAtUqivBjTD6lbFEKz4dtHf0r8.DjsV6wVQ5KzS9TIDTMf3yJquiiAvwxJolzrV3Oq26KcgxMzqYW.0vTRNu8.dt0imlqpwOFeH.wIvL0oD2tXeumhlhWDgAH1tgftGzjTqpS89.ZVY_l._vgRqbJg.3G6zin7pw72ZGd4SRzheQ9AAAlXWlbwrwihW0_pWgFaKpmT878Jxu9YvLUVI6PBcuo3Zvz8i3nUES.4zQf1oUvdnA8aj3eev_sbV14WsQPMZD5NFJHWhbk_EVO9Hmy8G_qkoymCjYau3Ejsqwvaq9OjlyCvAuQOv63WXU0otmrbn8Rn2.Or98gZpZBK_fft8cXnNPR1eHujbzNUg0QrOftBUWg5PI_RFdUu7fxtMIc4lM_QxBVWQ8y6H3ZKixZLRxRRgCFkYwDXjSSWDqliFUGeIOAZoL_O7Go3hT4QWBOdVzVkJEUETPEvXTgnIMZe8OHCdJAtWcQBo856OqkD1NwFrrh4ck8dvJ0xb6hA56Kbe_cBArs5m0MrICv1tKfMT1NmkUiGd4q3lVhfwfjJdJ0q2UNHzx3CDT.ZQ1CvTzL_aL7iz35F6KWUUCWdgG8afwyfGqQblanJm3oIFUqSbL.WsOOSdF3CwsuVNJnJYL4JOEk4JzY3kW55ASu7helcdAZAOBWzrfhdw2iqh6nr3e.pa38DhsiyOhPtYN9VD4RK_4Q.0NXSp_B.nVI_ErqpTojNe8c9j5smdkU4cYRqPj.AqjPx3atKM0D.I90OkeCR2VDlL61NO4otD6XCyIveaXWj9znZ.QNLqBilPT82kR.Ka7bCPJZNLxEBxZFaVLbVNhRATqGTGgBBxUW8vrBFKkM3tHnNRT9cIyPEJZlHAtA.UQIjxMJtEZ0TaW4rL9OG9zEWJcyE5NzFa_l4d8s6XW_FwS3nc24BuHEip0KKbeNZpnjpbzKEyfQe8WStqAcBkiaGGBSF3SKZE1fD91rKAy8SoqYIqHEj9qZEv_ycWHv2ZOnmusUvNP0rCB0Tr6Y6XsaThPdc0D8.vjTh5mPIegmZ2WHxxwstH0T9S8UmhEpcRh5SFpEoQY84k91NXdZ4HrTFOAjX9xmJoS1x2lan_ELTIsuJvAPefAXoDcMvEP3cyAN8P4tS6obU0",mdrd: "pTcS5p1LfGzMNAaRtbttE7LGANrlXxOzgUOtlJrkErk-1740530389-1.2.1.1-UAgIv4BaCZGOESXgTZvAjrxlmc2VAJLwDaDpGLRopUawfvyYDWzuGbQV9i_YWMzARpf98wZm5AaPvB6jtDBs3H7Y1HjcYRQ3xxqDvRH_SscdM1sN.sw64uf0eH2Z013r96R6yDANL130ZQyYIt0o.gzQRkdfk_zSqKq0gTtY2MnsvwBhOVletNDoxas2LMoR6SrNA.Wa9e0MNJ8_dXX8wmAUooG01bCYyE1OjXCV4AV_00EBw71fXowB4t2Q8uslS7SSmSVwbQZtiwsDgmO1VY4LcuX0xCHfKjWh.5Mcb9She6NgEkcKVizzx6lSrgNsdbUNskqATLG5WGkc2.94TSzSZDxmkdfTc6W3.Z5K6hEUBmH8ZG5SwyLgN9Qa_2eBj8Mj.pcyV2Ur1Cwznoibp86Ss9PlHWqy46EFdj5S9EobRpMNu2vrZ9uQGgPRYrXUHC3jQJw9rIrSgRMoOPYm9r1Em3.jCYb5WAbG0wz51JEbVEcI3abOo9P364AmGw0iZG0_QDG_4ZiZOmnig9u0OTKA.KrATlV0HgBHd.M8la0FjwDLY0zGK9WQ2oOEEoyR27_nIHTVhGp46yPRmYJ.zERhV5AsLStl.51VbWKk364pKSPe.QHr86forDJxpSOE_3YNOCR9x3vPKme1FdW8HPbb5uzYlG0O7x0Flg9XDYeFqpbfo20.eRRY4lp_iZvCAOKOds_FOpgYnLAcNw2OHNdza_S4ysOqRFPV.4sxX2Xdz3p5yO2Cz.5j0mrwKe7napwZCqq_n8x8SK0RaHxq2j1.6LkGiShuqd60EEKN5EVN2LNK.3WboVEpegcuu7pAbFSU5PXNSQhavhN0_cveWpwbGOm6hL8jcb2n5mamWVaXmqe2ZS8pgvLJvZ5JfZzxLWWmLGYHU5v178FHU0FRtlnfWYmEhf3jFoc31LNybA.z5QRCSQJf_6o2.qUSffC1uCbex9FbmzRXmZwXvNLyAiSLqolH6QIww_PLKteU2PmZbAVZUvl5HME4sestcGlYwY4QHwMpIOu6Ss1EZUbcau05eOxcsPrYC5MoDbTaPB.gxBPudhpjBurvsdkOG0ow1kkP8iPyAkESa6z2KHQSUygidUUHDpCGlfQYuQTs5EFJvRtX68VldwubWSJXx24ZMgbPNWmw4A0eEuXTq0YioNJE53fU.WLxbYe6VO8Ukiv3skBajqY2WDPaGFPhT5QwfiYBNDYdN2p.iZUjK_RznCsJieaPRuyXL_4YwOEJ74IaLH.eJZroi4q99lmSpSjf2qjoHzOBFBDdcBKwxSkjCCd_9t2XzFxnPJDw8ysAzrL.ZW7K1J3MTlX_su1tyjHJVJ3QS26AyBleNXgWYyGyrE2s_xRb.hD3yKhen.7etKnJ7daF1sDMJs8lLSnQ44mdcHUCWSg5AjJTw.ZlyROy7HxOvttg4B7JO1HOEwgr79Gf.DYQZ78vpMbFGI_mT0JmeTVyujtV9NWfibSJKmwvy7CJftIX59ADId6SzZjtj5nU_Yk7YIbQgxhAksF9H2PYB5xwpwKs4nk0jJh0odOj6rmFvELGB6QKtpQ67Hw.qDEuKGpAapf.Ej_zUgK_pzDsAhYG6A0K6LPJ2KZjjVTAsN4bjw_RwtB.bbpunGAhJr6w9zlwTcUxkFmA_bcRzgYSCvPKEtis0whJJPgnz337Z.BkmZ66j5dAa2fpY4t3HQawdgZE.St60MziOf8TT7C6yl9I6szA7Tu6_.ec_8N6_zk.5uaGaIAxRgdMn4ajKSymnB6TSjNMOD8W.fxZfWde391nmDjTM.SLbyG5NAmEAFTAWBfdDKvd1AoUiHMpr8y8QKy.LebS2wTJIOuvoVSo_WY1QF4Om8k21itMsgA8IhIOf.LdFJk.Ahu2BN.GomwQwiIXWUyzwSWaiZoruHdtNsFwO27_S5yFSnSZHAmb1eRyZj6ADvAtMgu3SjCLsJ8"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917be153c93c9c81';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=CO2%20emissions&__cf_chl_rt_tk=JXCKzrCuIBFEh76I1SwdwCLv_HVtcjYVc5DFMpvdiBo-1740530389-1.0.1.1-1UOVIZcXHphXvd1pILNtnFE5V.b4GjHRcM2pEpAEDtQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>