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href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90" title="도움말"><span>도움말</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EA%B3%BC_%EC%A7%80%EC%B9%A8"><span>정책과 지침</span></a></li><li id="n-qna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A7%88%EB%AC%B8%EB%B0%A9"><span>질문방</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%8C%80%EB%AC%B8" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="위키백과" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ko.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.75em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ko.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="위키백과 검색 [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>검색</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="위키백과 검색" aria-label="위키백과 검색" autocapitalize="sentences" title="위키백과 검색 [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="특수:검색"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">검색</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="개인 도구"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="보이기"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="문서의 글꼴 크기, 폭, 색의 모습을 변경합니다" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="보이기" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">보이기</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-어린_시절과_교육" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#어린_시절과_교육"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>어린 시절과 교육</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-어린_시절과_교육-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-연구_및_경력" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#연구_및_경력"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>연구 및 경력</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-연구_및_경력-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>연구 및 경력 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-연구_및_경력-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-초기_우주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#초기_우주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>초기 우주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-초기_우주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-의식" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#의식"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>의식</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-의식-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-출판물" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#출판물"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>출판물</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-출판물-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>출판물 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-출판물-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-수상_및_영예" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#수상_및_영예"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>수상 및 영예</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-수상_및_영예-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-개인적_생활" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#개인적_생활"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>개인적 생활</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-개인적_생활-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>개인적 생활 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-개인적_생활-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-종교적_견해" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#종교적_견해"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>종교적 견해</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-종교적_견해-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-노트" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#노트"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>노트</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-노트-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">로저 펜로즈</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 76개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="روجر بنروز – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روجر بنروز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="روجر بنروز – 이집트 아랍어" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روجر بنروز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="이집트 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%27%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0%27%E0%A6%9C" title="ৰ'জাৰ পেনৰ'জ – 아삼어" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰ'জাৰ পেনৰ'জ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="아삼어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="راجر پنروز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راجر پنروز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B7" title="Роджэр Пенроўз – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роджэр Пенроўз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роджър Пенроуз – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роджър Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="রজার পেনরোজ – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রজার পেনরোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%95_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2" title="ڕۆجە پێنرۆز – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆجە پێنرۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A0%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6" title="Ρότζερ Πένροουζ – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρότζερ Πένροουζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="راجر پنروز – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راجر پنروز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 스코틀랜드 게일어" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드 게일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 하카어" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="하카어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96" title="רוג'ר פנרוז – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוג'ר פנרוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="रोजर पेनरोस – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोजर पेनरोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 아이티어" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="아이티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6" title="Ռոջեր Փենռոուզ – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոջեր Փենռոուզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ロジャー・ペンローズ – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジャー・ペンローズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="როჯერ პენროუზი – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როჯერ პენროუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роджер Пенроуз – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роджер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Рожер Пенроуз – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рожер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogerius_Penrose" title="Rogerius Penrose – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rogerius Penrose" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 룩셈부르크어" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="룩셈부르크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C5%BEers_Penrouzs" title="Rodžers Penrouzs – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rodžers Penrouzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роџер Пенроуз – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роџер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റോജർ പെൻറോസ് – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോജർ പെൻറോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D" title="रॉजर पेनरोझ – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉजर पेनरोझ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="راجر پنروز – 마잔데라니어" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="راجر پنروز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="마잔데라니어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 저지 독일어" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="저지 독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਰੋਜਰ ਪੈਨਰੋਜ਼ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਜਰ ਪੈਨਰੋਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="راجر پینریز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راجر پینریز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%89_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_(%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5)" title="روډ جکسن (د وبايي ناروغيو متخصص) – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روډ جکسن (د وبايي ناروغيو متخصص)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пенроуз, Роджер – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенроуз, Роджер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роџер Пенроуз – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роџер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உரோசர் பென்ரோசு – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோசர் பென்ரோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роджер Пенроуз – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роджер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="راجر پینریز – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راجر پینریز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E5%BD%AD%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="罗杰·彭罗斯 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗杰·彭罗斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 요루바어" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="요루바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%82%91%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" title="羅傑·潘洛斯 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅傑·潘洛斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="민난어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%B8%A3%E5%BD%AD%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="羅渣彭羅斯 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅渣彭羅斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" title="본문 보기 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>문서</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" rel="discussion" title="문서의 내용에 대한 토론 문서 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <div style="background:gainsboro; position:relative; width:300px; height:50px; display:table;"><div style="position:absolute; bottom:0px; right:0;"></div><span style="position:relative; width:100%; display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; padding:4px;"> <big><big><b>로저 펜로즈 경</b></big></big><small><br /><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9B%88%EC%9E%A5" title="메리트 훈장">메리트 훈장</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C_%ED%9A%8C%EC%9B%90" title="왕립학회 회원">왕립학회 회원</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" class="extiw" title="w:Fellow of the Institute of Physics">영국물리학회 회원</a></small></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="펜로즈 (2011년)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg/200px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg/300px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg/400px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span><br />펜로즈 (2011년) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">출생 </th> <td>1931년 8월 8일<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1931-08-08</span>)</span>(93세)<br /><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="잉글랜드">잉글랜드</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="콜체스터">콜체스터</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">국적 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD" title="영국">영국</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">출신 학교 </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%B2%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%8B%B0_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="유니버시티 칼리지 런던">유니버시티 칼리지 런던</a> (<a href="/wiki/%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC" title="학사">학사</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="extiw" title="w:St John's College, Cambridge">세인트존스 칼리지 케임브리지</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%82%AC" title="박사">박사</a>)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">주요 업적 </th> <td><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight: normal;"><div>업적 목록<span class="nowrap"> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%96%B4-%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%AC%EC%97%AD%ED%96%89%EB%A0%AC" title="무어-펜로즈 유사역행렬">무어-펜로즈 유사역행렬</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="트위스터 이론">트위스터 이론</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%80_%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" title="스핀 네트워크">스핀 네트워크</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_index_notation" class="extiw" title="w:Abstract index notation">추상 인덱스 표기법</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_bomb" class="extiw" title="w:Black hole bomb">블랙홀 폭탄</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="시공간">시공간의 기하학</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B2%80%EC%97%B4_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="우주 검열 가설">우주 검열 가설</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumination_problem" class="extiw" title="w:Illumination problem">조명 문제</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B3%A1%EB%A5%A0_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="바일 곡률 가설">바일 곡률 가설</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributors_to_general_relativity#P" class="extiw" title="w:Contributors to general relativity">펜로즈 불평등</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="w:Penrose interpretation of quantum mechanics">펜로즈 양자역학 해석</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3si%E2%80%93Penrose_model" class="extiw" title="w:Diósi–Penrose model">디오시 펜로즈 모형</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman%E2%80%93Penrose_formalism" class="extiw" title="w:Newman–Penrose formalism">뉴먼-펜로즈 형식주의</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHP_formalism" class="extiw" title="w:GHP formalism">GHP 형식주의</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC" title="펜로즈 그림">펜로즈 그림</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_inequality" class="extiw" title="w:Penrose inequality">펜로즈 부등식</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="펜로즈 과정">펜로즈 과정</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_tiling" class="extiw" title="w:Penrose tiling">펜로즈 타일링</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81%ED%98%95" title="펜로즈 삼각형">펜로즈 삼각형</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%84%EB%8B%A8" title="펜로즈의 계단">펜로즈의 계단</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88-%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="펜로즈-호킹 특이점 정리">펜로즈-호킹 특이점 정리</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_graphical_notation" class="extiw" title="w:Penrose graphical notation">펜로즈 그래픽 표기법</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98" class="extiw" title="w:펜로즈 변환">펜로즈 변환</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%A0%90_%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="테렐 회전">테렐 회전</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pp-wave_spacetime" class="extiw" title="w:pp-wave spacetime">pp-파 시공간</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93Newton_equations" class="extiw" title="w:Schrödinger–Newton equations">슈뢰딩거-뉴톤 방정식</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%ED%99%94_%EA%B0%9D%EA%B4%80_%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="조화 객관 환원 이론">조화 객관 환원 이론</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Lucas_argument" class="extiw" title="w:Penrose–Lucas argument">펜로즈-루카스 논증</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-orbit_experiment_with_laser_interferometry_X-rays" class="extiw" title="w:Free-orbit experiment with laser interferometry X-rays">펠릭스 실험</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped_surface" class="extiw" title="w:Trapped surface">갇힌 표면</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_paradox" class="extiw" title="w:Andromeda paradox">안드로메다 역설</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EA%B0%81%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A1%A0" title="등각순환우주론">등각순환우주론</a> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">배우자 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>조안 이사벨 웨지 <br />(1959년 결혼, 이혼함)</li> <li>바네사 토마스 (1988년 결혼)<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">자녀 </th> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">수상 </th> <td><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight: normal;"><div>수상 목록<span class="nowrap"> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Adams Prize">아담상</a> (1966) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%8B%88_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%88%EB%A8%BC_%EC%88%98%EB%A6%AC%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="대니 하이너먼 수리물리학상">대니 하이너먼 수리물리학상</a> (1971) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C_%ED%9A%8C%EC%9B%90" title="왕립학회 회원">왕립학회 회원</a> (1972) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%94%A9%ED%84%B4_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="에딩턴 메달">에딩턴 메달</a> (1975) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%97%B4_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="로열 메달">로열 메달</a> (1985) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B8%ED%94%84%EC%83%81" title="울프상">울프상</a> (1988) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(IOP)" class="extiw" title="w:Dirac Medal (IOP)">디랙 메달 (IOP)</a> (1989) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="알베르트 아인슈타인 메달">알베르트 아인슈타인 메달</a> (1990) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naylor_Prize_and_Lectureship" class="extiw" title="w:Naylor Prize and Lectureship">네일러 상 및 강연</a> (1991) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B5%9C%ED%95%98%EC%9C%84_%ED%9B%88%EC%9E%91%EC%82%AC" title="최하위 훈작사">최하위 훈작사</a> (1994) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scott_Prize_Lectureship" class="extiw" title="w:James Scott Prize Lectureship">제임스 스콧 상 강연</a> (1997–2000) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="카를 슈바르츠실트 메달">카를 슈바르츠실트 메달</a> (2000) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" class="extiw" title="w:De Morgan Medal">드 모건 메달</a> (2004) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Medal" class="extiw" title="w:Dalton Medal">달톤 메달</a> (2005) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="코플리 메달">코플리 메달</a> (2008) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonseca_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Fonseca Prize">폰세카상</a> (2011) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">노벨 물리학상</a> (2020) </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">분야 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A6%AC%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="수리물리학">수리물리학</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%85%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="테셀레이션">테셀레이션</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">소속 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%84%AC_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="코넬 대학교">코넬 대학교</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_College,_London" class="extiw" title="w:Bedford College, London">베드포드 칼리지 런던</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="프린스턴 대학교">프린스턴 대학교</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="라이스 대학교">라이스 대학교</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%9F%AC%ED%81%90%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="시러큐스 대학교">시러큐스 대학교</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%B9%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="킹스 칼리지 런던">킹스 칼리지 런던</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%81%AC%EB%B2%A1_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80" title="버크벡 칼리지">버크벡 칼리지</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%EB%8D%A4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_(%EC%98%A5%EC%8A%A4%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90)" title="워덤 칼리지 (옥스퍼드 대학교)">워덤 칼리지</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99_%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%8D%B0%EB%AF%B8" title="폴란드 과학 아카데미">폴란드 과학 아카데미</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">학위 논문 </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/permalink/f/t9gok8/44CAM_ALMA21428192330003606">대수 기하학에서의 텐서 방법(Tensor Methods in Algebraic Geometry)</a></i> (1958) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">박사 지도교수 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Todd" class="extiw" title="w:J. A. Todd">존 A. 토드</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">기타 지도교수 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EB%B0%B8%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8D%94%EA%B8%80%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%ED%98%B8%EC%A7%80" title="윌리엄 밸런스 더글러스 호지">W. V. D. 호지</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">박사 지도학생 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" class="extiw" title="w:Andrew Hodges">앤드루 호지스</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_P._Hughston" class="extiw" title="w:Lane P. Hughston">레인 휴스턴</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jozsa" class="extiw" title="w:Richard Jozsa">리처드 조자</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_LeBrun" class="extiw" title="w:Claude LeBrun">클로드 르브런</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McNamara_(mathematical_biologist)" class="extiw" title="w:John McNamara (mathematical biologist)">존 맥나마라</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Needham" class="extiw" title="w:Tristan Needham">트리스탄 니덤</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Poston" class="extiw" title="w:Tim Poston">팀 포스턴</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" class="extiw" title="w:Asghar Qadir">아스가르 카디르</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Ward" class="extiw" title="w:Richard S. Ward">리처드 S. 워드</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>로저 펜로즈 경</b>(Sir Roger Penrose; <a href="/wiki/1931%EB%85%84" title="1931년">1931년</a> <a href="/wiki/8%EC%9B%94_8%EC%9D%BC" title="8월 8일">8월 8일</a> ~ )<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>은 영국의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" title="수학자">수학자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A6%AC%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="수리물리학">수리물리학자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="과학철학">과학철학자</a>이다. 또한 수학자로선 이례적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">노벨 물리학상</a> 수상자이기도 하다.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%8A%A4%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="옥스퍼드 대학교">옥스퍼드 대학교</a>의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus" class="extiw" title="w:Emeritus">명예(Emeritus)</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouse_Ball_Professor_of_Mathematics" class="extiw" title="w:Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics">루즈 볼 수학과 교수(Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%EB%8D%A4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="워덤 칼리지">옥스퍼드 워덤 칼리지</a> 명예 회원 그리고 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="extiw" title="w:St John's College, Cambridge">캠브리지 세인트 존스 칼리지(St John's College, Cambridge)</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%B2%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%8B%B0_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="유니버시티 칼리지 런던">유니버시티 칼리지 런던</a> 명예 회원이다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반 상대성이론">일반 상대성이론</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A1%A0" title="우주론">우주론</a>의 수리물리학에 기여했다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88-%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="펜로즈-호킹 특이점 정리">펜로즈-호킹 특이점 정리</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9" title="스티븐 호킹">스티븐 호킹</a>과 공동 수상한 1988년 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B8%ED%94%84_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="울프 물리학상">울프 물리학상</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그리고 "<a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a> 형성이 일반 상대성 이론의 강력한 예측이라는 사실을 발견한 공로로" 2020년 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">노벨 물리학상</a>을 포함한 여러 상들과 어워드들을 수상했다.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imdb_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20201006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20201006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="어린_시절과_교육"><span id=".EC.96.B4.EB.A6.B0_.EC.8B.9C.EC.A0.88.EA.B3.BC_.EA.B5.90.EC.9C.A1"></span>어린 시절과 교육</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 어린 시절과 교육"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>에섹스주 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="콜체스터">콜체스터</a>에서 태어난 로저 펜로즈는 의사 마가렛<sub>Margaret</sub> (리츠<sub>Leathes</sub>)와 정신과 의사 겸 유전학자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Penrose" class="extiw" title="w:Lionel Penrose">라이오넬 펜로즈<sub>Lionel Penrose</sub></a>의 아들이다.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그의 친조부모는 아일랜드 태생의 예술가인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Doyle_Penrose" class="extiw" title="w:J. Doyle Penrose">J. 도일 펜로즈<sub>Doyle Penrose</sub></a>와 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Peckover,_1st_Baron_Peckover" class="extiw" title="w:Alexander Peckover, 1st Baron Peckover">페커버 남작 1세 알렉산더 페커버<sub>Alexander Peckover, 1st Baron Peckover</sub></a>의 딸인 엘리자베스 조세핀<sub>Elizabeth Josephine</sub> 부인이었다; 그의 외조부모는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="생리학자">생리학자</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beresford_Leathes" class="extiw" title="w:John Beresford Leathes">존 베레스포드 리츠<sub>John Beresford Leathes</sub></a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="러시아 유대인">러시아 유대인</a>인 소니아 마리 나탄손<sub>Sonia Marie Natanson</sub>이었다.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookfield_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookfield-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elementy.ru_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elementy.ru-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그의 삼촌은 예술가 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Penrose" class="extiw" title="w:Roland Penrose">롤랜드 펜로즈<sub>Roland Penrose</sub></a>, 그의 아들은 미국 사진 작가 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B0%80%EB%9F%AC" title="리 밀러">리 밀러</a>와의 아들인 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Penrose" class="extiw" title="w:Antony Penrose">안토니 펜로즈<sub>Antony Penrose</sub></a>였다.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 펜로즈는 물리학자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Penrose" class="extiw" title="w:Oliver Penrose">올리버 펜로즈<sub>OliverPenrose</sub></a>, 유전학자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Hodgson" class="extiw" title="w:Shirley Hodgson">셜리 호지슨<sub>Shirley Hodgson</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="체스 그랜드마스터">체스 그랜드마스터</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Penrose" class="extiw" title="w:Jonathan Penrose">조나단 펜로즈<sub>Jonathan Penrose</sub></a>의 형제이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그들의 계부는 수학자이자 컴퓨터 과학자 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%EB%89%B4%EB%A8%BC" title="막스 뉴먼">막스 뉴먼</a>이었다. </p><p>펜로즈는 어린 시절 아버지가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%ED%83%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%A3%BC" title="온타리오주">온타리오주</a> <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="런던">런던</a>에서 일하던 캐나다에서 제2차 세계대전을 보냈다.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 펜로즈는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_School" class="extiw" title="w:University College School">유니버시티 칼리지 스쿨</a>에서 수학했다.<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%B2%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%8B%B0_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="유니버시티 칼리지 런던">유니버시티 칼리지 런던</a>에서 수학 일류 학위<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>를 취득했다. </p><p>1955년 학생 시절 펜로즈는, 1951년 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Bjerhammar" class="extiw" title="w:Arne Bjerhammar">아르네 비에르하마르<sub>Arne Bjerhammar</sub></a>에 의해 혁신된 후,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%96%B4-%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%AC%EC%97%AD%ED%96%89%EB%A0%AC" title="무어-펜로즈 유사역행렬">무어-펜로즈 유사역행렬</a>이라고도 하는<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%ED%82%B4_%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AC%B4%EC%96%B4" title="일라이어킴 헤이스팅스 무어">E. H. 무어</a> 일반화 행렬 역식을 다시 도입했다, 기하학 및 천문학 교수인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EB%B0%B8%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8D%94%EA%B8%80%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%ED%98%B8%EC%A7%80" title="윌리엄 밸런스 더글러스 호지">W. V. D. 호지</a> 경의 지도 아래 연구를 시작한 펜로즈는 대수학자이자 기하학자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Todd" class="extiw" title="w:J. A. Todd">존 A. 토드<sub>John A. Todd</sub></a>의 지도를 받아서<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1958년에 대수 기하학의 텐서 방법에 관한 논문<sup id="cite_ref-pphd_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pphd-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%A0%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="캠브리지">캠브리지</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A1%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="세인트 존스 칼리지">세인트 존스 칼리지</a>에서 박사 학위를 받았다. 그는 1950년대에 아버지와 함께 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81%ED%98%95" title="펜로즈 삼각형">펜로즈 삼각형</a>을 고안하고 대중화사켰는데, 이를 "가장 순수한 형태의 불가능성"이라고 표현했으며, 이전에 불가능한 대상을 묘사한 예술가 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0_%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%90%EC%85%94" title="마우리츠 코르넬리스 에셔">M. C. 에셔</a>와 자료를 교환하면서 부분적으로 영감을 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 에셔의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" class="extiw" title="w:Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">폭포(Waterfall)</a>와 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_and_Descending" class="extiw" title="w:Ascending and Descending">상승과 하강(Ascending and Descending)</a>은 번갈아서 펜로즈에서 영감을 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Penrose-dreieck.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Penrose-dreieck.svg/220px-Penrose-dreieck.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Penrose-dreieck.svg/330px-Penrose-dreieck.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Penrose-dreieck.svg/440px-Penrose-dreieck.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81%ED%98%95" title="펜로즈 삼각형">펜로즈 삼각형</a></figcaption></figure> <p>평론가 만짓 쿠마르<sub>Manjit Kumar</sub>의 글을 빌리자면: </p> <blockquote><p>1954년 학생이었던 펜로즈는 암스테르담에서 열린 회의에 참석하던 중 우연히 에셔의 작품 전시회를 보게 되었다. 곧 그는 자신만의 불가능한 도형을 떠올리다가 실제의 단단한 3차원 물체처럼 보이지만 실제로는 그렇지 않은 삼각형인 삼발 블록(tribar)를 발견했다. 펜로즈는 물리학자이자 수학자인 아버지와 함께 위아래로 동시에 반복되는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%84%EB%8B%A8" title="펜로즈의 계단">계단</a>을 디자인했다. 이후 한 기사가 실렸고 또한 에셔에게 사본이 보내졌다. 네덜란드의 기하학적 환상의 대가인 이 거장은 주기적인 창의력의 흐름을 완성하며 영감을 받아 두 개의 걸작을 제작했다.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="연구_및_경력"><span id=".EC.97.B0.EA.B5.AC_.EB.B0.8F_.EA.B2.BD.EB.A0.A5"></span>연구 및 경력</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 연구 및 경력"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>펜로즈는 1956-57학년도에 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_College,_London" class="extiw" title="w:Bedford College, London">런던 베드포드 칼리지(Bedford College, London)</a>에서 강의 보조로 근무했고, 그 후 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="extiw" title="w:St John's College, Cambridge">케임브리지 세인트 존스 칼리지(St John's College, Cambridge)</a>에서 연구원으로 있었다. 3년 동안 연구원으로 근무하는 동안 그는 1959년 조안 이사벨 웨지<sub>Joan Isabel Wedge</sub>와 결혼했다. 펠로우십이 끝나기 전 펜로즈는 1959~61년 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="프린스턴 대학교">프린스턴 대학교</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%9F%AC%ED%81%90%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="시러큐스 대학교">시러큐스 대학교</a>에서 NATO 연구 페로우쉽을 받았다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="런던 대학교">런던 대학교</a>로 돌아온 펜로즈는 1961-63년 2년 동안 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%B9%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="킹스 칼리지 런던">킹스 칼리지 런던</a>에서 연구원으로 일한 후 1963-64년 미국으로 돌아가 <a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8D%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90_%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="텍사스 대학교 오스틴">텍사스 대학교 오스틴</a>에서 방문 조교수로 있었다.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이후 1966-67년과 1969년에 예시바, 프린스턴 및 코넬에서 방문 교수직을 맡았다. </p><p>1964년 런던 버크벡 대학의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" class="extiw" title="w:Reader (academic rank)">리더(reader)</a>였던 동안 (또한 당시 케임브리지에 있던 우주학자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_W._Sciama" class="extiw" title="w:Dennis W. Sciama">데니스 시아마<sub>Dennis Sciama</sub></a>에 의해 순수 수학에서 천체물리학으로 관심을 끌게 되었던)<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 칼텍의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%B5_%EC%86%90" title="킵 손">킵 손</a>의 말에 따르면 "로저 펜로즈는 시공간 특성을 분석하는 데 사용하는 수학적 도구에 혁명을 일으켰다"고 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그때까지 일반 상대성이론의 곡면 기하학에 대한 연구는 아인슈타인 방정식을 명시적으로 풀 수 있을 만큼 대칭성이 높은 구성에 국한되어 있었으며, 그러한 경우가 일반적인지에 대한 의문이 있었다. 이 문제에 대한 한 가지 접근 방식은 프린스턴의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%95%84%EC%B9%98%EB%B3%BC%EB%93%9C_%ED%9C%A0%EB%9F%AC" title="존 아치볼드 휠러">존 아치볼드 휠러</a>의 주도하에 개발된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%AD%EB%8F%99_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="섭동 이론">섭동 이론</a>을 사용하는 것이었다.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 펜로즈가 시작한 보다 근본적으로 혁신적인 다른 접근 방식은 시공간의 상세한 기하학적 구조를 간과하고 대신에 공간의 위상학 또는 기껏해야 그 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%98%95%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%98%ED%95%99" title="공형기하학">등각 구조</a>에만 관심을 집중하는 것이었는데, 빛꼴 측지선의 궤적들과 결과적 그것들의 인과 관계를 결정하는 것은 광추들의 광선에 따라 결정되는 후자의 기하학적 구조였기 때문이다. 펜로즈의 획기적인 논문 "중력 붕괴와 시공간 특이점"<sup id="cite_ref-Penrose1965_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrose1965-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>은 만일 죽어가는 별과 같은 천체가 특정 점 이상으로 폭발하면 중력장이 너무 강해져 어떤 종류의 특이점을 형성하는 것을 막을 수 없다는 것으로 대략 요약되는 결과만이 중요한 것은 아니었다. 또한 다른 맥락, 특히 데니스 시아마의 가장 유명한 제자 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9" title="스티븐 호킹">스티븐 호킹</a>과 공동으로 다룬 우주론적 대폭발(빅뱅)의 맥락에서도 비슷한 일반적인 결론을 얻을 수 있는 방법을 보여주었다.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:CNRSblackhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CNRSblackhole.jpg/300px-CNRSblackhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CNRSblackhole.jpg/450px-CNRSblackhole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CNRSblackhole.jpg/600px-CNRSblackhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>얇은 강착원반에 의해 빛나는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%89%EC%84%A0" title="사건의 지평선">사건의 지평선</a> 외부에서 본 예상 모습</figcaption></figure> <p>중력 붕괴의 국소적 맥락에서 펜로즈의 기여가 가장 결정적이었던 것은 1969년 우주 검열 추측에서 시작하여<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이어지는 특이점은 휠러가 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a>이라는 용어를 만든 숨겨진 시공간 영역을 둘러싼 잘 작동하는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%89%EC%84%A0" title="사건의 지평선">사건의 지평선</a> 내에 갇힐 것이라는 효과에 대한 것이었다, 강하지만 유한한 곡률을 가진 가시적 인 외부 영역을 남겨두고, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="펜로즈 과정">펜로즈 과정</a>으로 알려진 것에 의해 중력 에너지의 일부를 추출할 수 있는 반면에, 주변 물질의 강착은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%80%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC" title="퀘이사">퀘이사</a>들와 같은 천체 물리학 현상을 설명 할 수 있는 추가 에너지를 방출 할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Curiel_2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiel_2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>펜로즈는 "약한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B2%80%EC%97%B4_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="우주 검열 가설">우주 검열 가설</a>"에 이어 1979년에 "강한 검열 가설"이라는 더 강력한 버전을 공식화했다. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKL_singularity" class="extiw" title="w:BKL singularity">벨린스키-칼라트니코프-리프시츠 추측(Belinski–Khalatnikov–Lifshitz conjecture)</a> 및 비선형 안정성 문제와 함께 검열 가설의 해결은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반 상대성이론">일반 상대성이론</a>에서 가장 중요한 미해결 문제 중 하나이다. 또한 1979년부터는 우주의 관측 가능한 부분의 초기 조건과 열역학 제2법칙의 기원에 대한 펜로즈의 영향력 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B3%A1%EB%A5%A0_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="바일 곡률 가설">바일 곡률 가설</a>이 시작된다.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 펜로즈와 제임스 테렐은 광속 근처로 이동하는 천체가 특이한 왜곡이나 회전을 겪는 것처럼 보인다는 사실을 독립적으로 깨달았다. 이 효과는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%A0%90_%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="테렐 회전">테렐 회전</a> 또는 펜로즈-테렐 회전이라고 불리게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Penrose_Tiling_(Rhombi).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg/220px-Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg/330px-Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg/440px-Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%ED%83%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%A7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="펜로즈 타일링">펜로즈 타일링</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1967년에 펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="민코프스키 공간">민코프스키 공간</a>의 기하학적 물체를 계량 부호(2,2)로 4차원 복소 공간에 매핑하는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="트위스터 이론">트위스터 이론</a>을 발명했다.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>펜로즈는 1974년 평면을 비주기적으로만 <a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%85%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="테셀레이션">타일링</a>할 수 있는 두 개의 타일로 구성된 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%ED%83%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%A7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="펜로즈 타일링">펜로즈 타일링</a>을 발견한 것으로 잘 알려져 있으며, 5겹의(fivefold) 회전 대칭을 나타내는 최초의 타일링이다. 1984년에 이러한 패턴이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95" title="준결정">준결정</a>의 원자 배열에서 관찰되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 또 다른 주목할 만한 공헌은 1971년에 발명된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%80_%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" title="스핀 네트워크">스핀 네트워크</a>로, 나중에 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="고리 양자중력">고리 양자중력</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="시공간">시공간</a> 기하학을 형성하게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그는 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="펜로즈 다이어그램">펜로즈 다이어그램</a>(인과 다이어그램)으로 알려진 것을 대중화하는 데 영향을 미쳤다.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1983년 펜로즈는 당시 학장 빌 고든<sub>Bill Gordon</sub>에 의해 휴스턴의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="라이스 대학교">라이스 대학교</a>에서 강의하도록 초청을 받았다. 그는 1983년부터 1987년까지 그곳에서 연구했다.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그의 박사 과정 학생들은, 여러명 중에, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" class="extiw" title="w:Andrew Hodges">앤드류 호지스<sub>Andrew Hodges</sub></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aphd_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aphd-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_P._Hughston" class="extiw" title="w:Lane P. Hughston">레인 휴스턴<sub>Lane Hughston</sub></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jozsa" class="extiw" title="w:Richard Jozsa">리차드 조자<sub>Richard Jozsa</sub></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_LeBrun" class="extiw" title="w:Claude LeBrun">클로드 르브런<sub>Claude LeBrun</sub></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McNamara_(mathematical_biologist)" class="extiw" title="w:John McNamara (mathematical biologist)">존 맥나마라<sub>John McNamara</sub></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Needham" class="extiw" title="w:Tristan Needham">트리스탄 니덤<sub>Tristan Needham</sub></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Poston" class="extiw" title="w:Tim Poston">팀 포스턴<sub>Tim Poston</sub></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" class="extiw" title="w:Asghar Qadir">아스가르 카디르<sub>Asghar Qadir</sub></a>, 및 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Ward" class="extiw" title="w:Richard S. Ward">리차드 S. 워드<sub>Richard S. Ward</sub></a> 등이 있다. <sub></sub> 2004년 펜로즈는 자신의 이론에 대한 설명을 포함하는 1,099 페이지 분량의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law" class="extiw" title="w:Scientific law">물리학 법칙(Laws of Physics)</a>에 대한 포괄적인 안내서 《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Reality" class="extiw" title="w:The Road to Reality">실체에 이르는 길: 우주의 법칙으로 인도하는 완벽한 안내서(The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe)</a>》를 출간했다. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_interpretation" class="extiw" title="w:Penrose interpretation">펜로즈 해석(Penrose interpretation)</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="양자역학">양자역학</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반 상대성이론">일반 상대성이론</a>의 관계를 예측하고, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반 상대성이론">시공간 곡률</a>의 차이가 상당한 수준에 도달할 때까지 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state" class="extiw" title="w:Quantum state">양자 상태(quantum state)</a>가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_%EC%A4%91%EC%B2%A9" title="양자 중첩">중첩</a>으로 유지된다고 제안한다.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EC%8B%A4%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%A3%BC%EB%A6%BD_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" class="mw-redirect" title="펜실베니아 주립 대학교">펜실베니아 주립 대학교</a>의 물리학과 수학의 프란시스 및 헬렌 펜츠 석좌 객원교수(Francis and Helen Pentz Distinguished Visiting Professor)이다.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="초기_우주"><span id=".EC.B4.88.EA.B8.B0_.EC.9A.B0.EC.A3.BC"></span>초기 우주</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 초기 우주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:WMAP_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/WMAP_2010.png/300px-WMAP_2010.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/WMAP_2010.png/450px-WMAP_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/WMAP_2010.png/600px-WMAP_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EB%B0%B0%EA%B2%BD_%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="우주 배경 복사">우주 배경 복사</a>의 (극히 작은) 비등방성을 보여주는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%ED%82%A8%EC%8A%A8_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8C%8C_%EB%B9%84%EB%93%B1%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%B1_%ED%83%90%EC%83%89%EA%B8%B0" title="윌킨슨 마이크로파 비등방성 탐색기">WMAP</a> 이미지</figcaption></figure> <p>2010년에 펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8C%8C_%EB%B0%B0%EA%B2%BD" title="우주 마이크로파 배경">우주 마이크로파 배경</a> 하늘의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%ED%82%A8%EC%8A%A8_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8C%8C_%EB%B9%84%EB%93%B1%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%B1_%ED%83%90%EC%83%89%EA%B8%B0" title="윌킨슨 마이크로파 비등방성 탐색기">윌킨슨 마이크로파 비등방성 탐색기</a> 데이터에서 발견된 동심원들을 바탕으로 현재 우주의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" title="대폭발">대폭발(빅뱅)</a> 이전에 존재했던 초기 우주에 대한 가능한 증거를 보고했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurzadyan_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurzadyan-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그는 이 증거를 2010년에 출간한 저서 《시간의 순환》의 에필로그에서 언급했는데,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 책에서 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="아인슈타인 방정식">아인슈타인의 장 방정식</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B3%A1%EB%A5%A0_%ED%85%90%EC%84%9C" title="바일 곡률 텐서">바일 곡률</a> C 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B3%A1%EB%A5%A0_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="바일 곡률 가설">바일 곡률 가설</a>(WCH)과 관련하여 대폭발의 전이(transition)에서 이전 우주가 살아남을 수 있을 만큼 충분히 매끄러웠을 것이라는 자신의 이유를 제시하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그는 C와 WCH에 대해 몇 가지 추측들을 했고, 그 중 일부는 나중에 다른 사람들에 의해 증명되었으며, 또한 그의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EA%B0%81%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A1%A0" title="등각순환우주론">등각순환우주론</a>(CCC) 이론을 대중화시켰다.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 이론에서, 펜로즈는 우주의 종말에 모든 물질은 결국 블랙홀들 안에 포함되며, 이후 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9_%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" title="호킹 복사">호킹 복사</a>을 통해 증발한다는 가정을 세웠다. 이 시점에서는, 우주에 포함된 모든 것은 시간도 공간도 "경험"하지 않는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자">광자</a>들로 구성되어 있다. 광자들로만 구성된 무한히 큰 우주와 광자들로만 구성된 무한히 작은 우주 사이에는 본질적으로 아무런 차이가 없다. 따라서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" title="대폭발">대폭발(빅뱅)</a>의 특이점과 무한히 팽창된 우주는 동등하다.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>간단히 말해서, 펜로즈는 대폭발에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="아인슈타인 방정식">아인슈타인 장 방정식</a>의 특이점은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%89%EC%84%A0" title="사건의 지평선">사건의 지평선</a>에서 잘 알려진 겉보기 특이점과 유사한 겉보기 특이점(apparent singularity) 일 뿐이라고 믿는다.<sup id="cite_ref-Curiel_2020_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiel_2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 후자의 특이점은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A2%8C%ED%91%9C%EA%B3%84" title="좌표계">좌표계</a>의 변경으로 제거될 수 있으며, 펜로즈는 대폭발에서 특이점을 제거할 좌표계의 어떤 다른 변경을 제안한다.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이것의 한 가지 의미는 대폭발의 주요 사건들이 일반 상대성 이론과 양자역학을 통합하지 않고도 이해될 수 있으므로, 우리는 시간을 방해하는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9C%A0%EB%9F%AC-%EB%94%94%EC%9C%97_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="휠러-디윗 방정식">휠러-디윗 방정식</a>에 의해 반드시 제약을 받을 필요가 없다는 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 대안적으로는, 아인슈타인-맥스웰-디랙 방정식을 사용할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="의식"><span id=".EC.9D.98.EC.8B.9D"></span>의식</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 의식"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG/220px-Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG/330px-Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG/440px-Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>회의에서의 펜로즈</figcaption></figure> <p>펜로즈는 근본 물리학과 인간 (또는 동물) 의식 사이의 연결에 관한 책을 저술했다. 《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" class="extiw" title="w:The Emperor's New Mind">황제의 새마음(The Emperor's New Mind)</a>》(1989)에서 그는 알려진 물리학 법칙들이 의식 현상을 설명하기에 부적절하다고 주장한다.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 펜로즈는 이 새로운 물리학이 가질 수 있는 특성을 제안하고 고전 물리학과 양자역학(그가 <i>올바른 양자 중력</i>이라고 부르는 것) 사이의 한 다리를 위한 요구 사항들을 명시한다.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%80_%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C" title="정지 문제">튜링의 정지 정리</a>의 한 변형을 사용하여 시스템이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="알고리즘">알고리즘적</a>이지 않고 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95%EB%A1%A0" title="결정론">결정론적</a>일 수 있음을 증명한다. (예를 들어, ON과 OFF 두 상태만 있는 시스템을 상상해 보라. 주어진 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%9C%EB%A7%81_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84" title="튜링 기계">튜링 기계</a>가 멈출 때 시스템의 상태가 ON이고 튜링 기계가 멈추지 않을 때 OFF인 경우, 시스템의 상태는 기계에 의해 완전히 결정되지만 튜링 기계의 정지 여부를 알고리즘적으로 결정할 방법은 없다.)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>펜로즈는 이러한 결정론적이지만 알고리즘적이 아닌 과정이 양자역학적 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%8F%99_%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="파동 함수 붕괴">파동 함수 환원</a>에서 작용할 수 있으며, 뇌에 의해 이용될 수 있다고 믿는다. 그는 오늘날의 컴퓨터는 알고리즘적으로 결정론적인 시스템이기 때문에 지능을 가질 수 없다고 주장한다. 그는 마음의 합리적 과정이 완전히 알고리즘적이며 따라서 충분히 복잡한 컴퓨터에 의해 복제될 수 있다는 관점에 반대한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Penrose-2016_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrose-2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이것은 생각을 알고리즘적으로 시뮬레이션 할 수 있다고 주장하는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%8C_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="계산주의 마음 이론">강력한 인공지능</a>의 지지자들과 대조된다. 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%80_%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C" title="정지 문제">정지 문제</a>의 불용성과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%B4%EB%8D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%88%EC%99%84%EC%A0%84%EC%84%B1_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC" title="괴델의 불완전성 정리">괴델의 불완전성 정리</a>와 같은 요인이 알고리즘 기반 논리 시스템이 수학적 통찰력과 같은 인간 지능의 특성을 재현하는 것을 방해하기 때문에 의식이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="논리학">형식 논리</a>를 초월한다는 주장에 근거한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Penrose-2016_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrose-2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이러한 주장은 원래 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%8A%A4%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="옥스퍼드">옥스퍼드</a> <a href="/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%ED%8A%BC_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80" title="머튼 칼리지">머튼 칼리지</a>의 철학자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lucas_(philosopher)" class="extiw" title="w:John Lucas (philosopher)">존 루카스<sub>John Lucas</sub></a>에 의해 지지되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>인간 지능의 계산 이론에 대한 괴델의 불완전성 정리의 함의에 대한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Lucas_argument" class="extiw" title="w:Penrose–Lucas argument">펜로즈-루카스 논증(Penrose–Lucas argument)</a>은 수학자, 컴퓨터 과학자 및 철학자들에 의해 비판을 받았다. 이 분야의 많은 전문가들은 펜로즈의 주장이 실패했다고 주장하지만, 저자마다 공격할 주장의 다른 측면을 선택할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 인공 지능의 주요 지지자인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%B9%88_%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="마빈 민스키">마빈 민스키</a>는 특히 펜로즈가 "인간의 사고가 어떤 알려진 과학적 원리에 근거할 수 없다는 것을 여러 장에서 '보여주려 시도한다"고 언급하면서 비판적이었다. 민스키의 입장은 정확하게 반대이다―그는 인간들은 사실 기계이며, 그 기능은 복잡하지만 현재의 물리학으로 충분히 설명할 수 있다고 믿었다. 민스키는 "실제 상세들을 공략하는 대신에 새로운 기본 원리들만 추구함으로써 [과학적 설명에 대해] 탐구를 지나치게 멀리 진행할 수 있다. 이것은 바로 의식을 설명할 새로운 물리학의 기본 원리들을 찾는 펜로즈의 탐구에서 내가 보는 것이다."라는 견해를 유지했다.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>펜로즈는 1994년 후속작인 《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Mind" class="extiw" title="w:Shadows of the Mind">마음의 그림자(Shadows of the Mind)</a>》와 1997년 《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind" class="extiw" title="w:The Large, the Small and the Human Mind">큰 것, 작은 것 그리고 인간의 마음(The Large, the Small and the Human Mind)</a>》을 통해 《황제의 새마음》에 대한 비판에 대응했다. 이 연구들에서 그는 마취학자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" class="extiw" title="w:Stuart Hameroff">스튜어트 해메로프<sub>Stuart Hameroff</sub></a>의 관찰들과 자신의 관찰들을 결합하기도 했다.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>펜로즈와 하메로프는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EC%8B%9D" class="mw-disambig" title="의식">의식</a>이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%84%B8%EC%86%8C%EA%B4%80" title="미세소관">미세소관</a>의 양자 중력 효과의 결과라고 주장했으며, 이를 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%ED%99%94_%EA%B0%9D%EA%B4%80_%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="조화 객관 환원 이론">조화 객관 환원 이론(Orch OR)</a>(조율된 객관적 감소)이라고 불렀다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4_%ED%85%8C%EA%B7%B8%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC" title="맥스 테그마크">맥스 테그마크</a>는 《피지컬 리뷰 E(Physical Review E)》에 발표한 논문에서,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 미세소관의 뉴런 발화 및 여기의 시간 척도가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_%EA%B2%B0%EC%96%B4%EA%B8%8B%EB%82%A8" title="양자 결어긋남">결어긋남</a> 시간보다 최소 10,000,000,000배 이상 느리다고 계산했다. 이 논문에 대한 반응은 테그마크의 지지 성명에서 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다: "IBM의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Smolin" class="extiw" title="w:John A. Smolin">존 A. 스몰린<sub>John A. Smolin</sub></a>과 같은 외부의 물리학자들은 이 계산이 그동안 의심해 왔던 것을 확인시켜 주었다고 말한다. "우리는 절대 영에 가까운 뇌로 작업하고 있는 것이 아니다. 뇌가 양자 행동을 진화시켰을 가능성은 합리적으로 거의 없다."<sup id="cite_ref-Tetlow_2007_166_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetlow_2007_166-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 테그마크의 논문은 펜로즈-해메로프 입장의 비평가들에 의해 널리 인용되었다. </p><p>또한《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_E" class="extiw" title="w:Physical Review E">피지컬 리뷰 E(Physical Review E)</a>》에 게재된 논문인 테그마크의 논문에 대한 답변에서 물리학자 스콧 헤이건<sub>Scott Hagan</sub>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tuszy%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="w:Jack Tuszyński">잭 투진스키<sub>Jack Tuszyński</sub></a> 및 하메로프<sup id="cite_ref-Hagan2002_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagan2002-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hameroff2006b_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hameroff2006b-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>는 테그마크가 Orch OR 모형이 아니라 자신이 직접 구성한 모형을 다루었다고 주장했다. 여기에는 Orch-OR에 규정된 훨씬 더 작은 간격이 아닌 24nm로 분리된 양자의 중첩이 포함되었다. 그 결과 하메로프의 그룹은 테그마크의 이론보다 7배나 더 긴 결어긋남 시간을 주장했지만, Orch-OR에서 제안한 것처럼 이론의 양자 처리가 40Hz 감마 동기화에 연결될 경우 필요한 25ms에는 훨씬 못 미쳤다. 이 격차를 해소하기 위해 연구팀은 일련의 제안을 했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagan2002_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagan2002-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 연구팀은 뉴런의 내부가 액체 상태와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%94" class="mw-redirect" title="겔">겔</a> 상태를 번갈아 가며 존재할 수 있다고 가정했다. 겔 상태에서는 물의 전기 쌍극자가 미세소관 튜블린 소단위체들의 바깥쪽 가장자리를 따라 같은 방향으로 배열된다는 가설이 더 세웠졌다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagan2002_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagan2002-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 하메로프 외. 등은 이렇게 정렬된 물이 미세소관의 튜블린 내의 양자 결맞음을 나머지 뇌의 환경으로부터 차단할 수 있다고 제안했다. 또한 각 튜불린은 미세소관으로부터 뻗어 있는 꼬리가 있는데, 이 꼬리는 음전하를 띠기 때문에, 따라서 양전하를 띤 이온들을 끌어당긴다. 이것이 추가적 스크리닝을 제공할 수 있다고 제안되었다. 이에 더해, 그 미세소관이 생화학적 에너지에 의해 결맞음 상태로 펌핑될 수 있다는 한 제안이 있었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hameroff-1998_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hameroff-1998-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Penrose_in_University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_to_picked_up_the_Fonseca_prize.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Penrose_in_University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_to_picked_up_the_Fonseca_prize.jpg/220px-Penrose_in_University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_to_picked_up_the_Fonseca_prize.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Penrose_in_University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_to_picked_up_the_Fonseca_prize.jpg/330px-Penrose_in_University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_to_picked_up_the_Fonseca_prize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Penrose_in_University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_to_picked_up_the_Fonseca_prize.jpg/440px-Penrose_in_University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_to_picked_up_the_Fonseca_prize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>펜로즈는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" class="extiw" title="w:University of Santiago de Compostela">산티아고 데 콤포스텔라 대학교</a>에서 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonseca_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Fonseca Prize">폰세카상(Fonseca Prize)</a>을 수상했다.</figcaption></figure> <p>마지막으로, 그는 미세소관 격자의 구성이 환경 상호작용에 직면했을 때 양자 결맞음을 유지하는 수단인 양자 오류 수정에 적합할 수 있다고 제안했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hameroff-1998_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hameroff-1998-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>해메로프는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="양자생물학">양자생물학</a>을 탐구하는 구글 테크 대화 시리즈의 일부 강연에서 이 분야의 현재 연구에 대한 개요를 제공하고 Orch-OR 모형에 대한 후속 비판에 대응했다.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 외에도, 2011년 로저 펜 로즈와 스튜어트 해메로프가 《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Cosmology" class="extiw" title="w:Journal of Cosmology">우주론의 저널(Journal of Cosmology)</a>》에 발표한 논문은 비판을 고려하여 Orch-OR 이론의 업데이트된 모형을 제공하고 우주 내에서 의식의 위치에 대해 논의한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hameroff-Penrose_2011_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hameroff-Penrose_2011-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>필립 테틀로우<sub>Phillip Tetlow</sub>는 자신도 펜로즈의 견해를 지지하지만 인간의 사고 과정에 대한 펜로즈의 아이디어가 현재 과학계에서 소수 견해임을 인정하고, 민스키의 비판을 인용하면서 또한 과학 저널리스트 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seife" class="extiw" title="w:Charles Seife">찰스 세이프<sub>Charles Seife</sub></a>의 의식의 본질이 양자 과정을 암시한다고 믿는 "소수의 과학자 중 한 명"으로 펜로즈를 기술한 것을 인용했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Tetlow_2007_166_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetlow_2007_166-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2014년 1월에, 해메로프와 펜로즈는 일본 국립 재료과학 연구소의 아니르반 반디요파디야<sub>Anirban Bandyopadhyay</sub>에 의한 미세소관에서의 양자 진동들의 발견<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>은 Orch-OR 이론의 가설을 지원한다는 것을 과감하게 발표했다.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그 이론의 검토 및 업데이트 버전은 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_of_Life_Reviews" class="extiw" title="w:Physics of Life Reviews">생활의 물리학 리뷰(Physics of Life Reviews)</a>의 2014년 3월호에 비평 및 토론과 함께 게재되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hameroff2014_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hameroff2014-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="출판물"><span id=".EC.B6.9C.ED.8C.90.EB.AC.BC"></span>출판물</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 출판물"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>그의 인기 출판물은 다음과 같다: </p> <ul><li>《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" class="extiw" title="w:The Emperor's New Mind">황제의 새마음 컴퓨터, 마음, 물리법칙에 관하여(The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics)</a>》 (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Mind" class="extiw" title="w:Shadows of the Mind">마음의 그림자: 사라진 의식 과학에 대한 탐색(Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness)</a>》 (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Reality" class="extiw" title="w:The Road to Reality">실체에 이르는 길: 우주의 법칙으로 인도하는 완벽한 안내서(The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe)</a>》 (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles_of_Time" class="extiw" title="w:Cycles of Time">시간의 순환: 우주에 대한 황당할 정도의 새로운 관점(Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe)</a>》 (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion,_Faith,_and_Fantasy_in_the_New_Physics_of_the_Universe" class="extiw" title="w:Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe">우주의 새로운 물리학의 패션, 신앙 및 판타지(Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe)</a>》 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>그의 공동 저서로는 다음과 같은 출판물이 있다: </p> <ul><li>《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_Space_and_Time" class="extiw" title="w:The Nature of Space and Time">공간과 시간의 본질{The Nature of Space and Time}</a>》 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9" title="스티븐 호킹">스티븐 호킹</a>과 함께) (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind" class="extiw" title="w:The Large, the Small and the Human Mind">큰 것, 작은 것 그리고 인간의 마음{The Large, the Small and the Human Mind}</a>》 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Shimony" class="extiw" title="w:Abner Shimony">아브너 시모니<sub>Abner Shimony</sub></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright_(philosopher)" class="extiw" title="w:Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)">낸시 카트라이트<sub>Nancy Cartwright</sub></a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9" title="스티븐 호킹">스티븐 호킹</a>과 함께) (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>《화이트 화성: 자유로운 마음(White Mars: The Mind Set Free)》 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8_%EC%98%AC%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4" title="브라이언 올디스">브라이언 올디스</a>>와 함께) (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>그의 학술 서적은 다음과 같다: </p> <ul><li>상대성 이론의 미분 위상학 기법(Techniques of Differential Topology in Relativity) (1972, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0898710057" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-89871-005-7</a>)</li> <li>스피너와 시공간: 1권, 2-스피너 미적분학과 상대론적 장(Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 1, Two-Spinor Calculus and Relativistic Fields) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rindler" class="extiw" title="w:Wolfgang Rindler">볼프강 린들러<sub>Wolfgang Rindler</sub></a>와 함께, 1987) <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0521337070" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-33707-0</a> (페이퍼 백)</li> <li>스피너와 시공간: 2권, 시공간 기하학의 스피너와 트위스터 방법(Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 2, Spinor and Twistor Methods in Space-Time Geometry) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rindler" class="extiw" title="w:Wolfgang Rindler">볼프강 린들러<sub>Wolfgang Rindler</sub></a>와 함께, 1988) (재인쇄), <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0521347866" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-34786-6</a> (페이퍼백)</li></ul> <p>다른 저서 서문은 다음과 같다: </p> <ul><li>서문 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/book/9783319724775">“The Map and the Territory: Exploring the foundations of science, thought and reality”</a> by Shyam Wuppuluri and Francisco Antonio Doria. Published by Springer in "The Frontiers Collection", 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>서문 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/p856"><i>Beating the Odds: The Life and Times of E. A. Milne</i></a>, written by Meg Weston Smith. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co in June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>서문 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8306">"A Computable Universe"</a> by Hector Zenil. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co in December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>서문 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="w:">Quantum Aspects of Life|Quantum Aspects of Life</a></i> by Derek Abbott, Paul C. W. Davies, and Arun K. Pati. Published by Imperial College Press in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>서문 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/p8509.pdf"><i>Fearful Symmetry</i></a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="w:">Anthony Zee|Quantum Aspects of Life</a>'s. Published by Princeton University Press in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="수상_및_영예"><span id=".EC.88.98.EC.83.81_.EB.B0.8F_.EC.98.81.EC.98.88"></span>수상 및 영예</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 수상 및 영예"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg/220px-RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg/330px-RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg/440px-RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>강의 중인 펜로즈</figcaption></figure> <p>펜로즈는 과학에 대한 공헌으로 많은 상들을 받았다. 1971년에 그는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Astrophysics" class="extiw" title="w:Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics">천체물리학 분야의 대니 하이네만 상(Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics)</a>을 수상했다. 그는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1972" class="extiw" title="w:List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1972">1972년 왕립학회(FRS)의 회원(List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1972)</a>으로 선출되었다. 1975년에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9" title="스티븐 호킹">스티븐 호킹</a>과 펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C" title="왕립천문학회">왕립천문학회</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%94%A9%ED%84%B4_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="에딩턴 메달">에딩턴 메달</a>을 공동으로 수상했다. 1985년에 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C" title="왕립학회">왕립학회</a> <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%97%B4_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="로열 메달">로열 메달</a>을 수상했다. 그는 스티븐 호킹과 함께 1988년 권위 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B8%ED%94%84_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="울프 물리학상">울프 물리학상</a>을 수상했다. </p><p>1989년에 펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C" title="영국 물리학회">영국 물리학회</a>로부터 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(IOP)" class="extiw" title="w:Dirac Medal (IOP)">디랙 메달과 상(Dirac Medal and Prize)</a>을 받았다. 그는 또한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" class="extiw" title="w:Fellow of the Institute of Physics">물리학 연구소의 명예 회원(Fellow of the Institute of Physics )</a>이 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1990년에 펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C" title="알베르트 아인슈타인 학회">알베르트 아인슈타인 학회</a>로부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알베르트 아인슈타인">알베르트 아인슈타인</a>의 업적과 관련된 뛰어난 업적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="알베르트 아인슈타인 메달">알베르트 아인슈타인 메달</a>을 받았다. 1991년에 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98_%EC%88%98%ED%95%99_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="런던 수학 협회">런던 수학 협회</a>로부터 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naylor_Prize_and_Lectureship" class="extiw" title="w:Naylor Prize and Lectureship">네일러상(Naylor Prize)</a>을 수상했다. 1992년부터 1995년까지 그는 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isgrg.org/">일반상대성이론과 중력에 관한 국제학회(International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation)</a>의 회장을 역임했다. 1994년에 펜로즈는 과학에 대한 공로로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B5%9C%ED%95%98%EC%9C%84_%ED%9B%88%EC%9E%91%EC%82%AC" title="최하위 훈작사">기사 작위</a>를 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 같은 해에 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="배스 대학교">배스 대학교</a>로부터 명예학위(이학박사)를 받았으며,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99_%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%8D%B0%EB%AF%B8" title="폴란드 과학 아카데미">폴란드 과학 아카데미</a>의 회원이 되었다. 1998년에 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9B%90" title="미국국립과학원">미국국립과학원</a>의 외국인 준회원으로 선출되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000년에 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9B%88%EC%9E%A5" title="메리트 훈장">메리트 훈장</a>(OM)의 회원으로 임명되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2004년에 그는 수리물리학에 대한 폭넓고 독창적인 공헌으로 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" class="extiw" title="w:De Morgan Medal">드 모건 메달(De Morgan Medal)</a>을 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98_%EC%88%98%ED%95%99_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="런던 수학 협회">런던 수학 협회</a>의 인용문을 인용하자면: </p> <blockquote> <p>일반 상대성 이론에 대한 그의 깊은 연구는 우리가 블랙홀을 이해하는 데 중요한 요소였다. 그의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="트위스터 이론">트위스터 이론</a> 개발은 수리물리학의 고전 방정식에 대한 아름답고 생산적인 접근 방식을 만들어냈다. 그의 평면 타일링은 새로 발견된 준결정들의 기초가 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>2005년에 펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%83%A4%EB%B0%94_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="바르샤바 대학교">바르샤바 대학교</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A2%B0%EB%B2%88_%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="뢰번 가톨릭 대학교">뢰번 가톨릭 대학교</a>(벨기에)에서 그리고 2006년에는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%81%AC_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" class="mw-disambig" title="요크 대학교">요크 대학교</a>에서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%98%88_%ED%95%99%EC%9C%84" title="명예 학위">명예 박사 학위</a>를 받았다. 2006년에는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="뉴사우스웨일스 대학교">뉴사우스웨일스 대학교</a>에서 수여하는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Physics" class="extiw" title="w:Australian Institute of Physics">디랙 메달(Dirac Medal)</a>도 받았다. 2008년에 펜로즈는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC" title="코플리 메달">코플리 메달</a>을 수상했다. 그는 또한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_UK" class="extiw" title="w:Humanists UK">휴머니스트 영국(Humanists UK)</a>의 저명한 후원자이자 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Scientific_Society" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford University Scientific Society">옥스퍼드 대학교 과학 학회(옥스퍼드 대학교 과학 학회)</a>의 후원자 중 한 명이다. </p><p>그는 2011년 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C" title="미국철학학회">미국철학학회</a> 회원으로 선출되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 같은 해 그는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" class="extiw" title="w:University of Santiago de Compostela">산티아고 데 콤포스텔라 대학교(University of Santiago de Compostela)</a>에서 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonseca_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Fonseca Prize">폰세카상(Fonseca Prize)</a>을 수상했다. </p><p>2012년에 펜로즈는 과학에 대한 공헌과 과학과 사회의 연결 강화를 인정받아 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B7%A8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%BC%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="취리히 연방 공과대학교">취리히 연방 공과대학교</a>로부터 리처드 R. 에른스트 메달(Richard R. Ernst Medal)을 받았다. 2015년에 펜로즈는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CINVESTAV" class="extiw" title="w:CINVESTAV">CINVESTAV-IPN</a>(멕시코)으로부터 명예 박사 학위를 받았다.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2017년에는 과학사에 기여한 공로로 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Urbino" class="extiw" title="w:University of Urbino">우르비노 대학교(University of Urbino)</a>에서 코만디노 메달(Commandino Medal)을 받았다. </p><p>2020년 펜로즈는 블랙홀 형성이 일반 상대성이론의 확실한 예측이라는 사실을 발견한 공로로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">노벨 물리학상</a>의 절반을 수상했으며, 절반은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="은하중심">우리 은하의 중심</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="은하중심">초거대 압축 천체</a> 발견의 공로인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B2%90%EC%B2%BC" title="라인하르트 겐첼">라인하르트 겐첼</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84_%EA%B2%8C%EC%A6%88" class="mw-redirect" title="안드레아 게즈">안드레아 게즈</a>에게도 돌아갔다.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_2020_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="개인적_생활"><span id=".EA.B0.9C.EC.9D.B8.EC.A0.81_.EC.83.9D.ED.99.9C"></span>개인적 생활</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 개인적 생활"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>펜로즈의 첫 번째 결혼은 미국인 조안 이사벨 펜 로즈<sub>Joan Isabel Penrose</sub> (née Wedge)과 였으며, 1959년에 결혼했다. 그들은 세 아들을 낳았다.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 펜로즈는 현재 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokethorpe_School" class="extiw" title="w:Cokethorpe School">코크소프 학교(Cokethorpe School)</a>의 학업 개발 책임자이자 전 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_School" class="extiw" title="w:Abingdon School">아빙던 학교(Abingdon School)</a>의 수학의 책임자 인 바네사 토마스<sub>Vanessa Thomas</sub>와 결혼했다.<sup id="cite_ref-gruberprizes.org_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruberprizes.org-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그들은 한 아들이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gruberprizes.org_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruberprizes.org-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="종교적_견해"><span id=".EC.A2.85.EA.B5.90.EC.A0.81_.EA.B2.AC.ED.95.B4"></span>종교적 견해</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 종교적 견해"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2010년 9월 25일 BBC 라디오 4와의 인터뷰에서 펜로즈는 "나는 신자가 아니다. 나는 어떤 종류의 기성 종교도 믿지 않는다."라고 언급했다.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그는 자신을 불가지론자로 간주한다.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1991년 영화 《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time_(film)" class="extiw" title="w:A Brief History of Time (film)">시간의 간략한 역사(A Brief History of Time</a>》에서, 그는 또한 "나는 우주에는 목적이 있고 우연히 거기에 있는 것이 아니라고 말하고 싶다고 생각한다 ... 나는 어떤 사람들은 우주가 그냥 거기에 있고 또한 그것은 계속 진행하며, 그것은 단지 일종의 계산들이고 또한 우리는 우연히 이 일에서 자신을 발견하는 것과 같다는 견해를 가지고 있다고 생각한다. 하지만 나는 그것이 우주를 바라보는 그다지 유익하거나 도움이 되는 방식이 아니라고 생각하며, 나는 우주에는 훨씬 <b>더 깊은 무언가가 있다</b>고 생각한다."라고 말했다.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>펜로즈는 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_UK" class="extiw" title="w:Humanists UK">영국 휴머니스트(Humanists UK)</a>의 후원자이다.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EA%B3%BC_%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90" class="mw-redirect" title="과학과 종교">과학과 종교</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9E%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C" title="로버트 자스트로">로버트 자스트로</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Roger_Penrose" class="extiw" title="w:List of things named after Roger Penrose">로저 펜로즈의 이름을 딴 것들 목록(List of things named after Roger Penrose)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="노트"><span id=".EB.85.B8.ED.8A.B8"></span>노트</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 노트"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">2020년 노벨상은 또한 블랙홀에 대한 연구로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B2%90%EC%B2%BC" title="라인하르트 겐첼">라인하르트 겐첼</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84_%EA%B2%8C%EC%A6%88" class="mw-redirect" title="안드레아 게즈">안드레아 게즈</a>가 공동 수상했다.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">펜로즈와 그의 아버지는 네덜란드 그래픽 아티스트 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0_%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%90%EC%85%94" title="마우리츠 코르넬리스 에셔">M. C. 에셔</a>와 수학적 개념을 공유했으며, 이는 '펜로즈 삼각형'을 기반으로 한 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" class="extiw" title="w:Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">폭포(Waterfall)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_and_Descending" class="extiw" title="w:Ascending and Descending">상승과 하강(Ascending and Descending)</a> 등 많은 작품에 반영되었다.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r35556958"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Anon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U30531">〈,〉</a>. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_Who_(UK)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Who's Who (UK) (없는 문서)">Who's Who</a>》. 《ukwhoswho.com》 online <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxfo_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxfo University Press (없는 문서)">Oxfo University Press</a>판 (A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc). <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U30531">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U30531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%2C&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.edition=online+Oxford+University+Press&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black%2C+an+imprint+of+Bloomsbury+Publishing+plc&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U30531&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU30531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter-url-access=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#parameter_ignored" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(구독 또는 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">영국 공립 도서관 회원 가입</a> 필요)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307224416/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Penrose">“Roger Penrose | Biography, Books, Awards, & Facts”</a>. 2021년 3월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Penrose">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 3월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Penrose+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Books%2C+Awards%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRoger-Penrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009063427/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-10-06-oxford-mathematician-roger-penrose-jointly-wins-nobel-prize-physics">“Oxford Mathematician Roger Penrose jointly wins the Nobel Prize in Physics | University of Oxford”</a>. 《www.ox.ac.uk》 (영어). 2020년 10월 6일. 2020년 10월 9일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-10-06-oxford-mathematician-roger-penrose-jointly-wins-nobel-prize-physics">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Oxford+Mathematician+Roger+Penrose+jointly+wins+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+%7C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2020-10-06-oxford-mathematician-roger-penrose-jointly-wins-nobel-prize-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, Kitty (1991). <i>Stephen Hawking: Quest for a Theory of Everything</i>. Franklin Watts. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38117996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-553-29895-X" title="특수:책찾기/0-553-29895-X">0-553-29895-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973). 《Gravitation》. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-7167-0344-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-7167-0344-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-0344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0&rft.au=Misner%2C+Charles&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip+S.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+Archibald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#parameter_ignored" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span> (See <i>Box 34.2</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Siegel, Matthew (2008년 1월 8일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2810893">“Wolf Foundation Honors Hawking and Penrose for Work in Relativity”</a>. 《Physics Today》 (영어) <b>42</b> (1): 97–98. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2810893">10.1063/1.2810893</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2810893">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Wolf+Foundation+Honors+Hawking+and+Penrose+for+Work+in+Relativity&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2810893&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicstoday.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1063%2F1.2810893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Siegel, Matthew (2008년 1월 8일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2810893">“Wolf Foundation Honors Hawking and Penrose for Work in Relativity”</a>. 《Physics Today》 (영어) <b>42</b> (1): 97–98. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2810893">10.1063/1.2810893</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2810893">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Wolf+Foundation+Honors+Hawking+and+Penrose+for+Work+in+Relativity&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2810893&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicstoday.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1063%2F1.2810893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mactutor-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">O’Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Penrose.html">“로저 펜로즈”</a>. 《MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive》 (영어). <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="세인트앤드루스 대학교">세인트앤드루스 대학교</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.atitle=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FPenrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imdb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-imdb_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><span style="font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 영어">(영어)</span></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0672295/">로저 펜로즈</a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="인터넷 영화 데이터베이스">인터넷 영화 데이터베이스</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Prize_2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_2020_10-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_2020_10-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006101114/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/">“The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020”</a>. 《NobelPrize.org》 (미국 영어). 2020년 10월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2020%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20201006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20201006_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Overbye, Dennis; Taylor, Derrick Bryson (2020년 10월 6일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006102031/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/science/nobel-prize-physics.html">“Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work on Black Holes – The prize was awarded half to Roger Penrose for showing how black holes could form and half to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for discovering a supermassive object at the Milky Way's center”</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>》. 2020년 10월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/science/nobel-prize-physics.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+Awarded+to+3+Scientists+for+Work+on+Black+Holes+%E2%80%93+The+prize+was+awarded+half+to+Roger+Penrose+for+showing+how+black+holes+could+form+and+half+to+Reinhard+Genzel+and+Andrea+Ghez+for+discovering+a+supermassive+object+at+the+Milky+Way%27s+center&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Derrick+Bryson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2F06%2Fscience%2Fnobel-prize-physics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brookfield, Tarah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1066070267">《Our voices must be heard : women and the vote in Ontario》</a>. Vancouver. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-7748-6019-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-7748-6019-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-6019-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80_%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0" title="온라인 컴퓨터 도서관 센터">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1066070267">1066070267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+voices+must+be+heard+%3A+women+and+the+vote+in+Ontario&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1066070267&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-6019-2&rft.aulast=Brookfield&rft.aufirst=Tarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1066070267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookfield-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brookfield_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brookfield, Tarah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185547/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">《Our Voices Must Be Heard: Women and the Vote in Ontario》</a> (영어). UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-7748-6022-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-7748-6022-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-6022-2</bdi></a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Voices+Must+Be+Heard%3A+Women+and+the+Vote+in+Ontario&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-6022-2&rft.aulast=Brookfield&rft.aufirst=Tarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVlxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsbm-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rudolph Peters (1958). “John Beresford Leathes. 1864–1956”. 《Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society》 <b>4</b>: 185–191. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1958.0016">10.1098/rsbm.1958.0016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=John+Beresford+Leathes.+1864%E2%80%931956&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=185-191&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1958.0016&rft.au=Rudolph+Peters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elementy.ru-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-elementy.ru_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-EpHQ7yl9c"><span class="plainlinks">Roger Penrose. Cycles of Time: Is It Possible to Discern the Previous Universe Through the Big Bang?</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="유튜브">유튜브</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hall, Chris (2016년 3월 19일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020323/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/19/lee-miller-the-mother-i-never-knew">“Lee Miller, the mother I never knew”</a>. 《The Guardian》 (영국 영어). <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. 2020년 11월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/19/lee-miller-the-mother-i-never-knew">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lee+Miller%2C+the+mother+I+never+knew&rft.date=2016-03-19&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Fmar%2F19%2Flee-miller-the-mother-i-never-knew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191035/https://www.farleyshouseandgallery.co.uk/exhibitions/illustrated-mathematics/">“Illustrated Mathematics”</a>. 《Farleys House and Gallery》 (영국 영어). 2020년 10월 11일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farleyshouseandgallery.co.uk/exhibitions/illustrated-mathematics/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Farleys+House+and+Gallery&rft.atitle=Illustrated+Mathematics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farleyshouseandgallery.co.uk%2Fexhibitions%2Fillustrated-mathematics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_20-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_20-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_20-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008122312/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Penrose/">“Roger Penrose – Biography”</a>. 《Maths History》 (영어). 2020년 10월 8일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Penrose/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maths+History&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FPenrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">AP and TOI staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006214254/https://www.timesofisrael.com/scientist-of-jewish-heritage-among-trio-to-win-nobel-prize-for-black-hole-finds/">“Scientist of Jewish heritage among trio to win Nobel prize for black hole finds”</a>. 《www.timesofisrael.com》 (미국 영어). 2020년 10월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/scientist-of-jewish-heritage-among-trio-to-win-nobel-prize-for-black-hole-finds/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Scientist+of+Jewish+heritage+among+trio+to+win+Nobel+prize+for+black+hole+finds&rft.au=AP+and+TOI+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fscientist-of-jewish-heritage-among-trio-to-win-nobel-prize-for-black-hole-finds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ogilvie, Megan (2009년 3월 23일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107212737/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/03/23/just_visiting_sir_roger_penrose.html">“Just Visiting: Sir Roger Penrose”</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>》. 2021년 1월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/03/23/just_visiting_sir_roger_penrose.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 9일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Just+Visiting%3A+Sir+Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2009%2F03%2F23%2Fjust_visiting_sir_roger_penrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zheng, Wenjie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011201508/http://www.zhengwenjie.net/pseudoinverse/">“The 100th anniversary of Moore–Penrose inverse and its role in statistics and machine learning”</a>. 《www.zhengwenjie.net》. 2020년 10월 11일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhengwenjie.net/pseudoinverse/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zhengwenjie.net&rft.atitle=The+100th+anniversary+of+Moore%E2%80%93Penrose+inverse+and+its+role+in+statistics+and+machine+learning&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Wenjie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zhengwenjie.net%2Fpseudoinverse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Penrose, R. (1955). “A generalized inverse for matrices”. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (없는 문서)">Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</a>》 <b>51</b> (3): 406–413. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955PCPS...51..406P">1955PCPS...51..406P</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100030401">10.1017/S0305004100030401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=A+generalized+inverse+for+matrices&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=406-413&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305004100030401&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955PCPS...51..406P&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009072829/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/roger-penrose-wins-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics-for-discovery-about-black-holes">“Roger Penrose wins 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery about black holes”</a>. 《University of Cambridge》 (영어). 2020년 10월 6일. 2020년 10월 9일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/roger-penrose-wins-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics-for-discovery-about-black-holes">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose+wins+2020+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+for+discovery+about+black+holes&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Froger-penrose-wins-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics-for-discovery-about-black-holes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pphd-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pphd_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Penrose, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/permalink/f/t9gok8/44CAM_ALMA21428192330003606">《Tensor Methods in Algebraic Geometry》</a>. 《cam.ac.uk》 (학위논문) (University of Cambridge). <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80_%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0" title="온라인 컴퓨터 도서관 센터">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/71366928">71366928</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProQuest_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ProQuest (identifier) (없는 문서)">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/301242962">301242962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tensor+Methods+in+Algebraic+Geometry&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71366928&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fpermalink%2Ff%2Ft9gok8%2F44CAM_ALMA21428192330003606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|id=</code>에 templatestyles stripmarker가 있음(위치 1) (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#invisible_char" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Welch, Chris (2012년 3월 23일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126162258/https://www.theverge.com/2012/3/23/2898025/frustro-typeface-matrzi-hegedus-penrose-triangle">“<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Frustro' typeface applies the Penrose impossible triangle concept to words”</a>. 《The Verge》 (영어). 2021년 1월 26일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2012/3/23/2898025/frustro-typeface-matrzi-hegedus-penrose-triangle">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=%27Frustro%27+typeface+applies+the+Penrose+impossible+triangle+concept+to+words&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2012%2F3%2F23%2F2898025%2Ffrustro-typeface-matrzi-hegedus-penrose-triangle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Baggini, Julian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185548/https://books.google.com/books?id=rws0AgAAQBAJ&q=roger+penrose+%22penrose+triangle%22+%22impossibility+in+its+purest+form%22&pg=PT21">《Philosophy: All That Matters》</a> (영어). John Murray Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4441-5585-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4441-5585-3"><bdi>978-1-4441-5585-3</bdi></a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rws0AgAAQBAJ&q=roger+penrose+%22penrose+triangle%22+%22impossibility+in+its+purest+form%22&pg=PT21">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy%3A+All+That+Matters&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-5585-3&rft.aulast=Baggini&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drws0AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Droger%2Bpenrose%2B%2522penrose%2Btriangle%2522%2B%2522impossibility%2Bin%2Bits%2Bpurest%2Bform%2522%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065147/http://totallyhistory.com/ascending-and-descending/">“Ascending and Descending by M.C. Escher – Facts about the Painting”</a>. 《Totally History》 (미국 영어). 2013년 5월 21일. 2020년 6월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://totallyhistory.com/ascending-and-descending/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Totally+History&rft.atitle=Ascending+and+Descending+by+M.C.+Escher+%E2%80%93+Facts+about+the+Painting&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftotallyhistory.com%2Fascending-and-descending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kumar, Manjit (2010년 10월 15일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110122217/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/16/cycles-time-roger-penrose-review">“Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe by Roger Penrose – review”</a>. 《The Guardian》. 2017년 1월 10일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/16/cycles-time-roger-penrose-review">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 12월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cycles+of+Time%3A+An+Extraordinary+New+View+of+the+Universe+by+Roger+Penrose+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Manjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Foct%2F16%2Fcycles-time-roger-penrose-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022121930/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/professor-sir-roger-penrose-awarded-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics">“Professor Sir Roger Penrose awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics”</a>. 《King's College London》 (영어). 2020년 10월 22일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/professor-sir-roger-penrose-awarded-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King%27s+College+London&rft.atitle=Professor+Sir+Roger+Penrose+awarded+the+2020+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fprofessor-sir-roger-penrose-awarded-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008185043/https://cambridgesocietyofparis.com/event/cambridge-cutting-edge-lecture-professor-sir-roger-penrose/">“The second Cambridge Cutting Edge Lecture: Professor Sir Roger Penrose”</a>. 《Cambridge Society of Paris》 (영국 영어). 2019년 3월 12일. 2020년 10월 8일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgesocietyofparis.com/event/cambridge-cutting-edge-lecture-professor-sir-roger-penrose/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Society+of+Paris&rft.atitle=The+second+Cambridge+Cutting+Edge+Lecture%3A+Professor+Sir+Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridgesocietyofparis.com%2Fevent%2Fcambridge-cutting-edge-lecture-professor-sir-roger-penrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thorne, Kip; Thorne, Kip S.; Hawking, Stephen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203044944/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzlrW6kytdoC&q=roger+penrose+kip+thorne+mathematical+tools+spacetime&pg=PA465">《Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy》</a> (영어). W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-393-31276-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-393-31276-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31276-8</bdi></a>. 2021년 2월 3일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzlrW6kytdoC&q=roger+penrose+kip+thorne+mathematical+tools+spacetime&pg=PA465">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Holes+and+Time+Warps%3A+Einstein%27s+Outrageous+Legacy&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31276-8&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Kip&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip+S.&rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzlrW6kytdoC%26q%3Droger%2Bpenrose%2Bkip%2Bthorne%2Bmathematical%2Btools%2Bspacetime%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ellis, George F. R.; Penrose, Sir Roger (2010년 1월 1일). “Dennis William Sciama. 18 November 1926 – 19 December 1999”. 《Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society》 (영어) <b>56</b>: 401–422. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2009.0023">10.1098/rsbm.2009.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73035217">73035217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Dennis+William+Sciama.+18+November+1926+%E2%80%93+19+December+1999&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=401-422&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73035217&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2009.0023&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F.+R.&rft.au=Penrose%2C+Sir+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penrose1965-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Penrose1965_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Penrose, Roger (January 1965). “Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities”. 《Physical Review Letters》 <b>14</b> (3): 57–59. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965PhRvL..14...57P">1965PhRvL..14...57P</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.14.57">10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Gravitational+Collapse+and+Space-Time+Singularities&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-59&rft.date=1965-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.14.57&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965PhRvL..14...57P&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005145715/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2053929-a-brief-history-of-stephen-hawking-a-legacy-of-paradox/">“A brief history of Stephen Hawking: A legacy of paradox”</a>. 《New Scientist》 (미국 영어). 2020년 10월 5일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2053929-a-brief-history-of-stephen-hawking-a-legacy-of-paradox/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+Stephen+Hawking%3A+A+legacy+of+paradox&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2053929-a-brief-history-of-stephen-hawking-a-legacy-of-paradox%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011180710/https://www.newscientist.com/people/roger-penrose/">“Roger Penrose”</a>. 《New Scientist》 (미국 영어). 2020년 10월 11일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/people/roger-penrose/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fpeople%2Froger-penrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wolchover, Natalie (2019년 6월 6일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005235915/https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/">“Physicists Debate Hawking's Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning”</a>. 《Quanta Magazine》 (영어). 2020년 10월 5일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quanta+Magazine&rft.atitle=Physicists+Debate+Hawking%27s+Idea+That+the+Universe+Had+No+Beginning&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft.aulast=Wolchover&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantamagazine.org%2Fphysicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv">Fernandez, Rodrigo L. (2020년 7월 21일). “Cosmic Censorship Conjecture violation: A semiclassical approach”. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/2007.10601">2007.10601</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/archive/gr-qc">gr-qc</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Cosmic+Censorship+Conjecture+violation%3A+A+semiclassical+approach&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2007.10601&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">더 이상 지원되지 않는 변수를 사용함 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#deprecated_params" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curiel_2020-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Curiel_2020_40-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Curiel_2020_40-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCuriel2020" class="citation">Curiel, Erik (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/spacetime-singularities/">〈Singularities and Black Holes〉</a>, Zalta, Edward N., 《The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy》 Summer 2020판, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singularities+and+Black+Holes&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2020&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Curiel&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2020%2Fentries%2Fspacetime-singularities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kafatos, M.; Leiter, D. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185549/https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1979ApJ...229...46K">“1979ApJ...229...46K Page 46”</a>. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 <b>229</b>: 46. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...229...46K">1979ApJ...229...46K</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F156928">10.1086/156928</a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1979ApJ...229...46K">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=1979ApJ...229...46K+Page+46&rft.volume=229&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F156928&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979ApJ...229...46K&rft.aulast=Kafatos&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Leiter%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1979ApJ...229...46K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202201151/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810105604640">“Penrose process”</a>. 《Oxford Reference》 (영어). 2021년 2월 2일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810105604640">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Penrose+process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110810105604640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">R. Penrose (1979). 〈Singularities and Time-Asymmetry〉. S. W. Hawking; W. Israel. 《General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey》. Cambridge University Press. 581–638쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Singularities+and+Time-Asymmetry&rft.btitle=General+Relativity%3A+An+Einstein+Centenary+Survey&rft.pages=581-638&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.au=R.+Penrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Terrell, James (1959). “Invisibility of the Lorentz Contraction”. 《<a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>》 <b>116</b> (4): 1041–1045. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959PhRv..116.1041T">1959PhRv..116.1041T</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.116.1041">10.1103/PhysRev.116.1041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Invisibility+of+the+Lorentz+Contraction&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1041-1045&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.116.1041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959PhRv..116.1041T&rft.aulast=Terrell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Penrose, Roger (1959). “The Apparent Shape of a Relativistically Moving Sphere”. 《Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》 <b>55</b> (1): 137–139. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959PCPS...55..137P">1959PCPS...55..137P</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100033776">10.1017/S0305004100033776</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123023118">123023118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Apparent+Shape+of+a+Relativistically+Moving+Sphere&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-139&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123023118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305004100033776&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959PCPS...55..137P&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008153713/http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/groups/mathematical-physics/events/twistors50">“New Horizons in Twistor Theory | Mathematical Institute”</a>. 《www.maths.ox.ac.uk》. 2020년 10월 8일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/groups/mathematical-physics/events/twistors50">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maths.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=New+Horizons+in+Twistor+Theory+%7C+Mathematical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maths.ox.ac.uk%2Fgroups%2Fmathematical-physics%2Fevents%2Ftwistors50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Huggett, S. A.; Tod, K. P. (1994년 7월 21일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511624018">《An Introduction to Twistor Theory》</a> 2판. Cambridge University Press. 1쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511624018">10.1017/cbo9780511624018</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-521-45157-4" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-521-45157-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45157-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Twistor+Theory&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994-07-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511624018&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45157-4&rft.aulast=Huggett&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Tod%2C+K.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511624018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Steinhardt, Paul (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34472">“New perspectives on forbidden symmetries, quasicrystals, and Penrose tilings”</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">PNAS</a>》 <b>93</b> (25): 14267–14270. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PNAS...9314267S">1996PNAS...9314267S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.93.25.14267">10.1073/pnas.93.25.14267</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34472">34472</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8962037">8962037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=New+perspectives+on+forbidden+symmetries%2C+quasicrystals%2C+and+Penrose+tilings&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=14267-14270&rft.date=1996&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34472&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8962037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.93.25.14267&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996PNAS...9314267S&rft.aulast=Steinhardt&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012031549/https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/penrose/">“Penrose on Spin Networks”</a>. 《math.ucr.edu》. 2020년 10월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/penrose/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=math.ucr.edu&rft.atitle=Penrose+on+Spin+Networks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fpenrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203436/https://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/insidebh/penrose.html">“Penrose diagrams”</a>. 《jila.colorado.edu》 (영어). 2020년 11월 11일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/insidebh/penrose.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jila.colorado.edu&rft.atitle=Penrose+diagrams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjila.colorado.edu%2F~ajsh%2Finsidebh%2Fpenrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617233239/https://ricehistorycorner.com/2013/05/22/roger-penrose-at-rice-1983-87/">“Roger Penrose at Rice, 1983–87”</a>. 《Rice History Corner》. 2013년 5월 22일. 2016년 6월 17일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricehistorycorner.com/2013/05/22/roger-penrose-at-rice-1983-87/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2014년 1월 29일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rice+History+Corner&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose+at+Rice%2C+1983%E2%80%9387&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricehistorycorner.com%2F2013%2F05%2F22%2Froger-penrose-at-rice-1983-87%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aphd-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aphd_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Hodges, Andrew Philip (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/record=b3004898">《The Description of Mass within the Theory of Twistors》</a>. 《london.ac.uk》 (학위논문) (Birkbeck, University of London). <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80_%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0" title="온라인 컴퓨터 도서관 센터">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/500473477">500473477</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/w/index.php?title=EThOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EThOS (없는 문서)">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.459296">uk.bl.ethos.459296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Description+of+Mass+within+the+Theory+of+Twistors&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Birkbeck%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500473477&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk%2Frecord%3Db3004898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|id=</code>에 templatestyles stripmarker가 있음(위치 1) (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#invisible_char" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id={{{id}}}">“로저 펜로즈”</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%84%EB%B3%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8" title="수학 계보 프로젝트">수학 계보 프로젝트</a>》 (영어). <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%88%98%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C" title="미국 수학회">미국 수학회</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%88%98%ED%95%99+%EA%B3%84%EB%B3%B4+%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8&rft.atitle=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogy.ams.org%2Fid.php%3Fid%3D%7B%7B%7Bid%7D%7D%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Johnson, George (2005년 2월 27일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103115129/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/books/review/the-road-to-reality-a-really-long-history-of-time.html?_r=0">“<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>The Road to Reality': A Really Long History of Time”</a>. 《The New York Times》. 2021년 1월 3일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/books/review/the-road-to-reality-a-really-long-history-of-time.html?_r=0">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 4월 3일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Road+to+Reality%27%3A+A+Really+Long+History+of+Time&rft.date=2005-02-27&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F02%2F27%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthe-road-to-reality-a-really-long-history-of-time.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101130211/http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jun/cover/article_view?b_start:int=0&-C=">“If an Electron Can Be in Two Places at Once, Why Can't You?”</a>. 2012년 11월 1일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jun/cover/article_view?b_start:int=0&-C=">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2008년 10월 27일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+an+Electron+Can+Be+in+Two+Places+at+Once%2C+Why+Can%27t+You%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2005%2Fjun%2Fcover%2Farticle_view%3Fb_start%3Aint%3D0%26-C%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416131322/http://www.phys.psu.edu/people/display/index.html?person_id=233&mode=contact.">“Dr. Roger Penrose at Penn State University”</a>. 16 April 2008에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.psu.edu/people/display/index.html?person_id=233&mode=contact.">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 9 July 2007에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Roger+Penrose+at+Penn+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phys.psu.edu%2Fpeople%2Fdisplay%2Findex.html%3Fperson_id%3D233%26mode%3Dcontact.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurzadyan-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gurzadyan_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv">Gurzadyan, V.G.; Penrose, R. (2010). “Concentric circles in WMAP data may provide evidence of violent pre-Big-Bang activity". volume "v1”. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1011.3706">1011.3706</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.CO">astro-ph.CO</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Concentric+circles+in+WMAP+data+may+provide+evidence+of+violent+pre-Big-Bang+activity%22.+volume+%22v1&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1011.3706&rft.aulast=Gurzadyan&rft.aufirst=V.G.&rft.au=Penrose%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">더 이상 지원되지 않는 변수를 사용함 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#deprecated_params" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Penrose, <i>Cycles of Time</i>, Vintage; Reprint edition (1 May 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stoica, Ovidiu-Cristinel (November 2013). “On the Weyl Curvature Hypothesis”. 《Annals of Physics》 <b>338</b>: 186–194. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1203.3382">1203.3382</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AnPhy.338..186S">2013AnPhy.338..186S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aop.2013.08.002">10.1016/j.aop.2013.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119329306">119329306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft.atitle=On+the+Weyl+Curvature+Hypothesis&rft.volume=338&rft.pages=186-194&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1203.3382&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119329306&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aop.2013.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AnPhy.338..186S&rft.aulast=Stoica&rft.aufirst=Ovidiu-Cristinel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">R. Penrose (1979). 〈Singularities and Time-Asymmetry〉. S. W. Hawking; W. Israel. 《General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey》. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 581–638쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Singularities+and+Time-Asymmetry&rft.btitle=General+Relativity%3A+An+Einstein+Centenary+Survey&rft.pages=581-638&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.au=R.+Penrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015848/https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/">“New evidence for cyclic universe claimed by Roger Penrose and colleagues”</a>. 《Physics World》 (영국 영어). 2018년 8월 21일. 2020년 11월 1일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=New+evidence+for+cyclic+universe+claimed+by+Roger+Penrose+and+colleagues&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fnew-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015848/https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/">“New evidence for cyclic universe claimed by Roger Penrose and colleagues”</a>. 2018년 8월 21일. 2020년 11월 1일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+evidence+for+cyclic+universe+claimed+by+Roger+Penrose+and+colleagues&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fnew-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger (2017년 9월 5일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://books.google.com/books?id=9XKYDwAAQBAJ&q=roger+penrose+%22change+of+coordinate%22&pg=PA55">《Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe》</a> (영어). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-691-17853-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-691-17853-0"><bdi>978-0-691-17853-0</bdi></a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XKYDwAAQBAJ&q=roger+penrose+%22change+of+coordinate%22&pg=PA55">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion%2C+Faith%2C+and+Fantasy+in+the+New+Physics+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17853-0&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XKYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Droger%2Bpenrose%2B%2522change%2Bof%2Bcoordinate%2522%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kiefer, Claus (2013년 8월 13일). “Conceptual Problems in Quantum Gravity and Quantum Cosmology”. 《ISRN Mathematical Physics》 (영어) <b>2013</b>: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F509316">10.1155/2013/509316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISRN+Mathematical+Physics&rft.atitle=Conceptual+Problems+in+Quantum+Gravity+and+Quantum+Cosmology&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F509316&rft.aulast=Kiefer&rft.aufirst=Claus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv">Vaas, Rüdiger (2004). “The Inverted Big-Bang”. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/physics/0407071">physics/0407071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=The+Inverted+Big-Bang&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0407071&rft.aulast=Vaas&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Finster, F.; Smoller, J.A.; Yau, S.-T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007132312/https://cds.cern.ch/record/403056/files/9910030.pdf">“The Einstein–Dirac–Maxwell Equations – Black Hole Solutions”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2020년 10월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/403056/files/9910030.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Einstein%E2%80%93Dirac%E2%80%93Maxwell+Equations+%E2%80%93+Black+Hole+Solutions&rft.aulast=Finster&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Smoller%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Yau%2C+S.-T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F403056%2Ffiles%2F9910030.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ferris, Timothy (1989년 11월 19일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091901/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/19/books/how-the-brain-works-maybe.html">“HOW THE BRAIN WORKS, MAYBE (Published 1989)”</a>. 《The New York Times》 (미국 영어). <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 2021년 11월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/19/books/how-the-brain-works-maybe.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=HOW+THE+BRAIN+WORKS%2C+MAYBE+%28Published+1989%29&rft.date=1989-11-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F11%2F19%2Fbooks%2Fhow-the-brain-works-maybe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stork, David G. (1989년 10월 29일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-29-bk-90-story.html">“The Physicist Against the Hackers : THE EMPEROR'S NEW MIND: On Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics by Roger Penrose (Oxford University Press: $24.95; 428 pp.)”</a>. 《Los Angeles Times》 (미국 영어). 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-29-bk-90-story.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Physicist+Against+the+Hackers+%3A+THE+EMPEROR%27S+NEW+MIND%3A+On+Computers%2C+Minds%2C+and+the+Laws+of+Physics+by+Roger+Penrose+%28Oxford+University+Press%3A+%2424.95%3B+428+pp.%29&rft.date=1989-10-29&rft.aulast=Stork&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-10-29-bk-90-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger (2016년 4월 28일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4vDwAAQBAJ&q=turing+halting">《The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics》</a> (영어). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-19-255007-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-19-255007-1"><bdi>978-0-19-255007-1</bdi></a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4vDwAAQBAJ&q=turing+halting">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+New+Mind%3A+Concerning+Computers%2C+Minds%2C+and+the+Laws+of+Physics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-255007-1&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJF4vDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dturing%2Bhalting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013092220/https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Cogn/CognTeix.htm">“20th WCP: Computational Complexity and Philosophical Dualism”</a>. 《www.bu.edu》. 2020년 10월 13일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Cogn/CognTeix.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bu.edu&rft.atitle=20th+WCP%3A+Computational+Complexity+and+Philosophical+Dualism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fwcp%2FPapers%2FCogn%2FCognTeix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penrose-2016-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Penrose-2016_71-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Penrose-2016_71-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091917/https://books.google.com/books?id=X28sDwAAQBAJ&q=G%C3%B6del%27s+incompleteness+theorem">《The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics》</a> (영어). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-19-878492-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-19-878492-0"><bdi>978-0-19-878492-0</bdi></a>. 2021년 11월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X28sDwAAQBAJ&q=G%C3%B6del's+incompleteness+theorem">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 12월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+New+Mind%3A+Concerning+Computers%2C+Minds%2C+and+the+Laws+of+Physics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878492-0&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX28sDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DG%25C3%25B6del%27s%2Bincompleteness%2Btheorem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009111739/https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/article/in-memoriam-john-lucas">“In Memoriam: John Lucas”</a>. 《www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk》 (영어). 2020년 10월 9일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/article/in-memoriam-john-lucas">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+John+Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophy.ox.ac.uk%2Farticle%2Fin-memoriam-john-lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Criticism of the Lucas/Penrose argument that intelligence can not be entirely algorithmic: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/mindpapers/6.1b">MindPapers: 6.1b. Godelian arguments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611213335/http://consc.net/mindpapers/6.1b">보관됨</a> 11 6월 2011 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/referenc.html">References for Criticisms of the Gödelian Argument</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703180031/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/referenc.html">보관됨</a> 3 7월 2020 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Boolos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Boolos (없는 문서)">Boolos, George</a>, et al. 1990. <i>An Open Peer Commentary on The Emperor's New Mind.</i> Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (4) 655.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Davis_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Davis (mathematician) (없는 문서)">Davis, Martin</a> 1993. <i>How subtle is Gödel's theorem? More on Roger Penrose.</i> Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 611–612. Online version at Davis' faculty page at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/davism/">http://cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/davism/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981203160909/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/davism/">보관됨</a> 3 12월 1998 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Feferman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon Feferman (없는 문서)">Feferman, Solomon</a> (1996). “Penrose's Gödelian argument”. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Psyche_(consciousness_journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psyche (consciousness journal) (없는 문서)">Psyche</a>》 <b>2</b>: 21–32. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="무료로 이용 가능"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.130.7027">10.1.1.130.7027</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psyche&rft.atitle=Penrose%27s+G%C3%B6delian+argument&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=21-32&rft.date=1996&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.130.7027&rft.aulast=Feferman&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Krajewski, Stanislaw 2007. <i>On Gödel's Theorem and Mechanism: Inconsistency or Unsoundness is Unavoidable in any Attempt to 'Out-Gödel' the Mechanist.</i> Fundamenta Informaticae 81, 173–181. Reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jSS-3Bl06cC&pg=PA173">Topics in Logic, Philosophy and Foundations of Mathematics and Computer Science:In Recognition of Professor Andrzej Grzegorczyk (2008), p. 173</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226205008/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jSS-3Bl06cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA173">보관됨</a> 26 12월 2016 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">LaForte, Geoffrey; Hayes, Patrick J.; Ford, Kenneth M. (1998). “Why Gödel's Theorem Cannot Refute Computationalism”. 《Artificial Intelligence》 <b>104</b> (1–2): 265–286. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0004-3702%2898%2900052-6">10.1016/s0004-3702(98)00052-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Why+G%C3%B6del%27s+Theorem+Cannot+Refute+Computationalism&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=265-286&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0004-3702%2898%2900052-6&rft.aulast=LaForte&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Ford%2C+Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Kellogg_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Kellogg Lewis (없는 문서)">Lewis, David K.</a> 1969. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.units.it/etica/2003_1/7_monographica.doc">Lucas against mechanism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215326/http://www2.units.it/etica/2003_1/7_monographica.doc">보관됨</a> 25 2월 2021 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></i>. Philosophy 44 231–233.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Putnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilary Putnam (없는 문서)">Putnam, Hilary</a> 1995. <i>Review of Shadows of the Mind.</i> In Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 32, 370–373 (also see Putnam's less technical criticisms in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/27/nnp/17540.html"><i>The New York Times</i> review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309045619/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/27/nnp/17540.html">보관됨</a> 9 3월 2021 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>)</li></ul> Sources that indicate Penrose's argument is generally rejected: <ul><li>Bringsford, S. and Xiao, H. 2000. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/refute.penrose.pdf">A Refutation of Penrose's Gödelian Case Against Artificial Intelligence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224130103/http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/refute.penrose.pdf">보관됨</a> 24 2월 2021 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Experimental_and_Theoretical_Artificial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence (없는 문서)">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence</a> 12: 307–329. The authors write that it is "generally agreed" that Penrose "failed to destroy the computational conception of mind."</li> <li>In an article at <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010125011300/http://www.mth.kcl.ac.uk/~llandau/Homepage/Math/penrose.html">“King's College London – Department of Mathematics”</a>. 2001년 1월 25일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mth.kcl.ac.uk/~llandau/Homepage/Math/penrose.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2010년 10월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%27s+College+London+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Mathematics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mth.kcl.ac.uk%2F~llandau%2FHomepage%2FMath%2Fpenrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> L.J. Landau at the Mathematics Department of King's College London writes that "Penrose's argument, its basis and implications, is rejected by experts in the fields which it touches."</li></ul> Sources that also note that different sources attack different points of the argument: <ul><li>Princeton Philosophy professor John Burgess writes in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~jburgess/Montreal.doc">On the Outside Looking In: A Caution about Conservativeness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019093317/http://www.princeton.edu/~jburgess/Montreal.doc">보관됨</a> 19 10월 2012 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></i> (published in Kurt Gödel: Essays for his Centennial, with the following comments found on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83Attf6BsJ4C&pg=PA131">pp. 131–132</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227005431/https://books.google.com/books?id=83Attf6BsJ4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA131">보관됨</a> 27 12월 2016 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>) that "the consensus view of logicians today seems to be that the Lucas–Penrose argument is fallacious, though as I have said elsewhere, there is at least this much to be said for Lucas and Penrose, that logicians are not unanimously agreed as to where precisely the fallacy in their argument lies. There are at least three points at which the argument may be attacked."</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nachum_Dershowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nachum Dershowitz (없는 문서)">Nachum Dershowitz</a> 2005. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~nachumd/papers/FourSonsOfPenrose.pdf">The Four Sons of Penrose</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809142617/http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/%7Enachumd/papers/FourSonsOfPenrose.pdf">보관됨</a> 9 8월 2017 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></i>, in <i>Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic_for_Programming,_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Reasoning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning (없는 문서)">Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning</a> (LPAR; Jamaica)</i>, G. Sutcliffe and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Voronkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Voronkov (없는 문서)">Andrei Voronkov</a>, eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3835, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 125–138.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin Minsky. "Conscious Machines." Machinery of Consciousness, Proceedings, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Council of Canada (없는 문서)">National Research Council of Canada</a>, 75th Anniversary Symposium on Science in Society, June 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003024544/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/can-quantum-physics-explain-consciousness-one-scientist-thinks-it-might">“Can Quantum Physics Explain Consciousness? One Scientist Thinks It Might”</a>. 《Discover Magazine》 (영어). 2020년 10월 3일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/can-quantum-physics-explain-consciousness-one-scientist-thinks-it-might">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=Can+Quantum+Physics+Explain+Consciousness%3F+One+Scientist+Thinks+It+Might&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fthe-sciences%2Fcan-quantum-physics-explain-consciousness-one-scientist-thinks-it-might&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tegmark, Max (2000). “The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes”. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review E (없는 문서)">Physical Review E</a>》 <b>61</b> (4): 4194–4206. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9907009">quant-ph/9907009</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvE..61.4194T">2000PhRvE..61.4194T</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysreve.61.4194">10.1103/physreve.61.4194</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11088215">11088215</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17140058">17140058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+E&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+quantum+decoherence+in+brain+processes&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4194-4206&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17140058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvE..61.4194T&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9907009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11088215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysreve.61.4194&rft.aulast=Tegmark&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tetlow_2007_166-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tetlow_2007_166_77-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tetlow_2007_166_77-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Tetlow, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185552/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mPI9rUuhJ8C&q=penrose+">《The Web's Awake: An Introduction to the Field of Web Science and the Concept of Web Life》</a>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 166쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-470-13794-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-470-13794-9"><bdi>978-0-470-13794-9</bdi></a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mPI9rUuhJ8C&q=penrose%20">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Web%27s+Awake%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Field+of+Web+Science+and+the+Concept+of+Web+Life&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-13794-9&rft.aulast=Tetlow&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mPI9rUuhJ8C%26q%3Dpenrose%2520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagan2002-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hagan2002_78-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hagan2002_78-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hagan2002_78-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hagan, S.; Hameroff, S.; Tuszyński, J. (2002). “Quantum Computation in Brain Microtubules? Decoherence and Biological Feasibility”. 《Physical Review E》 <b>65</b> (6): 061901. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0005025">quant-ph/0005025</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhRvE..65f1901H">2002PhRvE..65f1901H</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevE.65.061901">10.1103/PhysRevE.65.061901</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12188753">12188753</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11707566">11707566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+E&rft.atitle=Quantum+Computation+in+Brain+Microtubules%3F+Decoherence+and+Biological+Feasibility&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=061901&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11707566&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PhRvE..65f1901H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0005025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12188753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevE.65.061901&rft.au=Hagan%2C+S.&rft.au=Hameroff%2C+S.&rft.au=Tuszy%C5%84ski%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#parameter_ignored" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hameroff2006b-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hameroff2006b_79-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hameroff, S. (2006). 〈Consciousness, Neurobiology and Quantum Mechanics〉. Tuszynski, Jack. 《The Emerging Physics of Consciousness》. Springer. 193–253쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006epc..book.....T">2006epc..book.....T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consciousness%2C+Neurobiology+and+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.btitle=The+Emerging+Physics+of+Consciousness&rft.pages=193-253&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006epc..book.....T&rft.au=Hameroff%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hameroff-1998-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hameroff-1998_80-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hameroff-1998_80-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hameroff, Stuart; Marcer, P. (1998). “Quantum Computation in Brain Microtubules? The Penrose—Hameroff 'Orch OR' Model of Consciousness [and Discussion]”. 《Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences》 <b>356</b> (1743): 1869–1896. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X">1364-503X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/55017">55017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Quantum+Computation+in+Brain+Microtubules%3F+The+Penrose%E2%80%94Hameroff+%27Orch+OR%27+Model+of+Consciousness+%5Band+Discussion%5D&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=1743&rft.pages=1869-1896&rft.date=1998&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F55017&rft.issn=1364-503X&rft.aulast=Hameroff&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Marcer%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/LXFFbxoHp3s">“Clarifying the Tubulin bit/qubit – Defending the Penrose–Hameroff Orch OR Model (Quantum Biology)”</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 2010년 10월 22일. 2021년 11월 2일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXFFbxoHp3s">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 8월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarifying+the+Tubulin+bit%2Fqubit+%E2%80%93+Defending+the+Penrose%E2%80%93Hameroff+Orch+OR+Model+%28Quantum+Biology%29&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2010-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLXFFbxoHp3s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hameroff-Penrose_2011-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hameroff-Penrose_2011_82-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roger Penrose; Stuart Hameroff (1992년 7월 4일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616045402/http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/Cosmology160.html">“Consciousness in the Universe: Neuroscience, Quantum Space-Time Geometry and Orch OR Theory”</a>. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cosmology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Cosmology (없는 문서)">Journal of Cosmology</a>》 (Quantumconsciousness.org). 2012년 6월 16일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/Cosmology160.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 8월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cosmology&rft.atitle=Consciousness+in+the+Universe%3A+Neuroscience%2C+Quantum+Space-Time+Geometry+and+Orch+OR+Theory&rft.date=1992-07-04&rft.au=Roger+Penrose&rft.au=Stuart+Hameroff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantumconsciousness.org%2FCosmology160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#parameter_ignored" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310053951/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anirban_Bandyopadhyay/">“Anirban Bandyopadhyay”</a>. 2014년 3월 10일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anirban_Bandyopadhyay">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2014년 2월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anirban+Bandyopadhyay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FAnirban_Bandyopadhyay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215065946/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140116085105.htm">“Discovery of quantum vibrations in 'microtubules' inside brain neurons supports controversial theory of consciousness”</a>. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=ScienceDaily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ScienceDaily (없는 문서)">ScienceDaily</a>》. 2014년 2월 15일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140116085105.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2014년 2월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+quantum+vibrations+in+%27microtubules%27+inside+brain+neurons+supports+controversial+theory+of+consciousness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2014%2F01%2F140116085105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hameroff2014-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hameroff2014_85-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">S. Hameroff; R. Penrose (2014). “Consciousness in the universe: A review of the 'Orch OR' theory”. 《Physics of Life Reviews》 <b>11</b> (1): 39–78. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhLRv..11...39H">2014PhLRv..11...39H</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2013.08.002">10.1016/j.plrev.2013.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24070914">24070914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+of+Life+Reviews&rft.atitle=Consciousness+in+the+universe%3A+A+review+of+the+%27Orch+OR%27+theory&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-78&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24070914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2013.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PhLRv..11...39H&rft.au=S.+Hameroff&rft.au=R.+Penrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185554/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ibtvQEACAAJ">《The Emperor's New Mind》</a> (영어). 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ibtvQEACAAJ">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+New+Mind&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ibtvQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185555/https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbOAK89tmcC&q=Shadows+of+the+Mind%3A+A+Search+for+the+Missing+Science+of+Consciousness">《Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness》</a> (영어). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-19-510646-6" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-19-510646-6"><bdi>978-0-19-510646-6</bdi></a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbOAK89tmcC&q=Shadows+of+the+Mind:+A+Search+for+the+Missing+Science+of+Consciousness">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+of+the+Mind%3A+A+Search+for+the+Missing+Science+of+Consciousness&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510646-6&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDbOAK89tmcC%26q%3DShadows%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMind%3A%2BA%2BSearch%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BMissing%2BScience%2Bof%2BConsciousness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger (2016년 3월 31일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185554/https://books.google.com/books?id=VWTNCwAAQBAJ">《The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe》</a> (영어). Random House. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4464-1820-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4464-1820-8"><bdi>978-1-4464-1820-8</bdi></a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWTNCwAAQBAJ">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Reality%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+the+Laws+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-1820-8&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWTNCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger (2011년 9월 6일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gv8o1XydoCQC&q=Cycles+of+Time:+An+Extraordinary+New+View+of+the+Universe">《Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe》</a> (영어). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-307-59674-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-307-59674-1"><bdi>978-0-307-59674-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cycles+of+Time%3A+An+Extraordinary+New+View+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59674-1&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgv8o1XydoCQC%26q%3DCycles%2Bof%2BTime%3A%2BAn%2BExtraordinary%2BNew%2BView%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUniverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger (2017년 9월 5일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XKYDwAAQBAJ&q=Fashion,+Faith,+and+Fantasy+in+the+New+Physics+of+the+Universe">《Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe》</a> (영어). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-691-17853-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-691-17853-0"><bdi>978-0-691-17853-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion%2C+Faith%2C+and+Fantasy+in+the+New+Physics+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17853-0&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XKYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFashion%2C%2BFaith%2C%2Band%2BFantasy%2Bin%2Bthe%2BNew%2BPhysics%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUniverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hawking, Stephen W.; Penrose, Roger (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185837/https://books.google.com/books?id=8RatQgAACAAJ">《The Nature of Space and Time》</a> (영어). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-691-03791-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-691-03791-2"><bdi>978-0-691-03791-2</bdi></a>. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RatQgAACAAJ">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Space+and+Time&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03791-2&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft.au=Penrose%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RatQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Penrose, Roger; Shimony, Abner; Cartwright, Nancy; Hawking, Stephen (2000년 4월 28일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWHqlijAjyMC&q=The+Large,+the+Small+and+the+Human+Mind">《The Large, the Small and the Human Mind》</a> (영어). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-521-78572-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-521-78572-3"><bdi>978-0-521-78572-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Large%2C+the+Small+and+the+Human+Mind&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78572-3&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Shimony%2C+Abner&rft.au=Cartwright%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWHqlijAjyMC%26q%3DThe%2BLarge%2C%2Bthe%2BSmall%2Band%2Bthe%2BHuman%2BMind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aldiss, Brian W.; Penrose, Roger (2015년 5월 19일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_-jBwAAQBAJ&q=White+Mars:+The+Mind+Set+Free(1999)">《White Mars; or, The Mind Set Free: A 21st-Century Utopia》</a> (영어). Open Road Media. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-5040-1028-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-5040-1028-3"><bdi>978-1-5040-1028-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Mars%3B+or%2C+The+Mind+Set+Free%3A+A+21st-Century+Utopia&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.isbn=978-1-5040-1028-3&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Penrose%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_-jBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DWhite%2BMars%3A%2BThe%2BMind%2BSet%2BFree%281999%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wuppuluri, Shyam; Doria, Francisco Antonio (2018년 2월 13일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBMDwAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9CThe+Map+and+the+Territory:+Exploring+the+foundations+of+science,+thought+and+reality+roger+penrose">《The Map and the Territory: Exploring the Foundations of Science, Thought and Reality》</a> (영어). Springer. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-319-72478-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-319-72478-2"><bdi>978-3-319-72478-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Map+and+the+Territory%3A+Exploring+the+Foundations+of+Science%2C+Thought+and+Reality&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.isbn=978-3-319-72478-2&rft.aulast=Wuppuluri&rft.aufirst=Shyam&rft.au=Doria%2C+Francisco+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRBMDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CThe%2BMap%2Band%2Bthe%2BTerritory%3A%2BExploring%2Bthe%2Bfoundations%2Bof%2Bscience%2C%2Bthought%2Band%2Breality%2Broger%2Bpenrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weston-smith, Meg (2013년 4월 16일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126000706/https://books.google.com/books?id=P826CgAAQBAJ&q=Beating+the+Odds:+The+Life+and+Times+of+E.+A.+Milne+roger+penrose&pg=PR3">《Beating The Odds: The Life And Times Of E A Milne》</a> (영어). World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-84816-943-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-84816-943-2"><bdi>978-1-84816-943-2</bdi></a>. 2021년 1월 26일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P826CgAAQBAJ&q=Beating+the+Odds:+The+Life+and+Times+of+E.+A.+Milne+roger+penrose&pg=PR3">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beating+The+Odds%3A+The+Life+And+Times+Of+E+A+Milne&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-943-2&rft.aulast=Weston-smith&rft.aufirst=Meg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP826CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBeating%2Bthe%2BOdds%3A%2BThe%2BLife%2Band%2BTimes%2Bof%2BE.%2BA.%2BMilne%2Broger%2Bpenrose%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zenil, Hector (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGG6CgAAQBAJ&q=%22A+Computable+Universe%22+roger+penrose">《A Computable Universe: Understanding and Exploring Nature as Computation》</a> (영어). World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-981-4374-30-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-981-4374-30-9"><bdi>978-981-4374-30-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Computable+Universe%3A+Understanding+and+Exploring+Nature+as+Computation&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-981-4374-30-9&rft.aulast=Zenil&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGG6CgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522A%2BComputable%2BUniverse%2522%2Broger%2Bpenrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abbott, Derek; Davies, Paul C. W.; Pati, Arun Kumar (2008년 9월 12일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126162257/https://books.google.com/books?id=C1y7CgAAQBAJ&q=Quantum+Aspects+of+Life+roger+penrose">《Quantum Aspects Of Life》</a> (영어). World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-908978-73-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-908978-73-8"><bdi>978-1-908978-73-8</bdi></a>. 2021년 1월 26일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C1y7CgAAQBAJ&q=Quantum+Aspects+of+Life+roger+penrose">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Aspects+Of+Life&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft.isbn=978-1-908978-73-8&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Davies%2C+Paul+C.+W.&rft.au=Pati%2C+Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC1y7CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DQuantum%2BAspects%2Bof%2BLife%2Broger%2Bpenrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zee, A. (2015년 10월 1일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126162300/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq1mCgAAQBAJ&q=fearful+symmetry+roger+penrose">《Fearful Symmetry: The Search for Beauty in Modern Physics》</a> (영어). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4008-7450-7" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4008-7450-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-7450-7</bdi></a>. 2021년 1월 26일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq1mCgAAQBAJ&q=fearful+symmetry+roger+penrose">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fearful+Symmetry%3A+The+Search+for+Beauty+in+Modern+Physics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7450-7&rft.aulast=Zee&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXq1mCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfearful%2Bsymmetry%2Broger%2Bpenrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iop.org/about/awards/honorary-fellowship/our-honorary-fellows">“Our Honorary Fellows”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Physics (없는 문서)">Institute of Physics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 12월 26일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Honorary+Fellows&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fhonorary-fellowship%2Four-honorary-fellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429222205/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53696/supplement/2">“Supplement 53696,10 June 1994, London Gazette”</a>. 《The Gazette》. 2016년 4월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53696/supplement/2">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2015년 8월 16일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Supplement+53696%2C10+June+1994%2C+London+Gazette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F53696%2Fsupplement%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219000643/http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/">“Honorary Graduates 1989 to present”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Bath (없는 문서)">University of Bath</a>. 2015년 12월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 2월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Graduates+1989+to+present&rft.pub=University+of+Bath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bath.ac.uk%2Fceremonies%2Fhongrads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924081714/https://www.fetzer-franklin-fund.org/media/sir-roger-penrose/">“Sir Roger Penrose | Person”</a>. 《Fetzer Franklin Fund》 (독일어). 2020년 9월 24일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fetzer-franklin-fund.org/media/sir-roger-penrose/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fetzer+Franklin+Fund&rft.atitle=Sir+Roger+Penrose+%7C+Person&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fetzer-franklin-fund.org%2Fmedia%2Fsir-roger-penrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fisher, Connie (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929015241/https://www.royal.uk/appointments-order-merit">“Appointments to the Order of Merit”</a>. 《The Royal Family》 (영어). 2020년 9월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/appointments-order-merit">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 25일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Appointments+to+the+Order+of+Merit&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Connie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fappointments-order-merit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">“Roger Penrose”. 《Physics Today》 (영어). 2018년 8월 8일. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.6.6.20180808a">10.1063/PT.6.6.20180808a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.6.6.20180808a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041231232542/http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/citations04.html">“London Mathematical Society”</a>. 2004년 12월 31일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/citations04.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Mathematical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lms.ac.uk%2Factivities%2Fprizes_com%2Fcitations04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185556/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Roger+Penrose&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">“APS Member History”</a>. 《search.amphilsoc.org》. 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Roger+Penrose&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 4월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DRoger%2BPenrose%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185555/http://micrositios.cinvestav.mx/avance/Publicaciones/ArtMID/4126/ArticleID/36/Roger-Penrose-Doctor-Honoris-Causa-por-el-Cinvestav">“Roger Penrose Doctor Honoris Causa por el Cinvestav”</a>. 《cinvestav.mx》 (스페인어). 2021년 12월 7일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micrositios.cinvestav.mx/avance/Publicaciones/ArtMID/4126/ArticleID/36/Roger-Penrose-Doctor-Honoris-Causa-por-el-Cinvestav">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cinvestav.mx&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose+Doctor+Honoris+Causa+por+el+Cinvestav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicrositios.cinvestav.mx%2Favance%2FPublicaciones%2FArtMID%2F4126%2FArticleID%2F36%2FRoger-Penrose-Doctor-Honoris-Causa-por-el-Cinvestav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008211346/https://interestingengineering.com/who-is-sir-roger-penrose-and-why-is-he-famous">“7+ Out of This World Facts About Physicist Sir Roger Penrose”</a>. 《interestingengineering.com》 (미국 영어). 2019년 10월 27일. 2020년 10월 8일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interestingengineering.com/who-is-sir-roger-penrose-and-why-is-he-famous">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interestingengineering.com&rft.atitle=7%2B+Out+of+This+World+Facts+About+Physicist+Sir+Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2019-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterestingengineering.com%2Fwho-is-sir-roger-penrose-and-why-is-he-famous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011220956/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/roger-penrose">“Roger Penrose”</a>. 《The Gifford Lectures》 (영어). 2014년 8월 18일. 2020년 10월 11일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/roger-penrose">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gifford+Lectures&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giffordlectures.org%2Flecturers%2Froger-penrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gruberprizes.org-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gruberprizes.org_110-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gruberprizes.org_110-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030084628/http://www.gruberprizes.org/SelectingRecipients/SelectionAdvisoryBoard_Bio.php?id=4">“The Peter & Patricia Gruber Foundation, St. Thomas US Virgin Islands – Grants and International Awards”</a>. Gruberprizes.org. 1931년 8월 8일. 2012년 10월 30일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gruberprizes.org/SelectingRecipients/SelectionAdvisoryBoard_Bio.php?id=4">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 8월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Peter+%26+Patricia+Gruber+Foundation%2C+St.+Thomas+US+Virgin+Islands+%E2%80%93+Grants+and+International+Awards&rft.pub=Gruberprizes.org&rft.date=1931-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gruberprizes.org%2FSelectingRecipients%2FSelectionAdvisoryBoard_Bio.php%3Fid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327144417/http://www.abingdon.org.uk/vanessa_penrose/">“Vanessa Penrose”</a>. Abingdon School. 2012년 7월 6일. 2012년 3월 27일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abingdon.org.uk/vanessa_penrose/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 8월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanessa+Penrose&rft.pub=Abingdon+School&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abingdon.org.uk%2Fvanessa_penrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emis.de/newsletter/newsletter39.pdf#page=17">“Interview with Sir Roger Penrose”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《European Mathematical Information Service》. European Mathematical Society Newsletter March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Mathematical+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Sir+Roger+Penrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emis.de%2Fnewsletter%2Fnewsletter39.pdf%23page%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130152519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9032000/9032626.stm">“Big Bang follows Big Bang follows Big Bang”</a>. BBC News. 2010년 9월 25일. 2010년 11월 30일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9032000/9032626.stm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2010년 12월 1일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Big+Bang+follows+Big+Bang+follows+Big+Bang&rft.date=2010-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Ftoday%2Fhi%2Ftoday%2Fnewsid_9032000%2F9032626.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thomas Fink (2020년 12월 19일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203446/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize">“A singular mind: Roger Penrose on his Nobel Prize”</a>. 《The Spectator》. 2021년 5월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 5월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=A+singular+mind%3A+Roger+Penrose+on+his+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2020-12-19&rft.au=Thomas+Fink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fa-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=a-brief-history-of-time">A Brief History of Time (1991) film script – springfieldspringfield.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105028/http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=a-brief-history-of-time">보관됨</a> 24 9월 2015 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005083241/https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/">“Patrons”</a>. 《Humanists UK》. 2020년 10월 5일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2020년 10월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanists+UK&rft.atitle=Patrons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanism.org.uk%2Fabout%2Four-people%2Fpatrons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480479">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%A9" title="위키미디어 공용">위키미디어 공용</a></b>에 관련된<br />미디어 분류가 있습니다.<div style="padding-left:1em;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roger_Penrose?uselang=ko">로저 펜로즈</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iai.tv/video/awake-in-the-universe-htlgi-2010">Awake in the Universe</a> – Penrose debates how creativity, the most elusive of faculties, has helped us unlock the country of the mind and the mysteries of the cosmos with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonnie_Greer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonnie Greer (없는 문서)">Bonnie Greer</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Penrose%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Roger%20Penrose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Penrose%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roger%20Penrose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Penrose%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Roger%20Penrose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Penrose%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roger%20Penrose%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">작품 정보 로저 펜로즈</a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C" title="인터넷 아카이브">인터넷 아카이브</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cw-zNRNcF90"><span class="plainlinks">Dangerous Knowledge</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="유튜브">유튜브</a> – Penrose was one of the principal interviewees in a BBC documentary about the mathematics of infinity directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malone_(independent_filmmaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Malone (independent filmmaker) (없는 문서)">David Malone</a></li> <li>Penrose's new theory "Aeons Before the Big Bang?": <ul><li>Original 2005 lecture: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newton.ac.uk/webseminars/pg+ws/2005/gmr/gmrw04/1107/penrose/frames.html">"Before the Big Bang? A new perspective on the Weyl curvature hypothesis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807022659/http://www.newton.ac.uk/webseminars/pg+ws/2005/gmr/gmrw04/1107/penrose/frames.html">보관됨</a> 7 8월 2009 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> (Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, 11 November 2005).</li> <li>Original publication: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/e06/PAPERS/THESPA01.PDF">"Before the Big Bang: an outrageous new perspective and its implications for particle physics".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606225533/http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/e06/PAPERS/THESPA01.PDF">Archived</a> 2013년 6월 6일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> <i>Proceedings of EPAC 2006</i>. Edinburgh. 2759–2762 (cf. also Hill, C.D. & Nurowski, P. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.3879">"On Penrose's 'Before the Big Bang' ideas"</a>. Ithaca)</li> <li>Revised 2009 lecture: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/27632">"Aeons Before the Big Bang?"</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia Institute of Technology (없는 문서)">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEIj9zcLzp0"><span class="plainlinks">BBC interview on the new theory</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="유튜브">유튜브</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/2009/03/000000_forum.shtml">Roger Penrose</a> on <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Forum_(BBC_World_Service)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Forum (BBC World Service) (없는 문서)">The Forum</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiYDc1LA0I4"><span class="plainlinks">Penrose on sidestepping reason</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="유튜브">유튜브</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/bull/pre-1996-data/199507/199507015.pdf">Hilary Putnam's review of Penrose's 'Shadows of the Mind' claiming that Penrose's use of Godel's Incompleteness Theorem is fallacious</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128081513/http://www.ams.org/bull/pre-1996-data/199507/199507015.pdf">보관됨</a> 28 11월 2007 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618195657/http://psyche.csse.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-2-23-penrose.html">Beyond the Doubting of a Shadow: A Reply to Commentaries on Shadows of the Mind</a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> (보관됨 18 6월 2008)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-islamic-penrose-tiles-0">Penrose Tiling found in Islamic Architecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040314072735/http://www.sciencenews.org/Sn_arch/10_12_96/Bob1.htm">Two theories for the formation of quasicrystals resembling Penrose tilings</a></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Tegmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Tegmark (없는 문서)">Tegmark, Max</a> (2000). “The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes”. 《Physical Review E》 <b>61</b> (4): 4194–4206. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9907009">quant-ph/9907009</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvE..61.4194T">2000PhRvE..61.4194T</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysreve.61.4194">10.1103/physreve.61.4194</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11088215">11088215</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17140058">17140058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+E&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+quantum+decoherence+in+brain+processes&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4194-4206&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17140058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvE..61.4194T&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9907009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11088215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysreve.61.4194&rft.aulast=Tegmark&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80+%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024022835/http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/pdfs/decoherence.pdf">Biological feasibility of quantum states in the brain</a>" – (a disputation of Tegmark's result by Hagan, Hameroff, and Tuszyński) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/brain.html">Tegmarks's rejoinder to Hagan <i>et al.</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050312084035/http://www.parascope.com/articles/slips/fs_151.htm">"Toilet Paper Plagiarism"</a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> (보관됨 12 3월 2005) – D. Trull about Penrose's lawsuit concerning the use of his Penrose tilings on toilet paper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070423214256/http://plus.maths.org/issue18/features/penrose/index.html">Roger Penrose: A Knight on the tiles</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plus Magazine (없는 문서)">Plus Magazine</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621162508/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=254">Penrose's Gifford Lecture biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quantum-mind.co.uk">Quantum-Mind</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/04/090427_theforum_260409.shtml">Audio: Roger Penrose in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407184109/http://www.premierradio.org.uk/listen/ondemand.aspx?mediaid=%7B320D8898-A8F0-4433-8934-D64DDEB8A21C%7D">Roger Penrose speaking about Hawking's new book on Premier Christian Radio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727062257/http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/sir-roger-penrose-2013-07-12">"The Cyclic Universe – A conversation with Roger Penrose"</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideas_Roadshow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideas Roadshow (없는 문서)">Ideas Roadshow</a></i>, 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327150655/http://richannel.org/forbidden-crystal-symmetry-in-mathematics-and-architecture">Forbidden crystal symmetry in mathematics and architecture</a>, filmed event at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Institution (없는 문서)">Royal Institution</a>, October 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/node/25923"><i>Oxford Mathematics Interviews</i>: "Extra Time: Professor Sir Roger Penrose in conversation</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges (없는 문서)">Andrew Hodges</a>." These two films explore the development of Sir Roger Penrose's thought over more than 60 years, ending with his most recent theories and predictions. 51 min and 42 min. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_Institute,_University_of_Oxford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford (없는 문서)">Mathematical Institute</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b082ymnx">BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific – Roger Penrose on Black Holes – 22 November 2016</a> Sir Roger Penrose talks to Jim Al-Khalili about his trailblazing work on how black holes form, the problems with quantum physics and his portrayal in films about Stephen Hawking.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025935/https://penroseinstitute.com/">The Penrose Institute</a> Website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528065625/https://en.chessbase.com/post/a-chess-problem-holds-the-key-to-human-consciousness">A chess problem holds the key to human consciousness?</a>, Chessbase</li> <li><a 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0" title="틀:상대론"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:상대론 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0" title="특수:문서편집/틀:상대론"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="상대론" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="상대성 이론">상대론</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="특수 상대성이론">특수<br />상대론</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">배경</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="상대성 원리">상대성 원리</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B6%88%EB%B3%80%EC%84%B1" title="갈릴레이 불변성">갈릴레이 상대론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EA%B5%B0" title="갈릴레이 군">갈릴레이 군</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="특수 상대성이론">특수 상대성이론</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Doubly special relativity">이중 특수 상대성이론(doubly special relativity)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">근본<br />개념</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%A4%80%ED%8B%80" title="기준틀">기준틀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" title="빛의 속력">빛의 속력</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_orthogonality" class="extiw" title="w:Hyperbolic orthogonality">쌍곡선 직교성(hyperbolic orthogonality)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="신속도">신속도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 방정식">맥스웰 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0_%EA%B8%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="고유 길이">고유 길이</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84" title="고유 시간">고유 시간</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Mass in special relativity">상대론적 질량(relativistic mass)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">공식화</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98" title="로런츠 변환">로런츠 변환</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">현상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84_%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="시간 팽창">시간 팽창</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89-%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%93%B1%EA%B0%80" title="질량-에너지 등가">질량-에너지 등가</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B8%EC%9D%B4_%EC%88%98%EC%B6%95" title="길이 수축">길이 수축</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%9C%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1" title="동시성의 상대성">동시성의 상대성</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" class="extiw" title="w:Relativistic Doppler effect">상대론적 도플러 효과</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_precession" class="extiw" title="w:Thomas precession">토마스 세차운동(Thomas precession)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_paradox" class="extiw" title="w:Ladder paradox">사다리 역설(ladder paradox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8C%8D%EB%91%A5%EC%9D%B4_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4" title="쌍둥이 역설">쌍둥이 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%A0%90_%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="테렐 회전">테렐 회전</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="시공간">시공간</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%B6%94" title="광추">광추</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%84%A0" title="세계선">세계선</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_diagram" class="extiw" title="w:Minkowski diagram">민코프스키 다이아그램(Minkowski diagram)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquaternion" class="extiw" title="w:Biquaternion">쌍사원수(biquaternion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="민코프스키 공간">민코프스키 공간</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Spacetime_curvature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/150px-Spacetime_curvature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/225px-Spacetime_curvature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/300px-Spacetime_curvature.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반 상대성이론">일반<br />상대론</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">배경</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0_%EA%B0%9C%EB%A1%A0" title="일반상대론 개론">개론</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Mathematics of general relativity">수학적 공식화(mathematical formulation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">근본<br />개념</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EA%B0%80_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="등가 원리">등가 원리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%8C_%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%98%ED%95%99" title="리만 기하학">리만 기하학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC" title="펜로즈 그림">펜로즈 그림</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Geodesics in general relativity">측지선(geodesics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%9D%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="마흐의 원리">마흐의 원리</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">공식화</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D" title="ADM 형식">ADM 형식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D%ED%99%94" title="BSSN 형식화">BSSN 형식화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="아인슈타인 방정식">아인슈타인 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0-%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="피에르츠-파울리 작용">선형화 중력</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" class="extiw" title="w:Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">포스트 뉴톤 형식주의(post-Newtonian formalism)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" class="extiw" title="w:Raychaudhuri equation">레이쇼두리 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" class="extiw" title="w:Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">해밀턴-자코비-아이슈타인 방정식(Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="에른스트 방정식">에른스트 방정식</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">현상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99_%ED%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="블랙 홀">블랙 홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4_%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%89%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="사건 지평선">사건 지평선</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90" title="중력 특이점">특이점</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Two-body problem in general relativity">이체 문제(two-body problem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%ED%8C%8C" title="중력파">중력파</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" class="extiw" title="w:Gravitational-wave astronomy">천문학(astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" class="extiw" title="w:Gravitational-wave observatory">탐지기(detectors)</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO" class="mw-redirect" title="LIGO">LIGO</a>와 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" class="extiw" title="w:LIGO Scientific Collaboration">협업(collaboration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIRGO_%EA%B0%84%EC%84%AD%EA%B3%84" title="VIRGO 간섭계">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" class="extiw" title="w:LISA Pathfinder">LISA 패스파인더(LISA Pathfinder)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO600" class="extiw" title="w:GEO600">GEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="extiw" title="w:Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor 쌍성(Hulse–Taylor binary)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Tests of general relativity">기타 테스트(other tests)</a>: 수성의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsidal_precession" class="extiw" title="w:Apsidal precession">세차운동</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5_%EB%A0%8C%EC%A6%88" class="mw-redirect" title="중력 렌즈">중력 렌즈</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%8B%AD%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80" title="아인슈타인 십자가">아인슈타인 십자가</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="아인슈타인 고리">아인슈타인 고리</a>와 함께)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%ED%8E%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="중력적색편이">적색편이</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro_time_delay" class="extiw" title="w:Shapiro time delay">샤피로 지연(Shapiro delay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80_%EB%81%8C%EB%A6%BC" title="틀 끌림">틀 끌림</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/geodetic_effect" class="extiw" title="w:geodetic effect">측지 효과(geodetic effect)</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" class="extiw" title="w:Lense–Thirring precession">렌스-티링 세차 운동(Lense–Thirring precession)</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulsar_timing_array" class="extiw" title="w:pulsar timing array">펄서 타이밍 어레이(pulsar timing array)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">고급<br />이론</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4-%EB%94%95_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="브랜스-딕 이론">브랜스-딕 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%B0%A8%E2%80%93%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="칼루차–클레인 이론">칼루차–클레인</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="양자 중력">양자 중력</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%84%EB%B0%80_%ED%95%B4" title="일반 상대성 이론의 엄밀 해">해</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>우주론적 해: <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%8C-%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4-%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%8A%A8-%EC%9B%8C%EC%BB%A4_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="프리드만-르메트르-로버트슨-워커 계량">프리드만-르메트르-로버트슨-워커</a> (<a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%8C_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="프리드만 방정식">프리드만 방정식</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4-%ED%86%A8%EB%A8%BC_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="르메트르-톨먼 계량">르메트르-톨만</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="카스너 계량">카스너</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKL_singularity" class="extiw" title="w:BKL singularity">BKL 특이점(BKL singularity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%B4%EB%8D%B8_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="괴델 계량">괴델</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne_model" class="extiw" title="w:Milne model">밀른(Milne)</a></li> <li>구체 해: <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="슈바르츠실트 계량">슈바르츠실트</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" class="extiw" title="w:Interior Schwarzschild metric">인테리어(interior)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" class="extiw" title="w:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">톨만-오펜하이머-볼코프 방정식(Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88-%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%80_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="라이스너-노르드스트룀 계량">라이스너-노르드스트룀</a></li> <li>선대칭 해: <a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%A4_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="커 계량">커</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%A4-%EB%89%B4%EB%A8%BC_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="커-뉴먼 계량">커-뉴먼</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="extiw" title="w:Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">바일-루이스-파파페트로(Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%B8%8C-%EB%84%88%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="토브-너트 공간">토브-너트</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/van_Stockum_dust" class="extiw" title="w:van Stockum dust">반스토쿰 먼지(van Stockum dust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0%EC%A0%81_%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98" title="상대론적 원반">상대론적 원반</a></li></ul> <ul><li>기타 해: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pp-wave_spacetime" class="extiw" title="w:pp-wave spacetime">pp 파(pp-wave)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" class="extiw" title="w:Ozsváth–Schücking metric">오즈바트-슈킹(Ozsváth–Schücking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%81%90%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90%EB%A0%88_%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C" title="알큐비에레 드라이브">알큐비에레(Alcubierre)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>전산 물리학에서: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Numerical relativity">수치적 상대성(numerical relativity)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">과학자</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%A6%AC_%ED%91%B8%EC%95%B5%EC%B9%B4%EB%A0%88" title="앙리 푸앵카레">푸앵카레</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0" title="헨드릭 로런츠">로런츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알베르트 아인슈타인">아인슈타인</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%B9%84%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9E%90%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="다비트 힐베르트">힐베르트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="카를 슈바르츠실트">슈바르츠실트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%9F%BC_%EB%8D%94_%EC%8B%9C%ED%84%B0%EB%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="빌럼 더 시터르">더 시터르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC" title="헤르만 바일">바일</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%97%90%EB%94%A9%ED%84%B4" title="아서 스탠리 에딩턴">에딩턴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%8C" title="알렉산드르 프리드만">프리드만</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC_%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4" title="조르주 르메트르">르메트르</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" class="extiw" title="w:Edward Arthur Milne">밀른(Milne)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" class="extiw" title="w:Howard P. Robertson">로버트슨(Robertson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%88_%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="수브라마니안 찬드라세카르">찬드라세카르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0_%EC%B8%A0%EB%B9%84%ED%82%A4" title="프리츠 츠비키">츠비키</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%95%84%EC%B9%98%EB%B3%BC%EB%93%9C_%ED%9C%A0%EB%9F%AC" title="존 아치볼드 휠러">휠러</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" class="extiw" title="w:Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">쇼케 브루야(Choquet-Bruhat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4_%EC%BB%A4" title="로이 커">커</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84_%EC%A0%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98" title="야코프 젤도비치">젤도비치</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EB%93%9C%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%88%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98_%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84" title="이고리 드미트리예비치 노비코프">노비코프</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EB%A5%B4%EA%B2%90_%EC%97%98%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="위르겐 엘러스">엘러스</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Geroch" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Geroch">게록(Geroch)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">펜로즈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9" title="스티븐 호킹">호킹</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." class="extiw" title="w:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">테일러(Taylor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%85%80_%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%ED%97%90%EC%8A%A4" title="러셀 앨런 헐스">헐스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%EB%B3%B8%EB%94%94" title="헤르만 본디">본디</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="찰스 미스너">미스너</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8B%B1%ED%89%81" title="야우싱퉁">야우</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%B5_%EC%86%90" title="킵 손">손</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%88_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="라이너 바이스">바이스</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:List of contributors to general relativity">기타</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="분류"><img alt="분류" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" 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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:노벨 물리학상 수상자 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="특수:문서편집/틀:노벨 물리학상 수상자"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="노벨_물리학상_수상자" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">노벨 물리학상</a> <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="노벨 물리학상 수상자 목록">수상자</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:노벨 경제학상 수상자">경제학상</a> | <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:노벨 문학상 수상자">문학상</a> | <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:노벨 물리학상 수상자">물리학상</a> | <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:노벨 생리 의학상 수상자">생리학·의학상</a> | <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%ED%8F%89%ED%99%94%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:노벨 평화상 수상자">평화상</a> | <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:노벨 화학상 수상자">화학상</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901-1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EC%BD%98%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A2%B4%ED%8A%B8%EA%B2%90" title="빌헬름 콘라트 뢴트겐">뢴트겐</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0" title="헨드릭 로런츠">로런츠</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%8C" title="피터르 제이만">제이만</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B2%A0%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%90" title="앙리 베크렐">베크렐</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%ED%80%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="피에르 퀴리">P. 퀴리</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC_%ED%80%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="마리 퀴리">M. 퀴리</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EB%8C%80_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EB%82%A8%EC%9E%91_%EC%A1%B4_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BF" title="제3대 레일리 남작 존 윌리엄 스트럿">레일리</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84_%EB%A0%88%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="필리프 레나르트">레나르트</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EC%A1%B4_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="조지프 존 톰슨">톰슨</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%AC%ED%96%84_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%AC%EC%8A%A8" title="앨버트 에이브러햄 마이컬슨">마이컬슨</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%98_%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84%EB%A7%8C" title="가브리엘 리프만">리프만</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%98%EB%AA%A8_%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%8B%88" title="굴리엘모 마르코니">마르코니</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EB%82%9C%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4" title="카를 페르디난트 브라운">브라운</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%88%EC%8A%A4_%EB%94%94%EB%8D%B0%EB%A6%AD_%ED%8C%90%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="요하너스 디데릭 판데르발스">판데르발스</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EB%B9%88" title="빌헬름 빈">빈</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%94%84_%EB%8B%AC%EB%A0%8C" title="구스타프 달렌">달렌</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A4_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%BC%EB%A7%81_%EC%98%A4%EB%84%88%EC%8A%A4" title="헤이커 카메를링 오너스">카메를링 오너스</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%97%90" title="막스 폰 라우에">라우에</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%98%EA%B7%B8" title="윌리엄 로런스 브래그">W. L. 브래그</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%98%EA%B7%B8" title="윌리엄 헨리 브래그">W. H. 브래그</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B8%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%B2%84_%EB%B0%94%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC" title="찰스 글러버 바클라">바클라</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC" title="막스 플랑크">플랑크</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="요하네스 슈타르크">슈타르크</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%97%90%EB%91%90%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4_%EA%B8%B0%EC%9A%A4" title="샤를 에두아르 기욤">기욤</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알베르트 아인슈타인">아인슈타인</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%90%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%B4%EC%96%B4" title="닐스 보어">N. 보어</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BB%A8" title="로버트 앤드루스 밀리컨">밀리컨</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%84%A4_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%B0%98" title="만네 시그반">M. 시그반</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC" title="제임스 프랑크">프랑크</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%94%84_%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0" title="구스타프 헤르츠">헤르츠</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926-1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5_%EB%B0%94%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8E%98%EB%9E%AD" title="장 바티스트 페랭">페랭</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EC%BD%A4%ED%94%84%ED%84%B4" title="아서 콤프턴">콤프턴</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8_%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9C%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="찰스 톰슨 리스 윌슨">C. 윌슨</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%96%B8_%EC%9C%8C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A8" title="오언 윌런스 리처드슨">O. 리처드슨</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EB%93%9C_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4" title="루이 드 브로이">드브로이</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC_%EB%B2%B5%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80_%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%8C" title="찬드라세카라 벵카타 라만">라만</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%88_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%A0%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="베르너 하이젠베르크">하이젠베르크</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%88_%EC%8A%88%EB%A2%B0%EB%94%A9%EA%B1%B0" title="에르빈 슈뢰딩거">슈뢰딩거</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%94%94%EB%9E%99" title="폴 디랙">디랙</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B1%84%EB%93%9C%EC%9C%85" title="제임스 채드윅">채드윅</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%85%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B8%A0_%ED%97%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="빅토르 프란츠 헤스">헤스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%A4%EB%8D%94%EC%8A%A8" title="칼 데이비드 앤더슨">C. D. 앤더슨</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%B0%ED%84%B4_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A8" title="클린턴 조지프 데이비슨">데이비슨</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%ED%8C%A8%EC%A7%93_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="조지 패짓 톰슨">톰슨</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94_%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8" title="엔리코 페르미">페르미</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="어니스트 로런스">로런스</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0_%EC%8A%88%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B8" title="오토 슈테른">슈테른</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84" title="이지도어 아이작 라비">라비</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84%EA%B0%95_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="볼프강 파울리">파울리</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/%ED%8D%BC%EC%8B%9C_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80%EB%A8%BC" title="퍼시 윌리엄스 브리지먼">브리지먼</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%B9%85%ED%84%B0_%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C%ED%84%B4" title="에드워드 빅터 애플턴">애플턴</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%98%ED%82%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="패트릭 메이너드 스튜어트 블래킷">블래킷</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B9%B4%EC%99%80_%ED%9E%88%EB%8D%B0%ED%82%A4" title="유카와 히데키">유카와</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8B%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%AC_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9B%94" title="세실 프랭크 파월">파월</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951-1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%BD%95%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="존 콕크로프트">콕크로프트</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9B%94%ED%84%B4" title="어니스트 월턴">월턴</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%A6%AD%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%94%EB%A1%9C%ED%9D%90" title="펠릭스 블로흐">블로흐</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%B0%80%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8D%BC%EC%85%80" title="에드워드 밀스 퍼셀">퍼셀</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0_%EC%A0%9C%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%A4" title="프리츠 제르니커">제르니커</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%B8" title="막스 보른">보른</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%84%B0_%EB%B3%B4%ED%85%8C" title="발터 보테">보테</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%84_%EB%9E%A8" title="윌리스 유진 램">램</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%ED%94%84_%EC%BF%A0%EC%8B%9C" title="폴리카프 쿠시">쿠시</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%87%BC%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="윌리엄 쇼클리">쇼클리</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B0%94%EB%94%98" title="존 바딘">바딘</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%94%ED%84%B0_%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%A0%80_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%98%ED%8A%BC" title="월터 하우저 브래튼">브래튼</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%9D" title="양전닝">양전닝</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%95%EB%8B%A4%EC%98%A4" title="리정다오">리정다오</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%B2%A8_%EC%B2%B4%EB%A0%8C%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84" title="파벨 체렌코프">체렌코프</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%BC_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%ED%81%AC" title="일리야 프란크">프란크</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC_%ED%83%90" title="이고리 탐">탐</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4_%EC%A7%80%EB%85%B8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88" title="에밀리오 지노 세그레">세그레</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%96%B8_%EC%B2%B4%EC%9E%84%EB%B2%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="오언 체임벌린">체임벌린</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C_%EA%B8%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80" title="도널드 글레이저">글레이저</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%9C%ED%84%B0" title="로버트 호프스태터">호프스태터</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%EB%AB%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%B0%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%96%B4" title="루돌프 뫼스바우어">뫼스바우어</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%ED%94%84_%EB%9E%80%EB%8B%A4%EC%9A%B0" title="레프 란다우">란다우</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%84_%EC%9C%84%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%88" title="유진 위그너">위그너</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EA%B4%B4%ED%8D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="마리아 괴퍼트메이어">괴퍼트메이어</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._%ED%95%9C%EC%8A%A4_D._%EC%98%8C%EC%A0%A0" title="J. 한스 D. 옌젠">옌젠</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C_%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="찰스 하드 타운스">타운스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B0%94%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84" title="니콜라이 바소프">바소프</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%98%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="알렉산드르 프로호로프">프로호로프</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%AA%A8%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80_%EC%8B%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%98%EB%A1%9C" title="도모나가 신이치로">도모나가</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8_%EC%8A%88%EC%9C%99%EA%B1%B0" title="줄리언 슈윙거">슈윙거</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B8%EB%A7%8C" title="리처드 파인만">파인만</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%80%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4" title="알프레드 카스틀레르">카스틀레르</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%A0%ED%85%8C" title="한스 베테">베테</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%94%ED%84%B0_%EC%95%A8%EB%B2%84%EB%A0%88%EC%A6%88" title="루이스 월터 앨버레즈">앨버레즈</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B2%94%EB%A7%8C" title="머리 겔만">겔만</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A4" title="한네스 알벤">알벤</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EB%84%A4%EC%97%98" title="루이 네엘">네엘</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B0%80%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="데니스 가보르">가보르</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B0%94%EB%94%98" title="존 바딘">바딘</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8_%EC%BF%A0%ED%8D%BC" title="리언 쿠퍼">쿠퍼</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%88%EB%A6%AC%ED%8D%BC" title="존 로버트 슈리퍼">슈리퍼</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%82%AC%ED%82%A4_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%82%98" title="에사키 레오나">에사키</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4_%EC%98%88%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4" title="이바르 예베르">예베르</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A8" title="브라이언 데이비드 조지프슨">조지프슨</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%BC" title="마틴 라일">라일</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A4%ED%84%B0%EB%8B%88_%ED%9C%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="앤터니 휴이시">휴이시</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B2%8C_%EB%8B%90%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%B4%EC%96%B4" title="오게 닐스 보어">A. 보어</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A4_%EB%A1%9C%EC%9C%84_%EB%AA%A8%ED%85%94%EC%86%90" title="벤 로위 모텔손">모텔손</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0" title="제임스 레인워터">레인워터</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976-2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%84%B4_%EB%A6%AD%ED%84%B0" title="버턴 릭터">릭터</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%88%EB%AE%A4%EC%96%BC_%EC%B0%A8%EC%98%A4_%EC%B6%A9_%ED%8C%85" title="새뮤얼 차오 충 팅">팅</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%BD_%EC%9B%8C%EB%9F%B0_%EC%95%A4%EB%8D%94%EC%8A%A8" title="필립 워런 앤더슨">P. W. 앤더슨</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%B9%8C_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AA%A8%ED%8A%B8" title="네빌 프랜시스 모트">모트</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%95%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A9_%EB%B0%B4%EB%B8%94%EB%A0%89" title="존 해즈브룩 밴블렉">밴블렉</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%8B%88%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98_%EC%B9%B4%ED%94%BC%EC%B0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="표트르 레오니도비치 카피차">카피차</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8_%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%ED%8E%9C%EC%A7%80%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="아노 앨런 펜지어스">펜지어스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9C%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="로버트 우드로 윌슨">R. 윌슨</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%B8%EB%8D%98_%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%98%EC%87%BC" title="셸던 리 글래쇼">글래쇼</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%91%90%EC%8A%A4_%EC%82%B4%EB%9E%8C" title="압두스 살람">살람</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B8%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8" title="스티븐 와인버그">와인버그</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%99%93%EC%8A%A8_%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%8C" title="제임스 왓슨 크로닌">크로닌</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%A6%88%EB%8D%98_%ED%94%BC%EC%B9%98" title="밸 로그즈던 피치">피치</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%B8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%97%8C" title="니콜라스 블룸베르헌">블룸베르헌</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%A0%88%EB%84%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%88%84%EB%A1%9C" title="아서 레너드 숄로">숄로</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%B0%98" title="카이 시그반">K. 시그반</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_G._%EC%9C%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="케네스 G. 윌슨">K. 윌슨</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%88_%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="수브라마니안 찬드라세카르">찬드라세카르</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%95%A8%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%9F%AC" title="윌리엄 앨프리드 파울러">파울러</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC%EB%A1%9C_%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="카를로 루비아">루비아</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%AA%AC_%ED%8C%90_%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="시몬 판 데르 메이르">판데르메이르</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%AD" title="클라우스 폰 클리칭">폰 클리칭</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4" title="에른스트 루스카">루스카</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%88%ED%9E%88" title="게르트 비니히">비니히</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%AC" title="하인리히 로러">로러</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EB%B2%A0%EB%93%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0" title="요하네스 게오르크 베드노르츠">베드노르츠</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94_%EB%AE%90%EB%9F%AC" title="카를 알렉산더 뮐러">뮐러</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8_%EB%A0%88%EB%8D%94%EB%A8%BC" title="리언 레더먼">레더먼</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%B9%88_%EC%8A%88%EC%9B%8C%EC%B8%A0" title="멜빈 슈워츠">슈워츠</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%AD_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8%EB%B2%84%EA%B1%B0" title="잭 스타인버거">스타인버거</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%BC_%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EB%9E%A8%EC%A7%80" title="노먼 포스터 램지">램지</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EB%8D%B0%EB%A9%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="한스 게오르크 데멜트">데멜트</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84%EA%B0%95_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8" title="볼프강 파울">파울</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%A1%AC_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A8%BC" title="제롬 아이작 프리드먼">프리드먼</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EC%BC%84%EB%93%A4" title="헨리 웨이 켄들">켄들</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_E._%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC" title="리처드 E. 테일러">R. 테일러</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%A7%88_%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%A0" title="피에르질 드 젠">드 젠</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC_%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8C%8C%ED%81%AC" title="조르주 샤르파크">샤르파크</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%85%80_%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%ED%97%90%EC%8A%A4" title="러셀 앨런 헐스">헐스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%ED%9B%84%ED%84%B4_%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4" title="조지프 후턴 테일러 주니어">J. 테일러</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9D%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="버트럼 브록하우스">브록하우스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%90" title="클리퍼드 슐">슐</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8E%84" title="마틴 루이스 펄">펄</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%8D%94%EB%A6%AD_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="프레더릭 라이네스">라이네스</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A6%AC" title="데이비드 모리스 리">D. 리</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EA%B8%80%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%A4%EC%85%94%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="더글러스 오셔로프">오셔로프</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%BD%9C%EB%A8%BC_%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A8" title="로버트 콜먼 리처드슨">R. 리처드슨</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%EC%B6%94" title="스티븐 추">추</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%BD%94%EC%97%94%ED%83%80%EB%88%84%EC%A7%80" title="클로드 코엔타누지">코엔타누지</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EB%8C%80%EB%8B%88%EC%96%BC_%ED%95%84%EB%A6%BD%EC%8A%A4" title="윌리엄 대니얼 필립스">필립스</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_B._%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="로버트 B. 로플린">로플린</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%84%ED%9E%88_%EC%8A%88%ED%87%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A8%B8" title="호르스트 루트비히 슈퇴르머">슈퇴르머</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%8B%88%EC%96%BC_%EC%B6%94%EC%9D%B4" title="대니얼 추이">추이</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4%EB%92%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%87%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="헤라르뒤스 엇호프트">엇호프트</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EB%89%98%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8E%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%A7%8C" title="마르티뉘스 펠트만">펠트만</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%8C%ED%91%9C%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="조레스 알표로프">알표로프</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%ED%81%AC%EB%A2%B0%EB%A8%B8" title="허버트 크뢰머">크뢰머</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%AD_%ED%82%AC%EB%B9%84" title="잭 킬비">킬비</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001-현재</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AD_%EC%96%BC%EB%A6%B0_%EC%BD%94%EB%84%AC" title="에릭 얼린 코넬">코넬</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84%EA%B0%95_%EC%BC%80%ED%84%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="볼프강 케털리">케털리</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC_%EC%9C%84%EB%A8%BC" title="칼 위먼">위먼</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%BC%EB%93%9C_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="레이먼드 데이비스">데이비스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%94_%EB%A7%88%EC%82%AC%ED%86%A0%EC%8B%9C" title="고시바 마사토시">고시바</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84_%EC%9E%90%EC%BD%94%EB%8B%88" title="리카르도 자코니">자코니</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4_%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%84%B8%EC%98%88%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98_%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84" title="알렉세이 알렉세예비치 아브리코소프">아브리코소프</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="비탈리 긴즈부르크">긴즈부르크</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A4%EC%84%9C%EB%8B%88_%EB%A0%88%EA%B9%83" title="앤서니 레깃">레깃</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="데이비드 그로스">그로스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98" title="데이비드 폴리처">폴리처</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%AC_%EC%9C%8C%EC%B2%B5" title="프랭크 윌첵">윌첵</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4_J._%EA%B8%80%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%B2%84" title="로이 J. 글라우버">글라우버</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_L._%ED%99%80" title="존 L. 홀">홀</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_W._%ED%97%A8%EC%8A%88" title="테오도어 W. 헨슈">헨슈</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_C._%EB%A7%A4%EB%8D%94" title="존 C. 매더">매더</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AC%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="조지 스무트">스무트</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4_%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4" title="알베르 페르">페르</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%ED%84%B0_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A5%80%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="페터 그륀베르크">그륀베르크</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EB%B6%80_%EC%9A%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%98%EB%A1%9C" title="난부 요이치로">난부</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%94%EC%95%BC%EC%8B%9C_%EB%A7%88%EC%BD%94%ED%86%A0_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)" title="고바야시 마코토 (물리학자)">고바야시</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EC%99%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%9E%88%EB%8D%B0" title="마스카와 도시히데">마스카와</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_K._%EA%B0%80%EC%98%A4" title="찰스 K. 가오">가오</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%BC" title="윌러드 보일">보일</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_E._%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="조지 E. 스미스">스미스</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88_%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%84" title="안드레 가임">가임</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B4_%EB%85%B8%EB%B3%B4%EC%85%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="콘스탄틴 노보셀로프">노보셀로프</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%94_%ED%8E%84%EB%A8%B8%ED%84%B0" title="솔 펄머터">펄머터</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8_%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%8B" title="브라이언 슈밋">슈밋</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%8D%A4_%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="애덤 리스">리스</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_J._%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B8%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="데이비드 J. 와인랜드">와인랜드</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC_%EC%95%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%88" title="세르주 아로슈">아로슈</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0_%ED%9E%89%EC%8A%A4" title="피터 힉스">힉스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%88%98%EC%95%84_%EC%95%99%EA%B8%80%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4" title="프랑수아 앙글레르">앙글레르</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EC%82%AC%ED%82%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4" title="아카사키 이사무">아카사키</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%85%B8_%ED%9E%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8B%9C" title="아마노 히로시">아마노</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%B9%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%9D%BC_%EC%8A%88%EC%A7%80" title="나카무라 슈지">나카무라</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80%ED%83%80_%EB%8B%A4%EC%B9%B4%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4" title="가지타 다카아키">가지타</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_B._%EB%A7%A5%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C" title="아서 B. 맥도널드">맥도널드</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="데이비드 사울레스">사울레스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%A9%EC%BB%A8_%ED%99%80%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B8" title="덩컨 홀데인">홀데인</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0" title="마이클 코스털리츠">코스털리츠</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%88_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="라이너 바이스">바이스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%B5_%EC%86%90" title="킵 손">손</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B0%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C" title="배리 배리시">배리시</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EC%95%A0%EC%8A%88%ED%82%A8" title="아서 애슈킨">애슈킨</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4_%EB%AC%B4%EB%A3%A8" title="제라르 무루">무루</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%82%98_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%B0%EB%93%9C" title="도나 스트리클런드">스트리클런드</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%BC%EB%B8%94%EC%8A%A4" title="제임스 피블스">피블스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%85%B8_%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%94%EB%A5%B4" title="미셸 마요르">마요르</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EB%94%94%EC%97%90_%EC%BF%A0%EC%97%98%EB%A1%9C" title="디디에 쿠엘로">쿠엘로</a></li> <li>2020: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">펜로즈</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B2%90%EC%B2%BC" title="라인하르트 겐첼">겐첼</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_M._%EA%B2%8C%EC%A6%88" title="앤드리아 M. 게즈">게즈</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%82%98%EB%B2%A0_%EC%8A%88%EC%BF%A0%EB%A1%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="마나베 슈쿠로">마나베</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%98%EC%85%80%EB%A7%8C" title="클라우스 하셀만">하셀만</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A1%B0_%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C" title="조르조 파리시">파리시</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%9E%AD_%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98" title="알랭 아스페">아스페</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A0%80" title="존 클라우저">클라우저</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%86%A4_%EC%B0%A8%EC%9D%BC%EB%A7%81%EA%B1%B0" title="안톤 차일링거">차일링거</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%84%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%8B%88" title="피에르 아고스티니">아고스티니</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9F%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8E%98%EB%A0%8C%EC%B8%A0" title="크러우스 페렌츠">크러우스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88_%EB%A5%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90" title="안 륄리에">륄리에</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%99%89%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="존 홉필드">홉필드</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC_%ED%9E%8C%ED%84%B4" title="제프리 힌턴">힌턴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="분류:노벨 물리학상 수상자">노벨 물리학상 수상자</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/16px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/32px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nobel Prize in Physics">노벨 물리학상</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2020년_노벨상_수상자_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:2020%EB%85%84_%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:2020년 노벨상 수상자"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:2020%EB%85%84_%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:2020년 노벨상 수상자 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:2020%EB%85%84_%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="특수:문서편집/틀:2020년 노벨상 수상자"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2020년_노벨상_수상자_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:2019%EB%85%84_%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:2019년 노벨상 수상자">← </a> <span class="summary">2020년 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EC%83%81" title="노벨상">노벨상</a> 수상자</span> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:2021%EB%85%84_%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90" title="틀:2021년 노벨상 수상자"> →</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">물리학상</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">로저 펜로즈</a>(영국)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B2%90%EC%B2%BC" title="라인하르트 겐첼">라인하르트 겐첼</a>(독일)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_M._%EA%B2%8C%EC%A6%88" title="앤드리아 M. 게즈">앤드리아 M. 게즈</a>(미국)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ko/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ko/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ko/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 화학상"> 화학상</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A7%88%EB%89%98%EC%97%98_%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8C%A1%ED%8B%B0%EC%97%90" title="에마뉘엘 샤르팡티에">에마뉘엘 샤르팡티에</a>(프랑스)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%88%ED%8D%BC_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%82%98" title="제니퍼 다우드나">제니퍼 다우드나</a>(미국)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%C2%B7%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 생리학·의학상">생리학·의학상</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%B9%84_J._%EC%98%AC%ED%84%B0" title="하비 J. 올터">하비 J. 올터</a>(미국)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%ED%98%B8%ED%84%B4_(%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)" title="마이클 호턴 (바이러스학자)">마이클 호턴</a>(영국)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_M._%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="찰스 M. 라이스">찰스 M. 라이스</a>(미국)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 문학상">문학상</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88_%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AD" title="루이즈 글릭">루이즈 글릭</a>(미국)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%ED%8F%89%ED%99%94%EC%83%81" title="노벨 평화상">평화상</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EC%8B%9D%EB%9F%89_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="세계 식량 계획">세계 식량 계획</a>(WFP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 경제학상">경제학상</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%B0%80%EA%B7%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="폴 밀그럼">폴 밀그럼</a>(미국)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_B._%EC%9C%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="로버트 B. 윌슨">로버트 B. 윌슨</a>(미국)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="전거_통제_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=위키데이터에서_편집하기&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;위키데이터에서_편집하기" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="전거_통제_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=위키데이터에서_편집하기&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;위키데이터에서_편집하기" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%84%EA%B1%B0_%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="위키백과:전거 통제">전거 통제</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193803#identifiers" title="위키데이터에서 편집하기"><img alt="위키데이터에서 편집하기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">국제</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/100522/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000084056757">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108188624">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxt43Fym3RryVPrXcYdcP">월드캣</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">국가</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90192018">노르웨이</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000236945">칠레</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1064662">스페인</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12147090x">프랑스</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12147090x">BnF 데이터</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517495806706">카탈루냐</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120520567">독일</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Penrose, Roger"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV069435">이탈리아</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266313705171">이스라엘</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14302225">벨기에</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82139094">미국</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036446&P_CON_LNG=ENG">라트비아</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00515478">일본</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604394&CON_LNG=ENG">체코</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record75351">그리스</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200209931">한국</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000214742&local_base=nsk10">크로아티아</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07169515X">네덜란드</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810594984005606">폴란드</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/190848">포르투갈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">학술</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00245110?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/18/502">DBLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/137780">MathSciNet</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=36928">수학 계보 프로젝트</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7004534991">Scopus</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:penrose.roger">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">아티스트</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Roger Penrose"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9b2377b3-615a-4fb7-bc59-de4b4627a63e">뮤직브레인즈</a></abbr></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">인물</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120520567.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기타</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029955475">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> 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