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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bazaar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bazaar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bazaar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bazaar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Souk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Souk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Souk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Souk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins in antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization and institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layout_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Layout and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_souks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_souks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Temporary souks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_souks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art_and_literature_–_Orientalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_literature_–_Orientalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In art and literature – Orientalism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_art_and_literature_–_Orientalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In art and literature – Orientalism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_literature_–_Orientalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subject-matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject-matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Subject-matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject-matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Orientalist_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Orientalist_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Notable Orientalist artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Orientalist_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientalist_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientalist_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Orientalist literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientalist_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_paintings_and_drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_paintings_and_drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Gallery of paintings and drawings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_paintings_and_drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_bazaars_and_souks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_bazaars_and_souks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of bazaars and souks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_bazaars_and_souks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bazaar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بازار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بازار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بازار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بازار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Базар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Базар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basar" title="Basar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пасар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пасар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basar" title="Basar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Basar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basar" title="Basar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaar" title="Basaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Basaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaro" title="Bazaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bazaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar_(azoka)" title="Bazar (azoka) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bazar (azoka)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بازار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4" title="바자르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바자르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बाजार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाजार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaro" title="Bazaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bazaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basar" title="Basar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Basar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A8" title="באזאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באזאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D)" title="ბაზარი (სავაჭრო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაზარი (სავაჭრო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Базар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Базар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C3%A1r" title="Bazár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bazár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بازار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بازار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_(markt)" title="Bazaar (markt) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bazaar (markt)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बजार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बजार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="バザール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バザール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basar" title="Basar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Basar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basar" title="Basar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Basar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozor" title="Bozor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bozor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਾਜ਼ਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਜ਼ਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بازار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بازار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Базар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Базар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazari" title="Pazari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pazari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bazaar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بازار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بازار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C3%A1r_(Orient)" title="Bazár (Orient) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bazár (Orient)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%95" title="بازاڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بازاڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Базар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Базар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bazar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaari" title="Basaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Basaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basar" title="Basar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Basar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ปสาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปสาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бозор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бозор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Çarşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çarşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Базар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Базар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بازار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بازار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq" title="Souq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Souq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Çarşı – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çarşı" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%89%8E" title="巴剎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴剎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of public marketplace</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the version control system, see <a href="/wiki/GNU_Bazaar" title="GNU Bazaar">GNU Bazaar</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bazaar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bazaar (disambiguation)">Bazaar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Souq" redirects here. For the city in Iran of a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Suq,_Iran" title="Suq, Iran">Suq, Iran</a>. For the village in Iran of a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Shuk,_Iran" title="Shuk, Iran">Shuk, Iran</a>. For the online retailer, see <a href="/wiki/Souq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq.com">Souq.com</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_(68742801).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turkey_%2868742801%29.jpeg/290px-Turkey_%2868742801%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turkey_%2868742801%29.jpeg/435px-Turkey_%2868742801%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turkey_%2868742801%29.jpeg/580px-Turkey_%2868742801%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>bazaar</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>souk</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a marketplace consisting of multiple small <a href="/wiki/Market_stall" title="Market stall">stalls</a> or shops,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets that have doors on each end and served as a city's central marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>bazaar</i> originates from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, where it referred to a town's public market district.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term bazaar is sometimes also used to refer collectively to the <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bankers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">craftsmen</a> who work in that area. The term <i>souk</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and refers to marketplaces in the Middle East and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the lack of archaeological evidence has limited detailed studies of the evolution of bazaars, the earliest evidence for the existence of bazaars or souks dates to around 3000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>. Cities in the ancient Middle East appear to have contained commercial districts. Later, in the historic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, bazaars typically shared in common certain institutions, such as the position of the <a href="/wiki/Muhtasib" title="Muhtasib"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">muḥtasib</i></span></a>, and certain architectural forms, such as roofed streets and courtyard buildings known in English as <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>. The exact details of their evolution and organization varied from region to region. </p><p>In the 18th and 19th centuries, Western interest in <a href="/wiki/Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental">oriental</a> culture led to the publication of many books about daily life in Middle Eastern countries. Souks, bazaars and the trappings of trade feature prominently in paintings and engravings, works of fiction and travel writing. </p><p>Shopping at a bazaar or market-place remains a central feature of daily life in many Middle-Eastern and South Asian cities and towns and the bazaar remains the beating heart of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> life; in the Middle East, souks tend to be found in a city's old quarter. Bazaars and souks are often important tourist attractions. A number of bazaar districts have been listed as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> due to their historical and/or architectural significance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bazaar">Bazaar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bazaar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanandaj_Bazaar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sanandaj_Bazaar.jpg/220px-Sanandaj_Bazaar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sanandaj_Bazaar.jpg/330px-Sanandaj_Bazaar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sanandaj_Bazaar.jpg/440px-Sanandaj_Bazaar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4494" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>Bazaar in <a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the word "bazaar" comes from <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> <i>bāzār</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayto2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <i>wāzār</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Daryaee2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daryaee2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>wāčar</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <i>*wahā-čarana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BenvenisteLallot1973_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenvenisteLallot1973-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term spread from Persian into Arabic, now used throughout the Middle East and in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North American and Europe, the English word "bazaar" can denote more generically a shop or market selling miscellaneous items. It can also refer in particular to a sale or <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fair</a> to raise money for <a href="/wiki/Charitable" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable">charitable</a> purposes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Charity_bazaar" title="Charity bazaar">charity bazaar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variations">Variations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the word was borrowed as <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">pazar</i></span>, but it refers to an outdoor market held at regular intervals, not a permanent structure containing shops. English place names usually translate "çarşı" (shopping district in a downtown or downtown itself) as "bazaar" when they refer to an area with covered streets or passages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Souk">Souk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Souk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS-Amman_6501.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PS-Amman_6501.JPG/220px-PS-Amman_6501.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PS-Amman_6501.JPG/330px-PS-Amman_6501.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PS-Amman_6501.JPG/440px-PS-Amman_6501.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Souk in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "souk" in the Arabic-speaking world is roughly equivalent to "bazaar".<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic word is a loan from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> "šūqā" ("street, market"), itself a loanword from the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> "sūqu" ("street").<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic word <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sūq</i></span></i> was then borrowed into English via French (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">souk</i></span>) by the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word can also be spelled "suq" or "souq".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> the term <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-sūq</i></span> refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> sense (e.g., an Arabic-speaker would speak of the <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sūq</i></span></i> in the old city as well as the <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sūq</i></span></i> for oil, and would call the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السوق الحرّ</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">as-sūq al-ḥurr</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variations_2">Variations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In northern Morocco, the Spanish corruption <i>socco</i> is often used as in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Socco" title="Grand Socco">Grand Socco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Socco" title="Petit Socco">Petit Socco</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahane_Yehuda_(I)_(45298221191).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mahane_Yehuda_%28I%29_%2845298221191%29.jpg/220px-Mahane_Yehuda_%28I%29_%2845298221191%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mahane_Yehuda_%28I%29_%2845298221191%29.jpg/330px-Mahane_Yehuda_%28I%29_%2845298221191%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mahane_Yehuda_%28I%29_%2845298221191%29.jpg/440px-Mahane_Yehuda_%28I%29_%2845298221191%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3253" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahane_Yehuda_Market" title="Mahane Yehuda Market">Shuk Mahane Yehuda</a>, a popular <i>shuk</i> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, often simply called <i>the Shuk</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">השוק</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ha-Šūq</i></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the term <i>shuk</i> or <i>shuq</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שׁוּק</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">šūq</i></span>) shares a common <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> origin of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>souk</i>, and holds a prominent role in everyday life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="citation needed in particular to verify etymology of the Hebrew word (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Markets such as <a href="/wiki/Mahane_Yehuda_Market" title="Mahane Yehuda Market">Mahane Yehuda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> are often covered rows of stalls much like those seen elsewhere in the region, selling produce, spices, <a href="/wiki/Halvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halvah">halvah</a>, and even clothing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_antiquity">Origins in antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origins in antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholar Mohammad Gharipour has pointed out that in spite of the centrality of bazaars in Persian history, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical records document the concept of a bazaar existing in Iran as early as 3000 BCE, where some large cities contained districts dedicated to trade and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeological data also suggests the existence of market districts in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Markets centers must have existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> to conduct international trade, but no archeological evidence for them has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> Persia (550–330 BCE), documents indicate that crafts were sold in markets close to Persepolis.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A network of bazaars had sprung up alongside ancient caravan trade routes. Bazaars located along these trade routes, formed networks, linking major cities with each other and in which goods, culture, people and information could be exchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources from around the same era also indicate that ancient Greeks regulated trade in areas at the center of their cities around <i><a href="/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa">stoa</a></i> buildings. The ideas of Greek city planning were spread to the Middle East during the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> period, following the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">conquests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek historian, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, noted that in Egypt, roles were reversed compared with other cultures and Egyptian women frequented the market and carried on trade, while the men remain at home weaving cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also described <a href="/wiki/The_Babylonian_Marriage_Market" title="The Babylonian Marriage Market">The Babylonian Marriage Market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. Is this relevant to a discussion of bazaars/souqs in the Middle East? Is Herodotus mentioning something that resembled a bazaar or is he simply talking about any market (March 2022)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid rule</a> in Iran was an important period for the development of urbanization and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sassanid Iran, the bazaar was usually the heart of a town or city, where it spread outwards and affected the development of other neighbourhoods. The bazaar usually contained, or was adjoined by, an open-air plaza that served as a forum of socio-economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, bazaars were also held outside cities at locations where incoming caravans stopped and merchants displayed their goods for sale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is a traditional common practice in many places, but is there a source saying when (and where) this became common? (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bazaars were established at <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a>, places where a caravan or caravans arrived and remained for rest and refreshments. Since this might be infrequent, souks often extended beyond buying and selling goods to include major festivals involving various cultural and social activities. Any bazaar may serve a social function as being a place for people to meet in, in addition to its commercial function.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In pre-Islamic Arabia, two types of souks existed: permanent urban markets and temporary seasonal markets. The temporary seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce. Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes. In spite of the centrality of the Middle East in the history of souks, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence. However, documentary sources point to permanent marketplaces in cities from as early as 550 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_period">Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/440px-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Mirjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan al-Mirjan">Khan al-Mirjan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (14th century), one of the oldest preserved urban commercial structures in the Islamic world</figcaption></figure> <p>According to traditional Muslim narratives, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> established a market place (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sūq</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> shortly after arriving there during the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a> in 622 CE. He designated an open, unbuilt space as the market area and forbade both the construction of permanent structures and the levying of taxes in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight years later, he is said to have appointed a market inspector (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">'āmil 'alā l-sūq</i></span>), a position that likely evolved into the later <a href="/wiki/Muhtasib" title="Muhtasib"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">muḥtasib</i></span></a> in Islamic cities, an official in charge of overseeing public morality and regulating weights and measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the importance of the bazaar to economic life and the prominence of marketplace terminology in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, not much is known about the early history of bazaars and it remains a topic of ongoing research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the surviving urban commercial structures in the Islamic world date from the 16th century or later, though some preserved urban <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a> (commonly known as a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">funduq</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khān</i></span>, or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">wakāla</i></span>) date from earlier periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:242_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Mirjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan al-Mirjan">Khan al-Mirjan</a> in Baghdad, built in 1359 as part of a larger architectural complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Hamidiyeh_souq,_Damascus,_Syria_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Al-Hamidiyeh_souq%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria_-_2.jpg/220px-Al-Hamidiyeh_souq%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Al-Hamidiyeh_souq%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria_-_2.jpg/330px-Al-Hamidiyeh_souq%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Al-Hamidiyeh_souq%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria_-_2.jpg/440px-Al-Hamidiyeh_souq%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq" title="Al-Hamidiyah Souq">Al-Hamidiyah Souq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Muhammad's prohibition against constructing permanent buildings and levying taxes in the market began to be disregarded as early as the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad period">Umayyad period</a> (7th to 8th centuries). The Umayyad caliphs <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik</a> both built structures in the market of Medina and levied taxes there, while purpose-built markets were built in early Islamic cities further abroad such as <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> in Egypt, and <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> in Tunisia. This process seems to have accelerated during the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 724–743</span>) in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Markets that sold the most important or expensive goods were usually located near the city's central <a href="/wiki/Friday_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday mosque">Friday mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cities, such as Cairo and Aleppo, the main bazaar was initially focused along one important street and then progressively grew and branched off into the surrounding streets.<sup id="cite_ref-:242_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> During the Islamic period in Iran, bazaars developed along the same lines as those of the Sassanid period.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to the 11th century, the bazaar developed more commonly in the suburbs outside the city walls that enclosed the <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">shahristān</i></span>, the formal city. This was especially true in Central Asia, though there were exceptions in some regions where the bazaar was grouped with the citadel and the city's Friday mosque inside the city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-:05222_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 11th century, the growing importance of the suburbs and the commercial districts resulted in most of them being enclosed within newly expanded city walls. From the 10th century onward, the bazaar became the financial center of a city and was heavily patronized and developed by ruling elites. The grouping of a bazaar, citadel, and Friday mosque also became more common.<sup id="cite_ref-:05222_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Bazaar_of_Prishtina_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Old_Bazaar_of_Prishtina_7.jpg/220px-Old_Bazaar_of_Prishtina_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Old_Bazaar_of_Prishtina_7.jpg/330px-Old_Bazaar_of_Prishtina_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Old_Bazaar_of_Prishtina_7.jpg/440px-Old_Bazaar_of_Prishtina_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Pristina" title="Bazaar of Pristina">Old Bazaar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> (13th to 16th centuries) and in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (14th to 20th centuries), the construction of commercial buildings in and around the bazaar was often sponsored by sultans, ruling elites, or by members of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman royal family">Ottoman royal family</a>. The revenues generated by these buildings were typically earmarked to support the upkeep of religious complexes sponsored by these same patrons, through the legal framework of a <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i> (legal endowment).<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_Fes_Camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Morocco_Fes_Camel.jpg/170px-Morocco_Fes_Camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Morocco_Fes_Camel.jpg/255px-Morocco_Fes_Camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Morocco_Fes_Camel.jpg/340px-Morocco_Fes_Camel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Mule moving goods around in the car-free Medina quarter, <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes, Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Middle East, the bazaar is considered to be "the beating heart of the city and a symbol of Islamic architecture and culture of high significance."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, bazaars are popular sites for tourists and some of these ancient bazaars have been listed as world heritage sites or national monuments on the basis of their historical, cultural or architectural value. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina of Fez">Medina of Fez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, which includes numerous long market streets (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tala%27a_Kebira" title="Tala'a Kebira">Tala'a Kebira</a>) and bazaar areas (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kissariat_al-Kifah" title="Kissariat al-Kifah">Kissariat al-Kifah</a>), was listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souk</a> in Aleppo is the largest covered historic market in the world, with an approximate length of 13 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Cited source may be partly promotional in nature. An exceptional claim requires more support from reliable sources. (June 2023)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Ancient Aleppo</a>, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986 in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aleppo_plan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_plan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tabriz_Bazaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabriz Bazaar">Bazaar complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, Iran, was listed by UNESCO in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bazaar of Qaisiyariye in <a href="/wiki/Lar,_Iran" title="Lar, Iran">Lar, Iran</a>, is on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kemeralt%C4%B1" title="Kemeraltı">Kemeraltı</a> Bazaar in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> was placed on tentative list in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_institutions">Organization and institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization and institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></div><p>Shopping at a souk or market place is part of daily life throughout much of the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prices are commonly set by <a href="/wiki/Bargaining" title="Bargaining">bargaining</a>, also known as haggling, between buyers and sellers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bazaars or souks are traditionally divided into specialized sections dealing in specific types of product, each usually housed in a few narrow streets and named after the product it specializes in such as the <a href="/wiki/Gold_souk" title="Gold souk">gold souk</a>, the texitle souk, the spice souk, the leather souk, the booksellers' souk, etc. This promotes competition among sellers and helps buyers easily compare prices.<sup id="cite_ref-:524_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:524-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merchants specialized in each trade were also organized into <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>, which provided support to merchants but also to clients. The exact details of the organizations varied from region to region. Each guild had rules that members were expected to follow, but they were loose enough to allow for competition. Guilds also fulfilled some functions similar to <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and were able to negotiate with the government on behalf of merchants or represent their interests when needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:524_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:524-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though each neighbourhood within the city would have a local souk selling food and other essentials, the main bazaar was one of the central structures of a large city, selling durable goods, luxuries and providing services such as money exchange. Workshops where goods for sale are produced (in the case of a merchant selling locally-made products) are typically located away from the souk itself. </p><p>Historically, in Islamic cities, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">muḥtasib</i></span> was the official in charge of regulating and policing the bazaar and other aspects of urban life. They monitored things such as weights and measures, pricing, cleanliness, noise, and traffic circulation, as well as being responsible for other issues of public morality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:524_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:524-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also investigated complaints about cheating or the quality of goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:524_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:524-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equivalent official could be known by other titles in different regions, such as the <i>kedkhoda</i> in Istanbul or the <i>amir-i bazariyan</i> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (northwestern Africa), the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">muḥtasib</i></span> also shared responsibilities with other officials such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i> or the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hakim</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:524_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:524-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout_and_architecture">Layout and architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Layout and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebah,_Pascal_(1823-1886)_-_Khan_el-Khalili,_Cairo_-_ca._1880s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sebah%2C_Pascal_%281823-1886%29_-_Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Cairo_-_ca._1880s.JPG/220px-Sebah%2C_Pascal_%281823-1886%29_-_Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Cairo_-_ca._1880s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sebah%2C_Pascal_%281823-1886%29_-_Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Cairo_-_ca._1880s.JPG/330px-Sebah%2C_Pascal_%281823-1886%29_-_Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Cairo_-_ca._1880s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sebah%2C_Pascal_%281823-1886%29_-_Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Cairo_-_ca._1880s.JPG/440px-Sebah%2C_Pascal_%281823-1886%29_-_Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Cairo_-_ca._1880s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan el-Khalili</a>, the central bazaar of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> (photo from 1880s)</figcaption></figure><p>Permanent bazaars were established in urban zones, usually within the <a href="/wiki/City_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="City Walls">city walls</a> and close to the heart of the city. In much of the Middle East and North Africa, the bazaar is a network of interconnected spaces, including streets and buildings, with diverse architectural forms. Its boundaries are not sharply defined and can vary according to circumstance, as the bazaar is closely integrated with its urban surroundings and with other important institutions of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there is great variety among the bazaars of this region, there are three recurring elements, in addition to the general network of market streets. One element is the individual shops or booths that line each side of a market street. The shops are usually small spaces open to the street and occupied by merchants. They are typically equipped with large shutters which can be closed and locked when the shopkeeper is away.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another element is a more secure market area, usually centrally located and consisting of streets that were covered or roofed. This complex is variably known as a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qayṣariyya</i></span><i>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">bedesten</i></span></i>, or <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khān</i></span></i>, depending on the city or historical period. It usually hosted the most prestigious and profitable trades such as jewelry, perfumes, and textiles. In order to protect these goods, the entrances to this area could be closed and locked at night or in times of danger.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other recurring element is the presence of courtyard buildings entered via a single large doorway. Often translated into English as a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a>, this type of building is known in different regions as a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">funduq</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khān</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">samsara</i></span>, or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">wakāla</i></span>. They could serve a variety of functions including an inn for travelers and merchants, a manufacturing center, a trade venue, or a warehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozaffariyeh,_Bazzar_of_Tabriz_in_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mozaffariyeh%2C_Bazzar_of_Tabriz_in_Iran.jpg/220px-Mozaffariyeh%2C_Bazzar_of_Tabriz_in_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mozaffariyeh%2C_Bazzar_of_Tabriz_in_Iran.jpg/330px-Mozaffariyeh%2C_Bazzar_of_Tabriz_in_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mozaffariyeh%2C_Bazzar_of_Tabriz_in_Iran.jpg/440px-Mozaffariyeh%2C_Bazzar_of_Tabriz_in_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>A covered market street in the <a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Tabriz" title="Bazaar of Tabriz">Bazaar of Tabriz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Iran and Central Asia, the permanent bazaar is likewise in the centre of a city and had common architectural elements. These bazaars acted as financial centers of the city and were traditionally overseen by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:05222_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Iranian bazaars are organized around one long market street from which other market streets branch off (e.g. in Isfahan or Tehran), while others are large rectangular zones with a grid-like network of parallel and intersecting streets (e.g. as in Tabriz).<sup id="cite_ref-:05222_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The streets are lined with structures of one or two storeys that contain spaces for shops. The streets are typically roofed with brick vaults, pierced by skylights to allow for light and air circulation. The shops are often adjacent or connected to the workshops where the goods are also produced, so that manufacturing and retail are often concentrated in the same areas, though some production (especially of textiles) was also distributed in other parts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:05222_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the bazaars further west, there were also many <i>khān</i>s (caravanserais) built in the area. They acted as warehouses, production centers, wholesale centers, hostels for merchants, and offices for conducting business.<sup id="cite_ref-:05222_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selimiye_complex_arasta_DSCF5873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Selimiye_complex_arasta_DSCF5873.jpg/220px-Selimiye_complex_arasta_DSCF5873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Selimiye_complex_arasta_DSCF5873.jpg/330px-Selimiye_complex_arasta_DSCF5873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Selimiye_complex_arasta_DSCF5873.jpg/440px-Selimiye_complex_arasta_DSCF5873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <i>arasta</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the cities that developed under the Ottoman Empire, there was generally one central bazaar area, known in Turkish as the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">çarşı</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, known locally as the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Kapalıçarşı</i></span> ('covered market'), is a famous example. Additionally, several types of market structures were common: the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">bedesten</i></span>, the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">arasta</i></span>, and the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">han</i></span> (Turkish <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of <i>khān</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bedesten" title="Bedesten">Ottoman <i>bedesten</i></a> was a solid stone building, typically rectangular and roofed by domes, with shops inside. Like the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qayṣariyya</i></span> or <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">bedesten</i></span></i> in other regions, it hosted the most important and luxurious trades.<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">arasta</i></span> is usually an elongated market structure or market street with shops lining its façades. <i>Arasta</i>s could be independent markets built outside the main bazaar area, such as those built as part of large religious complexes like the <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Blue Mosque, Istanbul">Sultanahmet Mosque complex</a> in Istanbul. The <a href="/wiki/Spice_Bazaar" title="Spice Bazaar">Spice Bazaar</a> or <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Mısır Çarşısı</i></span> ('Egyptian Market') in Istanbul is also one of the largest and best-known examples.<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">han</i></span> is similar in function to other <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khān</i></span></i> or caravanserai buildings elsewhere, with a courtyard enclosed by two storeys. The ground floor was usually used for storage and for stabling horses, while the upper floor housed merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-:05223_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05223-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temporary_souks">Temporary souks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Temporary souks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souk_Al_Milh,_Sana,_Yemen_(4324865585).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Souk_Al_Milh%2C_Sana%2C_Yemen_%284324865585%29.jpg/220px-Souk_Al_Milh%2C_Sana%2C_Yemen_%284324865585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Souk_Al_Milh%2C_Sana%2C_Yemen_%284324865585%29.jpg/330px-Souk_Al_Milh%2C_Sana%2C_Yemen_%284324865585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Souk_Al_Milh%2C_Sana%2C_Yemen_%284324865585%29.jpg/440px-Souk_Al_Milh%2C_Sana%2C_Yemen_%284324865585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Cayenne peppers at the Souk Al Milh in <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, Yemen</figcaption></figure> <p>A temporary, seasonal souk is held at a set time that might be yearly, monthly or weekly. The oldest souks were set up annually, and were typically general festivals held outside cities. For example, Souk Ukadh was held yearly in pre-Islamic times in an area between <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ta%E2%80%99if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta’if">Ta’if</a> during the sacred month of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qi%27dah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu al-Qi'dah">Dhu al-Qi'dah</a>. While a busy market, it was more famous for its poetry competitions, judged by prominent poets such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Khansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khansa">Al-Khansa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Nabigha" title="Al-Nabigha">Al-Nabigha</a>. An example of an Islamic annual souk is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Mirbid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Mirbid (page does not exist)">Al Mirbid</a> just outside <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, also famed for its poetry competitions in addition to its storytelling activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporary souks tended to become known for specific types of produce. For example, Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes.<sup id="cite_ref-:523_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:523-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political, economic and social changes have left only the small seasonal souks outside villages and small towns, primarily selling livestock and agricultural products. </p><p>Weekly markets have continued to function throughout the Arab world. Most of them are named from the day of the week on which they are held. They usually have open spaces specifically designated for their use inside cities. Examples of surviving markets are the Wednesday Market in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> that specializes in the sale of used products, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghazl (page does not exist)">Ghazl</a> market held every Friday in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> specializing in pets; the Fina’ Market in <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a> offers performance acts such as singing, music, acrobats and circus activities. </p><p>In tribal areas, where seasonal souks operated, neutrality from tribal conflicts was usually declared for the period of operation of a souk to permit the unhampered exchange of surplus goods. Some of the seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce such as Suq Hijr in Bahrain, noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes. In spite of the centrality of the Middle Eastern market place, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_literature_–_Orientalism"><span id="In_art_and_literature_.E2.80.93_Orientalism"></span>In art and literature – Orientalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In art and literature – Orientalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></div> <p>During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans conquered and excavated parts of North Africa and the Levant. These regions now make up what is called the Middle East, but in the past were known as the <i>Orient.</i> Europeans sharply divided peoples into two broad groups – the <i>European West</i> and the <i>East or Orient</i>; <i>us</i> and the <i>other.</i> Europeans often saw Orientals as the opposite of Western civilization; the peoples could be threatening- they were "despotic, static and irrational whereas Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the Orient was seen as exotic, mysterious, a place of fables and beauty. This fascination with the other gave rise to a genre of painting known as <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>. A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject-matter">Subject-matter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subject-matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of these works were lavishly illustrated with engravings of every day scenes of Oriental lifestyles, including scenes of market places and market trade.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists focused on the exotic beauty of the land – the markets, caravans and snake charmers. Islamic architecture also became favorite subject matter. Some of these works were propaganda designed to justify European imperialism in the East, however many artists relied heavily on their everyday experiences for inspiration in their artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Charles_D%27Oyly" title="Charles D'Oyly">Charles D'Oyly</a>, who was born in India, published the <i>Antiquities of Dacca</i> featuring a series of 15 engraved plates of Dacca [now Dhaka, Bangladesh] featuring scenes of markets, commerce, buildings and streetscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European society generally frowned on nude painting – but harems, concubines and slave markets, presented as quasi-documentary works, satisfied European desires for pornographic art. The Oriental female wearing a veil was a particularly tempting subject because she was hidden from view, adding to her mysterious allure.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Orientalist_artists">Notable Orientalist artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable Orientalist artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable artists in the Orientalist genre include: Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904), <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps" title="Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps">Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps</a> (1803–1860), <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Frederic Leighton</a> (1830–1896), <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet" title="Eugène Girardet">Eugène Alexis Girardet</a> 1853-1907 and <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a> (1827–1910) who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce. French painter <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard" title="Jean-Étienne Liotard">Jean-Étienne Liotard</a> visited Istanbul in the 17th century and painted pastels of Turkish domestic scenes. British painter <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Lewis" title="John Frederick Lewis">John Frederick Lewis</a> who lived for several years in a traditional mansion in Cairo, painted highly detailed works showing realistic genre scenes of Middle Eastern life. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lord_Weeks" title="Edwin Lord Weeks">Edwin Lord Weeks</a> was a notable American example of a 19th-century artist and author in the Orientalism genre. His parents were wealthy tea and spice merchants who were able to fund his travels and interest in painting. In 1895 Weeks wrote and illustrated a book of travels titled <i>From the Black Sea through Persia and India.</i> Other notable painters in the Orientalist genre who included scenes of street life and market-based trade in their work are Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904), <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps" title="Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps">Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps</a> (1803–1860), <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Frederic Leighton</a> (1830–1896), <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet" title="Eugène Girardet">Eugène Alexis Girardet</a> 1853–1907 and <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a> (1827–1910), who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientalist_literature">Orientalist literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orientalist literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many English visitors to the Orient wrote narratives around their travels. British Romantic literature in the Orientalism tradition has its origins in the early eighteenth century, with the first translations of <i>The Arabian Nights</i> (translated into English from the French in 1705–08). The popularity of this work inspired authors to develop a new genre, the Oriental tale. Samuel Johnson's <i>History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia,</i> (1759) is mid-century example of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byron's <i>Oriental Tales,</i> is another example of the Romantic Orientalism genre.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although these works were purportedly non-fiction, they were notoriously unreliable. Many of these accounts provided detailed descriptions of market places, trading and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of travel writing include: <i>Les Mysteres de L'Egypte Devoiles</i> by <a href="/wiki/Olympe_Audouard" title="Olympe Audouard">Olympe Audouard</a> published in 1865<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Majorelle" title="Jacques Majorelle">Jacques Majorelle</a>'s <i>Road Trip Diary of a Painter in the Atlas and the Anti-Atlas</i> published in 1922<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_of_paintings_and_drawings">Gallery of paintings and drawings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery of paintings and drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Moorish_Bazaar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Moorish Bazaar, painting by Edwin Lord Weeks, 1873"><img alt="The Moorish Bazaar, painting by Edwin Lord Weeks, 1873" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Moorish_Bazaar.jpg/131px-The_Moorish_Bazaar.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Moorish_Bazaar.jpg/197px-The_Moorish_Bazaar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Moorish_Bazaar.jpg/263px-The_Moorish_Bazaar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> Bazaar</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lord_Weeks" title="Edwin Lord Weeks">Edwin Lord Weeks</a>, 1873</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Scene_in_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Street Scene in India, by Edwin Lord Weeks, circa 1885"><img alt="Street Scene in India, by Edwin Lord Weeks, circa 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Street_Scene_in_India.JPG/145px-Street_Scene_in_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Street_Scene_in_India.JPG/218px-Street_Scene_in_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Street_Scene_in_India.JPG/291px-Street_Scene_in_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="2135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Street Scene in India</i>, by Edwin Lord Weeks, circa 1885</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cashmere_Travellers_in_a_Street_of_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cashmere Travellers in a Street of Delhi by Edwin Lord Weeks, 1880s"><img alt="Cashmere Travellers in a Street of Delhi by Edwin Lord Weeks, 1880s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cashmere_Travellers_in_a_Street_of_Delhi.jpg/143px-Cashmere_Travellers_in_a_Street_of_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cashmere_Travellers_in_a_Street_of_Delhi.jpg/214px-Cashmere_Travellers_in_a_Street_of_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cashmere_Travellers_in_a_Street_of_Delhi.jpg/285px-Cashmere_Travellers_in_a_Street_of_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cashmere Travellers in a Street of Delhi</i> by Edwin Lord Weeks, 1880s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Claudius_Bombarnac%27_by_L%C3%A9on_Benett_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bazaar in Samarkand, illustration by Léon Benett for a Jules Verne novel, 1893"><img alt="Bazaar in Samarkand, illustration by Léon Benett for a Jules Verne novel, 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%27Claudius_Bombarnac%27_by_L%C3%A9on_Benett_28.jpg/118px-%27Claudius_Bombarnac%27_by_L%C3%A9on_Benett_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%27Claudius_Bombarnac%27_by_L%C3%A9on_Benett_28.jpg/177px-%27Claudius_Bombarnac%27_by_L%C3%A9on_Benett_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%27Claudius_Bombarnac%27_by_L%C3%A9on_Benett_28.jpg/236px-%27Claudius_Bombarnac%27_by_L%C3%A9on_Benett_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="881" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bazaar in Samarkand</i>, illustration by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Benett" title="Léon Benett">Léon Benett</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> novel, 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Defaux_-_The_Bazaar,_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bazaar, by Alexandre Defaux, 1856"><img alt="The Bazaar, by Alexandre Defaux, 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Alexandre_Defaux_-_The_Bazaar%2C_1856.jpg/146px-Alexandre_Defaux_-_The_Bazaar%2C_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Alexandre_Defaux_-_The_Bazaar%2C_1856.jpg/219px-Alexandre_Defaux_-_The_Bazaar%2C_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Alexandre_Defaux_-_The_Bazaar%2C_1856.jpg/292px-Alexandre_Defaux_-_The_Bazaar%2C_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Bazaar</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Defaux" title="Alexandre Defaux">Alexandre Defaux</a>, 1856</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Grand_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Bazaar, Istanbul, by Amadeo Preziosi, late 19th century"><img alt="The Grand Bazaar, Istanbul, by Amadeo Preziosi, late 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Grand_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/267px-Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Grand_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Grand_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Grand_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Grand_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/534px-Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Grand_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5077" data-file-height="3425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Grand Bazaar</i>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Preziosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeo Preziosi">Amadeo Preziosi</a>, late 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Silk_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Silk Bazaar by Amedeo Preziosi, late 19th century"><img alt="The Silk Bazaar by Amedeo Preziosi, late 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Silk_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/132px-Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Silk_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Silk_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/198px-Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Silk_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Silk_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/264px-Amadeo_Preziosi_-_The_Silk_Bazaar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4113" data-file-height="5605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Silk Bazaar</i> by Amedeo Preziosi, late 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Robert_Leinweber_-_Souk_des_%C3%A9toffes,_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Souk des étoffes, Tunis by Anton Robert Leinweber, before 1921"><img alt="Souk des étoffes, Tunis by Anton Robert Leinweber, before 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anton_Robert_Leinweber_-_Souk_des_%C3%A9toffes%2C_Tunis.jpg/135px-Anton_Robert_Leinweber_-_Souk_des_%C3%A9toffes%2C_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anton_Robert_Leinweber_-_Souk_des_%C3%A9toffes%2C_Tunis.jpg/202px-Anton_Robert_Leinweber_-_Souk_des_%C3%A9toffes%2C_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anton_Robert_Leinweber_-_Souk_des_%C3%A9toffes%2C_Tunis.jpg/270px-Anton_Robert_Leinweber_-_Souk_des_%C3%A9toffes%2C_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Souk des étoffes,</i> Tunis by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Robert_Leinweber" title="Anton Robert Leinweber">Anton Robert Leinweber</a>, before 1921</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_Merchant_in_the_Khan_el_Khaleel_(1878)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpet Merchant in the Khan el Khaleel, from Georg Ebers, Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque, Vol. 1, 1878"><img alt="Carpet Merchant in the Khan el Khaleel, from Georg Ebers, Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque, Vol. 1, 1878" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carpet_Merchant_in_the_Khan_el_Khaleel_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/236px-Carpet_Merchant_in_the_Khan_el_Khaleel_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carpet_Merchant_in_the_Khan_el_Khaleel_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/354px-Carpet_Merchant_in_the_Khan_el_Khaleel_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carpet_Merchant_in_the_Khan_el_Khaleel_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/472px-Carpet_Merchant_in_the_Khan_el_Khaleel_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Carpet Merchant in the Khan el Khaleel</i>, from Georg Ebers, <i>Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque,</i> Vol. 1, 1878</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Wilda_-_Inside_the_Souk,_Cairo_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the Souk, Cairo by Charles Wilda, 1892"><img alt="Inside the Souk, Cairo by Charles Wilda, 1892" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Charles_Wilda_-_Inside_the_Souk%2C_Cairo_1892.jpg/149px-Charles_Wilda_-_Inside_the_Souk%2C_Cairo_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Charles_Wilda_-_Inside_the_Souk%2C_Cairo_1892.jpg/223px-Charles_Wilda_-_Inside_the_Souk%2C_Cairo_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Charles_Wilda_-_Inside_the_Souk%2C_Cairo_1892.jpg/298px-Charles_Wilda_-_Inside_the_Souk%2C_Cairo_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Inside the Souk</i>, Cairo by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilda" title="Charles Wilda">Charles Wilda</a>, 1892</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Roberts_bazaar_coppersmiths.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bazaar of the Coppersmiths in Cairo by David Roberts, 1838"><img alt="Bazaar of the Coppersmiths in Cairo by David Roberts, 1838" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/David_Roberts_bazaar_coppersmiths.jpg/122px-David_Roberts_bazaar_coppersmiths.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/David_Roberts_bazaar_coppersmiths.jpg/183px-David_Roberts_bazaar_coppersmiths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/David_Roberts_bazaar_coppersmiths.jpg/244px-David_Roberts_bazaar_coppersmiths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bazaar of the Coppersmiths</i> in Cairo by David Roberts, 1838</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Roberts_Bazaar_El_Moo_Ristan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bazaar El Moo Ristan in Cairo, by David Roberts, 1838"><img alt="Bazaar El Moo Ristan in Cairo, by David Roberts, 1838" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_Roberts_Bazaar_El_Moo_Ristan.jpg/122px-David_Roberts_Bazaar_El_Moo_Ristan.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_Roberts_Bazaar_El_Moo_Ristan.jpg/183px-David_Roberts_Bazaar_El_Moo_Ristan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_Roberts_Bazaar_El_Moo_Ristan.jpg/244px-David_Roberts_Bazaar_El_Moo_Ristan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bazaar El Moo Ristan</i> in Cairo, by David Roberts, 1838</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teemcheh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timcheh Amin-o-Dowleh in the Kashan Bazaar, Iran, c. 1800"><img alt="Timcheh Amin-o-Dowleh in the Kashan Bazaar, Iran, c. 1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Teemcheh.jpg/119px-Teemcheh.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Teemcheh.jpg/179px-Teemcheh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Teemcheh.jpg/239px-Teemcheh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Timcheh Amin-o-Dowleh in the <a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Kashan" title="Bazaar of Kashan">Kashan Bazaar</a>, Iran, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_bazaars_and_souks">List of bazaars and souks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of bazaars and souks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bazaars_and_souks" title="List of bazaars and souks">List of bazaars and souks</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orientalist_artists" title="List of Orientalist artists">List of Orientalist artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaari" title="Bazaari">Bazaari</a></li></ul> <p>Types of markets, bazaars and souks: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haat_bazaar" title="Haat bazaar">Haat bazaar</a> – (also known as a <i>hat</i>) an open air bazaar or market in South Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_swap_meet" title="Indoor swap meet">Indoor swap meet</a> - a regional American term for a bazaar-like market.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landa_bazaar" title="Landa bazaar">Landa bazaar</a> – a terminal market or market for second hand goods (South Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meena_Bazaar" title="Meena Bazaar">Meena Bazaar</a> – a bazaar that raises money for non-profit organisations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasar_malam" title="Pasar malam">Pasar malam</a> – a night market in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore that opens in the evening, typically held in the street in residential neighbourhoods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasar_pagi" title="Pasar pagi">Pasar pagi</a> – a morning market, typically a wet market that trades from dawn until midday, found in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtengai" title="Shōtengai">Shōtengai</a> - a style of Japanese commercial district, typically in the form of a local market street that is closed to vehicular traffic.</li></ul> <p>Markets and retail in general: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">Arcade</a> – a covered passageway with stores along one or both sides.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_marketing" title="History of marketing">History of marketing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بازار</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">bâzâr</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بازار</span>; <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">پازار</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ottoman Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">pazar</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <i lang="uz">bozor</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">बाज़ार</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Hindi">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">bāzār</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਬਜ਼ਾਰ।</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">bazāra</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বাজার</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">bājār</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl">بازار</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Urdu">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Urdu-language romanization"><i lang="ur-Latn">bazār</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">بازاڕ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">bazar</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سوق</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sūq</i></span>. In English, the word can also be spelled <b>souq</b> or <b>suq</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bazaar">"bazaar"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622005410/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bazaar">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=bazaar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbazaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417110222/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bazaar">"bazaar"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/bazaar">the original</a> on 2021-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=bazaar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fbazaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bazaars-and-bazaar-merchants">"Bazaars and Bazaar Merchants | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Bazaars+and+Bazaar+Merchants+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fbazaars-and-bazaar-merchants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/bazaar">"Bazaar | market"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Bazaar+%7C+market&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fbazaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/souk">"souk"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422205606/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/souk">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=souk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsouk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bazaar">"bazaar - Origin and meaning of bazaar by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=bazaar+-+Origin+and+meaning+of+bazaar+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dbazaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayto2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayto2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyto2009" class="citation book cs1">Ayto, John (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsRISNLSSHAC&pg=PT104"><i>Word Origins</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0160-5"><bdi>978-1-4081-0160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+Origins&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0160-5&rft.aulast=Ayto&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhsRISNLSSHAC%26pg%3DPT104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daryaee2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daryaee2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2012" class="citation book cs1">Daryaee, Touraj (16 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jxd2Zr9Ilw8C&pg=PA8"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973215-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973215-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973215-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Iranian+History&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973215-9&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxd2Zr9Ilw8C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bazaar">"Bazaar"</a>. Dictionary.com, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bazaar&rft.pub=Dictionary.com%2C+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fbazaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenvenisteLallot1973-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BenvenisteLallot1973_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenvenisteLallot1973" class="citation book cs1">Benveniste, Émile; Lallot, Jean (1 January 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3900">"Chapter Nine: Two Ways of Buying"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvawAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indo-European Language and Society</i></a>. University of Miami Press. Section Three: Purchase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87024-250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87024-250-2"><bdi>978-0-87024-250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Nine%3A+Two+Ways+of+Buying&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Society&rft.pages=Section+Three%3A+Purchase&rft.pub=University+of+Miami+Press&rft.date=1973-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87024-250-2&rft.aulast=Benveniste&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft.au=Lallot%2C+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2FCHS%2Farticle%2Fdisplay%2F3900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/money">"bazaar"</a>. <i>Britannica Money</i>. 2024-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Money&rft.atitle=bazaar&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fmoney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/bazaar">"bazaar"</a>. <i>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=bazaar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fbazaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bazaar">"Bazaar"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bazaar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbazaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0522-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Meara2011" class="citation book cs1">O'Meara, Simon (2011). "Bazaar, Arab lands". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161658" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161658"><bdi>9789004161658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bazaar%2C+Arab+lands&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004161658&rft.aulast=O%27Meara&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorriente2008" class="citation book cs1">Corriente, Federico (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_hAzIqriakC&dq=arabic+suq+etymology&pg=PA25"><i>Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects</i></a>. Brill. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16858-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16858-9"><bdi>978-90-04-16858-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Arabic+and+Allied+Loanwords%3A+Spanish%2C+Portuguese%2C+Catalan%2C+Galician+and+Kindred+Dialects&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16858-9&rft.aulast=Corriente&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_hAzIqriakC%26dq%3Darabic%2Bsuq%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuehnergard2021" class="citation book cs1">Huehnergard, John (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hyU9EAAAQBAJ&dq=arabic+souk+etymology&pg=PA1506">"The Legacy of Akkadian"</a>. In Vita, Juan-Pablo (ed.). <i>History of the Akkadian Language (2 vols)</i>. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 1506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44521-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44521-5"><bdi>978-90-04-44521-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Akkadian&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Akkadian+Language+%282+vols%29&rft.pages=1506&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44521-5&rft.aulast=Huehnergard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhyU9EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Darabic%2Bsouk%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA1506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/souk">"Etymology of souk"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+souk&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fsouk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffPressStaff1999" class="citation book cs1">Staff, Press Boulevard Company; Press, Oxford University; Staff, Oxford University Press (1999). "souk". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0t5ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-16995-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-16995-7"><bdi>978-0-425-16995-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=souk&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Essential+Dictionary+of+Foreign+Terms+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-425-16995-7&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Press+Boulevard+Company&rft.au=Press%2C+Oxford+University&rft.au=Staff%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0t5ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamza2022" class="citation book cs1">Hamza, Neveen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wah6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20"><i>Architecture and Urban Transformation of Historical Markets: Cases from the Middle East and North Africa</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-64546-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-64546-0"><bdi>978-1-000-64546-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Urban+Transformation+of+Historical+Markets%3A+Cases+from+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-64546-0&rft.aulast=Hamza&rft.aufirst=Neveen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWah6EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2012" class="citation book cs1">Waite, Maurice (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mYicAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA695"><i>Paperback Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 695. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964094-2"><bdi>978-0-19-964094-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paperback+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=695&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964094-2&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmYicAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voh5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT228"><i>DK Eyewitness Morocco</i></a>. DK. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7440-8192-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7440-8192-3"><bdi>978-0-7440-8192-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+Morocco&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7440-8192-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvoh5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoemake2013" class="citation book cs1">Shoemake, Josh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7iKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61"><i>Tangier: A Literary Guide For Travellers</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-376-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-376-4"><bdi>978-0-85773-376-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tangier%3A+A+Literary+Guide+For+Travellers&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-376-4&rft.aulast=Shoemake&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7iKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivière1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivière, Paul-Louis (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGAQAQAAIAAJ"><i>Villes et solitudes: croquis d'Europe et d'Afrique</i></a> (in French). Paris: Plon, Nourrit et Cie. p. 219. <q>Socco est l'altération espagnole du mot arabe souk (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villes+et+solitudes%3A+croquis+d%27Europe+et+d%27Afrique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Plon%2C+Nourrit+et+Cie&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Rivi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Paul-Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGAQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharipour2012" class="citation book cs1">Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGpjEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History</i></a>. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8"><bdi>978-1-61797-346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+The+Culture+and+Politics+of+Commerce%3A+Bazaars+in+the+Islamic+world&rft.btitle=The+Bazaar+in+the+Islamic+City%3A+Design%2C+Culture%2C+and+History&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61797-346-8&rft.aulast=Gharipour&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGpjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourjafarAminiHatami_VarzanehMahdavinejad2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pourjafar, Mohammadreza; Amini, Masoome; Hatami Varzaneh, Elham; Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad (2014-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2013.11.001">"Role of bazaars as a unifying factor in traditional cities of Iran: The Isfahan bazaar"</a>. <i>Frontiers of Architectural Research</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 10–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2013.11.001">10.1016/j.foar.2013.11.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2095-2635">2095-2635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+Architectural+Research&rft.atitle=Role+of+bazaars+as+a+unifying+factor+in+traditional+cities+of+Iran%3A+The+Isfahan+bazaar&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-19&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foar.2013.11.001&rft.issn=2095-2635&rft.aulast=Pourjafar&rft.aufirst=Mohammadreza&rft.au=Amini%2C+Masoome&rft.au=Hatami+Varzaneh%2C+Elham&rft.au=Mahdavinejad%2C+Mohammadjavad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.foar.2013.11.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharipour2012" class="citation book cs1">Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGpjEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History</i></a>. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 3–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8"><bdi>978-1-61797-346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+The+Culture+and+Politics+of+Commerce%3A+Bazaars+in+the+Islamic+world&rft.btitle=The+Bazaar+in+the+Islamic+City%3A+Design%2C+Culture%2C+and+History&rft.pages=3-15&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61797-346-8&rft.aulast=Gharipour&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGpjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanachiYadollahi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hanachi, Pirooz; Yadollahi, Solmaz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/1331/">"Tabriz Historical Bazaar in the context of change"</a>. <i>ICOMOS Conference Proceedings</i>. Paris, France: 1028–1039.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICOMOS+Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Tabriz+Historical+Bazaar+in+the+context+of+change&rft.pages=1028-1039&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hanachi&rft.aufirst=Pirooz&rft.au=Yadollahi%2C+Solmaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenarchive.icomos.org%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1331%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThamis2012" class="citation web cs1">Thamis (18 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/86/herodotus-on-the-egyptians/">"Herodotus on the Egyptians"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Herodotus+on+the+Egyptians&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft.au=Thamis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F86%2Fherodotus-on-the-egyptians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Herodotus: The History of Herodotus,</i> Book I (The Babylonians), c. 440BC, translated by G.C. Macaulay, c. 1890</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:522-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:522_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharipour2012" class="citation book cs1">Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGpjEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History</i></a>. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8"><bdi>978-1-61797-346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+The+Culture+and+Politics+of+Commerce%3A+Bazaars+in+the+Islamic+world&rft.btitle=The+Bazaar+in+the+Islamic+City%3A+Design%2C+Culture%2C+and+History&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61797-346-8&rft.aulast=Gharipour&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGpjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:242-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:242_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Market, covered". <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Market%2C+covered&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=464-465&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Caravanserai". <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 353–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caravanserai&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=353-355&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05222-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05222_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05222_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05222_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05222_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05222_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05222_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2011" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem (2011). "Bazaar, Iran and Central Asia". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161658" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161658"><bdi>9789004161658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bazaar%2C+Iran+and+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004161658&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05223-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05223_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuban2011" class="citation book cs1">Kuban, Doğan (2011). "Bazaar, Anatolia and the Balkans". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161658" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161658"><bdi>9789004161658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bazaar%2C+Anatolia+and+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004161658&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif2007" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007). <i>Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture</i>. 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(1999). <i>Le Khan al-Khalili et ses environs: Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siècle</i>. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Khan+al-Khalili+et+ses+environs%3A+Un+centre+commercial+et+artisanal+au+Caire+du+XIIIe+au+XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karimi, M., Moradi, E. and Mehr, R., "Bazaar, As a Symbol of Culture and the Architecture of Commercial Spaces in Iranian-Islamic Civilization,"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO, <i>Medina of Fez,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=round&filename=201010291220021">"eAleppo: The old Souks of Aleppo (in Arabic)"</a>. Esyria.sy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eAleppo%3A+The+old+Souks+of+Aleppo+%28in+Arabic%29&rft.pub=Esyria.sy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esyria.sy%2Fealeppo%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories%26category%3Dround%26filename%3D201010291220021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aleppo_plan-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aleppo_plan_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=misc&filename=201009251220032">"eAleppo:Aleppo city major plans throughout the history"</a> (in Arabic).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eAleppo%3AAleppo+city+major+plans+throughout+the+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esyria.sy%2Fealeppo%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories%26category%3Dmisc%26filename%3D201009251220032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO, <i>Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1346">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1346</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter" class="citation web cs1">Center, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5196/">"Bazaar of Qaisariye in Laar - UNESCO World Heritage Center"</a>. <i>whc.unesco.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Bazaar+of+Qaisariye+in+Laar+-+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Center&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5196%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/turkeys-bazaar-added-to-temporary-unesco-heritage-list/1807947">"Turkey's bazaar added to temporary UNESCO Heritage list"</a>. <i>www.aa.com.tr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+bazaar+added+to+temporary+UNESCO+Heritage+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fturkeys-bazaar-added-to-temporary-unesco-heritage-list%2F1807947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Doha's Sprawling Souk Enters the Modern Era, <i>The National</i> [UAE edition], 25 February 2011, " <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thenational.ae/business/travel-and-tourism/doha-s-sprawling-souk-enters-the-modern-age-1.420872">https://www.thenational.ae/business/travel-and-tourism/doha-s-sprawling-souk-enters-the-modern-age-1.420872</a>; Ramkumar, E.S., "Eid Shopping Reaches Crescendo," <i>Arab News,</i> 13 October 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/304533">http://www.arabnews.com/node/304533</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam2010" class="citation web cs1">Islam, Sanam (2010-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/perfecting-the-haggle-why-it-s-always-worth-walking-away-1.546397">"Perfecting the haggle: why it's always worth walking away"</a>. <i>The National</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Perfecting+the+haggle%3A+why+it%27s+always+worth+walking+away&rft.date=2010-03-27&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Sanam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Flifestyle%2Fperfecting-the-haggle-why-it-s-always-worth-walking-away-1.546397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:524-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:524_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:524_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:524_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:524_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:524_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharipour2012" class="citation book cs1">Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGpjEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History</i></a>. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 1–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8"><bdi>978-1-61797-346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+The+Culture+and+Politics+of+Commerce%3A+Bazaars+in+the+Islamic+world&rft.btitle=The+Bazaar+in+the+Islamic+City%3A+Design%2C+Culture%2C+and+History&rft.pages=1-50&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61797-346-8&rft.aulast=Gharipour&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGpjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNejad2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nejad, Reza Masoudi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228469734">"Social bazaar and commercial bazaar: comparative study of spatial role of Iranian bazaar in the historical cities in different socio-economical context"</a>. <i>5th International Space Syntax Symposium Proceedings</i>. Netherlands: Techne Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=5th+International+Space+Syntax+Symposium+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Social+bazaar+and+commercial+bazaar%3A+comparative+study+of+spatial+role+of+Iranian+bazaar+in+the+historical+cities+in+different+socio-economical+context&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nejad&rft.aufirst=Reza+Masoudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228469734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:523-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:523_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharipour2012" class="citation book cs1">Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGpjEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History</i></a>. American University in Cairo Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-346-8"><bdi>978-1-61797-346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+The+Culture+and+Politics+of+Commerce%3A+Bazaars+in+the+Islamic+world&rft.btitle=The+Bazaar+in+the+Islamic+City%3A+Design%2C+Culture%2C+and+History&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61797-346-8&rft.aulast=Gharipour&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGpjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanda, S. and Warms, E.L., <i>Cultural Anthropology,</i> Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston, C., <i>New Worlds Reflected: Travel and Utopia in the Early Modern Period,</i> <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meagher, J., "Orientalism in Nineteenth-Century Art," [The Metropolitan Museum of Art Essay], Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/euor/hd_euor.htm">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/euor/hd_euor.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Oyly, Charles, <i>Antiquities of Dacca,</i> London, J. Landseer, 1814 as cited in Bonham's <i>Fine Books and Manuscripts Catalogue,</i> 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20048/lot/2070/">https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20048/lot/2070/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanda, S. and Warms, E.L., <i>Cultural Anthropology,</i> Cengage Learning, 2010, pp 330–331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, K., <i>Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia,</i> New York, Laynfaroh, 2005; Meagher, J., "Orientalism in Nineteenth-Century Art," [The Metropolitan Museum of Art Essay], Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/euor/hd_euor.htm">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/euor/hd_euor.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston, C., <i>New Worlds Reflected: Travel and Utopia in the Early Modern Period,</i> Routledge, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/romantic/topic_4/welcome.htm">"The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Age: Topic 4: Overview"</a>. <i>www.wwnorton.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wwnorton.com&rft.atitle=The+Norton+Anthology+of+English+Literature%3A+The+Romantic+Age%3A+Topic+4%3A+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwnorton.com%2Fcollege%2Fenglish%2Fnael%2Fromantic%2Ftopic_4%2Fwelcome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidwai, A.R., <i>Literary Orientalism: A Companion,</i> New Delhi, Viva Books, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-813091264-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-813091264-6">978-813091264-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLean, G., <i>The Rise of Oriental Travel: English Visitors to the Ottoman Empire, 1580–1720,</i> Palgrave, 2004, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audouard, O. (de Jouval), <i>Les Mystères de l'Égypte Dévoilés, (French Edition) (originally published in 1865), Elibron Classics, 2006</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcilhac, F., <i>La Vie et l'Oeuvre de Jacques Majorelle: 1886–1962,</i> [The Orientalists Volume 7], ARC Internationale edition, 1988.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Persian Bazaar: Veiled Space of Desire</i> (Mage Publications) by Mehdi Khansari</li> <li><i>The Morphology of the Persian Bazaar</i> (Agah Publications) by Azita Rajabi.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssariT.M.Mahesh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Assari, Ali; T.M.Mahesh (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iotpe.com/IJTPE/IJTPE-2011/IJTPE-Issue9-Vol3-No4-Dec2011/3-IJTPE-Issue9-Vol3-No4-Dec2011-pp18-24.pdf">"Compararative Sustainability of Bazaar in Iranian Traditional Cities: Case Studies in Isfahan and Tabriz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering</i>. <b>3</b> (9): 18–24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Technical+and+Physical+Problems+of+Engineering&rft.atitle=Compararative+Sustainability+of+Bazaar+in+Iranian+Traditional+Cities%3A+Case+Studies+in+Isfahan+and+Tabriz&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=18-24&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Assari&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=T.M.Mahesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iotpe.com%2FIJTPE%2FIJTPE-2011%2FIJTPE-Issue9-Vol3-No4-Dec2011%2F3-IJTPE-Issue9-Vol3-No4-Dec2011-pp18-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazaar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bazaar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bazaar">bazaar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bazaars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bazaars">Bazaars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230174333/http://www.iranchamber.com/architecture/bazaar_of_isfahan1.php">Iran Chamber Society on Architecture of the Bazaar at Isfahan</a> (archived 30 December 2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bazaar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bazaar">"Bazaar" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 559.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bazaar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=559&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABazaar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219760#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219760#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219760#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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