CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>天城文 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"689fefae-7821-46df-ada5-116351c4a31c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"天城文","wgTitle":"天城文","wgCurRevisionId":84409553,"wgRevisionId":84409553,"wgArticleId":141095,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","模板中使用无效日期参数的条目","所有需要專家關注的頁面","需要语言学专家关注的页面","自2024年8月粗劣翻译","含有多个问题的条目","有 ISO 15924 四字母編碼的文字","含有梵語的條目","使用國際音標字元的條目","自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目","条目有永久失效的外部链接","自2024年8月需要語言學专家关注的页面","亞洲文字","印度文字","婆羅米系文字"],"wgPageViewLanguage": "zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"天城文","wgRelevantArticleId":141095,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q38592", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1152"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/800px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="768"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/640px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="614"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="天城文 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-天城文 rootpage-天城文 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 主菜单 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z">首页</a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科">分类索引</a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容">特色内容</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料">新闻动态</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r">最近更改</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x">随机条目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助">帮助</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做">维基社群</a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引">方针与指引</a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论">互助客栈</a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方">知识问答</a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求">字词转换</a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93">IRC即时聊天</a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科">联络我们</a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介">关于维基百科</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"> 搜索 </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 外观 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class="">资助维基百科</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class="">登录</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-原理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 原理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-字母" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#字母"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 字母 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-字母-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关字母子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-字母-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 元音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輔音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輔音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 輔音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輔音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-合寫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#合寫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 合寫 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-合寫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-三字合寫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#三字合寫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 三字合寫 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-三字合寫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重音標號" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重音標號"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 重音標號 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重音標號-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-數字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 數字 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-數字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书写形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书写形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 书写形式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书写形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轉寫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轉寫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 轉寫 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-轉寫-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关轉寫子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-轉寫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IAST" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IAST"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 IAST </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IAST-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvard-Kyoto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard-Kyoto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Harvard-Kyoto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard-Kyoto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ITRANS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ITRANS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 ITRANS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ITRANS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISO_15919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_15919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 ISO 15919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_15919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALA-LC羅馬化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALA-LC羅馬化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 ALA-LC羅馬化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALA-LC羅馬化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-編碼" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#編碼"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 編碼 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-編碼-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关編碼子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-編碼-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISCII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISCII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 ISCII </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISCII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode中的天城文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode中的天城文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Unicode中的天城文 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode中的天城文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天城文鍵盤布局" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天城文鍵盤布局"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 天城文鍵盤布局 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-天城文鍵盤布局-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关天城文鍵盤布局子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-天城文鍵盤布局-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-INSCRIPT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#INSCRIPT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 INSCRIPT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-INSCRIPT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-打字機" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#打字機"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 打字機 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-打字機-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 引用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考書目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考書目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 參考書目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考書目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 外部連結 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关外部連結子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-字體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#字體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 字體 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-字體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文檔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文檔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 文檔 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文檔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工具和應用程序" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工具和應用程序"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 工具和應用程序 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工具和應用程序-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">天城文</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。117种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" > 117种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ديوناكري – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديوناكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="দেৱনাগৰী লিপি – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দেৱনাগৰী লিপি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Devanágari" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanaqari" title="Devanaqari – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Devanaqari" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дэванагары – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэванагары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewanagari" title="Dewanagari – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Dewanagari" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="দেবনাগরী লিপি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেবনাগরী লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیڤاناگەری – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیڤاناگەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9van%C3%A1gar%C3%AD" title="Dévanágarí – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dévanágarí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAvenagerki" title="Dêvenagerki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dêvenagerki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Δεβαναγαρικό αλφάβητο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεβαναγαρικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagario" title="Nagario – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nagario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanaagari_kiri" title="Devanaagari kiri – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Devanaagari kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیواناگری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیواناگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Devanágari" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी लिपी – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="देवनागरी लिपी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="દેવનાગરી – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દેવનાગરી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99" title="כתב דוואנגרי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב דוואנגרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagri" title="Devanagri – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Devanagri" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9van%C3%A1gari_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Dévanágari írás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dévanágari írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Դևանագարի – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դևանագարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" title="Aksara Dewanagari – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Dewanagari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_alfabeto" title="Devanagari alfabeto – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Devanagari alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagar%C3%AD" title="Devanagarí – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Devanagarí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_devanagari" title="Alfabeto devanagari – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto devanagari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="デーヴァナーガリー – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デーヴァナーガリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_D%C3%A9wanagari" title="Aksara Déwanagari – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Déwanagari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დევანაგარი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დევანაგარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Diwanagori" title="Aksara Diwanagori – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Diwanagori" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="អក្សរទេវនាគរី – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរទេវនាគរី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ದೇವನಾಗರಿ ಲಿಪಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೇವನಾಗರಿ ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="데바나가리 문자 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데바나가리 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagar%C3%AE" title="Devanagarî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Devanagarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_devanagari" title="Alfabeta devanagari – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta devanagari" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Devanagari raštas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Devanagari raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%93van%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Dēvanāgarī – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dēvanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ദേവനാഗരി – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദേവനാഗരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Деванагари бичиг – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Деванагари бичиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯗꯦꯚꯅꯥꯒꯔꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯗꯦꯚꯅꯥꯒꯔꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Dewanagari" title="Tulisan Dewanagari – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Dewanagari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ဒေဝနာဂရီအက္ခရာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒေဝနာဂရီအက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="देवनागरी लिपि – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देवनागरी लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="देवनागरी लिपि – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="देवनागरी लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਦੇਵਨਾਗਰੀ ਲਿਪੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੇਵਨਾਗਰੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan%C3%A1gar%C3%AE" title="Dewanágarî – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dewanágarî" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_dewanagari" title="Pismo dewanagari – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo dewanagari" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="دیو ناگری لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیو ناگری لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="دېوناگري – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دېوناگري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Devanágari" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwanaqri_siq%27i_llumpa" title="Diwanaqri siq'i llumpa – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Diwanaqri siq'i llumpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devnagr%C4%AB" title="Devnagrī – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Devnagrī" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%BD" title="ديوناگري اسڪرپٽ – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ديوناگري اسڪرپٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93" title="දේවනාගරී – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේවනාගරී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9van%C3%A1gar%C3%AD" title="Dévanágarí – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dévanágarí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیوناگری – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="دیوناگری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="தேவநாகரி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேவநாகரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="దేవనాగరి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దేవనాగరి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Девоногарӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Девоногарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="อักษรเทวนาครี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรเทวนาครี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96" title="Деванаґарі – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Деванаґарі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیوناگری – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیوناگری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天城文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დევანაგარი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დევანაგარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99" title="דעוואנאגארי – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעוואנאגארי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%AB%94" title="天城體 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天城體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%AD%97" title="天城字 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天城字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38592#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >不转换 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">不转换</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans">简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant">繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN">大陆简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK">香港繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO">澳門繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY">大马简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG">新加坡简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW">臺灣正體</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=history">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q">特殊页面</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&oldid=84409553" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息">页面信息</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&id=84409553&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息">引用此页</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E5%259F%258E%25E6%2596%2587">获取短链接</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E5%259F%258E%25E6%2596%2587">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Devanagari" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38592" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-f3e2a619" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">本條目存在以下問題，請協助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit">改善本條目</a>或在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="Talk:天城文">討論頁</a>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學">語言學</a>的编者参与及协助编辑。 (2024年8月12日) 請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="Talk:天城文">討論頁</a>。 另見其他<a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要语言学专家关注的页面">需要語言學專家關注的頁面</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。 (2024年8月12日) 翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。明顯拙劣的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-f3e2a619" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite">天城文 <div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/220px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/330px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/440px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">天城文的手抄本《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="梨俱吠陀">梨俱吠陀</a>》（19世纪初叶）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%99%84%E6%A0%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="元音附标文字">元音附标文字</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">使用时期</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">约公元1200至今</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;">书写方向</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">從左至右 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38592?uselang=zh#P1406" title="编辑维基数据"><img alt="编辑维基数据" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;">区域</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">南亚北部</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;">语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">北印</a>各语言：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语">印地语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉地语">马拉地语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="信德语">信德语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="比哈尔语">比哈尔语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="巴利语">巴利语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="孔卡尼语">孔卡尼语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%9D%B0%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="博杰普尔语">博杰普尔语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语">尼泊尔语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼瓦尔语">尼瓦尔语</a>以及部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克什米尔语">克什米尔语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="罗姆语">罗姆语</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;">相关书写体系</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;">父体系</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="腓尼基字母">腓尼基字母</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%98%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="亞蘭字母">亞蘭字母</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆罗米文</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北婆罗米文（页面不存在）">北婆罗米文</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87" title="笈多文">笈多文</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇文字">悉曇文字</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="城文">城文</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>天城文</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;">子体系</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="加拿大原住民音節文字">加拿大原住民音節文字</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;">姊妹体系</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87" title="古吉拉特文">古吉拉特文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%8F%90%E6%96%87" title="凱提文">凱提文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%87" title="莫迪文">莫迪文</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79829556">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Deva <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79829556">(315), Devanagari (Nagari)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;">别名</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">Devanagari</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Unicode字符列表">范围</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf">U+0900–U+097F</a>天城文， <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf">U+A8E0–U+A8FF</a>天城文擴展， <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf">U+1CD0–U+1CFF</a>吠陀擴展</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> 本條目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a> (IPA) 符號。 有關 IPA 符號的介紹指南，請參閱 <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style>[ ]，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ / 及 ⟨ ⟩ 之間的區別，參閲<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">IPA§方括號與轉錄定界符</a>。</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">婆罗米系文字</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> 婆罗米系文字及其衍生书写系统</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">北婆罗米系文字</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87" title="笈多文">笈多文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E6%96%87" title="夏拉達文">夏拉達文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E8%BE%BE%E6%96%87" title="兰达文">兰达文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87" title="古木基文">古木基文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%B0%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科杰基文（页面不存在）">科杰基文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojki_script" class="extiw" title="en:Khojki script">Khojki script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khudabadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khudabadi（页面不存在）">Khudabadi</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khudabadi_script" class="extiw" title="en:Khudabadi script">Khudabadi script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="木尔坦文（页面不存在）">木尔坦文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multani_script" class="extiw" title="en:Multani script">Multani script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%98%E5%93%88%E6%9D%B0%E5%86%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="默哈杰内（页面不存在）">默哈杰内</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajani" class="extiw" title="en:Mahajani">Mahajani</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%87" title="塔克里文">塔克里文</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%EF%BC%88%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道格拉（多格里）文（页面不存在）">道格拉（多格里）文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_script" class="extiw" title="en:Dogri script">Dogri script</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E6%96%87" title="悉曇文">悉曇文字</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="城文">城文</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">天城文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87" title="古吉拉特文">古吉拉特文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%87" title="莫迪文">莫迪文</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="加拿大原住民音節文字">加拿大原住民音節文字</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inuktitut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inuktitut（页面不存在）">Inuktitut</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" class="extiw" title="en:Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut syllabics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cree（页面不存在）">Cree</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_syllabics" class="extiw" title="en:Cree syllabics">Cree syllabics</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AB%A9%E8%BF%AA%E5%9F%8E%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嫩迪城体（页面不存在）">嫩迪城体</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandinagari" class="extiw" title="en:Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%8F%90%E6%96%87" title="凱提文">凱提文</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylheti_Nagri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylheti Nagri（页面不存在）">Sylheti Nagri</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" class="extiw" title="en:Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaudi（页面不存在）">Gaudi</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudi_script" class="extiw" title="en:Gaudi script">Gaudi script</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89-%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%87" title="孟加拉-阿薩姆文">孟加拉-阿薩姆文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87" title="孟加拉文">孟加拉文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assamese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assamese（页面不存在）">Assamese</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:Assamese alphabet">Assamese alphabet</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%86%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87" title="底罗仆多文">底罗仆多文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="奧里亞文">奧里亞文</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepalese_scripts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepalese scripts（页面不存在）">Nepalese</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="extiw" title="en:Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhujimol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhujimol script（页面不存在）">Bhujimol</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhujimol_script" class="extiw" title="en:Bhujimol script">Bhujimol script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E6%9C%AD%E6%96%87" title="蘭札文">蘭札文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%B0%B8%E5%B8%83%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="索永布字母">索永布字母</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pracalit_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pracalit script（页面不存在）">Pracalit</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pracalit_script" class="extiw" title="en:Pracalit script">Pracalit script</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文">藏文</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meitei_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meitei script（页面不存在）">Meitei</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_script" class="extiw" title="en:Meitei script">Meitei script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%92%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%87" title="绒巴文">绒巴文</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%83%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="林布文（页面不存在）">林布文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_script" class="extiw" title="en:Limbu script">Limbu script</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khema_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khema script（页面不存在）">Khema</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khema_script" class="extiw" title="en:Khema script">Khema script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%80%9D%E5%B7%B4%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="八思巴字母">八思巴字母</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%B4%E6%9C%AD%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="札那巴札尔方形字母">札那巴札尔方字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文">諺文</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%94%E9%92%A6%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玛尔钦体（页面不存在）">玛尔钦体</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchen_script" class="extiw" title="en:Marchen script">Marchen script</a>） <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalinga_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalinga script（页面不存在）">Kalinga</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_script" class="extiw" title="en:Kalinga script">Kalinga script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E8%88%92%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比克舒基文（页面不存在）">比克舒基文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" class="extiw" title="en:Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki script</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86-%E9%BE%9C%E8%8C%B2%E6%96%87" title="焉耆-龜茲文">焉耆-龜茲文</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">南婆罗米系文字</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil-Brahmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil-Brahmi（页面不存在）">Tamil-Brahmi</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" class="extiw" title="en:Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E6%96%87" title="帕拉瓦文">帕拉瓦文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="泰米爾文">泰米爾文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E5%A1%94%E6%96%87" title="古兰塔文">古兰塔文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%87" title="馬拉雅拉姆文">馬拉雅拉姆文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%82%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒂格拉里文（页面不存在）">蒂格拉里文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigalari_script" class="extiw" title="en:Tigalari script">Tigalari script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%AA%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E9%98%BF%E5%BA%93%E9%B2%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迪维希阿库鲁（页面不存在）">迪维希阿库鲁</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" class="extiw" title="en:Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索拉什特拉文（页面不存在）">索拉什特拉文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_script" class="extiw" title="en:Saurashtra script">Saurashtra script</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E6%96%87" title="高棉文">高棉文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E6%96%87" title="泰国高棉文">泰国高棉文</a></li> <li>原始泰文? <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukhothai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukhothai script（页面不存在）">Sukhothai</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_script" class="extiw" title="en:Sukhothai script">Sukhothai script</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="泰文字">泰文字</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakkham_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakkham script（页面不存在）">Fakkham</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakkham_script" class="extiw" title="en:Fakkham script">Fakkham script</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_Noi_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thai Noi script（页面不存在）">Thai Noi</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="extiw" title="en:Thai Noi script">Thai Noi script</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E6%96%87" title="老撾文">老撾文</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%8B%85%E6%96%87" title="傣担文">傣担文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script（页面不存在）">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Tay_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Tay script（页面不存在）">Lai Tay</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" class="extiw" title="en:Lai Tay script">Lai Tay script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script（页面不存在）">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="占語字母">占語字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%87" title="卡维文">卡维文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8E%98%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="巴厘字母">巴厘字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87" title="巴塔克文">巴塔克文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buda_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buda script（页面不存在）">Buda</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_script" class="extiw" title="en:Buda script">Buda script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="爪哇字母">爪哇字母</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Sundanese_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Sundanese script（页面不存在）">Old Sundanese</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" class="extiw" title="en:Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese script</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundanese_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundanese script（页面不存在）">Sundanese</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_script" class="extiw" title="en:Sundanese script">Sundanese script</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%A0%E6%A6%9C%E8%AF%AD" title="楠榜语">楠榜语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%86%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87" title="隆塔拉文">隆塔拉文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makasar_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makasar script（页面不存在）">Makasar</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasar_script" class="extiw" title="en:Makasar script">Makasar script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E5%B4%87%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="仁崇字母">仁崇字母</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rejang_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rejang script（页面不存在）">Rejang</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejang_script" class="extiw" title="en:Rejang script">Rejang script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%B4%9D%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="贝贝因字母">贝贝因字母</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="布希德文">布希德文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanunuo_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanunuo script（页面不存在）">Hanunuo</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanunuo_script" class="extiw" title="en:Hanunuo script">Hanunuo script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagbanwa_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagbanwa script（页面不存在）">Tagbanwa</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" class="extiw" title="en:Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%A6%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="庫利坦字母">庫利坦字母</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon-Burmese_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mon-Burmese script（页面不存在）">Mon-Burmese</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon-Burmese_script" class="extiw" title="en:Mon-Burmese script">Mon-Burmese script</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E6%96%87" title="缅文">缅文</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chakma_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chakma script（页面不存在）">Chakma</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakma_script" class="extiw" title="en:Chakma script">Chakma script</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet（页面不存在）">S'gaw Karen</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen alphabet</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E7%BB%B7%E6%96%87" title="傣绷文">傣绷文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanchangya_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanchangya script（页面不存在）">Tanchangya</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanchangya_script" class="extiw" title="en:Tanchangya script">Tanchangya script</a>）</li> <li>Lik-Tai scripts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B4%AA%E5%A7%86%E6%96%87" title="阿洪姆文">阿洪姆文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%BA%95%E8%AA%9E" title="坎底語">坎底語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E9%82%A3%E6%96%87" title="傣那文">傣那文</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mon alphabet（页面不存在）">Modern Mon</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:Mon alphabet">Mon alphabet</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82%E6%96%87" title="老傣仂文">老傣仂文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82%E6%96%87" title="新傣仂文">新傣仂文</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%83%E6%96%87" title="驃文">驃文</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatteluttu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatteluttu（页面不存在）">Vatteluttu</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatteluttu" class="extiw" title="en:Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolezhuthu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolezhuthu（页面不存在）">Kolezhuthu</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="extiw" title="en:Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayanma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malayanma（页面不存在）">Malayanma</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayanma" class="extiw" title="en:Malayanma">Malayanma</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E6%96%87" title="僧伽羅文">僧伽羅文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhattiprolu_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhattiprolu script（页面不存在）">Bhattiprolu</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" class="extiw" title="en:Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu script</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadamba script（页面不存在）">Kadamba</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba_script" class="extiw" title="en:Kadamba script">Kadamba script</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu-Kannada_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet（页面不存在）">Telugu-Kannada</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada alphabet</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D%E9%81%94%E6%96%87" title="卡納達文">卡納達文</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goykanadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goykanadi（页面不存在）">Goykanadi</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goykanadi" class="extiw" title="en:Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8D%A2%E5%9B%BA%E6%96%87" title="泰卢固文">泰卢固文</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Template:婆罗米系文字"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Template talk:婆罗米系文字"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:婆罗米系文字"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 天城文（देवनागरी devanāgarī）又称天城体。是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a>所使用的一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>，用来书写<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语">印地语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语">尼泊尔语</a>等语言。天城文最早出现在13世纪初，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="城文">城文</a>变体之一，天城文是对城文的改良而成，改良后的城文为突出其神圣性多加了个梵文“天”字（देव deva）成为天城文<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>。城文来自<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87" title="笈多文">笈多文</a>，笈多文犹如印度的其他文字一样，源自於前3世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆罗米文</a>。現在亞洲不少民族使用的字母与天城文的关系密切，而从<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E6%96%87" title="帕拉瓦文">帕拉瓦文</a>派生的文字则在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="老撾">老撾</a>等地使用。<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="原理">原理</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：原理">编辑</a>]</div> 作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">婆羅米系</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%99%84%E6%A0%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="元音附标文字">元音附標文字</a>，天城文基本原理是多數字母表示一個輔音，并承載一個固有的元音a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ə]或[a]。<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>例如字母क讀作ka，兩個字母कन讀作kana，三個字母कनय讀作kanaya等等。与其他元音拼合或去掉元音时，這些輔音或它們的字母会有变化： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="复辅音">复辅音</a>要<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E9%81%94%E9%BB%9E%E7%95%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="怛達點畵">寫成半字的合寫</a>（saṃyuktākṣara“复合”）。例如，三個字母कनय kanaya可以合寫形成क्नय knaya、कन्य kanya或क्न्य knya。但在從<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E6%96%87" title="悉曇文">悉曇文</a>發展成現代<a class="mw-selflink selflink">天城文</a>的過程中，疊字能力大減，同時由於大多數天城文電腦字體疊字能力均較弱，造成很多輔音叢是用<a href="#毗蓝摩">毗蓝摩（下述）</a>表達的。EKType開發的開源字體<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ektype.in/jaini-1152.html">耆那弗婆体</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210118180215/https://ektype.in/jaini-1152.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（Jainī Pūrvā，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="耆那敎">耆那敎</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%8E%E5%8F%A4%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耆那敎古經（页面不存在）">古經</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purvas" class="extiw" title="en:Purvas">Purvas</a>）體）是少數具有強大疊字能力的字體，甚至接近藏文的疊字能力。</li> <li>除固有元音短a外的元音在拼合辅音时寫為<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E5%8A%A0%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="附加符号">附加符号</a>。例如，क ka可能写成के ke、कु ku、की kī、का kā等，；其中i（ि）位於左側，應當注意。</li> <li>無輔音的元音（詞首或其他元音後），寫作一個字母。例如，ū在कू kū中寫為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="變音符號">變音符號</a>ू，而在ऊक ūka和कऊ kaū中会写成字母ऊ。</li> <li>詞尾的輔音標記的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E9%81%94%E9%BB%9E%E7%95%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="怛達點畵">怛達點</a>畫्是去元音符号，梵語中称做“毗蓝摩”，在印地語中又叫“诃兰多”。它去除固有元音，所以क्नय knaya可以写成क्नय् knay。当輔音音叢不能通过字母变形做到合寫的時候經常就会使用去元音符号。</li></ul> 這样一个字母或帶有變音符號的合寫，称做一个“<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%89%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿叉罗">阿叉罗</a>”（音節、單字）。例如कनय kanaya被算作三個音節，而क्न्य knya和कु ku则都被算作一個音節。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="字母">字母</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：字母">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right" style="width:22em;font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IPA_134.svg/50px-IPA_134.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IPA_134.svg/75px-IPA_134.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IPA_134.svg/100px-IPA_134.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">本页面有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>符号，<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>須<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99#國際音標字體" title="國際音標">支持特殊字母与符号</a>才能正確显示为正确的IPA符号，否则可能變成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</div></div> </div> 由於古印度發達的語言學傳統，天城文的字母排序，類似幾乎所有其他婆羅米系文字，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="發音方式">發音方式</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="發音位置">發音位置</a>二者的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻學">語音</a>原理为依据。該安排常稱為varṇamālā“字母的花環”。<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>的天城文樣式被看做原型，其他語言使用时会有小的變化或扩充。<a href="#cite_note-Salomon2003p75-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音">元音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：元音">编辑</a>]</div> 下表爲輔音和它們的排列順序：<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;" lang="sa"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>獨立形式 </th> <th>羅馬化 </th> <th>作為प的符号 </th> <th rowspan="8" style="width:20px"> </th> <th>獨立形式 </th> <th>羅馬化 </th> <th>作為प的符号 </th></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhya （<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%BD%B6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟齶音">喉音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">अ </td> <td>a </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">प </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">आ </td> <td>ā </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पा </td></tr> <tr> <th>tālavya （<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">腭音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">इ </td> <td>i </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पि </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ई </td> <td>ī </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पी </td></tr> <tr> <th>oṣṭhya （<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">उ </td> <td>u </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पु </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ऊ </td> <td>ū </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पू </td></tr> <tr> <th>mūrdhanya （<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">頭音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ऋ </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पृ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ॠ </td> <td>ṝ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पॄ </td></tr> <tr> <th>dantya （<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ऌ </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पॢ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ॡ </td> <td>ḹ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पॣ </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhatālavya （喉腭音） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ए </td> <td>e </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पे </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ऐ </td> <td>ai </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पै </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhoṣṭhya （喉唇音） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ओ </td> <td>o </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पो </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">औ </td> <td>au </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">पौ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>和元音在一起的還有兩個輔音變音符號，詞尾的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a><a href="/wiki/Anusv%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anusvāra">anusvāra</a> ं ṃ和詞尾的<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a><a href="/wiki/Visarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Visarga">visarga</a> ः ḥ（叫做अं aṃ和अः aḥ）。<a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:146頁)記錄梵語中的anusvāra為“它是表示同部位<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>[...]，還是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻化元音">鼻音化元音</a>，還是鼻音化<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">半元音</a>，還是依據上下文決定是它們中的哪一個，是有爭議的”。visarga表示元音后<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清喉擦音">清喉擦音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[h]，梵語中是s和少見些的r在詞尾位置上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a>。某些誦讀傳統在這個氣息聲后附加前面元音的回響：<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> इः <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ihi]。<a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:146頁)認為visarga和“在很大程度上可預測出來的”<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭鼻音">軟腭鼻音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻音">硬腭鼻音</a>的字母ङ ṅa與ञ ña一起是“這個系統在語音上的過猶不及”的例證。</li> <li>另一個變音符號是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B0%E6%9C%88%E9%BB%9E" title="仰月點">candrabindu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anun%C4%81sika" class="mw-redirect" title="Anunāsika">anunāsika</a> ँ。<a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:76-77頁)描述它為anusvāra的“更加用力的形式”，“有時[...]用來標記真正的[元音]鼻音化”。在新的印度-雅利安語比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印地語">印地語</a>中，這種區別是正式的：candrabindu指示<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻化元音">元音鼻音化</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>，而anusvāra指示在另一個輔音前的同部位<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>：<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>比如，हँसी <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɦə̃si]“笑”，गंगा <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[gəŋgɑ]“恒河”。當 akṣara有一個元音附標在頂上的時候，沒有地方寫candra（“月亮”）筆畫，candrabindu可以只寫一個單獨的點：<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> हूँ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɦũ]“am”，而हैं <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɦɛ̃]“are”。某些書寫者和打字機免除所有的“月亮”，在所有的位置都只寫點。<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a> ऽ (通常轉寫為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元音省略號（页面不存在）">元音省略號</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58929728">.mw-parser-output .sans-serif{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Lato,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}</style>ʼ或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58929728">')是梵語中表示<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="連接音變">連接音變</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="元音省略">元音省略</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%BB%9E%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="標點符號">標點符號</a>：एकोऽयम ekoyam (< ekas + ayam)“this one”。最初的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="長元音">長元音</a>在連接中失去有時用雙avagraha標記：सदाऽऽत्मा sadātmā (< sadā + ātmā)“always, the self”。<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>在印地語中，<a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:77頁)聲稱它的“主要功能是展示元音在哭喊中是持續的”（its main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout.）：आईऽऽऽ! āīīī!。</li> <li>音節主音輔音ṝ、ḷ和ḹ特定於梵語并且不包含在其他語言的varṇamālā中。ṛ所表示的聲音也同樣遺失，它的發音從<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɾɪ]（印地語）到<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɾu]（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬拉地語">馬拉地語</a>）都有。</li> <li>ḹ不是梵語的實際音素，而是包含在元音中的一個圖形約定，用來維持字母的短-長對的對稱性。<a href="#cite_note-Salomon2003p75-5">[5]</a></li> <li>रु ru和रू rū也有一些非正规的写法。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輔音">輔音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：輔音">编辑</a>]</div> 下表爲輔音和它們的排列順序：<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;" lang="sa"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="8">sparśa （<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>） </th> <th colspan="2">anunāsika （<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>） </th> <th colspan="2">antastha （<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a>） </th> <th colspan="4">ūṣma/saṃghashrī （<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a>） </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清濁</a> </th> <td colspan="4">aghoṣa （清音） </td> <td colspan="8" bgcolor="beige">ghoṣa （濁音） </td> <td colspan="2">aghoṣa （清音） </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="beige">ghoṣa （濁音） </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a>與否 </th> <td colspan="2">alpaprāṇa （不送氣音） </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="beige">mahāprāṇa （送氣音） </td> <td colspan="2">alpaprāṇa （不送氣音） </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="beige">mahāprāṇa （送氣音） </td> <td colspan="4">alpaprāṇa （不送氣音） </td> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="beige">mahāprāṇa （送氣音） </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhya （<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%BD%B6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟齶音">喉音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">क</td> <td>ka <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/k/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ख</td> <td>kha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/kʰ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ग</td> <td>ga <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/g/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">घ</td> <td>gha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/gʱ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ङ</td> <td>ṅa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ŋ/ </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ः</td> <td>ḥ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/h/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ह</td> <td>ha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɦ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>tālavya （<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">腭音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">च</td> <td>ca <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/c,ʧ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">छ</td> <td>cha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/cʰ,ʧʰ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ज</td> <td>ja <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɟ,ʤ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">झ</td> <td>jha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɟʱ,ʤʱ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ञ</td> <td>ña <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɲ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">य</td> <td>ya <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/j/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">श</td> <td>śa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɕ,ʃ/ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>mūrdhanya （<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">頭音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ट</td> <td>ṭa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ʈ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ठ</td> <td>ṭha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ʈʰ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ड</td> <td>ḍa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɖ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ढ</td> <td>ḍha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɖʱ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ण</td> <td>ṇa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɳ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">र</td> <td>ra <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/r/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ष</td> <td>ṣa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ʂ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>dantya （<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">त</td> <td>ta <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/t̪/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">थ</td> <td>tha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/t̪ʰ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">द</td> <td>da <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/d̪/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ध</td> <td>dha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/d̪ʱ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">न</td> <td>na <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/n/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ल</td> <td>la <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/l/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">स</td> <td>sa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>oṣṭhya （<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a>） </th> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">प</td> <td>pa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/p/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">फ</td> <td>pha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/pʰ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">ब</td> <td>ba <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/b/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">भ</td> <td>bha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/bʱ/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">म</td> <td>ma <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/m/ </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:200%;">व</td> <td>va <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ʋ/ </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>表示<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌塞音">濁卷舌塞音</a>的元音間<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E5%BD%88%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卷舌邊彈音（页面不存在）">邊彈音</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/𝼈/的ळ ḷa未入圍，它是某些語言中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="音素">音素</a>，比如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬拉地語">馬拉地語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="拉贾斯坦语">拉賈斯坦語</a>。</li> <li>很少增加梵語外的新字形。<a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:146頁)提出：“依照某些人的說法，因為梵語是本源的完美語言，這個系統已經描述和提供了任何情況下所有可能的聲音。所以難於提供甚至考慮那些梵語語言學者所不知道的其他聲音。”在新印度-雅利安語言中不可避免出現的外語借詞和內部發展可用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="變音符號">變音符號</a>或合寫來處理。</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>最多產的變音符號是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="下標">下標</a>nuqtā ़。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印地語">印地語</a>使用它來表示<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯</a>音素क़ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌塞音">qa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/q/，ख़ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭擦音">xa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/x/，ग़ <a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭擦音">ġa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɣ/，ज़ <a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">za</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/z/和फ़ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇擦音">fa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/f/，并用於發展出來的同位異音ड़ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E5%BD%88%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卷舌彈音（页面不存在）">ṛa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɽ/和ढ़ ṛha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɽʱ/。(ऴ ḷha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/𝼈ʱ/在印地語中沒有用到但是可以存在的。)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="信德語">信德語</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">內爆音</a>用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%88%92%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="下划线">下劃線</a>॒表示：ग॒ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊软腭内爆音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɠ]</a>, ज॒ <a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭內爆音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ʄ]</a>, ड॒ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿龈内爆音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɗ]</a>, ब॒ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇内爆音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɓ]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="響音">響音</a>可以表示為同ह ha的合寫：म्ह mha, न्ह nha, ण्ह ṇha, व्ह vha, ल्ह lha, ळ्ह ḷha, र्ह rha。</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:147頁)記錄了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬爾瓦里語（页面不存在）">馬爾瓦里語</a>使用了特殊符號表示ḍa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɗə] (而ड = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɽə])。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="合寫">合寫</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：合寫">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg/180px-JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg/270px-JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg/360px-JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>JanaSanskritSans字体下द्ध्र्य ddhrya的合寫。<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> 如上所述，其間去除元音的連續的輔音可以按照法则合寫在一起為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%AD%97" title="合字">合字</a>（复辅音或多个辅音）。這些支配輔音音叢的規則，有的普遍适用，有的仅对少数辅音适用，还有一些例外。儘管绝大部分已经标准化，但是在輔音音叢中仍有特定的變體，本頁所基於的<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>用到的只是一種方案。下面是一些規則： <ul><li>36個輔音中有24個包含右豎杠（ख、घ、ण等）。作為輔音音叢的第一或中間片段，它們要去掉這個豎杠。比如त + व = त्व，ण + ढ = ण्ढ，स + थ = स्थ。श ś(a)在व va、न na、च ca、ल la和र ra之前時，要寫為श्व śva、श्न śna、श्च śca श्ल śla和श्र śra。</li></ul> <ul><li>र r(a)去元音后作為合字的第一个字母時，写作后面字母或后面字母ा ā-附標上的彎曲上折線，比如र्व rva、र्वा rvā、र्स्प rspa、र्स्पा rspā。当它被置于去元音后的ट ठ ड ढ ङ छ字母之後，两者合写时，则写成這些字母下分叉的兩条斜線，即ट्र ठ्र ड्र ढ्र ङ्र छ्र。在其他地方作為最后一個字母时，它被表示為左下角的斜線，比如क्र ग्र भ्र。त ta上移得到त्र tra。</li></ul> <ul><li>第一個字母無右豎杠（例如द d(a)和ह h(a)）的，可以對第二个字母做縮小和去橫杠處理，然后写在第一个字母的下方。क k(a)、छ ch(a)和फ ph(a)则将右半边钩状的部分縮短然后直接連接上隨后的字符。</li></ul> <ul><li>合寫क्ष kṣ和ज्ञ jñ不能直接從被复合的辅音中变形而来。क्ष是क् + ष的合写，而ज्ञ是ज् + ञ的合寫。</li></ul> 下表列出梵語36個基本字母所組成的1296個所有可能的雙輔音<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音音叢">音叢</a>（大多不見於固有詞），将光标滚动至連寫處可显示其羅馬化形式。其中橙底表示例外形式的連寫，灰底表示帶有virāma的連寫。 <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" lang="sa"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>क</th> <th>ख</th> <th>ग</th> <th>घ</th> <th>ङ</th> <th>च</th> <th>छ</th> <th>ज</th> <th>झ</th> <th>ञ</th> <th>ट</th> <th>ठ</th> <th>ड</th> <th>ढ</th> <th>ण</th> <th>त</th> <th>थ</th> <th>द</th> <th>ध</th> <th>न</th> <th>प</th> <th>फ</th> <th>ब</th> <th>भ</th> <th>म</th> <th>य</th> <th>र</th> <th>ल</th> <th>व</th> <th>श</th> <th>ष</th> <th>स</th> <th>ह</th> <th>ळ</th> <th style="background: #cfc">क्ष</th> <th style="background: #cfc">ज्ञ </th></tr> <tr> <th>क </th> <td>क्क </td> <td>क्ख </td> <td>क्ग </td> <td>क्घ </td> <td>क्ङ </td> <td>क्च </td> <td>क्छ </td> <td>क्ज </td> <td>क्झ </td> <td>क्ञ </td> <td>क्ट </td> <td>क्ठ </td> <td>क्ड </td> <td>क्ढ </td> <td>क्ण </td> <td>क्त </td> <td>क्थ </td> <td>क्द </td> <td>क्ध </td> <td>क्न </td> <td>क्प </td> <td>क्फ </td> <td>क्ब </td> <td>क्भ </td> <td>क्म </td> <td>क्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">क्र </td> <td>क्ल </td> <td>क्व </td> <td>क्श </td> <td style="background: #fd0">क्ष </td> <td>क्स </td> <td>क्ह </td> <td>क्ळ </td> <td>क्क्ष </td> <td>क्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ख </th> <td>ख्क </td> <td>ख्ख </td> <td>ख्ग </td> <td>ख्घ </td> <td>ख्ङ </td> <td>ख्च </td> <td>ख्छ </td> <td>ख्ज </td> <td>ख्झ </td> <td>ख्ञ </td> <td>ख्ट </td> <td>ख्ठ </td> <td>ख्ड </td> <td>ख्ढ </td> <td>ख्ण </td> <td>ख्त </td> <td>ख्थ </td> <td>ख्द </td> <td>ख्ध </td> <td>ख्न </td> <td>ख्प </td> <td>ख्फ </td> <td>ख्ब </td> <td>ख्भ </td> <td>ख्म </td> <td>ख्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ख्र </td> <td>ख्ल </td> <td>ख्व </td> <td>ख्श </td> <td>ख्ष </td> <td>ख्स </td> <td>ख्ह </td> <td>ख्ळ </td> <td>ख्क्ष </td> <td>ख्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ग </th> <td>ग्क </td> <td>ग्ख </td> <td>ग्ग </td> <td>ग्घ </td> <td>ग्ङ </td> <td>ग्च </td> <td>ग्छ </td> <td>ग्ज </td> <td>ग्झ </td> <td>ग्ञ </td> <td>ग्ट </td> <td>ग्ठ </td> <td>ग्ड </td> <td>ग्ढ </td> <td>ग्ण </td> <td>ग्त </td> <td>ग्थ </td> <td>ग्द </td> <td>ग्ध </td> <td>ग्न </td> <td>ग्प </td> <td>ग्फ </td> <td>ग्ब </td> <td>ग्भ </td> <td>ग्म </td> <td>ग्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ग्र </td> <td>ग्ल </td> <td>ग्व </td> <td>ग्श </td> <td>ग्ष </td> <td>ग्स </td> <td>ग्ह </td> <td>ग्ळ </td> <td>ग्क्ष </td> <td>ग्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>घ </th> <td>घ्क </td> <td>घ्ख </td> <td>घ्ग </td> <td>घ्घ </td> <td>घ्ङ </td> <td>घ्च </td> <td>घ्छ </td> <td>घ्ज </td> <td>घ्झ </td> <td>घ्ञ </td> <td>घ्ट </td> <td>घ्ठ </td> <td>घ्ड </td> <td>घ्ढ </td> <td>घ्ण </td> <td>घ्त </td> <td>घ्थ </td> <td>घ्द </td> <td>घ्ध </td> <td>घ्न </td> <td>घ्प </td> <td>घ्फ </td> <td>घ्ब </td> <td>घ्भ </td> <td>घ्म </td> <td>घ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">घ्र </td> <td>घ्ल </td> <td>घ्व </td> <td>घ्श </td> <td>घ्ष </td> <td>घ्स </td> <td>घ्ह </td> <td>घ्ळ </td> <td>घ्क्ष </td> <td>घ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddd"> <th>ङ </th> <td>ङ्क </td> <td>ङ्ख </td> <td>ङ्ग </td> <td>ङ्घ </td> <td>ङ्ङ </td> <td>ङ्च </td> <td>ङ्छ </td> <td>ङ्ज </td> <td>ङ्झ </td> <td>ङ्ञ </td> <td>ङ्ट </td> <td>ङ्ठ </td> <td>ङ्ड </td> <td>ङ्ढ </td> <td>ङ्ण </td> <td>ङ्त </td> <td>ङ्थ </td> <td>ङ्द </td> <td>ङ्ध </td> <td>ङ्न </td> <td>ङ्प </td> <td>ङ्फ </td> <td>ङ्ब </td> <td>ङ्भ </td> <td>ङ्म </td> <td>ङ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ङ्र </td> <td>ङ्ल </td> <td>ङ्व </td> <td>ङ्श </td> <td>ङ्ष </td> <td>ङ्स </td> <td>ङ्ह </td> <td>ङ्ळ </td> <td>ङ्क्ष </td> <td>ङ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>च </th> <td>च्क </td> <td>च्ख </td> <td>च्ग </td> <td>च्घ </td> <td>च्ङ </td> <td>च्च </td> <td>च्छ </td> <td>च्ज </td> <td>च्झ </td> <td>च्ञ </td> <td>च्ट </td> <td>च्ठ </td> <td>च्ड </td> <td>च्ढ </td> <td>च्ण </td> <td>च्त </td> <td>च्थ </td> <td>च्द </td> <td>च्ध </td> <td>च्न </td> <td>च्प </td> <td>च्फ </td> <td>च्ब </td> <td>च्भ </td> <td>च्म </td> <td>च्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">च्र </td> <td>च्ल </td> <td>च्व </td> <td>च्श </td> <td>च्ष </td> <td>च्स </td> <td>च्ह </td> <td>च्ळ </td> <td>च्क्ष </td> <td>च्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>छ </th> <td>छ्क </td> <td>छ्ख </td> <td>छ्ग </td> <td>छ्घ </td> <td>छ्ङ </td> <td>छ्च </td> <td>छ्छ </td> <td>छ्ज </td> <td>छ्झ </td> <td>छ्ञ </td> <td>छ्ट </td> <td>छ्ठ </td> <td>छ्ड </td> <td>छ्ढ </td> <td>छ्ण </td> <td>छ्त </td> <td>छ्थ </td> <td>छ्द </td> <td>छ्ध </td> <td>छ्न </td> <td>छ्प </td> <td>छ्फ </td> <td>छ्ब </td> <td>छ्भ </td> <td>छ्म </td> <td>छ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">छ्र </td> <td>छ्ल </td> <td>छ्व </td> <td>छ्श </td> <td>छ्ष </td> <td>छ्स </td> <td>छ्ह </td> <td>छ्ळ </td> <td>छ्क्ष </td> <td>छ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ज </th> <td>ज्क </td> <td>ज्ख </td> <td>ज्ग </td> <td>ज्घ </td> <td>ज्ङ </td> <td>ज्च </td> <td>ज्छ </td> <td>ज्ज </td> <td>ज्झ </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ज्ञ </td> <td>ज्ट </td> <td>ज्ठ </td> <td>ज्ड </td> <td>ज्ढ </td> <td>ज्ण </td> <td>ज्त </td> <td>ज्थ </td> <td>ज्द </td> <td>ज्ध </td> <td>ज्न </td> <td>ज्प </td> <td>ज्फ </td> <td>ज्ब </td> <td>ज्भ </td> <td>ज्म </td> <td>ज्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ज्र </td> <td>ज्ल </td> <td>ज्व </td> <td>ज्श </td> <td>ज्ष </td> <td>ज्स </td> <td>ज्ह </td> <td>ज्ळ </td> <td>ज्क्ष </td> <td>ज्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>झ </th> <td>झ्क </td> <td>झ्ख </td> <td>झ्ग </td> <td>झ्घ </td> <td>झ्ङ </td> <td>झ्च </td> <td>झ्छ </td> <td>झ्ज </td> <td>झ्झ </td> <td>झ्ञ </td> <td>झ्ट </td> <td>झ्ठ </td> <td>झ्ड </td> <td>झ्ढ </td> <td>झ्ण </td> <td>झ्त </td> <td>झ्थ </td> <td>झ्द </td> <td>झ्ध </td> <td>झ्न </td> <td>झ्प </td> <td>झ्फ </td> <td>झ्ब </td> <td>झ्भ </td> <td>झ्म </td> <td>झ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">झ्र </td> <td>झ्ल </td> <td>झ्व </td> <td>झ्श </td> <td>झ्ष </td> <td>झ्स </td> <td>झ्ह </td> <td>झ्ळ </td> <td>झ्क्ष </td> <td>झ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ञ </th> <td>ञ्क </td> <td>ञ्ख </td> <td>ञ्ग </td> <td>ञ्घ </td> <td>ञ्ङ </td> <td>ञ्च </td> <td>ञ्छ </td> <td>ञ्ज </td> <td>ञ्झ </td> <td>ञ्ञ </td> <td>ञ्ट </td> <td>ञ्ठ </td> <td>ञ्ड </td> <td>ञ्ढ </td> <td>ञ्ण </td> <td>ञ्त </td> <td>ञ्थ </td> <td>ञ्द </td> <td>ञ्ध </td> <td>ञ्न </td> <td>ञ्प </td> <td>ञ्फ </td> <td>ञ्ब </td> <td>ञ्भ </td> <td>ञ्म </td> <td>ञ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ञ्र </td> <td>ञ्ल </td> <td>ञ्व </td> <td>ञ्श </td> <td>ञ्ष </td> <td>ञ्स </td> <td>ञ्ह </td> <td>ञ्ळ </td> <td>ञ्क्ष </td> <td>ञ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddd"> <th>ट </th> <td>ट्क </td> <td>ट्ख </td> <td>ट्ग </td> <td>ट्घ </td> <td>ट्ङ </td> <td>ट्च </td> <td>ट्छ </td> <td>ट्ज </td> <td>ट्झ </td> <td>ट्ञ </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ट्ट </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ट्ठ </td> <td>ट्ड </td> <td>ट्ढ </td> <td>ट्ण </td> <td>ट्त </td> <td>ट्थ </td> <td>ट्द </td> <td>ट्ध </td> <td>ट्न </td> <td>ट्प </td> <td>ट्फ </td> <td>ट्ब </td> <td>ट्भ </td> <td>ट्म </td> <td>ट्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ट्र </td> <td>ट्ल </td> <td>ट्व </td> <td>ट्श </td> <td>ट्ष </td> <td>ट्स </td> <td>ट्ह </td> <td>ट्ळ </td> <td>ट्क्ष </td> <td>ट्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddd"> <th>ठ </th> <td>ठ्क </td> <td>ठ्ख </td> <td>ठ्ग </td> <td>ठ्घ </td> <td>ठ्ङ </td> <td>ठ्च </td> <td>ठ्छ </td> <td>ठ्ज </td> <td>ठ्झ </td> <td>ठ्ञ </td> <td>ठ्ट </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ठ्ठ </td> <td>ठ्ड </td> <td>ठ्ढ </td> <td>ठ्ण </td> <td>ठ्त </td> <td>ठ्थ </td> <td>ठ्द </td> <td>ठ्ध </td> <td>ठ्न </td> <td>ठ्प </td> <td>ठ्फ </td> <td>ठ्ब </td> <td>ठ्भ </td> <td>ठ्म </td> <td>ठ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ठ्र </td> <td>ठ्ल </td> <td>ठ्व </td> <td>ठ्श </td> <td>ठ्ष </td> <td>ठ्स </td> <td>ठ्ह </td> <td>ठ्ळ </td> <td>ठ्क्ष </td> <td>ठ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddd"> <th>ड </th> <td>ड्क </td> <td>ड्ख </td> <td>ड्ग </td> <td>ड्घ </td> <td>ड्ङ </td> <td>ड्च </td> <td>ड्छ </td> <td>ड्ज </td> <td>ड्झ </td> <td>ड्ञ </td> <td>ड्ट </td> <td>ड्ठ </td> <td>ड्ड </td> <td>ड्ढ </td> <td>ड्ण </td> <td>ड्त </td> <td>ड्थ </td> <td>ड्द </td> <td>ड्ध </td> <td>ड्न </td> <td>ड्प </td> <td>ड्फ </td> <td>ड्ब </td> <td>ड्भ </td> <td>ड्म </td> <td>ड्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ड्र </td> <td>ड्ल </td> <td>ड्व </td> <td>ड्श </td> <td>ड्ष </td> <td>ड्स </td> <td>ड्ह </td> <td>ड्ळ </td> <td>ड्क्ष </td> <td>ड्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddd"> <th>ढ </th> <td>ढ्क </td> <td>ढ्ख </td> <td>ढ्ग </td> <td>ढ्घ </td> <td>ढ्ङ </td> <td>ढ्च </td> <td>ढ्छ </td> <td>ढ्ज </td> <td>ढ्झ </td> <td>ढ्ञ </td> <td>ढ्ट </td> <td>ढ्ठ </td> <td>ढ्ड </td> <td>ढ्ढ </td> <td>ढ्ण </td> <td>ढ्त </td> <td>ढ्थ </td> <td>ढ्द </td> <td>ढ्ध </td> <td>ढ्न </td> <td>ढ्प </td> <td>ढ्फ </td> <td>ढ्ब </td> <td>ढ्भ </td> <td>ढ्म </td> <td>ढ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ढ्र </td> <td>ढ्ल </td> <td>ढ्व </td> <td>ढ्श </td> <td>ढ्ष </td> <td>ढ्स </td> <td>ढ्ह </td> <td>ढ्ळ </td> <td>ढ्क्ष </td> <td>ढ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ण </th> <td>ण्क </td> <td>ण्ख </td> <td>ण्ग </td> <td>ण्घ </td> <td>ण्ङ </td> <td>ण्च </td> <td>ण्छ </td> <td>ण्ज </td> <td>ण्झ </td> <td>ण्ञ </td> <td>ण्ट </td> <td>ण्ठ </td> <td>ण्ड </td> <td>ण्ढ </td> <td>ण्ण </td> <td>ण्त </td> <td>ण्थ </td> <td>ण्द </td> <td>ण्ध </td> <td>ण्न </td> <td>ण्प </td> <td>ण्फ </td> <td>ण्ब </td> <td>ण्भ </td> <td>ण्म </td> <td>ण्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ण्र </td> <td>ण्ल </td> <td>ण्व </td> <td>ण्श </td> <td>ण्ष </td> <td>ण्स </td> <td>ण्ह </td> <td>ण्ळ </td> <td>ण्क्ष </td> <td>ण्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>त </th> <td>त्क </td> <td>त्ख </td> <td>त्ग </td> <td>त्घ </td> <td>त्ङ </td> <td>त्च </td> <td>त्छ </td> <td>त्ज </td> <td>त्झ </td> <td>त्ञ </td> <td>त्ट </td> <td>त्ठ </td> <td>त्ड </td> <td>त्ढ </td> <td>त्ण </td> <td>त्त </td> <td>त्थ </td> <td>त्द </td> <td>त्ध </td> <td>त्न </td> <td>त्प </td> <td>त्फ </td> <td>त्ब </td> <td>त्भ </td> <td>त्म </td> <td>त्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">त्र </td> <td>त्ल </td> <td>त्व </td> <td>त्श </td> <td>त्ष </td> <td>त्स </td> <td>त्ह </td> <td>त्ळ </td> <td>त्क्ष </td> <td>त्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>थ </th> <td>थ्क </td> <td>थ्ख </td> <td>थ्ग </td> <td>थ्घ </td> <td>थ्ङ </td> <td>थ्च </td> <td>थ्छ </td> <td>थ्ज </td> <td>थ्झ </td> <td>थ्ञ </td> <td>थ्ट </td> <td>थ्ठ </td> <td>थ्ड </td> <td>थ्ढ </td> <td>थ्ण </td> <td>थ्त </td> <td>थ्थ </td> <td>थ्द </td> <td>थ्ध </td> <td>थ्न </td> <td>थ्प </td> <td>थ्फ </td> <td>थ्ब </td> <td>थ्भ </td> <td>थ्म </td> <td>थ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">थ्र </td> <td>थ्ल </td> <td>थ्व </td> <td>थ्श </td> <td>थ्ष </td> <td>थ्स </td> <td>थ्ह </td> <td>थ्ळ </td> <td>थ्क्ष </td> <td>थ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddd"> <th>द </th> <td>द्क </td> <td>द्ख </td> <td>द्ग </td> <td>द्घ </td> <td>द्ङ </td> <td>द्च </td> <td>द्छ </td> <td>द्ज </td> <td>द्झ </td> <td>द्ञ </td> <td>द्ट </td> <td>द्ठ </td> <td>द्ड </td> <td>द्ढ </td> <td>द्ण </td> <td>द्त </td> <td>द्थ </td> <td style="background: #fd0">द्द </td> <td style="background: #fd0">द्ध </td> <td>द्न </td> <td>द्प </td> <td>द्फ </td> <td>द्ब </td> <td style="background: #fd0">द्भ </td> <td style="background: #fd0">द्म </td> <td>द्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">द्र </td> <td>द्ल </td> <td>द्व </td> <td>द्श </td> <td>द्ष </td> <td>द्स </td> <td>द्ह </td> <td>द्ळ </td> <td>द्क्ष </td> <td>द्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ध </th> <td>ध्क </td> <td>ध्ख </td> <td>ध्ग </td> <td>ध्घ </td> <td>ध्ङ </td> <td>ध्च </td> <td>ध्छ </td> <td>ध्ज </td> <td>ध्झ </td> <td>ध्ञ </td> <td>ध्ट </td> <td>ध्ठ </td> <td>ध्ड </td> <td>ध्ढ </td> <td>ध्ण </td> <td>ध्त </td> <td>ध्थ </td> <td>ध्द </td> <td>ध्ध </td> <td>ध्न </td> <td>ध्प </td> <td>ध्फ </td> <td>ध्ब </td> <td>ध्भ </td> <td>ध्म </td> <td>ध्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ध्र </td> <td>ध्ल </td> <td>ध्व </td> <td>ध्श </td> <td>ध्ष </td> <td>ध्स </td> <td>ध्ह </td> <td>ध्ळ </td> <td>ध्क्ष </td> <td>ध्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>न </th> <td>न्क </td> <td>न्ख </td> <td>न्ग </td> <td>न्घ </td> <td>न्ङ </td> <td>न्च </td> <td>न्छ </td> <td>न्ज </td> <td>न्झ </td> <td>न्ञ </td> <td>न्ट </td> <td>न्ठ </td> <td>न्ड </td> <td>न्ढ </td> <td>न्ण </td> <td>न्त </td> <td>न्थ </td> <td>न्द </td> <td>न्ध </td> <td>न्न </td> <td>न्प </td> <td>न्फ </td> <td>न्ब </td> <td>न्भ </td> <td>न्म </td> <td>न्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">न्र </td> <td>न्ल </td> <td>न्व </td> <td>न्श </td> <td>न्ष </td> <td>न्स </td> <td>न्ह </td> <td>न्ळ </td> <td>न्क्ष </td> <td>न्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>प </th> <td>प्क </td> <td>प्ख </td> <td>प्ग </td> <td>प्घ </td> <td>प्ङ </td> <td>प्च </td> <td>प्छ </td> <td>प्ज </td> <td>प्झ </td> <td>प्ञ </td> <td>प्ट </td> <td>प्ठ </td> <td>प्ड </td> <td>प्ढ </td> <td>प्ण </td> <td>प्त </td> <td>प्थ </td> <td>प्द </td> <td>प्ध </td> <td>प्न </td> <td>प्प </td> <td>प्फ </td> <td>प्ब </td> <td>प्भ </td> <td>प्म </td> <td>प्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">प्र </td> <td>प्ल </td> <td>प्व </td> <td>प्श </td> <td>प्ष </td> <td>प्स </td> <td>प्ह </td> <td>प्ळ </td> <td>प्क्ष </td> <td>प्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>फ </th> <td>फ्क </td> <td>फ्ख </td> <td>फ्ग </td> <td>फ्घ </td> <td>फ्ङ </td> <td>फ्च </td> <td>फ्छ </td> <td>फ्ज </td> <td>फ्झ </td> <td>फ्ञ </td> <td>फ्ट </td> <td>फ्ठ </td> <td>फ्ड </td> <td>फ्ढ </td> <td>फ्ण </td> <td>फ्त </td> <td>फ्थ </td> <td>फ्द </td> <td>फ्ध </td> <td>फ्न </td> <td>फ्प </td> <td>फ्फ </td> <td>फ्ब </td> <td>फ्भ </td> <td>फ्म </td> <td>फ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">फ्र </td> <td>फ्ल </td> <td>फ्व </td> <td>फ्श </td> <td>फ्ष </td> <td>फ्स </td> <td>फ्ह </td> <td>फ्ळ </td> <td>फ्क्ष </td> <td>फ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ब </th> <td>ब्क </td> <td>ब्ख </td> <td>ब्ग </td> <td>ब्घ </td> <td>ब्ङ </td> <td>ब्च </td> <td>ब्छ </td> <td>ब्ज </td> <td>ब्झ </td> <td>ब्ञ </td> <td>ब्ट </td> <td>ब्ठ </td> <td>ब्ड </td> <td>ब्ढ </td> <td>ब्ण </td> <td>ब्त </td> <td>ब्थ </td> <td>ब्द </td> <td>ब्ध </td> <td>ब्न </td> <td>ब्प </td> <td>ब्फ </td> <td>ब्ब </td> <td>ब्भ </td> <td>ब्म </td> <td>ब्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ब्र </td> <td>ब्ल </td> <td>ब्व </td> <td>ब्श </td> <td>ब्ष </td> <td>ब्स </td> <td>ब्ह </td> <td>ब्ळ </td> <td>ब्क्ष </td> <td>ब्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>भ </th> <td>भ्क </td> <td>भ्ख </td> <td>भ्ग </td> <td>भ्घ </td> <td>भ्ङ </td> <td>भ्च </td> <td>भ्छ </td> <td>भ्ज </td> <td>भ्झ </td> <td>भ्ञ </td> <td>भ्ट </td> <td>भ्ठ </td> <td>भ्ड </td> <td>भ्ढ </td> <td>भ्ण </td> <td>भ्त </td> <td>भ्थ </td> <td>भ्द </td> <td>भ्ध </td> <td>भ्न </td> <td>भ्प </td> <td>भ्फ </td> <td>भ्ब </td> <td>भ्भ </td> <td>भ्म </td> <td>भ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">भ्र </td> <td>भ्ल </td> <td>भ्व </td> <td>भ्श </td> <td>भ्ष </td> <td>भ्स </td> <td>भ्ह </td> <td>भ्ळ </td> <td>भ्क्ष </td> <td>भ्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>म </th> <td>म्क </td> <td>म्ख </td> <td>म्ग </td> <td>म्घ </td> <td>म्ङ </td> <td>म्च </td> <td>म्छ </td> <td>म्ज </td> <td>म्झ </td> <td>म्ञ </td> <td>म्ट </td> <td>म्ठ </td> <td>म्ड </td> <td>म्ढ </td> <td>म्ण </td> <td>म्त </td> <td>म्थ </td> <td>म्द </td> <td>म्ध </td> <td>म्न </td> <td>म्प </td> <td>म्फ </td> <td>म्ब </td> <td>म्भ </td> <td>म्म </td> <td>म्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">म्र </td> <td>म्ल </td> <td>म्व </td> <td>म्श </td> <td>म्ष </td> <td>म्स </td> <td>म्ह </td> <td>म्ळ </td> <td>म्क्ष </td> <td>म्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>य </th> <td>य्क </td> <td>य्ख </td> <td>य्ग </td> <td>य्घ </td> <td>य्ङ </td> <td>य्च </td> <td>य्छ </td> <td>य्ज </td> <td>य्झ </td> <td>य्ञ </td> <td>य्ट </td> <td>य्ठ </td> <td>य्ड </td> <td>य्ढ </td> <td>य्ण </td> <td>य्त </td> <td>य्थ </td> <td>य्द </td> <td>य्ध </td> <td>य्न </td> <td>य्प </td> <td>य्फ </td> <td>य्ब </td> <td>य्भ </td> <td>य्म </td> <td>य्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">य्र </td> <td>य्ल </td> <td>य्व </td> <td>य्श </td> <td>य्ष </td> <td>य्स </td> <td>य्ह </td> <td>य्ळ </td> <td>य्क्ष </td> <td>य्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fd0"> <th>र </th> <td>र्क </td> <td>र्ख </td> <td>र्ग </td> <td>र्घ </td> <td>र्ङ </td> <td>र्च </td> <td>र्छ </td> <td>र्ज </td> <td>र्झ </td> <td>र्ञ </td> <td>र्ट </td> <td>र्ठ </td> <td>र्ड </td> <td>र्ढ </td> <td>र्ण </td> <td>र्त </td> <td>र्थ </td> <td>र्द </td> <td>र्ध </td> <td>र्न </td> <td>र्प </td> <td>र्फ </td> <td>र्ब </td> <td>र्भ </td> <td>र्म </td> <td>र्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">र्र </td> <td>र्ल </td> <td>र्व </td> <td>र्श </td> <td>र्ष </td> <td>र्स </td> <td>र्ह </td> <td>र्ळ </td> <td>र्क्ष </td> <td>र्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ल </th> <td>ल्क </td> <td>ल्ख </td> <td>ल्ग </td> <td>ल्घ </td> <td>ल्ङ </td> <td>ल्च </td> <td>ल्छ </td> <td>ल्ज </td> <td>ल्झ </td> <td>ल्ञ </td> <td>ल्ट </td> <td>ल्ठ </td> <td>ल्ड </td> <td>ल्ढ </td> <td>ल्ण </td> <td>ल्त </td> <td>ल्थ </td> <td>ल्द </td> <td>ल्ध </td> <td>ल्न </td> <td>ल्प </td> <td>ल्फ </td> <td>ल्ब </td> <td>ल्भ </td> <td>ल्म </td> <td>ल्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ल्र </td> <td>ल्ल </td> <td>ल्व </td> <td>ल्श </td> <td>ल्ष </td> <td>ल्स </td> <td>ल्ह </td> <td>ल्ळ </td> <td>ल्क्ष </td> <td>ल्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>व </th> <td>व्क </td> <td>व्ख </td> <td>व्ग </td> <td>व्घ </td> <td>व्ङ </td> <td>व्च </td> <td>व्छ </td> <td>व्ज </td> <td>व्झ </td> <td>व्ञ </td> <td>व्ट </td> <td>व्ठ </td> <td>व्ड </td> <td>व्ढ </td> <td>व्ण </td> <td>व्त </td> <td>व्थ </td> <td>व्द </td> <td>व्ध </td> <td>व्न </td> <td>व्प </td> <td>व्फ </td> <td>व्ब </td> <td>व्भ </td> <td>व्म </td> <td>व्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">व्र </td> <td>व्ल </td> <td>व्व </td> <td>व्श </td> <td>व्ष </td> <td>व्स </td> <td>व्ह </td> <td>व्ळ </td> <td>व्क्ष </td> <td>व्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>श </th> <td>श्क </td> <td>श्ख </td> <td>श्ग </td> <td>श्घ </td> <td>श्ङ </td> <td>श्च </td> <td>श्छ </td> <td>श्ज </td> <td>श्झ </td> <td>श्ञ </td> <td>श्ट </td> <td>श्ठ </td> <td>श्ड </td> <td>श्ढ </td> <td>श्ण </td> <td>श्त </td> <td>श्थ </td> <td>श्द </td> <td>श्ध </td> <td>श्न </td> <td>श्प </td> <td>श्फ </td> <td>श्ब </td> <td>श्भ </td> <td>श्म </td> <td>श्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">श्र </td> <td>श्ल </td> <td>श्व </td> <td>श्श </td> <td>श्ष </td> <td>श्स </td> <td>श्ह </td> <td>श्ळ </td> <td>श्क्ष </td> <td>श्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ष </th> <td>ष्क </td> <td>ष्ख </td> <td>ष्ग </td> <td>ष्घ </td> <td>ष्ङ </td> <td>ष्च </td> <td>ष्छ </td> <td>ष्ज </td> <td>ष्झ </td> <td>ष्ञ </td> <td>ष्ट </td> <td>ष्ठ </td> <td>ष्ड </td> <td>ष्ढ </td> <td>ष्ण </td> <td>ष्त </td> <td>ष्थ </td> <td>ष्द </td> <td>ष्ध </td> <td>ष्न </td> <td>ष्प </td> <td>ष्फ </td> <td>ष्ब </td> <td>ष्भ </td> <td>ष्म </td> <td>ष्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ष्र </td> <td>ष्ल </td> <td>ष्व </td> <td>ष्श </td> <td>ष्ष </td> <td>ष्स </td> <td>ष्ह </td> <td>ष्ळ </td> <td>ष्क्ष </td> <td>ष्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>स </th> <td>स्क </td> <td>स्ख </td> <td>स्ग </td> <td>स्घ </td> <td>स्ङ </td> <td>स्च </td> <td>स्छ </td> <td>स्ज </td> <td>स्झ </td> <td>स्ञ </td> <td>स्ट </td> <td>स्ठ </td> <td>स्ड </td> <td>स्ढ </td> <td>स्ण </td> <td>स्त </td> <td>स्थ </td> <td>स्द </td> <td>स्ध </td> <td>स्न </td> <td>स्प </td> <td>स्फ </td> <td>स्ब </td> <td>स्भ </td> <td>स्म </td> <td>स्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">स्र </td> <td>स्ल </td> <td>स्व </td> <td>स्श </td> <td>स्ष </td> <td>स्स </td> <td>स्ह </td> <td>स्ळ </td> <td>स्क्ष </td> <td>स्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ह </th> <td>ह्क </td> <td>ह्ख </td> <td>ह्ग </td> <td>ह्घ </td> <td>ह्ङ </td> <td>ह्च </td> <td>ह्छ </td> <td>ह्ज </td> <td>ह्झ </td> <td>ह्ञ </td> <td>ह्ट </td> <td>ह्ठ </td> <td>ह्ड </td> <td>ह्ढ </td> <td>ह्ण </td> <td>ह्त </td> <td>ह्थ </td> <td>ह्द </td> <td>ह्ध </td> <td>ह्न </td> <td>ह्प </td> <td>ह्फ </td> <td>ह्ब </td> <td>ह्भ </td> <td>ह्म </td> <td>ह्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ह्र </td> <td>ह्ल </td> <td>ह्व </td> <td>ह्श </td> <td>ह्ष </td> <td>ह्स </td> <td>ह्ह </td> <td>ह्ळ </td> <td>ह्क्ष </td> <td>ह्ज्ञ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fdf"> <th>ळ </th> <td>ळ्क </td> <td>ळ्ख </td> <td>ळ्ग </td> <td>ळ्घ </td> <td>ळ्ङ </td> <td>ळ्च </td> <td>ळ्छ </td> <td>ळ्ज </td> <td>ळ्झ </td> <td>ळ्ञ </td> <td>ळ्ट </td> <td>ळ्ठ </td> <td>ळ्ड </td> <td>ळ्ढ </td> <td>ळ्ण </td> <td>ळ्त </td> <td>ळ्थ </td> <td>ळ्द </td> <td>ळ्ध </td> <td>ळ्न </td> <td>ळ्प </td> <td>ळ्फ </td> <td>ळ्ब </td> <td>ळ्भ </td> <td>ळ्म </td> <td>ळ्य </td> <td style="background: #fd0">ळ्र </td> <td>ळ्ल </td> <td>ळ्व </td> <td>ळ्श </td> <td>ळ्ष </td> <td>ळ्स </td> <td>ळ्ह </td> <td>ळ्ळ </td> <td>ळ्क्ष </td> <td>ळ्ज्ञ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="三字合寫">三字合寫</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：三字合寫">编辑</a>]</div> 三合及更長的輔音叢： <ul><li>क्ष्ण kṣṇ क्ष्म kṣm क्ष्य kṣy त्र्य try स्त्य sty स्त्र str प्त्र ptr प्स्य psy त्क्र tkr त्क्व tkv त्क्ष tkṣ त्त्न ttn त्त्र ttr त्त्व ttv त्प्र tpr त्प्ल tpl त्स्न tsn त्स्य tsy त्स्व tsv च्छ्य cchy च्छ्र cchr ज्ज्य jjy ज्ज्व jjv क्त्र ktr क्त्व ktv क्ष्ण्य kṣṇy ग्ध्र gdhr ग्न्य gny ग्र्य gry म्प्र mpr न्त्य nty न्त्र ntr न्द्ध nddh न्द्र ndr न्ध्य ndhy न्ध्र ndhr ण्ड्र ṇḍr र्ग्य rgy र्ग्र rgr र्घ्य rghy र्ङ्ग rṅg र्ज्य rjy र्ढ्य rḍhy र्ण्य rṇy र्त्त rtt र्त्त्र rttr र्त्म rtm र्त्य rty र्त्र rtr र्त्स rts र्द्ध rddh र्द्र rdr र्द्व rdv र्ध्म rdhm र्ध्र rdhr र्ध्व rdhv र्म्य rmy र्स्व rsv र्ष्ट्र rṣṭr र्ष्ण rṣṇ र्ष्म rṣm र्ष्य rṣy ष्क्र ṣkr ष्क्व ṣkv ष्प्य ṣpy ष्म्य ṣmy द्व्य dvy द्ध्म ddhm द्ध्व ddhv ण्ड्व ṇḍv द्ग्र dgr द्द्य ddy द्द्र ddr द्ब्र dbr ङ्क ṅkt ङ्क्र ṅkr ङ्क्ष ṅkṣ ङ्क्ष्य ṅkṣy ण्ड्य ṇḍy ष्ट्व ṣṭv ष्ठ्य ṣṭhy</li></ul> 新的印度-雅利安語言也可以對梵語借詞使用上述形式。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重音標號">重音標號</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：重音標號">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="吠陀重音">吠陀重音</a></div> 吠陀梵語的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="音高重音">音高重音</a>依賴於<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakha（页面不存在）">shakha</a>而寫為各種符號。在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="梨俱吠陀">梨俱吠陀</a>》中，低调anudātta寫為下橫線（॒），降调svarita寫為上豎線（॑），而高调udātta不標記。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="數字">數字</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：數字">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" title="印度數字">印度數字</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E7%B1%B3%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婆羅米數字（页面不存在）">婆羅米數字</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="印度-阿拉伯数字系统">印度-阿拉伯数字系统</a></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>天城文數字 </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:200%;" lang="sa"> <td>०</td> <td>१</td> <td>२</td> <td>३</td> <td>४ </td> <td>५</td> <td>६</td> <td>७</td> <td>८</td> <td>९ </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4 </td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="书写形式">书写形式</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：书写形式">编辑</a>]</div> 天城文，自左向右，横向书写。原本的书写形式類似藏文和城文，相邻两个阿叉罗之間存在空隙。基於15世紀天城文字體的耆那伏婆OpenType字體仍然使用這種形式。 近代天城文转用连书形式，词与词之间不留空隙，一句话从头到尾连续不断地拼写。 至於词与词之间用西式半角大空格隔开，则也是近代的事。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="轉寫">轉寫</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：轉寫">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB" title="天城文轉寫">天城文轉寫</a></div> 把天城文轉寫成<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">羅馬文字</a>的方法有许多。最廣泛使用的轉寫方案是<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a>。下面列出主要的天城文轉寫方法： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IAST">IAST</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：IAST">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">國際梵語轉寫字母（IAST）</a>是梵語羅馬化的學術標準。IAST成为了用在書籍和期刊等印刷品中事实上的標準，加之其Unicode字體更容易得到，它也日益用於電子文本。它根据的是1912年在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a>召開的“東方學學者大會”所確立的標準。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="加爾各答國家圖書館羅馬化">加爾各答國家圖書館羅馬化</a>意圖羅馬化所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">印度文字</a>，它是IAST的擴展。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：Harvard-Kyoto">编辑</a>]</div> 相對於IAST，<a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a>看起來更簡單。它不包含所有IAST的變音符號。這使得錄入Harvard-Kyoto要比IAST容易。Harvard-Kyoto使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%AB%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="大寫字母">大寫字母</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ITRANS">ITRANS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：ITRANS">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a>是廣泛用於<a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>的天城文到<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>的無損轉寫方案。它是Harvard-Kyoto方案的擴展。在ITRANS中，詞Devanāgarī寫為“Devanaagarii”。ITRANS有同名應用程序確保錄入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">印度文字</a>。用戶輸入羅馬字母而ITRANS預處理器把羅馬字母顯示為天城文（或其他印度語言）。最新版本的ITRANS是2001年7月的5.30版。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO_15919">ISO 15919</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：ISO 15919">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></div> ISO 15919是2001年確立的轉寫國際標準。特定於天城文的那部分內容幾乎同一於作為梵語學術標準的IAST。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ALA-LC羅馬化">ALA-LC羅馬化</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：ALA-LC羅馬化">编辑</a>]</div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">ALA-LC</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120921055712/http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國會圖書館">美國國會圖書館</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="美國圖書館協會">美國圖書館協會</a>的轉寫標準，廣泛的用於北美圖書館。轉寫表基於各種語言，有對<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf">印地語</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201210090626/http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）的表格，也有對<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/sanskrit.pdf">梵語和俗語</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201029181314/http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/sanskrit.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）的表格。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="編碼">編碼</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：編碼">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISCII">ISCII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：ISCII">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/ISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCII">ISCII</a>是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E9%95%B7%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="定長編碼（页面不存在）">定長</a>8-位編碼。低128代碼點是普通<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>，高128代碼點是ISCII-專屬。 它被設計用來不只表示天城文，所以還有各種其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">印度文字</a>和用於轉寫印度文字的基於拉丁文字的變音符號。 ISCII在很大程度上被Unicode所替代，但已經嘗試在它的印度語區塊中保持了ISCII格局。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode中的天城文">Unicode中的天城文</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：Unicode中的天城文">编辑</a>]</div> Unicode的天城文區間是U+0900 .. U+097F，U+1CD0 .. U+1CFF和U+A8E0 .. U+A8FF。灰色區域指示未指派的代碼點。 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87_(Unicode%E5%8D%80%E6%AE%B5)" title="天城文 (Unicode區段)">天城文</a> Devanagari<a href="#endnote_U0900_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf">Unicode Consortium 官方碼表</a>（PDF） </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+090x </td> <td title="U+0900: DEVANAGARI SIGN INVERTED CANDRABINDU">ऀ </td> <td title="U+0901: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B0%E6%9C%88%E9%BB%9E" title="仰月點">ँ</a> </td> <td title="U+0902: DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E9%9F%BB" title="隨韻">ं</a> </td> <td title="U+0903: DEVANAGARI SIGN VISARGA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E9%9F%BB" title="止韻">ः</a> </td> <td title="U+0904: DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT A">ऄ </td> <td title="U+0905: DEVANAGARI LETTER A">अ </td> <td title="U+0906: DEVANAGARI LETTER AA">आ </td> <td title="U+0907: DEVANAGARI LETTER I">इ </td> <td title="U+0908: DEVANAGARI LETTER II">ई </td> <td title="U+0909: DEVANAGARI LETTER U">उ </td> <td title="U+090A: DEVANAGARI LETTER UU">ऊ </td> <td title="U+090B: DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R">ऋ </td> <td title="U+090C: DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC L">ऌ </td> <td title="U+090D: DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA E">ऍ </td> <td title="U+090E: DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT E">ऎ </td> <td title="U+090F: DEVANAGARI LETTER E">ए </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+091x </td> <td title="U+0910: DEVANAGARI LETTER AI">ऐ </td> <td title="U+0911: DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA O">ऑ </td> <td title="U+0912: DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT O">ऒ </td> <td title="U+0913: DEVANAGARI LETTER O">ओ </td> <td title="U+0914: DEVANAGARI LETTER AU">औ </td> <td title="U+0915: DEVANAGARI LETTER KA">क </td> <td title="U+0916: DEVANAGARI LETTER KHA">ख </td> <td title="U+0917: DEVANAGARI LETTER GA">ग </td> <td title="U+0918: DEVANAGARI LETTER GHA">घ </td> <td title="U+0919: DEVANAGARI LETTER NGA">ङ </td> <td title="U+091A: DEVANAGARI LETTER CA">च </td> <td title="U+091B: DEVANAGARI LETTER CHA">छ </td> <td title="U+091C: DEVANAGARI LETTER JA">ज </td> <td title="U+091D: DEVANAGARI LETTER JHA">झ </td> <td title="U+091E: DEVANAGARI LETTER NYA">ञ </td> <td title="U+091F: DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA">ट </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+092x </td> <td title="U+0920: DEVANAGARI LETTER TTHA">ठ </td> <td title="U+0921: DEVANAGARI LETTER DDA">ड </td> <td title="U+0922: DEVANAGARI LETTER DDHA">ढ </td> <td title="U+0923: DEVANAGARI LETTER NNA">ण </td> <td title="U+0924: DEVANAGARI LETTER TA">त </td> <td title="U+0925: DEVANAGARI LETTER THA">थ </td> <td title="U+0926: DEVANAGARI LETTER DA">द </td> <td title="U+0927: DEVANAGARI LETTER DHA">ध </td> <td title="U+0928: DEVANAGARI LETTER NA">न </td> <td title="U+0929: DEVANAGARI LETTER NNNA">ऩ </td> <td title="U+092A: DEVANAGARI LETTER PA">प </td> <td title="U+092B: DEVANAGARI LETTER PHA">फ </td> <td title="U+092C: DEVANAGARI LETTER BA">ब </td> <td title="U+092D: DEVANAGARI LETTER BHA">भ </td> <td title="U+092E: DEVANAGARI LETTER MA">म </td> <td title="U+092F: DEVANAGARI LETTER YA">य </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+093x </td> <td title="U+0930: DEVANAGARI LETTER RA">र </td> <td title="U+0931: DEVANAGARI LETTER RRA">ऱ </td> <td title="U+0932: DEVANAGARI LETTER LA">ल </td> <td title="U+0933: DEVANAGARI LETTER LLA">ळ </td> <td title="U+0934: DEVANAGARI LETTER LLLA">ऴ </td> <td title="U+0935: DEVANAGARI LETTER VA">व </td> <td title="U+0936: DEVANAGARI LETTER SHA">श </td> <td title="U+0937: DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA">ष </td> <td title="U+0938: DEVANAGARI LETTER SA">स </td> <td title="U+0939: DEVANAGARI LETTER HA">ह </td> <td title="U+093A: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN OE">ऺ </td> <td title="U+093B: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN OOE">ऻ </td> <td title="U+093C: DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA">़ </td> <td title="U+093D: DEVANAGARI SIGN AVAGRAHA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऽ（页面不存在）">ऽ</a> </td> <td title="U+093E: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA">ा </td> <td title="U+093F: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN I">ि </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+094x </td> <td title="U+0940: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN II">ी </td> <td title="U+0941: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN U">ु </td> <td title="U+0942: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UU">ू </td> <td title="U+0943: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R">ृ </td> <td title="U+0944: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR">ॄ </td> <td title="U+0945: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E">ॅ </td> <td title="U+0946: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN SHORT E">ॆ </td> <td title="U+0947: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN E">े </td> <td title="U+0948: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AI">ै </td> <td title="U+0949: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O">ॉ </td> <td title="U+094A: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN SHORT O">ॊ </td> <td title="U+094B: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN O">ो </td> <td title="U+094C: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AU">ौ </td> <td title="U+094D: DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA">् </td> <td title="U+094E: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN PRISHTHAMATRA E">ॎ </td> <td title="U+094F: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AW">ॏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+095x </td> <td title="U+0950: DEVANAGARI OM"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%B5" title="唵"> ॐ</a> </td> <td title="U+0951: DEVANAGARI STRESS SIGN UDATTA">॑ </td> <td title="U+0952: DEVANAGARI STRESS SIGN ANUDATTA">॒ </td> <td title="U+0953: DEVANAGARI GRAVE ACCENT">॓ </td> <td title="U+0954: DEVANAGARI ACUTE ACCENT">॔ </td> <td title="U+0955: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA LONG E">ॕ </td> <td title="U+0956: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UE">ॖ </td> <td title="U+0957: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UUE">ॗ </td> <td title="U+0958: DEVANAGARI LETTER QA">क़ </td> <td title="U+0959: DEVANAGARI LETTER KHHA">ख़ </td> <td title="U+095A: DEVANAGARI LETTER GHHA">ग़ </td> <td title="U+095B: DEVANAGARI LETTER ZA">ज़ </td> <td title="U+095C: DEVANAGARI LETTER DDDHA">ड़ </td> <td title="U+095D: DEVANAGARI LETTER RHA">ढ़ </td> <td title="U+095E: DEVANAGARI LETTER FA">फ़ </td> <td title="U+095F: DEVANAGARI LETTER YYA">य़ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+096x </td> <td title="U+0960: DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC RR">ॠ </td> <td title="U+0961: DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC LL">ॡ </td> <td title="U+0962: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L">ॢ </td> <td title="U+0963: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL">ॣ </td> <td title="U+0964: DEVANAGARI DANDA">। </td> <td title="U+0965: DEVANAGARI DOUBLE DANDA">॥ </td> <td title="U+0966: DEVANAGARI DIGIT ZERO">० </td> <td title="U+0967: DEVANAGARI DIGIT ONE">१ </td> <td title="U+0968: DEVANAGARI DIGIT TWO">२ </td> <td title="U+0969: DEVANAGARI DIGIT THREE">३ </td> <td title="U+096A: DEVANAGARI DIGIT FOUR">४ </td> <td title="U+096B: DEVANAGARI DIGIT FIVE">५ </td> <td title="U+096C: DEVANAGARI DIGIT SIX">६ </td> <td title="U+096D: DEVANAGARI DIGIT SEVEN">७ </td> <td title="U+096E: DEVANAGARI DIGIT EIGHT">८ </td> <td title="U+096F: DEVANAGARI DIGIT NINE">९ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+097x </td> <td title="U+0970: DEVANAGARI ABBREVIATION SIGN"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="॰（页面不存在）">॰</a> </td> <td title="U+0971: DEVANAGARI SIGN HIGH SPACING DOT">ॱ </td> <td title="U+0972: DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA A">ॲ </td> <td title="U+0973: DEVANAGARI LETTER OE">ॳ </td> <td title="U+0974: DEVANAGARI LETTER OOE">ॴ </td> <td title="U+0975: DEVANAGARI LETTER AW">ॵ </td> <td title="U+0976: DEVANAGARI LETTER UE">ॶ </td> <td title="U+0977: DEVANAGARI LETTER UUE">ॷ </td> <td title="U+0978: DEVANAGARI LETTER MARWARI DDA">ॸ </td> <td title="U+0979: DEVANAGARI LETTER ZHA">ॹ </td> <td title="U+097A: DEVANAGARI LETTER HEAVY YA">ॺ </td> <td title="U+097B: DEVANAGARI LETTER GGA">ॻ </td> <td title="U+097C: DEVANAGARI LETTER JJA">ॼ </td> <td title="U+097D: DEVANAGARI LETTER GLOTTAL STOP">ॽ </td> <td title="U+097E: DEVANAGARI LETTER DDDA">ॾ </td> <td title="U+097F: DEVANAGARI LETTER BBA">ॿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left">注释 <dl><dd>1.<a href="#ref_U0900_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> 依据 Unicode 14.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95" title="天城文擴展">天城文擴展</a> Devanagari Extended<a href="#endnote_UA8E0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf">Unicode Consortium 官方碼表</a>（PDF） </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+A8Ex </td> <td title="U+A8E0: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT ZERO">꣠ </td> <td title="U+A8E1: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT ONE">꣡ </td> <td title="U+A8E2: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT TWO">꣢ </td> <td title="U+A8E3: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT THREE">꣣ </td> <td title="U+A8E4: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT FOUR">꣤ </td> <td title="U+A8E5: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT FIVE">꣥ </td> <td title="U+A8E6: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT SIX">꣦ </td> <td title="U+A8E7: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT SEVEN">꣧ </td> <td title="U+A8E8: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT EIGHT">꣨ </td> <td title="U+A8E9: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT NINE">꣩ </td> <td title="U+A8EA: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER A">꣪ </td> <td title="U+A8EB: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER U">꣫ </td> <td title="U+A8EC: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER KA">꣬ </td> <td title="U+A8ED: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER NA">꣭ </td> <td title="U+A8EE: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER PA">꣮ </td> <td title="U+A8EF: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER RA">꣯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+A8Fx </td> <td title="U+A8F0: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER VI">꣰ </td> <td title="U+A8F1: COMBINING DEVANAGARI SIGN AVAGRAHA">꣱ </td> <td title="U+A8F2: DEVANAGARI SIGN SPACING CANDRABINDU">ꣲ </td> <td title="U+A8F3: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU VIRAMA">ꣳ </td> <td title="U+A8F4: DEVANAGARI SIGN DOUBLE CANDRABINDU VIRAMA">ꣴ </td> <td title="U+A8F5: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU TWO">ꣵ </td> <td title="U+A8F6: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU THREE">ꣶ </td> <td title="U+A8F7: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU AVAGRAHA">ꣷ </td> <td title="U+A8F8: DEVANAGARI SIGN PUSHPIKA">꣸ </td> <td title="U+A8F9: DEVANAGARI GAP FILLER">꣹ </td> <td title="U+A8FA: DEVANAGARI CARET">꣺ </td> <td title="U+A8FB: DEVANAGARI HEADSTROKE">ꣻ </td> <td title="U+A8FC: DEVANAGARI SIGN SIDDHAM">꣼ </td> <td title="U+A8FD: DEVANAGARI JAIN OM">ꣽ </td> <td title="U+A8FE: DEVANAGARI LETTER AY">ꣾ </td> <td title="U+A8FF: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AY">ꣿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left">注釋 <dl><dd>1.<a href="#ref_UA8E0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> 依據 Unicode 14.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95" title="吠陀擴展">吠陀擴展</a> Vedic Extensions<a href="#endnote_U1CD0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><a href="#endnote_U1CD0_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf">Unicode Consortium 官方碼表</a>（PDF） </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1CDx </td> <td title="U+1CD0: VEDIC TONE KARSHANA">᳐ </td> <td title="U+1CD1: VEDIC TONE SHARA">᳑ </td> <td title="U+1CD2: VEDIC TONE PRENKHA">᳒ </td> <td title="U+1CD3: VEDIC SIGN NIHSHVASA">᳓ </td> <td title="U+1CD4: VEDIC SIGN YAJURVEDIC MIDLINE SVARITA">᳔ </td> <td title="U+1CD5: VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC AGGRAVATED INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳕ </td> <td title="U+1CD6: VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳖ </td> <td title="U+1CD7: VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC KATHAKA INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳗ </td> <td title="U+1CD8: VEDIC TONE CANDRA BELOW">᳘ </td> <td title="U+1CD9: VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC KATHAKA INDEPENDENT SVARITA SCHROEDER">᳙ </td> <td title="U+1CDA: VEDIC TONE DOUBLE SVARITA">᳚ </td> <td title="U+1CDB: VEDIC TONE TRIPLE SVARITA">᳛ </td> <td title="U+1CDC: VEDIC TONE KATHAKA ANUDATTA">᳜ </td> <td title="U+1CDD: VEDIC TONE DOT BELOW">᳝ </td> <td title="U+1CDE: VEDIC TONE TWO DOTS BELOW">᳞ </td> <td title="U+1CDF: VEDIC TONE THREE DOTS BELOW">᳟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1CEx </td> <td title="U+1CE0: VEDIC TONE RIGVEDIC KASHMIRI INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳠ </td> <td title="U+1CE1: VEDIC TONE ATHARVAVEDIC INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳡ </td> <td title="U+1CE2: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA SVARITA">᳢ </td> <td title="U+1CE3: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA UDATTA">᳣ </td> <td title="U+1CE4: VEDIC SIGN REVERSED VISARGA UDATTA">᳤ </td> <td title="U+1CE5: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA ANUDATTA">᳥ </td> <td title="U+1CE6: VEDIC SIGN REVERSED VISARGA ANUDATTA">᳦ </td> <td title="U+1CE7: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA UDATTA WITH TAIL">᳧ </td> <td title="U+1CE8: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA ANUDATTA WITH TAIL">᳨ </td> <td title="U+1CE9: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA ANTARGOMUKHA">ᳩ </td> <td title="U+1CEA: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA BAHIRGOMUKHA">ᳪ </td> <td title="U+1CEB: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA VAMAGOMUKHA">ᳫ </td> <td title="U+1CEC: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA VAMAGOMUKHA WITH TAIL">ᳬ </td> <td title="U+1CED: VEDIC SIGN TIRYAK">᳭ </td> <td title="U+1CEE: VEDIC SIGN HEXIFORM LONG ANUSVARA">ᳮ </td> <td title="U+1CEF: VEDIC SIGN LONG ANUSVARA">ᳯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small">U+1CFx </td> <td title="U+1CF0: VEDIC SIGN RTHANG LONG ANUSVARA">ᳰ </td> <td title="U+1CF1: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA UBHAYATO MUKHA">ᳱ </td> <td title="U+1CF2: VEDIC SIGN ARDHAVISARGA">ᳲ </td> <td title="U+1CF3: VEDIC SIGN ROTATED ARDHAVISARGA">ᳳ </td> <td title="U+1CF4: VEDIC TONE CANDRA ABOVE">᳴ </td> <td title="U+1CF5: VEDIC SIGN JIHVAMULIYA"> ᳵ  </td> <td title="U+1CF6: VEDIC SIGN UPADHMANIYA"> ᳶ  </td> <td title="U+1CF7: VEDIC SIGN ATIKRAMA">᳷ </td> <td title="U+1CF8: VEDIC TONE RING ABOVE">᳸ </td> <td title="U+1CF9: VEDIC TONE DOUBLE RING ABOVE">᳹ </td> <td title="U+1CFA: VEDIC SIGN DOUBLE ANUSVARA ANTARGOMUKHA">ᳺ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left">注釋 <dl><dd>1.<a href="#ref_U1CD0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> 依據 Unicode 14.0</dd> <dd>2.<a href="#ref_U1CD0_grey">^</a> 灰色區域為未分配碼位</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="天城文鍵盤布局">天城文鍵盤布局</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：天城文鍵盤布局">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="INSCRIPT">INSCRIPT</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：INSCRIPT">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=InScript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InScript（页面不存在）">InScript</a>是給天城文的標準<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E9%8D%B5%E7%9B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦鍵盤">鍵盤</a>佈局。它內建於所有主要<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>中。<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>支持InScript佈局（使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangal_(%E5%AD%97%E9%AB%94)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangal (字體)（页面不存在）">Mangal</a>字體），它可以被用來輸入Unicode天城文字符。InScript在一些觸控螢幕<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="手機">手機</a>上也可獲得。<figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_Devanagari_InScript_text_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="INSCRIPT鍵盤布局（Windows、Solaris、Java）"><img alt="INSCRIPT鍵盤布局（Windows、Solaris、Java）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KB_Devanagari_InScript_text_1.svg/800px-KB_Devanagari_InScript_text_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KB_Devanagari_InScript_text_1.svg/1200px-KB_Devanagari_InScript_text_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KB_Devanagari_InScript_text_1.svg/1600px-KB_Devanagari_InScript_text_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>INSCRIPT鍵盤布局（Windows、Solaris、Java）</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="打字機">打字機</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：打字機">编辑</a>]</div> 這種佈局在没有計算機或计算机不常用的時代用在手動<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%AD%97%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="打字機">打字機</a>上。出於向後兼容性一些錄入工具如<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indic_IME&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indic IME（页面不存在）">Indic IME</a>仍提供這種佈局。<figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindi_typewriter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="印度標準打字機鍵盤佈局"><img alt="印度標準打字機鍵盤佈局" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hindi_typewriter.jpg/800px-Hindi_typewriter.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Hindi_typewriter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>印度標準打字機鍵盤佈局</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引用">引用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128093725/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/06-07/features681.htm">存档副本</a>. [2014-02-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/06-07/features681.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014-11-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harekrsna.com%2Fsun%2Ffeatures%2F06-07%2Ffeatures681.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Braj B. Kachru (2008), Language in South Asia p.302, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521786539" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-78653-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:70頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:71頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomon2003p75-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salomon2003p75_5-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salomon2003p75_5-1">5.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:75頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikner1996">Wikner (1996</a>:13, 14頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikner1996">Wikner (1996</a>:6頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:44-45頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:64頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:45頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:46頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:77頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikner1996">Wikner (1996</a>:73頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716160603/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/download/janasanskrit.htm">TDIL.mit.gov.in</a>. TDIL.mit.gov.in. [2011-06-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdil.mit.gov.in/download/janasanskrit.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&rft.btitle=TDIL.mit.gov.in&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=TDIL.mit.gov.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftdil.mit.gov.in%2Fdownload%2Fjanasanskrit.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考書目">參考書目</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：參考書目">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Masica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Masica（页面不存在）">Masica, Colin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991 [2008-07-01]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521299442" title="Special:网络书源/9780521299442">ISBN 9780521299442</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511181559/http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages">存档</a>于2011-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780521299442&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dindo-aryan%2Blanguages&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSnell2000" class="citation book">Snell, Rupert. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teach_Yourself&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teach Yourself（页面不存在）">Teach Yourself</a> Beginner's Hindi Script. Hodder & Stoughton. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780071419840" title="Special:网络书源/9780071419840">ISBN 9780071419840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Beginner%27s+Hindi+Script&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780071419840&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2003" class="citation book">Salomon, Richard. Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages. Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (编). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. 2003: 67–103. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780415772945" title="Special:网络书源/9780415772945">ISBN 9780415772945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&rft.atitle=Writing+Systems+of+the+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780415772945&rft.pages=67-103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVerma2003" class="citation book">Verma, Sheela. Magahi. Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (编). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. 2003: 498–514. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780415772945" title="Special:网络书源/9780415772945">ISBN 9780415772945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&rft.atitle=Magahi&rft.aufirst=Sheela&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780415772945&rft.pages=498-514&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWikner1996" class="citation book">Wikner, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618194654/http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html">A Practical Sanskrit Introductory</a>. 1996 [2008-07-01]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-06-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Wikner&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Introductory&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Flearning_tutorial_wikner%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akshargram.com/sarvagya/">Hindi Computing Wiki - Sarvagya（सर्वज्ञ）</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171003013856/http://www.akshargram.com/sarvagya/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari.htm">Omniglot.com - Devanāgarī Alphabets</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210226183907/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientscripts.com/devanagari.html">AncientScripts.com - Devanāgarī Intro</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200411070649/http://ancientscripts.com/devanagari.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marathimati.com/">मराठीतून मराठीचा वारसा पुढे नेणारी एक अस्सल मराठमॊळी वेबसाईट</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190611225804/http://www.marathimati.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>IS13194:1991 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528001453/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/isciiapril03.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091216/http://mpp.org.np/detail_guide/images/traditional_keylayout.gif">Nepali Traditional keyboard Layout</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091209/http://mpp.org.np/detail_guide/images/new_layout.JPG">Nepali Romanized keyboard Layout</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="字體">字體</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：字體">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318134358/http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Devanagari.html">Unicode編碼天城文預覽和下載鏈接</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文檔">文檔</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：文檔">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528001453/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/isciiapril03.pdf">The official Devanāgarī Document (pdf) from Govt. Of India.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901145421/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf">Unicode Chart for Devanāgarī</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011031618/http://mpp.org.np/downloads.php">Resources for typing in the Nepali language in Devanāgarī</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Devanaagarii.net/">Resources for viewing and editing Devanāgarī</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091024042416/http://devanaagarii.net/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/Devanāgarī.html">Unicode support for Web browsers</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">永久失效連結</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ee.adfa.edu.au/staff/hrp/personal/Sanskrit-External/unicodenotes.html">Creating and Viewing Documents in Devanāgarī</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090921101307/http://www.ee.adfa.edu.au/staff/hrp/personal/Sanskrit-External/unicodenotes.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406214025/http://www.avashy.com/hindiscripttutor.htm">Hindi/Devanāgarī Script Tutor</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8">A compilation of Tools and Techniques for Hindi Computing</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080514044320/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工具和應用程序">工具和應用程序</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：工具和應用程序">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050118/http://www.huafan.org.cn/m/index.php?m=Download&a=show&id=235">华梵·简洁多功能梵语、巴利语输入法（北京馨逸文化传播有限公司）</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182101/http://www.huafan.org.cn/">华梵网在线梵语、藏语在线转写（北京馨逸文化传播有限公司）</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522103939/http://www.daicing.com/manyu/index.php?page=sanskrit-dao-daicing-keyboard">太清梵文（天城文）输入法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Type_Services_for_Unicode_Imaging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging（页面不存在）">Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging</a> - Macintosh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20051217201509/http://devendraparakh.port5.com/">HindiWriter</a> - The Phonetic Hindi Writer with AutoWord lookup and Spellcheck for MS Word and OpenOffice.org for Windows.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pango" title="Pango">Pango</a> - open source（<a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a> - Windows</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WorldScript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WorldScript（页面不存在）">WorldScript</a> - Macintosh, replaced by the Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging, mentioned above</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baraha.com/downloads.htm">Baraha</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060621234340/http://www.baraha.com/downloads.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - Devanāgarī Input using English Keyboard</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lipikaar.com">Lipikaar</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090909072144/http://www.lipikaar.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - The indic script typing tool with support for Devanāgarī through a Windows desktop executable or Firefox Extension.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akshargram.com/sarvagya/index.php/Hindi_Typing_Tools">List of Hindi Typing Tools</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170701210146/http://www.akshargram.com/sarvagya/index.php/Hindi_Typing_Tools">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526133128/http://www.cdacmumbai.in/projects/indix/">IndiX, Indian language support for Linux</a>, a site by the Indian <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Centre_for_Software_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Centre for Software Technology（页面不存在）">National Centre for Software Technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522082243/http://girish.co.in/projects/indian_languages.html">Devanāgarī Tools: Wiki Sandbox, Devanāgarī Mail, Yahoo/Google Search & Devanāgarī Transliteration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entrans.sourceforge.net/">EnTrans</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201222130153/http://entrans.sourceforge.net/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - Entrans is an online, collaborative translation tool</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221062820/http://spokensanskrit.de/ttest.php">Online Latin to Devanāgarī</a> transliteration tool</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=天城文&oldid=84409553">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=天城文&oldid=84409553</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E8%87%AA2024%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:自2024年8月需要語言學专家关注的页面（页面不存在）">自2024年8月需要語言學专家关注的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Category:亞洲文字">亞洲文字</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Category:印度文字">印度文字</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Category:婆羅米系文字">婆羅米系文字</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%97%A0%E6%95%88%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:模板中使用无效日期参数的条目">模板中使用无效日期参数的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:所有需要專家關注的頁面">所有需要專家關注的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要语言学专家关注的页面">需要语言学专家关注的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2024%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88%E7%B2%97%E5%8A%A3%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Category:自2024年8月粗劣翻译">自2024年8月粗劣翻译</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有多个问题的条目">含有多个问题的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89_ISO_15924_%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Category:有 ISO 15924 四字母編碼的文字">有 ISO 15924 四字母編碼的文字</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有梵語的條目">含有梵語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%83%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:使用國際音標字元的條目">使用國際音標字元的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2017%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目">自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:条目有永久失效的外部链接">条目有永久失效的外部链接</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年9月30日 (星期一) 09:42。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>） Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。 </li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-hpmx2","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.326","walltime":"5.142","ppvisitednodes":{"value":82750,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":899571,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":142882,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":51,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":67211,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4497.642 1 -total"," 58.63% 2636.985 1224 Template:SetTitle"," 13.00% 584.640 99 Template:Category_handler"," 12.84% 577.497 95 Template:Lang"," 7.90% 355.528 99 Template:Category_handler/numbered"," 7.10% 319.341 99 Template:Namespace_detect"," 6.55% 294.758 1 Template:Brahmic"," 6.44% 289.754 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.14% 276.242 99 Template:Str_mid"," 5.82% 261.557 99 Template:Str_mid/core"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.604","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7988164,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFMasica1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerma2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"毗蓝摩\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Brahmic\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Expert needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 17,\n [\"IAST\"] = 181,\n [\"IPA\"] = 58,\n [\"IPA notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox WS\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 95,\n [\"Link-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTA\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rough translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Sans-serif\"] = 2,\n [\"Seealso\"] = 1,\n [\"SetTitle\"] = 1224,\n [\"Unicode chart Devanagari Extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Vedic Extensions\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode_chart_Devanagari\"] = 1,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 15,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-868cbd546d-qp8rq","timestamp":"20241127101330","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u5929\u57ce\u6587","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38592","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38592","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-04T08:09:44Z","dateModified":"2024-09-30T09:42:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/02\/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg","headline":"\u66f8\u5beb\u7cfb\u7d71"}</script> </body> </html>