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Twenty-nine [[radioisotope]]s are known, all synthetic, with [[atomic mass]]es ranging from 60 to 89; along with three [[nuclear isomer|nuclear isomers]], <sup>64m</sup>Ga, <sup>72m</sup>Ga and <sup>74m</sup>Ga. Most of the isotopes with [[atomic mass number]]s below 69 decay to isotopes of [[zinc]], while most of the isotopes with masses above 71 decay to isotopes of [[germanium]]. Among them, the most commercially important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68. Gallium-67 (half-life 3.3 days) is a gamma-emitting isotope (the gamma ray emitted immediately after electron capture) used in standard nuclear medical imaging, in procedures usually referred to as [[gallium scan]]s. It is usually used as the free ion, Ga<sup>3+</sup>. It is the longest-lived radioisotope of gallium. The shorter-lived gallium-68 (half-life 68 minutes) is a [[positron]]-emitting isotope generated in very small quantities from germanium-68 in [[gallium-68 generator]]s or in much greater quantities by proton bombardment of <sup>68</sup>Zn in low-energy medical [[cyclotron]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumlin |first1=J |last2=Dam |first2=J |last3=Langkjaer |first3=N |last4=Chua |first4=C.J. |last5=Borjian |first5=S. |last6=Kassaian |first6=A |last7=Hook |first7=B |last8=Zeisler |first8=S |last9=Schaffer |first9=P |last10=Helge |first10=Thisgaard |title=Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron |journal=Conference: EANM'19 |date=October 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336589918 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thisgaard|first1=Helge|last2=Kumlin|first2=Joel|last3=Langkjær|first3=Niels|last4=Chua|first4=Jansen|last5=Hook|first5=Brian|last6=Jensen|first6=Mikael|last7=Kassaian|first7=Amir|last8=Zeisler|first8=Stefan|last9=Borjian|first9=Sogol|last10=Cross|first10=Michael|last11=Schaffer|first11=Paul|date=2021-01-07|title=Multi-curie production of gallium-68 on a biomedical cyclotron and automated radiolabelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE|url= |journal=EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1|doi=10.1186/s41181-020-00114-9|issn=2365-421X|pmc=7790954|pmid=33411034 |doi-access=free }}</ref> for use in a small minority of diagnostic [[PET scan]]s. For this use, it is usually attached as a tracer to a carrier molecule (for example the somatostatin analogue [[DOTATOC]]), which gives the resulting [[radiopharmaceutical]] a different tissue-uptake specificity from the ionic <sup>67</sup>Ga radioisotope normally used in standard gallium scans. == List of isotopes == {{Anchor|Gallium-56|Gallium-57|Gallium-58|Gallium-58m|Gallium-59|Gallium-61m|Gallium-84m}}  {{Isotopes table |symbol=Ga |refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II |notes=m, unc(), mass#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, EC, IT, p, n }} |-id=Gallium-60 | rowspan=3|<sup>60</sup>Ga | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=3|59.95750(22)# | rowspan=3|72.4(17)&nbsp;ms | [[beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]] (98.4%) | <sup>60</sup>Zn | rowspan=3|(2+) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β<sup>+</sup>, [[proton emission|p]] (1.6%) | <sup>59</sup>Cu |- | β<sup>+</sup>, [[alpha decay|α]]? (<0.023%) | <sup>56</sup>Ni |-id=Gallium-61 | rowspan=2|<sup>61</sup>Ga | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30 | rowspan=2|60.949399(41) | rowspan=2|165.9(25)&nbsp;ms | β<sup>+</sup> | <sup>61</sup>Zn | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β<sup>+</sup>, p? (<0.25%) | <sup>60</sup>Cu |-id=Gallium-62 | <sup>62</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 31 | 61.94418964(68) | 116.122(21)&nbsp;ms | β<sup>+</sup> | <sup>62</sup>Zn | 0+ | | |-id=Gallium-63 | <sup>63</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 32 | 62.9392942(14) | 32.4(5)&nbsp;s | β<sup>+</sup> | <sup>63</sup>Zn | 3/2− | | |-id=Gallium-64 | <sup>64</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 33 | 63.9368404(15) | 2.627(12)&nbsp;min | β<sup>+</sup> | '''<sup>64</sup>Zn''' | 0(+#) | | |-id=Gallium-64m | style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>64m</sup>Ga | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 42.85(8)&nbsp;keV | 21.9(7)&nbsp;μs | IT | <sup>64</sup>Ga | (2+) | | |-id=Gallium-65 | <sup>65</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 64.93273442(85) | 15.133(28)&nbsp;min | β<sup>+</sup> | <sup>65</sup>Zn | 3/2− | | |-id=Gallium-66 | <sup>66</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 35 | 65.9315898(12) | 9.304(8)&nbsp;h | β<sup>+</sup> | '''<sup>66</sup>Zn''' | 0+ | | |- | <sup>67</sup>Ga<ref group="n">Deexcitation gamma used in [[Gallium scan|medical imaging]]</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 66.9282023(13) | 3.2617(4)&nbsp;d | [[Electron capture|EC]] | '''<sup>67</sup>Zn''' | 3/2− | | |- | <sup>68</sup>Ga<ref group="n">Medically useful [[radioisotope]]</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 67.9279802(15) | 67.842(16)&nbsp;min | β<sup>+</sup> | '''<sup>68</sup>Zn''' | 1+ | | |-id=Gallium-69 | <sup>69</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 68.9255735(13) | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 3/2− | 0.60108(50) | |-id=Gallium-70 | rowspan=2|<sup>70</sup>Ga | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 39 | rowspan=2|69.9260219(13) | rowspan=2|21.14(5)&nbsp;min | β<sup>−</sup> (99.59%) | '''<sup>70</sup>Ge''' | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | EC (0.41%) | '''<sup>70</sup>Zn''' |-id=Gallium-71 | <sup>71</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 40 | 70.92470255(87) | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 3/2− | 0.39892(50) | |-id=Gallium-72 | <sup>72</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 71.92636745(88) | 14.025(10)&nbsp;h | β<sup>−</sup> | '''<sup>72</sup>Ge''' | 3− | | |-id=Gallium-72m | style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>72m</sup>Ga | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 119.66(5)&nbsp;keV | 39.68(13)&nbsp;ms | [[Isomeric transition|IT]] | <sup>72</sup>Ga | (0+) | | |-id=Gallium-73 | <sup>73</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 72.9251747(18) | 4.86(3)&nbsp;h | β<sup>−</sup> | '''<sup>73</sup>Ge''' | 1/2− | | |-id=Gallium-73m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>73m</sup>Ga | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0.15(9)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2|<200&nbsp;ms | IT? | <sup>73</sup>Ga | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β<sup>−</sup> | '''<sup>73</sup>Ge''' |-id=Gallium-74 | <sup>74</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 73.9269457(32) | 8.12(12)&nbsp;min | β<sup>−</sup> | '''<sup>74</sup>Ge''' | (3−) | | |-id=Gallium-74m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>74m</sup>Ga | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.571(14)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2|9.5(10)&nbsp;s | IT (>75%) | <sup>74</sup>Ga | rowspan=2|(0)(+#) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β<sup>−</sup>? (<25%) | '''<sup>74</sup>Ge''' |-id=Gallium-75 | <sup>75</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 44 | 74.92650448(72) | 126(2)&nbsp;s | β<sup>−</sup> | <sup>75</sup>Ge | 3/2− | | |-id=Gallium-76 | <sup>76</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 45 | 75.9288276(21) | 30.6(6)&nbsp;s | β<sup>−</sup> | '''''<sup>76</sup>Ge''''' | 2− | | |-id=Gallium-77 | rowspan=2|<sup>77</sup>Ga | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 46 | rowspan=2|76.9291543(26) | rowspan=2|13.2(2)&nbsp;s | rowspan=2|β<sup>−</sup> | <sup>77m</sup>Ge (88%) | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | <sup>77</sup>Ge (12%) |-id=Gallium-78 | <sup>78</sup>Ga | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | 77.9316109(11) | 5.09(5)&nbsp;s | β<sup>−</sup> | <sup>78</sup>Ge | 2− | | |-id=Gallium-78m | style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>78m</sup>Ga | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 498.9(5)&nbsp;keV | 110(3)&nbsp;ns | IT | <sup>78</sup>Ga | | | |-id=Gallium-79 | rowspan=2|<sup>79</sup>Ga | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48 | rowspan=2|78.9328516(13) | rowspan=2|2.848(3)&nbsp;s | β<sup>−</sup> (99.911%) | <sup>79</sup>Ge | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, [[neutron emission|n]] (0.089%) | <sup>78</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-80 | rowspan=2|<sup>80</sup>Ga | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49 | rowspan=2|79.9364208(31) | rowspan=2|1.9(1)&nbsp;s | β<sup>−</sup> (99.14%) | <sup>80</sup>Ge | rowspan=2|6− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, n (.86%) | <sup>79</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-80m | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>80m</sup>Ga<ref group="n" name="order">Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.</ref> | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 22.45(10)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=3|1.3(2)&nbsp;s | β<sup>−</sup> | <sup>80</sup>Ge | rowspan=3|3− | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, n? | <sup>79</sup>Ge |- | IT | <sup>80</sup>Ga |-id=Gallium-81 | rowspan=2|<sup>81</sup>Ga | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50 | rowspan=2|80.9381338(35) | rowspan=2|1.217(5)&nbsp;s | β<sup>−</sup> (87.5%) | <sup>81m</sup>Ge | rowspan=2|5/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, n (12.5%) | <sup>80</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-82 | rowspan=3|<sup>82</sup>Ga | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 51 | rowspan=3|81.9431765(26) | rowspan=3|600(2)&nbsp;ms | β<sup>−</sup> (78.8%) | <sup>82</sup>Ge | rowspan=3|2− | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, n (21.2%) | <sup>81</sup>Ge |- | β<sup>−</sup>, 2n? | <sup>80</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-82m | style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>82m</sup>Ga | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 140.7(3)&nbsp;keV | 93.5(67)&nbsp;ns | IT | <sup>82</sup>Ga | (4−) | | |-id=Gallium-83 | rowspan=3|<sup>83</sup>Ga | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 52 | rowspan=3|82.9471203(28) | rowspan=3|310.0(7)&nbsp;ms | β<sup>−</sup>, n (85%) | <sup>82</sup>Ge | rowspan=3|5/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β<sup>−</sup> (15%) | <sup>83</sup>Ge |- | β<sup>−</sup>, 2n? | <sup>81</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-84 | rowspan=3|<sup>84</sup>Ga | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53 | rowspan=3|83.952663(32) | rowspan=3|97.6(12)&nbsp;ms | β<sup>−</sup> (55%) | <sup>84</sup>Ge | rowspan=3|0−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, n (43%) | <sup>83</sup>Ge |- | β<sup>−</sup>, 2n (1.6%) | <sup>82</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-85 | rowspan=3|<sup>85</sup>Ga | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 54 | rowspan=3|84.957333(40) | rowspan=3|95.3(10)&nbsp;ms | β<sup>−</sup>, n (77%) | <sup>84</sup>Ge | rowspan=3|(5/2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β<sup>−</sup> (22%) | <sup>85</sup>Ge |- | β<sup>−</sup>, 2n (1.3%) | <sup>83</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-86 | rowspan=3|<sup>86</sup>Ga | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=3|85.96376(43)# | rowspan=3|49(2)&nbsp;ms | β<sup>−</sup>, n (69%) | <sup>85</sup>Ge | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, 2n (16.2%) | <sup>84</sup>Ge |- | β<sup>−</sup> (15%) | <sup>86</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-87 | rowspan=3|<sup>87</sup>Ga | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56 | rowspan=3|86.96901(54)# | rowspan=3|29(4)&nbsp;ms | β<sup>−</sup>, n (81%) | <sup>84</sup>Ge | rowspan=3|5/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, 2n (10.2%) | <sup>85</sup>Ge |- | β<sup>−</sup> (9%) | <sup>87</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-88 | rowspan=2|<sup>88</sup>Ga<ref name="88,89Ga">{{cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Y. |last2=Kubo |first2=T. |last3=Sumikama |first3=T. |last4=Fukuda |first4=N. |last5=Takeda |first5=H. |last6=Suzuki |first6=H. |last7=Ahn |first7=D. S. |last8=Inabe |first8=N. |last9=Kusaka |first9=K. |last10=Ohtake |first10=M. |last11=Yanagisawa |first11=Y. |last12=Yoshida |first12=K. |last13=Ichikawa |first13=Y. |last14=Isobe |first14=T. |last15=Otsu |first15=H. |last16=Sato |first16=H. |last17=Sonoda |first17=T. |last18=Murai |first18=D. |last19=Iwasa |first19=N. |last20=Imai |first20=N. |last21=Hirayama |first21=Y. |last22=Jeong |first22=S. C. |last23=Kimura |first23=S. |last24=Miyatake |first24=H. |last25=Mukai |first25=M. |last26=Kim |first26=D. G. |last27=Kim |first27=E. |last28=Yagi |first28=A. |title=Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam |journal=Physical Review C |date=8 April 2024 |volume=109 |issue=4 |page=044313 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313}}</ref> | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57 | rowspan=2|87.97596(54)# | rowspan=2| | β<sup>−</sup>? | <sup>88</sup>Ge | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β<sup>−</sup>, n? | <sup>87</sup>Ge |-id=Gallium-89 | <sup>89</sup>Ga<ref name="88,89Ga"/> | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | 58 | | | | | | | {{Isotopes table/footer}} ==Gallium-67== Gallium-67 ({{SimpleNuclide|gallium|67}}) has a half-life of 3.26 days and decays by [[electron capture]] and [[gamma emission]] (in de-[[excited state|excitation]]) to stable zinc-67. It is a [[radiopharmaceutical]] used in [[gallium scan]]s (alternatively, the shorter-lived gallium-68 may be used). This gamma-emitting isotope is imaged by gamma camera. ==Gallium-68== Gallium-68 ({{SimpleNuclide|Gallium|68}}) is a [[positron emission|positron emitter]] with a half-life of 68 minutes, decaying to stable zinc-68. It is a [[radiopharmaceutical]], [[gallium-68 generator|generated]] ''in situ'' from the [[electron capture]] of germanium-68 (half-life 271 days) owing to its short half-life. This positron-emitting isotope can be imaged efficiently by PET scan (see [[gallium scan]]); alternatively, the longer-lived gallium-67 may be used. Gallium-68 is only used as a positron emitting tag for a ligand which binds to certain tissues, such as [[DOTATOC]], which is a [[somatostatin]] analogue useful for imaging [[neuroendocrine tumors]]. Gallium-68 DOTA scans are increasingly replacing octreotide scans (a type of [[indium-111]] scan using octreotide as a somatostatin receptor ligand). The {{SimpleNuclide|Gallium|68}} is bound to a chemical such as [[DOTATOC]] and the positrons it emits are imaged by [[PET-CT]] scan. Such scans are useful in locating [[neuroendocrine tumors]] and [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref name="Ga68SSTR">{{Cite journal|last1=Hofman|first1=M.S.|last2=Kong|first2=G.|last3=Neels|first3=O.C.|last4=Eu|first4=P.|last5=Hong|first5=E.|last6=Hicks|first6=R.J.|doi=10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x|title=High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours|journal=Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology|volume=56|issue=1|pages=40–47|year=2012|pmid=22339744|s2cid=21843609|doi-access=free}}</ref> Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors is being increasingly replaced by [[gallium scan|gallium-68 DOTATOC]] scan.<ref name="NETONC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott, A, Howe J | display-authors = 2 | title = Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors | journal = Journal of Oncology Practice | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 471–482 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30096273 | doi = 10.1200/JOP.18.00135 | pmc = 6091496 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} * Isotope masses from: **{{NUBASE 2003}} * Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: **{{CIAAW2003}} **{{CIAAW 2005}} * Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. **{{NUBASE 2003}} **{{NNDC}} **{{CRC85|chapter=11}} {{Navbox element isotopes}} [[Category:Isotopes of gallium| ]] [[Category:Gallium]] [[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Gallium]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:!((" title="Template:!((">Template:!((</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:!((&action=edit" title="Template:!((">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:!)" title="Template:!)">Template:!)</a> (<a 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