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class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Honorary Degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_Degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Lauterbur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بول لاوتربر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول لاوتربر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Loterbur" title="Pol Loterbur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pol Loterbur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پال لاتربور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پال لاتربور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পল লাউটারবার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল লাউটারবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Пол Лотэрбур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол Лотэрбур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Christian_Lauterbur" title="Paul Christian Lauterbur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Christian Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" title="Paul C. Lauterbur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul C. Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Christian_Lauterbur" title="Paul Christian Lauterbur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Christian Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" title="Paul C. Lauterbur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul C. Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پال لاتربور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پال لاتربور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%84" title="폴 라우터버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 라우터버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="पॉल लौटरबर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉल लौटरबर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Christian_Lauterbur" title="Paul Christian Lauterbur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Christian Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="פול לוטרבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול לוטרבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Пол Лотербур – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пол Лотербур" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_C._Lauterbur" title="Paulus C. Lauterbur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus C. Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პოლ ლოტერბური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლ ლოტერბური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بول لاوتربر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول لاوتربر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پال لاتربور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پال لاتربور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="ポール・ラウターバー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・ラウターバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" title="Paul C. Lauterbur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul C. Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="پال لاٹربر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال لاٹربر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Christian_Lauterbur" title="Paul Christian Lauterbur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Christian Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Лотербур, Пол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лотербур, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Christian_Lauterbur" title="Paul Christian Lauterbur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paul Christian Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" title="Paul C. Lauterbur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul C. Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Пол Лотербур – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пол Лотербур" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Пол Лотербур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Лотербур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="پاول لیوٹربر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاول لیوٹربر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Lauterbur" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF" title="保罗·劳特伯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保罗·劳特伯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106547#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">American chemist (1929–2007)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Lauterbur</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Lauterbur_2003_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Paul_Lauterbur_2003_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="97" data-file-height="123" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1929-05-06</span>)</span>May 6, 1929<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sidney,_Ohio" title="Sidney, Ohio">Sidney, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 27, 2007<span style="display:none">(2007-03-27)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">Bower Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">Potts Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Chemistry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mellon_Institute_of_Industrial_Research" title="Mellon Institute of Industrial Research">Mellon Institute of Industrial Research</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PaulLauterburSignature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cursive signature with Sharpee marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PaulLauterburSignature.png/150px-PaulLauterburSignature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PaulLauterburSignature.png/225px-PaulLauterburSignature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PaulLauterburSignature.png/300px-PaulLauterburSignature.png 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Christian Lauterbur</b> (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 2003 with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a> for his work which made the development of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Filler2009b_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filler2009b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lauterbur was a professor at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a> from 1963 until 1985, where he conducted his research for the development of the <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 he became a professor along with his wife Joan at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> for 22 years until his death in <a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana</a>. He never stopped working with undergraduates on research, and he served as a professor of chemistry, with appointments in bioengineering, biophysics, the College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign and computational biology at the Center for Advanced Study.<sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghgazette_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghgazette-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lauterbur was of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgish</a> ancestry. Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Sidney,_Ohio" title="Sidney, Ohio">Sidney, Ohio</a>, Lauterbur graduated from <a href="/wiki/Sidney_High_School_(Ohio)" title="Sidney High School (Ohio)">Sidney High School</a>, where a new Chemistry, Physics, and Biology wing was dedicated in his honor. As a <a href="/wiki/Teenager" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenager">teenager</a>, he built his own <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> in the basement of his parents' house.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> teacher at school understood that he enjoyed experimenting on his own, so the teacher allowed him to do his own experiments at the back of class.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was drafted into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in the 1950s, his superiors allowed him to spend his time working on an early <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR) machine; he had published four scientific papers by the time he left the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul became an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> later on.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lauterbur received a BS in chemistry from the Case Institute of Technology, now part of <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a> where he became a Brother of the Alpha Delta chapter of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Tau" title="Phi Kappa Tau">Phi Kappa Tau</a> fraternity. He then went to work at the Mellon Institute laboratories of the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Corning" title="Dow Corning">Dow Corning</a> Corporation, with a 2-year break to serve at the Army Chemical Center in <a href="/wiki/Edgewood,_Maryland" title="Edgewood, Maryland">Edgewood, Maryland</a>. While working at Mellon Institute he pursued graduate studies in chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>. Earning his PhD in 1962, the following year Lauterbur accepted a position as associate professor at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>. As a visiting faculty in chemistry at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> during the 1969–1970 academic year, he undertook NMR-related research with the help of local businesses <a href="/wiki/Syntex" title="Syntex">Syntex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varian_Associates" title="Varian Associates">Varian Associates</a>. Lauterbur returned to Stony Brook, continuing there until 1985 when he moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_development_of_the_MRI">The development of the MRI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The development of the MRI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lauterbur credits the idea of the MRI to a brainstorm one day at a suburban <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Eat%27n_Park" title="Eat'n Park">Eat'n Park</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_Restaurants" title="Big Boy Restaurants">Big Boy Restaurant</a>, with the MRI's first model scribbled on a table napkin while he was a student and researcher at both the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mellon_Institute_of_Industrial_Research" title="Mellon Institute of Industrial Research">Mellon Institute of Industrial Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The further research that led to the Nobel Prize was performed at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1970s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1952, which went to <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a>, was for the development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR), the scientific principle behind MRI. However, for decades magnetic resonance was used mainly for studying the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structure</a> of substances. It wasn't until the 1970s with Lauterbur's and Mansfield's developments that NMR could be used to produce images of the body. </p><p>Lauterbur used the idea of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gabillard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Gabillard (page does not exist)">Robert Gabillard</a> (developed in his doctoral thesis, 1952) of introducing gradients in the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> which allows for determining the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> emitted from the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> of the object of study. This spatial information allows two-dimensional pictures to be produced.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Lauterbur conducted his work at Stony Brook, the best NMR machine on campus belonged to the chemistry department; he had to visit it at night to use it for experimentation and would carefully change the settings so that they would return to those of the chemists' as he left.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesannounce_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesannounce-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original MRI machine is located at the Chemistry building on the campus of Stony Brook University in <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook,_New_York" title="Stony Brook, New York">Stony Brook, New York</a>. </p><p>Some of the first images taken by Lauterbur included those of a 4-mm-diameter clam<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his daughter had collected on the beach at the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a>, green peppers<sup id="cite_ref-economist_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two test tubes of heavy water within a beaker of ordinary water; no other imaging technique in existence at that time could distinguish between two different kinds of water. This last achievement is particularly important as the human body consists mostly of water.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesannounce_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesannounce-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Lauterbur first submitted his paper with his discoveries to <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, the paper was rejected by the editors of the journal. Lauterbur persisted and requested them to review it again, upon which time it was published and is now acknowledged as a classic <i>Nature</i> paper.<sup id="cite_ref-natureclassic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natureclassic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Nature</i> editors pointed out that the pictures accompanying the paper were too fuzzy, although they were the first images to show the difference between heavy water and ordinary water.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lauterbur said of the initial rejection: "You could write the entire history of science in the last 50 years in terms of papers rejected by <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> or <i>Nature</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesannounce_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesannounce-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter Mansfield of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> took Lauterbur's initial work another step further, replacing the slow (and prone to artefacts) projection-reconstruction method used by Lautebur's original technique with a method that used frequency and phase encoding by spatial gradients of magnetic field. Owing to <a href="/wiki/Larmor_precession" title="Larmor precession">Larmor precession</a>, a mathematical technique called a <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourier transformation">Fourier transformation</a> could then be used to recover the desired image, greatly speeding up the imaging process.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesannounce_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesannounce-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lauterbur unsuccessfully attempted to file patents related to his work to commercialize the discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-ntyimespatent_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntyimespatent-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> chose not to pursue patents, with the rationale that the expense would not pay off in the end. "The company that was in charge of such applications decided that it would not repay the expense of getting a patent. That turned out not to be a spectacularly good decision," Lauterbur said in 2003. He attempted to get the federal government to pay for an early prototype of the MRI machine for years in the 1970s, and the process took a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Nottingham did file patents which later made Mansfield wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg/300px-Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg/450px-Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> with the six 2003 American Nobel laureates in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>. From left to right, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a>, New York City (chemistry); <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a>, Urbana, Illinois (physics); Dr. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Engle" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Engle">Robert Engle</a>, New York City (economics); <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov">Alexei Abrikosov</a>, Argonne, Illinois (physics); <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a>, Baltimore, Maryland (chemistry); and Dr. Paul Lauterbur, Urbana, Illinois (physiology/medicine).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lauterbur was awarded the Nobel Prize along with Mansfield in the fall of 2003. Controversy occurred when <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Damadian" title="Raymond Damadian">Raymond Damadian</a> took out full-page ads in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i> headlined "The Shameful Wrong That Must Be Righted" saying that the Nobel committee had not included him as a Prize winner alongside Lauterbur and Mansfield for his early work on the MRI. Damadian claimed that he discovered MRI and the two Nobel-winning scientists refined his technology. </p><p><i>The New York Times</i> published an editorial saying that while scientists credit Damadian for holding an early patent in MRI technology, Lauterbur and Mansfield expanded upon <a href="/wiki/Herman_Carr" title="Herman Carr">Herman Carr</a>'s technique in order to produce first 2D and then 3D MR images. The editorial deems this to be worthy of a Nobel prize even though it states clearly in Alfred Nobel's will that prizes are not to be given out solely on the basis of improving an existing technology for commercial use. The newspaper then points out a few cases in which precursor discoveries had been awarded with a Nobel, along with a few deserving cases in which it had not, such as <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gabillard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Gabillard (page does not exist)">Robert Gabillard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gabillard" class="extiw" title="fr:Robert Gabillard">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesnobel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesnobel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iht_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iht-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lauterbur died aged 77 in March 2007 of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a> at his home in <a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana, Illinois</a>. University of Illinois Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Herman" title="Richard Herman">Richard Herman</a> said, "Paul's influence is felt around the world every day, every time an MRI saves the life of a daughter or a son, a mother or a father."<sup id="cite_ref-iht_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iht-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_awards_and_honors">Other awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Clinical_Medical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research</a>, 1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Cancer_Research_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Cancer Research Foundation">General Motors Cancer Research Foundation</a> <a href="/wiki/Kettering_Prize" title="Kettering Prize">Kettering Prize</a>, 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a>, 1985</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a>, 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a>, 1988, (with Raymond Damadian)<sup id="cite_ref-ntyimespatent_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntyimespatent-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bower Award, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> of Philadelphia, 1990 (first recipient)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Mellon">Carnegie Mellon</a> <a href="/wiki/Dickson_Prize_in_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickson Prize in Science">Dickson Prize in Science</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghgazette_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghgazette-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_for_Chemistry_in_Service_to_Society" title="NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society">NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-ChemService_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemService-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Charter member, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Tau" title="Phi Kappa Tau">Phi Kappa Tau</a> Hall of Fame in 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>, class of 2007</li> <li>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/255598_Paullauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="255598 Paullauterbur">255598 Paullauterbur</a>, discovered by Italian amateur astronomer <a href="/wiki/Silvano_Casulli" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvano Casulli">Silvano Casulli</a> in 2006, was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-object_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-object-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_255001%E2%80%93256000#598" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 255001–256000">naming citation</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on 12 January 2017 (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 103028</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_Degrees">Honorary Degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honorary Degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie-Mellon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie-Mellon University">Carnegie-Mellon University</a> in Pittsburgh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a> in Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Copernicus University">Nicolaus Copernicus University</a> Medical School in Kraków, Poland</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Filler2009b-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Filler2009b_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filler, AG: The history, development, and impact of computed imaging in neurological diagnosis and neurosurgery: CT, MRI, DTI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://precedings.nature.com/documents/3267/version/4">Nature Precedings </a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpre.2009.3267.4">10.1038/npre.2009.3267.4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._C._Lauterbur1973" class="citation journal cs1">P. C. Lauterbur (1973). "Image Formation by Induced Local Interaction; Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>242</b> (5394): 190–191. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Natur.242..190L">1973Natur.242..190L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F242190a0">10.1038/242190a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Image+Formation+by+Induced+Local+Interaction%3B+Examples+Employing+Nuclear+Magnetic+Resonance&rft.volume=242&rft.issue=5394&rft.pages=190-191&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F242190a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Natur.242..190L&rft.au=P.+C.+Lauterbur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pittsburghgazette-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pittsburghgazette_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pittsburghgazette_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpice,_Byron2003" class="citation news cs1">Spice, Byron (2003-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/03280/228666.stm">"Nobel Prize for MRI began with a burger in New Kensington"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+for+MRI+began+with+a+burger+in+New+Kensington&rft.date=2003-10-07&rft.au=Spice%2C+Byron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F03280%2F228666.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8954439">"Paul Lauterbur"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 2007-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Paul+Lauterbur&rft.date=2007-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fobituary%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D8954439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, M. Joan. Paul Lauterbur and the Invention of MRI. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2013. Print. "Paul became an atheist, revering intellectual honesty and the quest for truth."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauterbur2003" class="citation web cs1">Lauterbur, Paul C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/lauterbur-autobio.html?print=1">"Autobiography"</a>. <i>Nobel Prize official website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobel+Prize+official+website&rft.atitle=Autobiography&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lauterbur&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Flauterbur-autobio.html%3Fprint%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, Cindy (Fall 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittmag.pitt.edu/fall2004/feature1.html">"Magnetic Personality"</a>. <i>Pitt Magazine</i>. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pitt+Magazine&rft.atitle=Magnetic+Personality&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittmag.pitt.edu%2Ffall2004%2Ffeature1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2014" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Amit (2014-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9VsEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Imperial Technoscience: Transnational Histories of MRI in the United States, Britain, and India</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262026956" title="Special:BookSources/9780262026956"><bdi>9780262026956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Technoscience%3A+Transnational+Histories+of+MRI+in+the+United+States%2C+Britain%2C+and+India&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.isbn=9780262026956&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9VsEAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commcgi.cc.stonybrook.edu/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=5&num=755">Nobel Prize Awardee Paul Lauterbur Returns To SBU Where His Winning Research Was Conducted In The '70s</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimesannounce-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesannounce_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesannounce_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesannounce_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesannounce_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade,_Nicholas2003" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (2003-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9800EFDC103CF934A35753C1A9659C8B63">"American and Briton Win Nobel for Using Chemists' Test for M.R.I.'s"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=No+Nobel+Prize+for+Whining&rft.date=2003-10-20&rft.au=Judson%2C+Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F20%2Fopinion%2Fno-nobel-prize-for-whining.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iht-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iht_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iht_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang,_Kenneth2007" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (2007-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/world/americas/28iht-obits.4.5060418.html">"Paul Lauterbur, MRI pioneer and Nobel Laureate, dies"</a>. International Herald Tribune (now New York Times International Edition)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Lauterbur%2C+MRI+pioneer+and+Nobel+Laureate%2C+dies&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft.au=Chang%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F28iht-obits.4.5060418.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChemService-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChemService_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229180149/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_chemservice">"NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society"</a>. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_chemservice">the original</a> on 29 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAS+Award+for+Chemistry+in+Service+to+Society&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FPageServer%3Fpagename%3DAWARDS_chemservice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-object-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-object_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=255598">"255598 Paullauterbur (2006 PE1)"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=255598+Paullauterbur+%282006+PE1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D255598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html">"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=MPC%2FMPO%2FMPS+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FECS%2FMPCArchive%2FMPCArchive_TBL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Lauterbur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q106547" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q106547"><b>Paul Lauterbur <small>(Q106547)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Dawson, M. Joan. <i>Paul Lauterbur and the Invention of MRI,</i> Boston: MIT Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262019217" title="Special:BookSources/9780262019217">9780262019217</a></li> <li>"Paul C. Lauterbur - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/lauterbur-bio.html">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lauterbur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul C. Lauterbur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/0c483j46q">Genesis of the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) notebook, September 1971</a> (all pages freely available for download in variety of formats from <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> Digital Collections at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/">digital.sciencehistory.org</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/2003/press.html">Nobel Prize 2003 Press Release</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902111936/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/pittmag/fall2004/feature1.html">University of Pittsburgh Medical School article on alumnus Lauterbur</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patentgenius.com/inventor/LauterburPaulC.html">Paul C. Lauterbur Patents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/18681702">Paul Lauterbur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/lauterbur-paul.pdf">National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Earle Vaughan">H. Earle Vaughan</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard Bellman</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> (1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Lauterbur</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar Patel</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Gallager" title="Robert G. Gallager">Robert G. Gallager</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_E._Joel,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Amos E. Joel, Jr.">Amos E. Joel, Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Johan_%C3%85str%C3%B6m" title="Karl Johan Åström">Karl Johan Åström</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Pederson" title="Donald Pederson">Donald Pederson</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Concordia" title="Charles Concordia">Charles Concordia</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2003_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2003 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2003_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2003 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov</a> (Soviet Union/Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Lauterbur</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive Granger</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners">2002</a></dd> <dd><b>2003 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2007_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2007 Nobel Prize winners">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners">2008</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heineken_Prizes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heineken_Prizes" title="Template:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heineken_Prizes" title="Template talk:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heineken_Prizes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heineken_Prizes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heineken_Prizes" title="Heineken Prizes">Heineken Prizes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biochemistry and Biophysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Chargaff</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Brachet" title="Jean Brachet">Brachet</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Chance</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">De Duve</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurens_van_Deenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurens van Deenen (page does not exist)">Van Deenen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Weissmann" title="Charles Weissmann">Weissmann</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Julesz" title="Béla Julesz">Julesz</a> & <a href="/wiki/Werner_E._Reichardt" title="Werner E. Reichardt">Reichardt</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Cech</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Leder</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Borst" title="Piet Borst">Borst</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berridge" title="Michael Berridge">Berridge</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Pawson_(biochemist)" title="Tony Pawson (biochemist)">Pawson</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Tsien</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Jeffreys</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Szostak</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Ulrich_Hartl" title="Franz-Ulrich Hartl">Hartl</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titia_de_Lange" title="Titia de Lange">De Lange</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dobson" title="Chris Dobson">Dobson</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Doudna</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaowei_Zhuang" title="Xiaowei Zhuang">Zhuang</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_William_Stillman" title="Bruce William Stillman">Stillman</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lauterbur</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_van_Rood" title="Jon van Rood">Van Rood</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Moncada</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_de_Wied" title="David de Wied">De Wied</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_J._Selkoe" title="Dennis J. Selkoe">Selkoe</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">King</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peto" title="Richard Peto">Peto</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Steinman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Clevers" title="Hans Clevers">Clevers</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_Alitalo" title="Kari Alitalo">Alitalo</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jackson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Jackson (scientist)">Jackson</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carmeliet" title="Peter Carmeliet">Carmeliet</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Deisseroth</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">Lovelock</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Branica" title="Marko Branica">Branica</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Daly</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poul_Harremo%C3%ABs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poul Harremoës (page does not exist)">Harremoës</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Thompson</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_A._Levin" title="Simon A. Levin">Levin</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pimm" title="Stuart Pimm">Pimm</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Brunekreef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Brunekreef (page does not exist)">Brunekreef</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._David_Tilman" title="G. David Tilman">Tilman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Laurance" title="William F. Laurance">Laurance</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Sinninghe_Damst%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Sinninghe Damsté (page does not exist)">Sinninghe Damsté</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Mace" title="Georgina Mace">Mace</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._N._Hebert" title="Paul D. N. Hebert">Hebert</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Le_Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Corinne Le Quéré">Le Quéré</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Gay</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_der_Wee" title="Herman Van der Wee">Van der Wee</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Oberman" title="Heiko Oberman">Oberman</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Ozouf" title="Mona Ozouf">Ozouf</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(historian)" title="Jan de Vries (historian)">De Vries</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Schilling" title="Heinz Schilling">Schilling</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" title="Jacques Le Goff">Le Goff</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Mokyr</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleida_Assmann" title="Aleida Assmann">Assmann</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Herrin</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._McNeill" title="J. R. McNeill">McNeill</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Daston" title="Lorraine Daston">Daston</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cognitive Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">Anderson</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Dehaene</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Tomasello</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_(neuroscientist)" title="John Duncan (neuroscientist)">Duncan</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McClelland_(psychologist)" title="James McClelland (psychologist)">McClelland</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Spelke" title="Elizabeth Spelke">Spelke</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kanwisher" title="Nancy Kanwisher">Kanwisher</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zatorre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Zatorre (page does not exist)">Zatorre</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toon_Verhoef" title="Toon Verhoef">Verhoef</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrie_Bot" title="Marrie Bot">Bot</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_Visser" title="Carel Visser">C. Visser</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthijs_R%C3%B6ling" title="Matthijs Röling">Röling</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Martens" title="Karel Martens">Martens</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_de_Pavert" title="Jan van de Pavert">Van de Pavert</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Geelen" title="Guido Geelen">Geelen</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aernout_Mik" title="Aernout Mik">Mik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daan_van_Golden" title="Daan van Golden">Van Golden</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Koelewijn" title="Job Koelewijn">Koelewijn</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Visser_(artist)" title="Barbara Visser (artist)">B. Visser</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Manders" title="Mark Manders">Manders</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Struycken" title="Peter Struycken">Struycken</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelien_van_Oldenborgh" title="Wendelien van Oldenborgh">Van Oldenborgh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Dr%C3%B6ge_Wendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvonne Dröge Wendel (page does not exist)">Dröge Wendel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_van_Lieshout" title="Erik van Lieshout">Van Lieshout</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansuya_Blom" title="Ansuya Blom">Blom</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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