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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WJZ_chain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WJZ_chain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 WJZ chain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WJZ_chain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_National_Broadcasting_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_National_Broadcasting_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Formation of the National Broadcasting Company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_National_Broadcasting_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Networks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Networks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Networks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_and_Blue_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_and_Blue_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Red and Blue networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_and_Blue_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orange_Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange_Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Orange Network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange_Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adding_stations_and_"Radio_City"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adding_stations_and_"Radio_City""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Adding stations and "Radio City" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adding_stations_and_"Radio_City"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Notable programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Affiliates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_NBC_Red_and_NBC_Blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_NBC_Red_and_NBC_Blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Separation of NBC Red and NBC Blue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_NBC_Red_and_NBC_Blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_"Golden_Age_of_Radio"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_"Golden_Age_of_Radio""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 After the "Golden Age of Radio" </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_"Golden_Age_of_Radio"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle After the "Golden Age of Radio" subsection </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_"Golden_Age_of_Radio"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_FM_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_FM_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Development of FM and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_FM_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_CBS_"Paley_raids"_and_television's_emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_CBS_"Paley_raids"_and_television's_emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 The 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American radio network (1926–1999)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more on the collective history of the National Broadcasting Company, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_NBC" title="History of NBC">History of NBC</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">NBC Radio Network</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NBCradioWW1logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/NBCradioWW1logo.png/175px-NBCradioWW1logo.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/NBCradioWW1logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="63" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NBC_Red_Network.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/NBC_Red_Network.png/125px-NBC_Red_Network.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/NBC_Red_Network.png/188px-NBC_Red_Network.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/NBC_Red_Network.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="305" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio network</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline;" class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">Ownership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>)</li><li>(1926–1928)</li><li>RCA (1928–1986)</li><li>General Electric (1986–1987)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)" title="Westwood One (1976–2011)">Westwood One</a> (1987–1999)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> (founder)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 1926 (98 years ago) (1926-11-15)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/WFAN_(AM)" title="WFAN (AM)">WEAF</a> chain" (<a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>;</li><li><a href="/wiki/D/b/a" class="mw-redirect" title="D/b/a">d/b/a</a> the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Company_of_America" title="Broadcasting Company of America">Broadcasting Company of America</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>April 17, 1999 (1999-04-17)</li><li>(72 years, 153 days)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Westwood One</li><li><a href="/wiki/NBC_News_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC News Radio">NBC News Radio</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data">NBC Red Network (1927–1942)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">Coverage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Availability</th><td class="infobox-data">National, through regional affiliates</td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Broadcasting Company">National Broadcasting Company</a>'s NBC Radio Network (also known as the NBC Red Network from 1927 to 1942)<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> was an American commercial radio network which was in continuous operation from 1926 through 1999. Along with the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Blue_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Blue Network">NBC Blue Network</a>, it was one of the first two nationwide networks established in the United States. Its major competitors were the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">Columbia Broadcasting System</a> (CBS), founded in 1927, and the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a>, founded in 1934. In 1942, NBC was required to divest one of its national networks, so it sold NBC Blue, which was soon renamed the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> (ABC). After this separation, the Red Network continued as the NBC Radio Network. For the first 61 years of its existence, this network was owned by the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA) with <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> radio station <a href="/wiki/WFAN_(AM)" title="WFAN (AM)">WEAF</a> (renamed WNBC in 1946, WRCA in 1954 and again as WNBC in 1960) as its <a href="/wiki/Flagship_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship station">flagship station</a>. Following the emergence of television as the dominant entertainment medium and much of NBC Radio's talent migrating both to CBS and NBC television, the network made multiple investments in programming in hopes of retaining relevance. These included the weekend program umbrella <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(radio_program)" title="Monitor (radio program)">Monitor</a> (1955–1975), the <a href="/wiki/All-news" class="mw-redirect" title="All-news">all-news</a> focused NBC News and Information Service (1975–1977) and the <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> service <a href="/wiki/NBC_Talknet" title="NBC Talknet">NBC Talknet</a>, all of which encountered varying degrees of success and failure. Following <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>'s purchase of RCA in late 1986, GE sold the NBC Radio Network to <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)" title="Westwood One (1976–2011)">Westwood One</a> in 1987. Westwood One previously acquired Mutual in 1985 and gradually merged the two together. NBC Radio News, which was also folded into Mutual's news operations, saw most of its functions cease on April 17, 1999, after further consolidation merged both NBC and Mutual directly into <a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Radio" title="CBS News Radio">CBS's radio news</a> operations. Westwood One and <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One" title="Westwood One">its successor network</a> continued to use "NBC" branding for some of its programming until 2020, partnering with <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> to operate NBC News Radio from 2003 until 2014, and with <a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports" title="NBC Sports">NBC Sports</a> for <a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports_Radio" title="NBC Sports Radio">NBC Sports Radio</a>. From 2016 onward, <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a> has handled production and distribution of NBC News Radio. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WEAF_chain">WEAF chain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: WEAF chain">edit</a>]</div> The 1926 formation of the National Broadcasting Company was a consolidation and reorganization of earlier network radio operations developed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a> Company (AT&T) beginning in 1922, in addition to more limited efforts conducted by the "radio group" companies, which consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA) and its corporate owners, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE) and the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_%26_Manufacturing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company">Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company</a> (and, for a period of time, the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NYT-RCAGE-3">[2]</a> Organized radio broadcasting started in the early 1920s, with AT&T soon becoming an industry leader. In 1920 and 1921, AT&T concluded a series of patent cross-licensing agreements with the "radio group" companies.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The "radio group" began negotiating under that name through a cross-licensing agreement between GE and Westinghouse, agreed to on July 1, 1921.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Under these agreements, AT&T asserted that it held the sole right to sell commercial time on radio stations, which it called "toll broadcasting", although for the next few years the idea of radio advertising remained controversial.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> AT&T also recognized that its longline telephone network could be used to connect radio stations together to form networks to share programming and costs.<a href="#cite_note-first-7">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milestone_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Milestone_1922.jpg/250px-Milestone_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Milestone_1922.jpg/375px-Milestone_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Milestone_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Eveready_Hour" title="The Eveready Hour">The Eveready Hour</a> announcer Helen Hahn in the WEAF studios, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1922</figcaption></figure> In early 1922, AT&T announced the establishment of a "toll" station in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and its intention to develop a nationwide commercial radio network using their <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a> infrastructure. The original plan for the "toll" station was to offer the station for leasing to different operators for fees based on the length of airtime and the specific daypart.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Out of the two New York City stations AT&T set up, <a href="/wiki/WFAN_(AM)" title="WFAN (AM)">WEAF</a> emerged as the more successful and served as the key station for AT&T's network development. Although the original plan was to build additional stations throughout the United States, the "broadcasting boom" of 1922 resulted in a total of over 500 assorted broadcasting stations by the end of the year, so AT&T only found it necessary to build one additional outlet, <a href="/wiki/WCAP_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="WCAP (Washington, D.C.)">WCAP</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, owned by its <a href="/wiki/C%26P_Telephone" title="C&P Telephone">Chesapeake & Potomac</a> subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-Evenin19230705p44-9">[8]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graham_McNamee_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Graham_McNamee_1924.jpg/191px-Graham_McNamee_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Graham_McNamee_1924.jpg/287px-Graham_McNamee_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Graham_McNamee_1924.jpg/382px-Graham_McNamee_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>WEAF announcer <a href="/wiki/Graham_McNamee" title="Graham McNamee">Graham McNamee</a> calling the <a href="/wiki/1924_World_Series" title="1924 World Series">1924 World Series</a> for the "WEAF chain"</figcaption></figure> AT&T's radio network, commonly called the "WEAF chain", was first developed in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">northeastern United States</a>. The first joint broadcast was a one-time effort made on January 4, 1923, when a program WEAF originated was relayed by <a href="/wiki/WBIX" title="WBIX">WNAC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buffal19230104p22-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bridge19230103p_10-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pittst19230104p_8-12">[11]</a> The first continuous link was established on July 1, 1923, when <a href="/wiki/Edward_Howland_Robinson_Green" title="Edward Howland Robinson Green">Colonel Edward H. R. Green</a> arranged for AT&T to provide WEAF programming for rebroadcast by his station, <a href="/wiki/WMAF_(Massachusetts)" title="WMAF (Massachusetts)">WMAF</a> at <a href="/wiki/South_Dartmouth,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="South Dartmouth, Massachusetts">South Dartmouth, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewist19230709p2-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FallRi19230702p4-14">[13]</a> The first transcontinental link was made in early 1924, and that fall a coast-to-coast network of 23 stations broadcast a speech by President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>. By the end of 1925, there were 26 <a href="/wiki/Affiliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affiliates">affiliates</a> in the standard "WEAF chain", extending west to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-first-7">[6]</a> One early success for the "WEAF chain" was <a href="/wiki/The_Eveready_Hour" title="The Eveready Hour">The Eveready Hour</a>, the first sponsored program to be broadcast over a radio network, paid for by the <a href="/wiki/National_Carbon_Company" title="National Carbon Company">National Carbon Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rutlan19231218p9-15">[14]</a> Debuting over WEAF in December 1923,<a href="#cite_note-Brookl19231218p10-16">[15]</a> the program quickly grew in popularity; unlike most sponsored programs which typically featured music from a dance orchestra,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> it is credited as the first variety program and the first to utilize scripts<a href="#cite_note-SunJou19241118p9-18">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dress_rehearsal" title="Dress rehearsal">dress rehearsals</a> prior to broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-Centra19231227p16-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The Eveready Hour's installment on November 4, 1924, was notably interspersed with election returns read by WEAF's <a href="/wiki/Graham_McNamee" title="Graham McNamee">Graham McNamee</a> and aired over the WEAF chain until "long after midnight".<a href="#cite_note-Detroi19241104p_4-21">[20]</a> McNamee already had made another first for the "WEAF chain" one month earlier, calling play-by-play of the <a href="/wiki/1924_World_Series" title="1924 World Series">1924 World Series</a> over an eight-station hookup.<a href="#cite_note-NewsHe19241003p_1-22">[21]</a> On May 11, 1926, AT&T centralized its radio operations into a new subsidiary known as the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Company_of_America" title="Broadcasting Company of America">Broadcasting Company of America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evenin19260512p_12-23">[22]</a> Although not widely known at the time, this was done in anticipation of selling the radio network, the result of a management decision that the radio operations were incompatible with the company's primary role as the leading U.S. supplier of telephone services.<a href="#cite_note-Messen19260722p1-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WJZ_chain">WJZ chain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: WJZ chain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeolian_Hall_(1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aeolian_Hall_%281923%29.jpg/210px-Aeolian_Hall_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aeolian_Hall_%281923%29.jpg/315px-Aeolian_Hall_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aeolian_Hall_%281923%29.jpg/420px-Aeolian_Hall_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Building_(42nd_Street)" title="Aeolian Building (42nd Street)">Aeolian Hall</a> in New York City was home to <a href="/wiki/WJY_(New_York_City)" title="WJY (New York City)">WJY</a>–<a href="/wiki/WABC_(AM)" title="WABC (AM)">WJZ</a> and the "WJZ chain" of the "radio group".<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> The "radio group" quickly recognized the value of network programming, but was badly handicapped in its attempts to effectively compete. AT&T's assertion that only it could sell radio advertising meant that the radio group stations had to be commercial-free, and thus were financed by their owners, which soon became a major drain on company profits. The radio group efforts centered on <a href="/wiki/WABC_(AM)" title="WABC (AM)">WJZ</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, station RCA acquired from Westinghouse and moved to New York City on May 14, 1923,<a href="#cite_note-FallRi19230602p16-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pittsb19230523p_25-28">[27]</a> the same day <a href="/wiki/WJY_(New_York_City)" title="WJY (New York City)">WJY</a> launched as a time-share, also owned by RCA and broadcasting from WJZ's <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Building_(42nd_Street)" title="Aeolian Building (42nd Street)">Aeolian Hall</a> facilities.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> RCA then inaugurated <a href="/wiki/WTEM" title="WTEM">WRC</a> in Washington, D.C., as a time-share with WCAP on August 1, 1923; much of RCA's early efforts involved linking WRC and WJZ just as WCAP was already doing for WEAF.<a href="#cite_note-Evenin19230731p19-30">[29]</a> However, AT&T generally refused access to its high-quality telephone lines to competitors, so these efforts generally tried to use <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraph lines</a>, which were found to be incapable of good quality audio transmissions. Use of high-powered stations and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> connections were also investigated, but none of these approaches matched the reliability and quality of AT&T's telephone links.<a href="#cite_note-PopSci192407a-31">[30]</a> The first RCA network broadcast occurred on November 17, 1923, when WJZ rebroadcast play-by-play of a <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a>–<a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">Harvard Crimson</a> college football game over GE's <a href="/wiki/WGY_(AM)" title="WGY (AM)">WGY</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>, linked together via the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Buffal19231124p26-32">[31]</a> The first attempt at using shortwave for chain broadcasting took place on March 7, 1924, when Westinghouse's <a href="/wiki/KFKX_(1923%E2%80%931933)" title="KFKX (1923–1933)">KFKX</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Nebraska" title="Hastings, Nebraska">Hastings, Nebraska</a>—constructed as an experimental repeater for KDKA and supplanting <a href="/wiki/KDPM_(Cleveland)" title="KDPM (Cleveland)">KDPM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a><a href="#cite_note-KFKX-33">[32]</a>—was part of a four-station network involving WJZ, WGY and KDKA, with <a href="/wiki/KGO_(AM)" title="KGO (AM)">KGO</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> receiving KFKX's signal.<a href="#cite_note-PopSci192407a-31">[30]</a> While that experimental relay suffered from "barely distinguishable" audio on KGO's end, a second attempt (also including WRC) on November 15, 1924, was judged a transcontinental success as KGO was better able to pick up KFKX.<a href="#cite_note-Buffal19241116p41-34">[33]</a> The "WJZ chain" saw little growth compared to AT&T's efforts. President Coolidge's March 1925 inaugural speech was sent over an AT&T transcontinental network of 23 stations, but the WJZ chain's broadcast of the speech was carried by only four stations, all located in the East.<a href="#cite_note-Harris19250303p_4-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_National_Broadcasting_Company">Formation of the National Broadcasting Company</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation of the National Broadcasting Company">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WEAF_and_WJZ_Chains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/WEAF_and_WJZ_Chains.jpg/300px-WEAF_and_WJZ_Chains.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/WEAF_and_WJZ_Chains.jpg/450px-WEAF_and_WJZ_Chains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/WEAF_and_WJZ_Chains.jpg/600px-WEAF_and_WJZ_Chains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>The WEAF (red) and WJZ (blue) chains in 1926</figcaption></figure> A few weeks after AT&T consolidated its radio operations into the Broadcasting Company of America subsidiary, it agreed to sell BCA's assets to RCA for approximately $1 million (equivalent to $17.2 million in 2023),<a href="#cite_note-Oaklan19260913p_12-37">[36]</a> a deal made public on July 22, 1926.<a href="#cite_note-Messen19260722p1-24">[23]</a> This sale transferred ownership of WEAF to RCA; included was WEAF's network of 15 stations,<a href="#cite_note-Asbury19260728p_5-38">[37]</a> plus an agreement by AT&T to make its telephone lines readily available for networking.<a href="#cite_note-Oaklan19260913p_12-37">[36]</a> In a separate deal, WCAP was sold to RCA on July 28, 1926, its broadcast hours ceded to time-share partner WRC three days later.<a href="#cite_note-PlainS19260809p3-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evenin19260728p15-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> regarded the sale as an economical one for AT&T, as the WEAF chain generated an annual income of $500,000, with little hope of turning a profit, "which even an affluent corporation like (AT&T) takes into consideration".<a href="#cite_note-Journa19260807p2-41">[40]</a> While the deal was criticized for granting RCA a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on broadcasting, a charge RCA denied,<a href="#cite_note-Indian19260724p6-42">[41]</a> then-<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> declined to publicly comment; Chief Radio Supervisor W. D. Terrell stated that neither he or anyone else in the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce Department">Commerce Department</a> had legal jurisdiction to reject the deal inasmuch as they could not prevent a store from selling bread or meat.<a href="#cite_note-Pittsb19260801p_44-43">[42]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg/175px-DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg/263px-DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg/350px-DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></figcaption></figure> On September 13, 1926, RCA chairman of the board <a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> and president <a href="/wiki/James_G._Harbord" class="mw-redirect" title="James G. Harbord">James G. Harbord</a> announced the formation of the National Broadcasting Company, Inc., to begin operations upon RCA's acquisition of WEAF on November 15.<a href="#cite_note-Pittsb19260913p_4-44">[43]</a> A widely placed full-page company advertisement stated that: "The purpose of the National Broadcasting Company will be to provide the best program available for broadcasting in the United States. ... It is hoped that arrangements may be made so that every event of national importance may be broadcast widely throughout the United States."<a href="#cite_note-Evenin19260913p21-45">[44]</a> As part of a renegotiation of the cross-licensing agreements, NBC was also permitted to accept advertising. The purchase of WEAF and NBC's formation was seen as an achievement for RCA's general manager <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pittsb19260801p_44-43">[42]</a> who was later regarded as the founder of NBC.<a href="#cite_note-LosAng20000212p_56-46">[45]</a> NBC's network operations were officially launched with a gala broadcast beginning at 8 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Time">Eastern Time</a> on November 15, 1926. In anticipation, one newspaper reported: "The most pretentious broadcasting program ever presented, featuring among other stars of the theatrical, concert and radio field, some of whom have never been heard on the air, will mark the introduction of the National Broadcasting company to the radio public Monday evening", with NBC president Merlin H. Aylesworth characterizing the event as "a four-hour program beginning at 8 p.m., which will live long in their memories as an occasion marking another milestone in the history of radio broadcasting".<a href="#cite_note-Pittsb19261108p_18-47">[46]</a> Carl Schlegel of the Metropolitan Opera opened the inaugural broadcast, which also featured <a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers" title="Will Rogers">Will Rogers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Garden" title="Mary Garden">Mary Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NorthA19261115p72-48">[47]</a> This broadcast, which included a remote link from <a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">KYW</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, was coordinated through WEAF, and carried by twenty-two eastern and Midwestern stations, located as far west as <a href="/wiki/KCSP_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KCSP (AM)">WDAF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Networks">Networks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Networks">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_and_Blue_networks">Red and Blue networks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Red and Blue networks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">Blue Network</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NBC_Networks_Feb_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NBC_Networks_Feb_1933.jpg/340px-NBC_Networks_Feb_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NBC_Networks_Feb_1933.jpg/510px-NBC_Networks_Feb_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NBC_Networks_Feb_1933.jpg/680px-NBC_Networks_Feb_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>NBC networks, 1933</figcaption></figure> Following NBC's formation, RCA inaugurated a second network on January 1, 1927; called "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">the 'blue' network</a>", it was led by WJZ along with Westinghouse's WBZ, KDKA and KYW;<a href="#cite_note-Pittsb19261229p_10-50">[49]</a> with the WEAF-led chain concurrently named "the 'red' network".<a href="#cite_note-Decatu19261212p_28-51">[50]</a> The debut program, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[b]</a> was carried on both chains and subsequently alternated between "red" and "blue" on a weekly basis.<a href="#cite_note-Baltim19261219p99-54">[52]</a> WEAF historian William Peck Banning suggested the "red" and "blue" names originated from <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit maps</a> drafted in <a href="/wiki/Colored_pencil" title="Colored pencil">colored pencil</a> by Bell System engineers, which carried over as these circuits began to be used exclusively for radio, thus the former "WEAF chain"—mapped out in red—became "the 'red' network".<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> RCA's Radio Age magazine outlined a similar reason in 1942, four years before Banning's book was published.<a href="#cite_note-RadioAge194210p23-56">[54]</a> Other possible explanations for the names included <a href="/wiki/Push-pins" class="mw-redirect" title="Push-pins">push-pins</a> engineers used to mark affiliates of WEAF (red pins) and WJZ (blue pins),<a href="#cite_note-RedBlueMeaning-57">[55]</a> the colors of wires used for <a href="/wiki/Telephone_switchboard" title="Telephone switchboard">switchboards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Evansv19360510p24-58">[56]</a> or from <a href="/wiki/Telephone_jack_and_plug" title="Telephone jack and plug">jack panel</a> connections.<a href="#cite_note-theradiohistorian/nbc-59">[57]</a> The names were not commonplace as newspapers also referred to "NBC-WEAF" or "NBC-WJZ";<a href="#cite_note-RedBlueMeaning-57">[55]</a> NBC made "NBC Red" and "NBC Blue" official network designations by 1936.<a href="#cite_note-Chicag19360427p14-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orange_Network">Orange Network</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orange Network">edit</a>]</div> As 1927 began, <a href="/wiki/KFI" title="KFI">KFI</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/KNBR_(AM)" title="KNBR (AM)">KPO</a> in San Francisco were successfully transmitting live programming to a regional network of their own, dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/NBC_Orange_Network" title="NBC Orange Network">Orange Network</a>",<a href="#cite_note-LosAng19270121p23-60">[58]</a> notably originating play-by-play of the <a href="/wiki/1927_Rose_Bowl" title="1927 Rose Bowl">1927 Rose Bowl</a><a href="#cite_note-SanFra19270205p6-61">[59]</a> and a live performance of <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonic_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Philharmonic Auditorium">Philharmonic Auditorium</a> on January 23, 1927; the latter broadcast was additionally relayed over <a href="/wiki/CBU_(AM)" title="CBU (AM)">CNVR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/KSTP_(AM)" title="KSTP (AM)">WAMD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, and WGY.<a href="#cite_note-Fresno19270123p20-62">[60]</a> Affiliating the chain with NBC, the Orange Network relayed an address by President Coolidge that jointly aired over the Red and Blue networks on February 22.<a href="#cite_note-SanFra19270205p6-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-LosAng19270222p28-63">[61]</a> The Orange Network formally relaunched as a part of NBC on April 5, 1927, adding KGO and three other stations.<a href="#cite_note-Spokan19270402p13-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-SanFra19270403p34-65">[63]</a> NBC eventually utilized the Orange Network to relay Red Network programming to the Pacific states, with the Red Network relaying Orange Network programming for the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Eastern Seaboard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Modest19270206p_8-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adding_stations_and_"Radio_City"">Adding stations and "Radio City"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adding stations and "Radio City"">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GE_Building_(30_Rock)_(425400793).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/GE_Building_%2830_Rock%29_%28425400793%29.jpg/185px-GE_Building_%2830_Rock%29_%28425400793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/GE_Building_%2830_Rock%29_%28425400793%29.jpg/277px-GE_Building_%2830_Rock%29_%28425400793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/GE_Building_%2830_Rock%29_%28425400793%29.jpg/370px-GE_Building_%2830_Rock%29_%28425400793%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">30 Rockefeller Plaza</a>, NBC's headquarters since 1933</figcaption></figure> At the same time, NBC began acquiring radio stations to extend its reach, beginning with KGO and <a href="/wiki/KOA_(AM)" title="KOA (AM)">KOA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>, from GE in March 1930.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Cleveland affiliate <a href="/wiki/WTAM" title="WTAM">WTAM</a>, a 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> <a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">clear-channel station</a>, was purchased from <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Electric_Illuminating" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Electric Illuminating">Cleveland Electric Illuminating</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Van_Sweringen_brothers" title="Van Sweringen brothers">Van Sweringen brothers</a> on October 16, 1930.<a href="#cite_note-Newsan19301026p4-68">[66]</a> Chicago station <a href="/wiki/WENR_(Chicago)" title="WENR (Chicago)">WENR</a>, time-sharing with <a href="/wiki/WLS_(AM)" title="WLS (AM)">WLS</a>, was purchased in July 1931 from <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Insull" title="Samuel Insull">Samuel Insull</a> for $1 million (equivalent to $20 million in 2023), a purchase price compared to the then-record set with WEAF in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-Detroi19310705p_7-69">[67]</a> WENR was paired with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Broadcasting System">Columbia Broadcasting System</a> (CBS) affiliate <a href="/wiki/WSCR" title="WSCR">WMAQ</a> when NBC acquired it from the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News" title="Chicago Daily News">Chicago Daily News</a> on November 1, 1931; like WTAM, WMAQ and WENR-WLS were also clear-channels.<a href="#cite_note-Commer19310906p38-70">[68]</a> KPO was then purchased from <a href="/wiki/Hale_Bros." title="Hale Bros.">Hale Bros.</a> on June 10, 1932, officially pairing it with KGO.<a href="#cite_note-SanFra19320611p24-71">[69]</a> The previous October, KPO became one of the lead stations for the NBC Gold Network, a regional chain of stations that also relayed Blue Network programming.<a href="#cite_note-Tacoma19311023p2-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-LosAng19311017p11-73">[71]</a> WRC was paired with <a href="/wiki/WSBN" title="WSBN">WMAL</a> in 1933 when NBC took over operations of that station from founding owner M. A. Leese via a <a href="/wiki/Lease_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Lease agreement">lease agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> NBC's operations, including WEAF and WJZ, moved to 711 Fifth Avenue in 1927, designed by architect Lloyd Brown. The studios featured elements of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> in stark contrast to radio studios of that era; <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hood" title="Raymond Hood">Raymond Hood</a> designed the studios under the belief a well-designed studio could act as an audience for the performers. Due to NBC's rapid growth, the network outgrew these facilities.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-75">[73]</a> RCA agreed to a lease in May 1930 as the lead tenant for <a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">30 Rockefeller Plaza</a> which was <a href="/wiki/Construction_of_Rockefeller_Center" title="Construction of Rockefeller Center">still under construction</a>, including a studio complex for NBC and theaters for RCA-owned <a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Radio Pictures">RKO Radio Pictures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Named the RCA Building in May 1932,<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> the deal was arranged through the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a>'s founder and financier, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a>, along with GE chairman Owen D. Young, David Sarnoff and Raymond Hood.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> RCA had been spun off as its own fully-independent company in 1932 through a <a href="/wiki/Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">consent decree</a> with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> resolving <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> charges; Westinghouse and GE gave up their ownership stakes in the company, while restrictions created through RCA's cross-licensing agreements for nearly 4,000 patents were also removed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> A ceremonial broadcast over both NBC networks on November 11, 1933, formally opened the RCA Building's "Radio City" studios, with Sarnoff, Young, NBC president Merlin H. Aylesworth and <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">Director-General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Reith,_1st_Baron_Reith" title="John Reith, 1st Baron Reith">John Reith</a> participating in a live transatlantic conversation. "Radio City" occupied ten floors of the RCA Building with thirty-five studios supported by 1,250 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a> (2,010 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>) of wiring and 89 miles (143 km) of cables.<a href="#cite_note-DailyN19331112p272-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_programs">Notable programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable programs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBC_Radio_Network_programs" title="List of NBC Radio Network programs">List of NBC Radio Network programs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_colonna_bob_hope_1940_nbc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerry_colonna_bob_hope_1940_nbc.JPG/250px-Jerry_colonna_bob_hope_1940_nbc.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerry_colonna_bob_hope_1940_nbc.JPG/375px-Jerry_colonna_bob_hope_1940_nbc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerry_colonna_bob_hope_1940_nbc.JPG/500px-Jerry_colonna_bob_hope_1940_nbc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> with sidekick <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Colonna_(entertainer)" title="Jerry Colonna (entertainer)">Jerry Colonna</a> (left). Save for a brief run on CBS in 1935, Hope's radio shows aired on NBC Blue and Red from 1937 through 1950 in what became a 60-year career with NBC.<a href="#cite_note-Errico_1996-81">[79]</a></figcaption></figure>During much of radio's "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio" title="Golden Age of Radio">Golden Age</a>", both NBC networks—in particular NBC Red—were home to multiple popular performers and programs. The two networks originally did not have distinct identities or "formats" and, beginning in 1929, shared use of the distinctive three-note "<a href="/wiki/NBC_chimes" title="NBC chimes">NBC chimes</a>". The WEAF-led Red Network, with a robust affiliate lineup, was seen as carrying more popular, "big budget" sponsored programs in comparison to the WJZ-led Blue Network, which had a smaller lineup of often lower-powered stations. Both networks shared sales executives, off- and on-air staff, and production and studio facilities; it was not until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1938 that a concerted effort began to distinguish NBC Red and NBC Blue.<a href="#cite_note-RedBlueMeaning-57">[55]</a> One 1939 story in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine described NBC Blue as "... long considered a weak sister to NBC's Red Network".<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Most network programs were owned by their sponsors and produced by <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising agencies">advertising agencies</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lum_and_Abner" title="Lum and Abner">Lum and Abner</a> was sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Oats">Quaker Oats</a> in 1931 when WMAQ originated the show regionally, became a <a href="/wiki/Sustaining_program" title="Sustaining program">sustaining program</a> when it debuted over NBC Red in 1932, then sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> the following year (originating from WTAM). Moving to the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a> in 1934 and to NBC Blue in 1935, <a href="/wiki/Horlicks" title="Horlicks">Horlicks</a> became the sponsor.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> NBC Blue sometimes carried newer and untried programs that, if successful, moved "up" to the Red Network at the behest of the sponsor,<a href="#cite_note-RedBlueMeaning-57">[55]</a> these shows included <a href="/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy" title="Amos 'n' Andy">Amos 'n' Andy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fibber_McGee_and_Molly" title="Fibber McGee and Molly">Fibber McGee and Molly</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dunning1998p105-85">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Information,_Please!" class="mw-redirect" title="Information, Please!">Information, Please!</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> Show<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Jack_Benny_Program" title="The Jack Benny Program">The Jack Benny Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibber_McGee_and_Molly_in_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fibber_McGee_and_Molly_in_1937.jpg/216px-Fibber_McGee_and_Molly_in_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fibber_McGee_and_Molly_in_1937.jpg/324px-Fibber_McGee_and_Molly_in_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fibber_McGee_and_Molly_in_1937.jpg/432px-Fibber_McGee_and_Molly_in_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Jim and Marian Jordan as comedy duo "<a href="/wiki/Fibber_McGee_and_Molly" title="Fibber McGee and Molly">Fibber McGee and Molly</a>". Debuting on NBC Blue in 1935, their show moved to NBC Red in 1938, where it lasted until 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Dunning1998p105-85">[83]</a></figcaption></figure>This practice of moving popular shows over to NBC Red, coupled with NBC Blue's reputation as a weaker network, likely originated the misperception that NBC Blue solely featured sustaining programs (e.g., news, cultural and educational programs which had no sponsor) and NBC Red solely featured commercial fare.<a href="#cite_note-Oneont19481002p_3-89">[87]</a> As it was, networks had limited control over their schedules as advertisers bought available time periods for programs, regardless of what other sponsors broadcast in other time slots. Networks rented out studio facilities used to produce shows and sold air-time to sponsors.<a href="#cite_note-RedBlueMeaning-57">[55]</a> Sustaining programs were the only programs produced by the networks and were used to fill unsold time periods (affiliated stations had the option to "break away" from the network to air a local program during these periods) but the network had the "option" to take back the time period if a network sponsor wanted the time period.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Dramatic programs, which comprised only 2 percent of program time on NBC Red in 1926, accounted for 25 percent of the network's airtime by 1942.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The network provided a rich variety of classical concert broadcasts, including performances by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcasts" title="Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts">Metropolitan Opera</a> (1931–1940)<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="NBC Symphony Orchestra">NBC Symphony Orchestra</a> (1937–1954) conducted by <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Notable series include the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Concerts" title="General Motors Concerts">General Motors Concerts</a> (1929–1937) and The Eastman School of Music Symphony (1932–1942).<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> From 1935 to 1950, it presented numerous live remote broadcasts of popular music from ballrooms, hotels, supper clubs and Army camps. Among the band leaders with regular time slots on NBC were <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Cavallaro" title="Carmen Cavallaro">Carmen Cavallaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Cugat" title="Xavier Cugat">Xavier Cugat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey" title="Tommy Dorsey">Tommy Dorsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Duchin" title="Eddy Duchin">Eddy Duchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Kenton" title="Stan Kenton">Stan Kenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lombardo" title="Guy Lombardo">Guy Lombardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Reisman" title="Leo Reisman">Leo Reisman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> NBC's radio news service featured regular broadcasts by journalists and commentators, including Morgan Beatty, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Dreier" title="Alex Dreier">Alex Dreier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Frederick_(journalist)" title="Pauline Frederick (journalist)">Pauline Frederick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Gibbons" title="Floyd Gibbons">Floyd Gibbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">John Gunther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harkness" title="Richard Harkness">Richard Harkness</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hicks_(broadcast_journalist)" title="George Hicks (broadcast journalist)">George Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._V._Kaltenborn" title="H. V. Kaltenborn">H. V. Kaltenborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_MacVane" title="John MacVane">John MacVane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adela_Rogers_St._Johns" title="Adela Rogers St. Johns">Adela Rogers St. Johns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson" title="Dorothy Thompson">Dorothy Thompson</a>, Edward Tomlinson, and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_van_Loon" title="Hendrik Willem van Loon">Hendrik Willem van Loon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliates">Affiliates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Affiliates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_1939_affiliates_of_the_NBC_Red_Network" title="List of 1939 affiliates of the NBC Red Network">List of 1939 affiliates of the NBC Red Network</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NBCRadioNetwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/NBCRadioNetwork.jpg/150px-NBCRadioNetwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dd/NBCRadioNetwork.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>NBC Red/Blue's secondary 1930s' logo, commonly seen on microphone flags</figcaption></figure>From the network's formation, NBC was a dominant force on the radio landscape. In 1932, out of the 40 clear-channel stations licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a> (FRC), 28 were affiliated with either NBC network, 13 were affiliated with CBS, and two were independents.<a href="#cite_note-Stockt19320425p12-97">[95]</a> By 1939, the Red and Blue networks were competing with CBS and the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a> in providing nationwide coverage. NBC advertising rate cards of the period listed "basic" and "supplemental" affiliated stations. Advertisers were encouraged to buy time for their programs on the full "basic" line-up (plus any "supplemental" stations they wished) but this was open to negotiation. It was not unusual for Red Network advertisers to place shows on Blue Network stations in certain markets (and the other way around). Supplemental stations were generally located in smaller cities away from the network trunk lines. Such stations were usually offered to advertisers on both the Red and Blue Network line-ups.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> As of early 1939, the Red Network was divided into five geographical regions. The East consisted of 16 basic and 16 supplemental stations; the Midwest had 8 basic and 15 supplemental stations; the South had 7 basic and 30 supplemental stations; Mountain had 2 basic and 9 supplemental stations, and Pacific had 5 basic and 7 supplemental stations. For example, in Louisville, Kentucky, a larger market, the basic station was <a href="/wiki/WGTK_(AM)" title="WGTK (AM)">WAVE</a>, the supplemental was <a href="/wiki/WKRD_(AM)" title="WKRD (AM)">WGRC</a>—also a primary Mutual affiliate.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_NBC_Red_and_NBC_Blue">Separation of NBC Red and NBC Blue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Separation of NBC Red and NBC Blue">edit</a>]</div> Concerned that NBC's control of two national radio networks gave it too much power over the industry, in May 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) promulgated a rule, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission#Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting" title="Federal Communications Commission">Report on Chain Broadcasting</a>, designed to force NBC to divest one of them.<a href="#cite_note-FCC/Chain-Broadcasting-100">[98]</a> RCA fought the divestiture order, but divided NBC into two companies in case an appeal was lost. The Blue network became the "NBC Blue Network, Inc." and the NBC Red became "NBC Red Network, Inc." Effective January 10, 1942, the two networks had their operations formally divorced, and the Blue Network was referred to on the air as either "Blue" or "Blue Network," with its official corporate name being Blue Network Company, Inc.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Consequently, the NBC Red Network became known on-air as simply "NBC" on September 1, 1942.<a href="#cite_note-RadioAge194210p23-56">[54]</a> The FCC order was ultimately upheld by the U.S Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Co._v._United_States" title="National Broadcasting Co. v. United States">National Broadcasting Co. v. United States</a>, asserting that the FCC had authority to regulate the networks and their associations with affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-Buffal19430512p7-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Consequently, the Blue Network was sold on July 30, 1943, to candy magnate <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Noble" title="Edward J. Noble">Edward J. Noble</a> for $8 million (equivalent to $141 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-GreatF19431013p_1-104">[102]</a> When the deal closed on October 12, the Blue Network came under ownership of "American Broadcasting System, Inc."<a href="#cite_note-GreatF19431013p_12-105">[103]</a> The Blue Network was formally renamed as the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> on June 15, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Birmin19450613p10-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_"Golden_Age_of_Radio"">After the "Golden Age of Radio"</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: After the "Golden Age of Radio"">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_FM_and_television">Development of FM and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development of FM and television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_NBC#Television" title="History of NBC">History of NBC § Television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RCA#Television" title="RCA">RCA § Television</a></div> NBC and RCA were one of the key forces in the development of television in the 1930s and 1940s, dating back to New York City experimental station W2XBS in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Before the American entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1941, W2XBS was officially licensed as <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBT (channel 1)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> NBC also launched W2XWG, an experimental <a href="/wiki/Apex_(radio_band)" title="Apex (radio band)">Apex</a> station, in April 1939; after planned <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> station W51NY failed due to World War II shortages preventing the station's 10,000 watt transmitter<a href="#cite_note-togo-110">[108]</a> from being built, NBC converted W2XWG to commercial operation in 1944 as <a href="/wiki/WQHT" title="WQHT">WEAF-FM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> In order to further align the network's radio flagship with the network, on November 1, 1946, WEAF and WEAF-FM changed call signs to WNBC and WNBC-FM, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> West Coast flagship KPO followed suit, becoming KNBC on November 23, 1947.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Following the lead of WNBT, NBC filed applications for multiple FM and television stations as adjuncts to their radio properties as early as 1943, including for TV outlets in Denver and San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The network ultimately built and signed on the following TV stations:<a href="#cite_note-Broad19511126p68-115">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/WRC-TV" title="WRC-TV">WNBW</a> in Washington, D.C. (June 27, 1947),<a href="#cite_note-Evenin19470627p28-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/WKYC" title="WKYC">WNBK</a> in Cleveland (October 30, 1948),<a href="#cite_note-AkronB19480919p_58-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/WMAQ-TV" title="WMAQ-TV">WNBQ</a> in Chicago (January 9, 1949)<a href="#cite_note-Chicag19490112p30-118">[116]</a> and <a href="/wiki/KNBH" class="mw-redirect" title="KNBH">KNBH</a> in Los Angeles (January 16, 1949);<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> all five TV stations contained the letter combination "NB" within their call signs.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> FM stations built and signed on by NBC included: KOA-FM, <a href="/wiki/WKYS" title="WKYS">WRC-FM</a> (June 1947), <a href="/wiki/WKQX" title="WKQX">WMAQ-FM</a> (October 13, 1948), <a href="/wiki/WMJI" title="WMJI">WTAM-FM</a> (December 6, 1948) and <a href="/wiki/KMVQ-FM" title="KMVQ-FM">KNBR-FM</a> (October 12, 1949).<a href="#cite_note-Broad19511126p68-115">[113]</a> In hopes of buying a Los Angeles radio outlet to complement KNBH, NBC sold KOA and KOA-FM in 1952 to a group that included Bob Hope.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> While initially only carrying NBC programming, WNBT started adding a slate of local shows and soon featured five hours of local programs during the daytime by May 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19511126p68-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_CBS_"Paley_raids"_and_television's_emergence">The CBS "Paley raids" and television's emergence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The CBS "Paley raids" and television's emergence">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:275px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A business built on a few comedians isn't a business worth being in. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">David Sarnoff, in response to CBS's 1948 "Paley raids" on NBC talent<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></cite> </div> For two decades the NBC radio network's roster of stars provided ratings consistently surpassing those of CBS, its main competitor. But in 1948, as the transition from radio to television was beginning, NBC's leadership came under attack due to what became known as the "Paley raids", named after the president of CBS, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Paley" title="William S. Paley">William S. Paley</a>. After World War II the tax rate for annual incomes above $70,000 was 77 percent, while capital gains were taxed at 25 percent.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Paley worked out an accounting technique whereby individual performers could set up corporations that allowed their earnings to be taxed at the significantly lower rate. Instead of NBC responding with a similar package, RCA's president, David Sarnoff, decided that this accounting method was legally and ethically wrong.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> NBC's performers did not agree, and most of the top stars, including Amos 'n' Andy, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Skelton" title="Red Skelton">Red Skelton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burns_and_Allen" title="Burns and Allen">Burns and Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Wynn" title="Ed Wynn">Ed Wynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> moved from NBC to CBS.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> One notable exception was Bob Hope, who not only stayed, but moved to NBC television; by the time of his retirement in 1996, Hope's association with NBC spanned nearly 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-Errico_1996-81">[79]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_benny_1933_publicity_photo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jack_benny_1933_publicity_photo.JPG/118px-Jack_benny_1933_publicity_photo.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jack_benny_1933_publicity_photo.JPG/178px-Jack_benny_1933_publicity_photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jack_benny_1933_publicity_photo.JPG/236px-Jack_benny_1933_publicity_photo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Jack Benny</figcaption></figure> As a result of the defections, CBS boasted in 1949 of having sixteen of the twenty top rated programs. The consequences carried over to television, where CBS maintained its newfound dominance for decades.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-RCAGE-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Paley personally worked to woo the performers, while Sarnoff professed his indifference to the defections, stating at an annual meeting that "Leadership built over the years on a foundation of solid service cannot be snatched overnight by buying a few high-priced comedians. Leadership is not a laughing matter."<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> In part due to the talent raids,<a href="#cite_note-Bilby-p252-253-128">[126]</a> NBC president Niles Trammell—who had been with NBC since 1929 and RCA since 1933—resigned to help establish <a href="/wiki/WSVN" title="WSVN">WCKT</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Cox_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cox Newspapers">Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knight_Ridder" title="Knight Ridder">Knight</a> newspaper families.<a href="#cite_note-Miam560729-129">[127]</a> WCKT signed on with an NBC-TV affiliation, ostensibly as a reward for Trammell's loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-Bilby-p252-253-128">[126]</a> The "Paley raids" had other consequences for RCA itself: Sarnoff and Paley (who also headed up <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>) originally agreed to a new <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph record</a> standard of <a href="/wiki/33_RPM" class="mw-redirect" title="33 RPM">33 RPM</a> to replace the long-standing 78 RPM standard. After Jack Benny defected to CBS, Sarnoff rescinded the agreement and began marketing the RCA-developed <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">45 RPM</a> instead; pressured by record stores and other major labels, RCA eventually agreed to the 33 RPM standard, but the feud risked creating damage to the record industry as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Many NBC radio stars gravitated to television as it became more popular. Toscanini made ten appearances on NBC-TV simulcast on the radio network between 1948 and 1952.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Texaco_Star_Theater" title="Texaco Star Theater">Texaco Star Theater</a>, an umbrella title for various radio variety shows from 1938 to 1949, migrated to NBC-TV in 1948 with <a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a> as host, becoming both a cultural landmark and the first successful hit program in the medium.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> In the first of what became several efforts to keep classic radio relevant, NBC sanctioned <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Show_(NBC_Radio)" title="The Big Show (NBC Radio)">The Big Show</a>, a 90-minute Sunday night variety program which debuted on November 5, 1950. Hosted by stage actress <a href="/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead" title="Tallulah Bankhead">Tallulah Bankhead</a>, it harked back to radio's earliest musical variety style along with sophisticated comedy and drama. The Big Show was also a challenge to <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>'s Sunday night lineup, much of which had come from NBC, including—and especially—Jack Benny.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Despite critical praise, The Big Show's initial success failed to last as NBC cancelled it after only two years, purportedly losing a million dollars on the project.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> To reflect RCA's ownership, some of NBC's radio and television stations adopted "RCA"-derived call signs in October 1954: WNBC/WNBT in New York became WRCA-AM-FM-TV, WNBW in Washington became WRC-TV, and KNBH in Los Angeles became KRCA.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> By 1960, the New York radio stations reverted to WNBC-AM-FM and WRCA-TV became WNBC-TV.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In 1962, KRCA became KNBC, while KNBC-AM-FM in San Francisco became KNBR-AM-FM.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> WNBQ in Chicago became WMAQ-TV in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> NBC also purchased <a href="/wiki/WRYM" title="WRYM">WKNB</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut" title="New Britain, Connecticut">New Britain, Connecticut</a>, in late 1956, and <a href="/wiki/WJAS" title="WJAS">WJAS</a> and <a href="/wiki/WSHH" title="WSHH">WJAS-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The acquisition of WJAS was to offset <a href="/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA</a>'s defection from the network several years earlier, while WKNB was included as part of the sale of <a href="/wiki/WVIT" title="WVIT">its sister television station</a>. NBC had no interest in owning a daytime-only station in the shadow of its powerful <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, affiliate, <a href="/wiki/WTIC_(AM)" title="WTIC (AM)">WTIC</a>, so the network sold WKNB in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The Pittsburgh stations were sold in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956_trade_with_Westinghouse">1956 trade with Westinghouse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1956 trade with Westinghouse">edit</a>]</div> In 1956, NBC sought to get an <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated" class="mw-redirect" title="Owned-and-operated">owned-and-operated</a> television station in the Philadelphia market, so it forced a station ownership/<a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> swap with <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting" title="Westinghouse Broadcasting">Westinghouse Broadcasting</a>. NBC acquired Westinghouse's <a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">KYW radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">WPTZ television</a> in Philadelphia (which became WRCV-AM-TV, for the "RCA Victor" record label) while Westinghouse received NBC's WTAM-AM-FM and WNBK television in Cleveland (all of which took the KYW call signs).<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Westinghouse also received $3 million in cash compensation.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> After Westinghouse expressed its unhappiness with the arrangement, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> took NBC to court in late 1956. In a civil <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> lawsuit filed against NBC and RCA, Westinghouse claimed the network threatened to pull their TV affiliation from Westinghouse's Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">Boston</a> stations, and withhold an affiliation from their <a href="/wiki/KDKA-TV" title="KDKA-TV">Pittsburgh TV property</a> if Westinghouse did not agree to the trade.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In August 1964 NBC's license for WRCV radio and television was renewed by the FCC—but only on the condition that the 1956 station swap be reversed.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Following nearly a year of appeals by NBC, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> declared the trade null and void in June 1965; the KYW call letters were moved back to Philadelphia with Westinghouse while NBC rechristened the Cleveland stations as WKYC-AM-FM-TV, a derivative of KYW.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> NBC kept ownership of the Cleveland radio stations until 1972, selling them off to Ohio Communications.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_League_Baseball_(1957–1975)">Major League Baseball (1957–1975)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Major League Baseball (1957–1975)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_NBC" title="Major League Baseball on NBC">Major League Baseball on NBC</a></div> In 1957, NBC Radio won the rights to broadcast the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">Major League Baseball All-Star Game</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> from Mutual, who had held <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_Mutual" title="Major League Baseball on Mutual">exclusive rights since 1942 and 1939, respectively, for both events</a>. It gave NBC sole control of the big events in baseball as they had been exclusively airing both the All Star Game and World Series on television since 1947. NBC ended its radio association with baseball after the 1975 season in order to clear space for its 24-hour "News And Information" service programming, though it continued broadcasting on its television network until 1989 (while splitting coverage with ABC in all but the first year of that period).<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitor">Monitor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Monitor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(radio_program)" title="Monitor (radio program)">Monitor (radio program)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monitor_sunday_afternoon_evening_staff_1957.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Monitor_sunday_afternoon_evening_staff_1957.JPG/220px-Monitor_sunday_afternoon_evening_staff_1957.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Monitor_sunday_afternoon_evening_staff_1957.JPG/330px-Monitor_sunday_afternoon_evening_staff_1957.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Monitor_sunday_afternoon_evening_staff_1957.JPG/440px-Monitor_sunday_afternoon_evening_staff_1957.JPG 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Monitor Sunday hosts in Radio Central, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1957. Left-right: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gallop" title="Frank Gallop">Frank Gallop</a>, "Monitor Medley Girl" Lorna Lynn, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Garroway" title="Dave Garroway">Dave Garroway</a>, "Miss Monitor" <a href="/wiki/Tedi_Thurman" title="Tedi Thurman">Tedi Thurman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Grauer" title="Ben Grauer">Ben Grauer</a>.</figcaption></figure> NBC Radio drastically revamped its programming lineup with <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(radio_program)" title="Monitor (radio program)">Monitor</a>, a continuous, all-weekend programming umbrella featuring a mix of music, news, interviews and features that debuted on June 12, 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Cincin19550417p130-150">[148]</a> Monitor boasted a variety of hosts including such well-known television personalities as <a href="/wiki/Dave_Garroway" title="Dave Garroway">Dave Garroway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Downs" title="Hugh Downs">Hugh Downs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_McMahon" title="Ed McMahon">Ed McMahon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Garagiola" title="Joe Garagiola">Joe Garagiola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Rayburn" title="Gene Rayburn">Gene Rayburn</a>. The potpourri also tried to keep vintage radio alive in featuring segments from Jim and Marian Jordan (in character as <a href="/wiki/Fibber_McGee_and_Molly" title="Fibber McGee and Molly">Fibber McGee and Molly</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ethel_and_Albert" title="Ethel and Albert">Ethel and Albert</a> and iconoclastic satirist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan_(humorist)" title="Henry Morgan (humorist)">Henry Morgan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Journa19750202p17-151">[149]</a> Monitor is credited for succeeding in an era where television became the dominant entertainment medium,<a href="#cite_note-Journa19750202p17-151">[149]</a> but after the mid-1960s, local stations with established music formats—especially in larger markets—became increasingly reluctant to run network fare, dropping the program block outright,<a href="#cite_note-Cincin19741222p89-152">[150]</a> including flagship WNBC.<a href="#cite_note-Berksh19750116p6-153">[151]</a> In turn, the number of sponsors for Monitor began to decline precipitously.<a href="#cite_note-Journa19750202p17-151">[149]</a> Monitor's final broadcast took place over the weekend of January 25–26, 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Arizon19750125p_23-154">[152]</a> From that point onward, the NBC Radio Network's main lineup consisted of hourly newscasts and commentary segments, plus religious programs and <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a> on Sundays.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19750210p78-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_programming_ventures">Other programming ventures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other programming ventures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nbcnis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Nbcnis.jpg/200px-Nbcnis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/Nbcnis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="85" /></a><figcaption>NBC "News and Information Service" logo</figcaption></figure>Monitor was succeeded<a href="#cite_note-Cincin19741222p89-152">[150]</a> with another major programming investment: the NBC News and Information Service (NIS). Conceived by NBC Radio president <a href="/wiki/Jack_G._Thayer" title="Jack G. Thayer">Jack G. Thayer</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> as a secondary network for local stations wishing to adopt an <a href="/wiki/All-news_radio" title="All-news radio">all-news radio</a> format, NIS supplied up to 55 minutes of news content per hour to stations.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19750210p78-155">[153]</a> Thayer described NIS as "an over-all restyling" of NBC Radio providing "a more contemporary feel".<a href="#cite_note-Democr19741205p_25-157">[155]</a> While the main NBC Radio Network had been losing money in recent years, Thayer stressed NIS was not to replace it, nor was the main network threatened with closure.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19750210p78-155">[153]</a> NBC assigned NIS to all but one of their FM stations—WNWS in New York (the former WNBC-FM), WNIS in Chicago (the former WJOI) and KNAI in San Francisco (the former KNBR-FM); WRC in Washington also became an affiliate, while WKYS (the former WRC-FM) assumed WRC's existing <a href="/wiki/Top_40" title="Top 40">Top 40</a> format.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19750421p46-158">[156]</a> Other major affiliates included <a href="/wiki/WIYY" title="WIYY">WBAL-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/KIKI_(AM)" title="KIKI (AM)">KHVH</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/KQV" title="KQV">KQV</a> in Pittsburgh<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> and <a href="/wiki/KPXQ" title="KPXQ">KRUX</a> in Glendale–Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19750421p46-158">[156]</a> At the end of 1975, NIS had 57 affiliates, significantly less than the 227 stations which carried either part or all of Monitor when it ceased; additionally, the NBC-owned NIS affiliates all failed to make a profit in 1975, but the network hoped for them to break even in the coming year.<a href="#cite_note-Chicag19751209p58-160">[158]</a> As 1976 progressed, however, only 62 affiliates remained with NIS after 18 months, some of which were competing against long-established news-focused stations. Assuming over $10 million (equivalent to $53.5 million in 2023) in losses, Thayer announced the closure of NIS in November 1976 in six months, allowing for affiliates to find alternate programming.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> While some former NIS affiliates—including WRC and KQV<a href="#cite_note-groovin2-162">[160]</a>—remained with all-news formats, the NBC-owned FM stations all adopted music formats.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sally_Jesse_Raphael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sally_Jesse_Raphael.jpg/100px-Sally_Jesse_Raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sally_Jesse_Raphael.jpg/151px-Sally_Jesse_Raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sally_Jesse_Raphael.jpg/201px-Sally_Jesse_Raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Sally Jesse Raphael</figcaption></figure> In 1979,<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> NBC launched <a href="/wiki/The_Source_(network)" title="The Source (network)">The Source</a>, a secondary network that targeted younger listeners, providing news, short features and music specials to FM rock stations.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> The Source also featured a talk show hosted by <a href="/wiki/Sex_columnist" title="Sex columnist">sex columnist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Ruth Westheimer</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> beginning in 1984, which originated at NBC's New York FM station <a href="/wiki/WQHT" title="WQHT">WYNY</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto23-167">[165]</a> NBC Radio's last major programming venture occurred with the November 2, 1981, debut of <a href="/wiki/NBC_Talknet" title="NBC Talknet">NBC Talknet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> program block for the late-evening hours. Headlined by advice host <a href="/wiki/Sally_Jessy_Raphael" title="Sally Jessy Raphael">Sally Jessy Raphael</a> and personal finance talker <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Williams_(talk_radio_host)" title="Bruce Williams (talk radio host)">Bruce Williams</a>, NBC Talknet was largely inspired by the success of the all-night <a href="/wiki/Larry_King_Show" title="Larry King Show">Larry King Show</a> on Mutual.<a href="#cite_note-NYT19820502p33sec2-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1989-169">[167]</a> When Williams was critically injured in a 1982 airplane crash, he resumed his NBC Talknet show four weeks later, conducting it from his hospital room.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Williams' show proved to be very successful and ultimately outlived NBC Talknet itself.<a href="#cite_note-TampaT20010603p9-171">[169]</a> NBC Radio Entertainment was established in December 1984 to handle the distribution of Jazz with <a href="/wiki/David_Sanborn" title="David Sanborn">David Sanborn</a> and Live From the <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe" title="Hard Rock Cafe">Hard Rock Cafe</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shaffer" title="Paul Shaffer">Paul Shaffer</a>, along with an <a href="/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies">oldies</a> show hosted by WNBC's <a href="/wiki/Soupy_Sales" title="Soupy Sales">Soupy Sales</a>. NBC Radio also acquired <a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Westwood_One_Sports" title="NFL on Westwood One Sports">the national play-by-play rights for NFL games</a> for both the <a href="/wiki/1985_NFL_season" title="1985 NFL season">1985</a> and <a href="/wiki/1986_NFL_season" title="1986 NFL season">1986 seasons</a>, outbidding long-standing rights holder CBS Radio.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divestiture">Divestiture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Divestiture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_formerly_owned_by_NBC" title="List of radio stations formerly owned by NBC">List of radio stations formerly owned by NBC</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30_Rockefeller_Plaza_New_York_City_RCA_GE_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/30_Rockefeller_Plaza_New_York_City_RCA_GE_Building.jpg/220px-30_Rockefeller_Plaza_New_York_City_RCA_GE_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/30_Rockefeller_Plaza_New_York_City_RCA_GE_Building.jpg/330px-30_Rockefeller_Plaza_New_York_City_RCA_GE_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/30_Rockefeller_Plaza_New_York_City_RCA_GE_Building.jpg/440px-30_Rockefeller_Plaza_New_York_City_RCA_GE_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Former "RCA" signage at the top of 30 Rockefeller Plaza <a href="#cite_note-NYT-RCAGE-3">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> NBC made its final radio station acquisition in 1983 when it bought Boston station <a href="/wiki/WBQT_(FM)" title="WBQT (FM)">WJIB</a> from GE, which was divesting its radio properties.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> In February 1984, the network sold WRC in Washington to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Media" title="Greater Media">Greater Media</a> for $3.6 million (equivalent to $10.6 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> On December 11, 1985, GE announced it was acquiring RCA in a $6.28 billion deal (equivalent to $17.8 billion in 2023). Earlier in the year, RCA entertained merger talks with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> parent <a href="/wiki/MCA_Inc." title="MCA Inc.">MCA Inc.</a> while fending off <a href="/wiki/Hostile_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile takeover">hostile takeover</a> threats.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> GE requested in paperwork filed with the FCC that NBC's <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfathered status</a> permitting radio-TV combinations in three markets be broken up within 18 months,<a href="#cite_note-178">[c]</a> retaining the five NBC-owned television stations and GE's <a href="/wiki/KCNC-TV" title="KCNC-TV">KCNC-TV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> A planned sale of the entire radio unit to Westinghouse Broadcasting at the end of 1986 collapsed, prompting <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)" title="Westwood One (1976–2011)">Westwood One</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>–based syndicator that acquired Mutual in 1985, to purchase the NBC Radio Network, The Source, NBC Talknet and NBC Radio Entertainment, along with leases to the radio network facilities at 1700 Broadway, for $50 million (equivalent to $134 million in 2023). As part of the deal, a long-term <a href="/wiki/Brand_licensing" title="Brand licensing">brand licensing</a> deal for the "NBC Radio" name was agreed to, while NBC Radio employees, including in the news division, were transferred to Westwood One.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19870727p35-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> The remaining divisions and assets of RCA, including <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> were spun off to various companies, including <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomson_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson SA">Thomson SA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-RCAGE-3">[2]</a> The seven NBC-owned radio stations, which initially agreed to remain with NBC Radio as affiliates,<a href="#cite_note-Broad19870727p35-181">[178]</a> were all put up for sale<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> and divested to various buyers between 1988 and 1989, including <a href="/wiki/Emmis_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmis Communications">Emmis Communications</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Broad19880222p76-185">[182]</a> Westinghouse<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Radio_Corporation" title="Susquehanna Radio Corporation">Susquehanna Radio Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> WNBC was included in Emmis's multi-station purchase; as Emmis already owned <a href="/wiki/WEPN_(AM)" title="WEPN (AM)">WFAN</a> in New York City, it sold that station's license and transferred the intellectual property onto the WNBC license, supplanting it outright (WNBC was thus regarded in media coverage as "ceasing operation").<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> The last station to be sold, KNBR, was delayed due to a long-term play-by-play contract with the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants" title="San Francisco Giants">San Francisco Giants</a> that ran through <a href="/wiki/1989_San_Francisco_Giants_season" title="1989 San Francisco Giants season">the 1989 season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19880222p76-185">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NBC_Radio_after_1987">NBC Radio after 1987</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: NBC Radio after 1987">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_into_Westwood_One">Dissolution into Westwood One</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dissolution into Westwood One">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Allen_1987_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Steve_Allen_1987_cropped.jpg/130px-Steve_Allen_1987_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Steve_Allen_1987_cropped.jpg/195px-Steve_Allen_1987_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Steve_Allen_1987_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Steve Allen</figcaption></figure> Following the sale, NBC Radio added one long-form program to their lineup—a daily talk/variety show hosted by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Allen" title="Steve Allen">Steve Allen</a> based from <a href="/wiki/WBBR" title="WBBR">WNEW</a> that debuted in October 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Report19871214p37-189">[186]</a> Westwood One initially promoted the show as part of the new "Mutual P.M." program service,<a href="#cite_note-DailyN19870909p72-190">[187]</a> but it was moved to being under the NBC umbrella prior to launch.<a href="#cite_note-Newsda19871014p157-191">[188]</a> Failing to get enough affiliates for the program, Allen ended the show the following March.<a href="#cite_note-DailyN19880319p46-192">[189]</a> The Sunday morning religious program <a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Light" title="The Eternal Light">The Eternal Light</a>, for years the networks' only non-news program, ended its 45 year run on NBC Radio in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-NYT3-193">[190]</a> Another NBC–branded program introduced following the Westwood One purchase was the morning newsmagazine <a href="/wiki/First_Light_(radio_program)" title="First Light (radio program)">First Light</a>, hosted by Dirk Van, which debuted in April 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Wiscon19900404p43-194">[191]</a> First Light was complimentary to Mutual's existing morning newsmagazine, <a href="/wiki/America_in_The_Morning" title="America in The Morning">America in The Morning</a> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bohannon" title="Jim Bohannon">Jim Bohannon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newsda19910925p65-195">[192]</a> Within a year of Westwood One's takeover, several tenured NBC Radio News staffers resigned, including London bureau chief Fred Kennedy, who told Broadcasting magazine, "what was once a great network and broadcast news operation is becoming an audio wire service... and not even a good audio wire service."<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Some affiliates also expressed concern over a decline in technical and editorial quality, even as NBC Radio successfully added 90 affiliates since the sale.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norm_Pattiz" title="Norm Pattiz">Norm Pattiz</a>, Westwood One founder/CEO, defended the consolidation moves by noting the radio networks had been losing up to $10 million, but emphasized "we are not dismantling the NBC networks".<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> By January 1989, Westwood One announced NBC Radio News would move to Mutual's <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>, facility;<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> engineering operations followed<a href="#cite_note-JohannessenWW1-200">[197]</a> along with the affiliate relations department.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19900528p60-201">[198]</a> The Source, which had been reworked into both supplying short-form features and production elements for radio stations in 1988,<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> moved their operations to Los Angeles by 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Broad19900528p60-201">[198]</a> Mutual and NBC newscasts were further streamlined in 1992 with jointly-produced newscasts in overnights and weekends<a href="#cite_note-R&R19990409p3-203">[200]</a> and both networks airing unbranded sportscasts through the weekend.<a href="#cite_note-JohannessenWW1-200">[197]</a> NBC Talknet's operations also moved to the Arlington facilities in 1992<a href="#cite_note-Newsda19920715p902-204">[201]</a> and largely continued until 1993, when it was limited solely to Bruce Williams' weeknight show—ceding the other three-hour slot to Jim Bohannon's Mutual talk show<a href="#cite_note-YorkDa19931214p33-205">[202]</a>—and was eventually rebranded as a Westwood One program.<a href="#cite_note-TampaT20010603p9-171">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">Infinity Broadcasting</a> took over operations of Westwood One in 1994 after it sold to them competing syndicator <a href="/wiki/Transtar_Radio_Networks" title="Transtar Radio Networks">Unistar Radio Networks</a>; as part of the deal, Infinity purchased 25 percent of Westwood One, becoming its largest shareholder.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Westinghouse Broadcasting's parent Westinghouse Electric Corporation—which bought out CBS and renamed itself <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">CBS Corporation</a> the following year—acquired Infinity for just shy of $5 billion in June 1996 (equivalent to $9.71 billion in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> An agreement was then reached for Westwood One to manage the CBS Radio Network, merging the descendants of the three original U.S. radio networks: NBC, CBS and Mutual.<a href="#cite_note-Record19970404p75-208">[205]</a> Another realignment in the fall of 1997 had the "NBC Radio Network" name revived, but as an internal brand name for Westwood One affiliates that had adult contemporary and country formats; The Source was also reworked into a brand name for affiliates with formats that targeted 18–34 males.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Westwood One had two superior news-gathering operations between CBS and CNN. Then we had a third one in Arlington. We were spending a lot of our effort in news-gathering and didn't need so many duplicate people cutting up the same <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> tape. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Nick Kiernan, Westwood One vice president of affiliate relations, on the closing of the Mutual/NBC newsroom in Arlington, Virginia<a href="#cite_note-R&R19980807p3-210">[207]</a></cite> </div> On August 31, 1998, the combined Mutual/NBC newsroom in Arlington closed,<a href="#cite_note-Braden19980804p9-211">[208]</a> with "Mutual" and "NBC" newscasts originating from CBS Radio News in New York.<a href="#cite_note-R&R19980807p3-210">[207]</a> Westwood One then announced the full retirement of the Mutual name and ending of newscast production on April 17, 1999, with "NBC"–branded newscasts produced by CBS restricted to morning drive (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">ET</a>) on weekdays. This curtailing was made as affiliates largely aired "NBC" newscasts in the morning hours.<a href="#cite_note-R&R19990409p3-203">[200]</a> Remaining NBC affiliates were offered <a href="/wiki/CNN_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Radio">CNN Radio</a> newscasts at all other times; CNN Radio was also offered as a replacement for former Mutual affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-DailyN19990407p69-212">[209]</a> The change notably forced <a href="/wiki/WHIZ_(AM)" title="WHIZ (AM)">WHIZ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville, Ohio</a>, an NBC affiliate since 1939, to switch to ABC News.<a href="#cite_note-TimesR19990421p3-213">[210]</a> With only a very small number of affiliates that remained, an end date for production of "NBC"–branded newscasts cannot be determined, but Westwood One continued to promote the "NBC Radio Network" on their corporate website as late as 2004.<a href="#cite_note-NBC/WON-214">[211]</a> While his show had been rebranded under his name, Bruce Williams left Westwood One in June 2001, effectively ending the NBC Talknet service.<a href="#cite_note-TampaT20010603p9-171">[169]</a> In 1999, the last remaining program from the original NBC Radio Network, First Light, was changed to a Westwood One branded program and continued production until July 31, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NBC_News_Radio">NBC News Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: NBC News Radio">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NBC_News#NBC_News_Radio" title="NBC News">NBC News § NBC News Radio</a></div> The "NBC" name re-emerged on radio with NBC News Radio on March 31, 2003, featuring NBC and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> anchors and reporters, but limited to one-minute newscasts on weekdays; Westwood One made the new service available to all radio stations the syndicator was affiliated with.<a href="#cite_note-LimaNe20030226p28-216">[213]</a> Westwood One also began distributing an audio simulcast of Meet the Press to radio stations in 2004, a practice which continues to this day.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> Westwood One was spun off by majority owner <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a> (one of two successors to <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932005)" title="Viacom (1952–2005)">the first Viacom</a>, which acquired the first CBS Corporation in 1999<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a>) to <a href="/wiki/The_Gores_Group" title="The Gores Group">The Gores Group</a> in 2007. On October 21, 2011, Dial Global—a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Oaktree_Capital_Management" title="Oaktree Capital Management">Oaktree Capital Management</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Triton_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Triton Media Group">Triton Media Group</a>—acquired the majority of Westwood One's assets, including the distribution rights to NBC News Radio; this resulted in a wholesale re-branding of Westwood One programming.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> Dial Global announced on March 2, 2012, that it would end distribution of CNN Radio newscasts and make NBC News Radio a full-time operation, with a majority of CNN affiliates switching to NBC.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> The new format consisted of twice-hourly newscasts.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> By September 2012, <a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports_Radio" title="NBC Sports Radio">NBC Sports Radio</a> was launched as a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports" title="NBC Sports">NBC Sports</a> and Dial Global.<a href="#cite_note-RadIn20181129a-222">[219]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media" title="Cumulus Media">Cumulus Media</a> acquiring Dial Global and amid plans to merge it into <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks" title="Cumulus Media Networks">its own radio network</a>, Dial Global reverted to using the <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One" title="Westwood One">Westwood One</a> name in September 2013.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> On December 15, 2014, concurrent with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_News" title="Westwood One News">Westwood One News</a>, a <a href="/wiki/White-label_product" title="White-label product">white-label</a> news service established with a content-sharing deal with CNN,<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> Westwood One ended production of NBC News Radio newscasts.<a href="#cite_note-rw-nbcnrww1end-226">[223]</a> Failing to sign up enough major-market affiliates, Westwood One ended 24/7 programming on NBC Sports Radio at the end of 2018,<a href="#cite_note-RadIn20181129a-222">[219]</a> and shut down operations outright in March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-ri-ww1nonbcsr-227">[224]</a> Beginning in July 2016, NBC Universal licensed the name "NBC News Radio" to <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a>, utilizing talent and reporters from iHeartMedia's existing 24/7 News Network, made available to the group's approximately 850 radio stations.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> The reintroduced service included an hourly newscast along with ancillary specials and longform breaking news coverage.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The phrase "red network" was used in press and promotional coverage starting in 1927; the network itself was not formally named "NBC Red" until 1936.<a href="#cite_note-Chicag19360427p14-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Coincidentally, Victor Talking Machine Company was purchased by RCA outright in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> FCC regulations at the time prevented cross-ownership of TV and radio stations by the same owner in a given market. While an existing radio-TV combination could be given "grandfathered" protection, this would be nullified upon a pending ownership change. When <a href="/wiki/Capital_Cities/ABC" title="Capital Cities/ABC">Capital Cities Communications, Inc.</a> purchased ABC the previous year, it needed to file a request for a waiver to retain their radio-TV combinations.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chicag19360427p14-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chicag19360427p14_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chicag19360427p14_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120482128/news-of-the-radio-stations/">"News of the Radio Stations"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. April 27, 1936. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309061503/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120482128/news-of-the-radio-stations/">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=News+of+the+Radio+Stations&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1936-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F120482128%2Fnews-of-the-radio-stations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-RCAGE-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-RCAGE_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-RCAGE_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-RCAGE_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-RCAGE_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1987" class="citation news cs1">Davis, L. J. (September 20, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/magazine/did-rca-have-to-be-sold.html">"Did RCA Have To Be Sold?"</a>. The New York Times. p. 23, Section 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303034252/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/magazine/did-rca-have-to-be-sold.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Did+RCA+Have+To+Be+Sold%3F&rft.pages=23%2C+Section+6&rft.date=1987-09-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F09%2F20%2Fmagazine%2Fdid-rca-have-to-be-sold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanning1946">Banning (1946)</a>, pp. 32–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanning1946">Banning (1946)</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanning1946">Banning (1946)</a>, pp. 53–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-first-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Early History of Network Broadcasting (1923–1926)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b78643&view=1up&seq=17">Report on Chain Broadcasting</a>. Federal Communications Commission. May 1941. pp. 5–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715131948/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b78643&view=1up&seq=17">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+History+of+Network+Broadcasting+%281923%E2%80%931926%29&rft.btitle=Report+on+Chain+Broadcasting&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=1941-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.%24b78643%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112074258994&view=1up&seq=1000">"National Radio Broadcast By Bell System"</a>. Science & Invention. Vol. IX, no. 12. April 1922. p. 1144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724141311/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112074258994&view=1up&seq=1000">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Invention&rft.atitle=National+Radio+Broadcast+By+Bell+System&rft.volume=IX&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1144&rft.date=1922-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112074258994%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evenin19230705p44-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Evenin19230705p44_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119258697/wcap-gets-cordial-welcome-by-public/">"WCAP Gets Cordial Welcome by Public"</a>. Evening Star. Washington, District of Columbia. July 5, 1923. p. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213349/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119258697/wcap-gets-cordial-welcome-by-public/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Star&rft.atitle=WCAP+Gets+Cordial+Welcome+by+Public&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1923-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119258697%2Fwcap-gets-cordial-welcome-by-public%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buffal19230104p22-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Buffal19230104p22_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119259912/radio-telephony/">"Radio-Telephony"</a>. The Buffalo News. Buffalo, New York. January 4, 1923. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213353/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119259912/radio-telephony/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Radio-Telephony&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1923-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119259912%2Fradio-telephony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bridge19230103p_10-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Bridge19230103p_10_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2628850/weaf-wnac-hook-up/">"Today's Radio Programs"</a>. The Bridgeport Telegram. Bridgeport, Connecticut. January 3, 1923. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213358/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2628850/weaf-wnac-hook-up/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bridgeport+Telegram&rft.atitle=Today%27s+Radio+Programs&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1923-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F2628850%2Fweaf-wnac-hook-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittst19230104p_8-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Pittst19230104p_8_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2628915/weaf-wnac-hookup2/">"Daily Radio Program"</a>. Pittston Gazette. Pittston, Pennsylvania. January 4, 1923. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213343/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2628915/weaf-wnac-hookup2/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittston+Gazette&rft.atitle=Daily+Radio+Program&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1923-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F2628915%2Fweaf-wnac-hookup2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewist19230709p2-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewist19230709p2_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119261732/col-green-to-broadcast/">"Col. Green to Broadcast"</a>. The Lewiston Daily Sun. Lewiston, Maine. July 9, 1923. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213354/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119261732/col-green-to-broadcast/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lewiston+Daily+Sun&rft.atitle=Col.+Green+to+Broadcast&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1923-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119261732%2Fcol-green-to-broadcast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FallRi19230702p4-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FallRi19230702p4_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119261888/round-hills-radio-station-broadcast/">"Round Hills Radio Station Broadcast: New Bedford Fans Pick Up Fine Program From Col. Greene's Estate"</a>. Fall River Daily Evening News. Fall River, Massachusetts. July 2, 1923. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213406/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119261888/round-hills-radio-station-broadcast/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fall+River+Daily+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Round+Hills+Radio+Station+Broadcast%3A+New+Bedford+Fans+Pick+Up+Fine+Program+From+Col.+Greene%27s+Estate&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1923-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119261888%2Fround-hills-radio-station-broadcast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rutlan19231218p9-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Rutlan19231218p9_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119336218/tonights-radio-programs-weaf-new/">"Tonight's Radio Programs: "WEAF", New York"</a>. Rutland News. Rutland, Vermont. December 18, 1923. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221025426/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119336218/tonights-radio-programs-weaf-new/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+News&rft.atitle=Tonight%27s+Radio+Programs%3A+%22WEAF%22%2C+New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1923-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119336218%2Ftonights-radio-programs-weaf-new%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookl19231218p10-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Brookl19231218p10_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119334152/radio-broadcasting-news/">"Radio Broadcasting News: Minstrel to Be Presented by Eveready Entertainers—Arline Thomas, Dramatic Soprano, Will Broadcast Recital"</a>. The Brooklyn Citizen. Brooklyn, New York. December 18, 1923. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221025404/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119334152/radio-broadcasting-news/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Citizen&rft.atitle=Radio+Broadcasting+News%3A+Minstrel+to+Be+Presented+by+Eveready+Entertainers%E2%80%94Arline+Thomas%2C+Dramatic+Soprano%2C+Will+Broadcast+Recital&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1923-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119334152%2Fradio-broadcasting-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanning1946">Banning (1946)</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-SunJou19241118p9-18"><a href="#cite_ref-SunJou19241118p9_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119333439/radio-broadcasts-news-and-notes/">"Radio Broadcasts: News and Notes"</a>. Sun-Journal. Lewiston, Maine. November 18, 1924. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221025351/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119333439/radio-broadcasts-news-and-notes/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun-Journal&rft.atitle=Radio+Broadcasts%3A+News+and+Notes&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1924-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119333439%2Fradio-broadcasts-news-and-notes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centra19231227p16-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Centra19231227p16_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119332981/battery-minstrels-on-tomorrows-program/">"Battery Minstrels on Tomorrow's Program"</a>. The Central New Jersey Home News. New Brunswick, New Jersey. December 27, 1923. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221025351/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119332981/battery-minstrels-on-tomorrows-program/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Central+New+Jersey+Home+News&rft.atitle=Battery+Minstrels+on+Tomorrow%27s+Program&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1923-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119332981%2Fbattery-minstrels-on-tomorrows-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunning1998">Dunning (1998)</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-Detroi19241104p_4-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Detroi19241104p_4_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119334619/election-returns-by-radio-tonight-from/">"Election Returns by Radio! Tonight from Station WWJ (Connected by wire with WEAF, New York City) (advertisement)"</a>. Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. November 4, 1924. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221025402/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119334619/election-returns-by-radio-tonight-from/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Election+Returns+by+Radio%21+Tonight+from+Station+WWJ+%28Connected+by+wire+with+WEAF%2C+New+York+City%29+%28advertisement%29&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1924-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119334619%2Felection-returns-by-radio-tonight-from%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewsHe19241003p_1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-NewsHe19241003p_1_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119335803/you-can-listen-in-on-radio-to-the-big/">"You Can Listen In on Radio to The Big Series"</a>. The News-Herald. Franklin, Pennsylvania. October 3, 1924. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221025351/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119335803/you-can-listen-in-on-radio-to-the-big/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News-Herald&rft.atitle=You+Can+Listen+In+on+Radio+to+The+Big+Series&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1924-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119335803%2Fyou-can-listen-in-on-radio-to-the-big%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evenin19260512p_12-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Evenin19260512p_12_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119281771/on-the-air-with-mike-change-at-weaf/">"On the Air With Mike: Change at WEAF; Past Experimental Stage; No Paper, No X-Words"</a>. The Evening Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. May 12, 1926. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213408/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119281771/on-the-air-with-mike-change-at-weaf/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+Air+With+Mike%3A+Change+at+WEAF%3B+Past+Experimental+Stage%3B+No+Paper%2C+No+X-Words&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1926-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119281771%2Fon-the-air-with-mike-change-at-weaf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messen19260722p1-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Messen19260722p1_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Messen19260722p1_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119283053/broadcasting-monopoly-seen-in-kjz-sic/">"Broadcasting Monopoly Seen in KJZ (sic) Sale"</a>. Messenger-Inquirer. Owensboro, Kentucky. Associated Press. July 22, 1926. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213401/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119283053/broadcasting-monopoly-seen-in-kjz-sic/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Messenger-Inquirer&rft.atitle=Broadcasting+Monopoly+Seen+in+KJZ+%28sic%29+Sale&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1926-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119283053%2Fbroadcasting-monopoly-seen-in-kjz-sic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanning1946">Banning (1946)</a>, pp. 288–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011441048&view=1up&seq=468">"Aeolian Hall, New York"</a>. Radio Broadcast. Vol. 2, no. 6. April 1923. p. 442. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812211212/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011441048&view=1up&seq=468">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Broadcast&rft.atitle=Aeolian+Hall%2C+New+York&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=442&rft.date=1923-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015011441048%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FallRi19230602p16-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FallRi19230602p16_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119256926/wjz-transfers-allegiance/">"WJZ Transfers Allegiance"</a>. Fall River Globe. Fall River, Massachusetts. June 2, 1923. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213400/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119256926/wjz-transfers-allegiance/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fall+River+Globe&rft.atitle=WJZ+Transfers+Allegiance&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1923-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119256926%2Fwjz-transfers-allegiance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittsb19230523p_25-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Pittsb19230523p_25_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119256729/curtain-falls-on-wjz-newark-the/">"Curtain Falls on WJZ, Newark: The Passing of an Old Friend; "WJZ Signing Off---Good Night""</a>. The Pittsburgh Post. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. May 23, 1923. p. 1:Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213408/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119256729/curtain-falls-on-wjz-newark-the/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Post&rft.atitle=Curtain+Falls+on+WJZ%2C+Newark%3A+The+Passing+of+an+Old+Friend%3B+%22WJZ+Signing+Off---Good+Night%22&rft.pages=1%3ARadio&rft.date=1923-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119256729%2Fcurtain-falls-on-wjz-newark-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015050612020&view=1up&seq=692">"Radio Broadcast Central"</a>. The Wireless Age. Vol. 10, no. 10. July 1923. pp. 40–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816151342/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015050612020&view=1up&seq=692">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wireless+Age&rft.atitle=Radio+Broadcast+Central&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=40-41&rft.date=1923-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015050612020%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evenin19230731p19-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Evenin19230731p19_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119257766/new-broadcasting-stations-for-radio/">"New Broadcasting Stations For Radio Fans of the Capital"</a>. Evening Star. Washington, District of Columbia. July 31, 1923. p. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213354/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119257766/new-broadcasting-stations-for-radio/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Star&rft.atitle=New+Broadcasting+Stations+For+Radio+Fans+of+the+Capital&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1923-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119257766%2Fnew-broadcasting-stations-for-radio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopSci192407a-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci192407a_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci192407a_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns1924" class="citation magazine cs1">Binns, Jack (July 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015059517386&view=1up&seq=53">"Setting the Pace in Radio"</a>. Popular Science. Vol. 105, no. 1. p. 65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113194033/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015059517386&view=1up&seq=53">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Setting+the+Pace+in+Radio&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1924-07&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015059517386%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buffal19231124p26-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Buffal19231124p26_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119278613/wgy-wjz-linked-for-big-events/">"WGY-WJZ Linked For Big Events"</a>. The Buffalo News. Buffalo, New York. November 24, 1923. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213409/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119278613/wgy-wjz-linked-for-big-events/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=WGY-WJZ+Linked+For+Big+Events&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1923-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119278613%2Fwgy-wjz-linked-for-big-events%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KFKX-33"><a href="#cite_ref-KFKX_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleFalknor1924" class="citation magazine cs1">Little, Donald G.; Falknor, Frank P. (January 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080387171&view=1up&seq=33">"Radio Station KFKX"</a>. The Electric Journal. Vol. XXI, no. 1. pp. 25–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113193959/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080387171&view=1up&seq=33">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Electric+Journal&rft.atitle=Radio+Station+KFKX&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-30&rft.date=1924-01&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft.au=Falknor%2C+Frank+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015080387171%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buffal19241116p41-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Buffal19241116p41_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119276696/transcontinental-radio-relay-makes/">"Transcontinental Radio Relay Makes Successful Record"</a>. Buffalo Morning Express. Buffalo, New York. November 16, 1924. p. 41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213336/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119276696/transcontinental-radio-relay-makes/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+Morning+Express&rft.atitle=Transcontinental+Radio+Relay+Makes+Successful+Record&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1924-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119276696%2Ftranscontinental-radio-relay-makes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris19250303p_4-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris19250303p_4_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119279956/inaugural-to-be-broadcast-to-all-parts/">"Inaugural To Be Broadcast To All Parts Of Country"</a>. Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. March 3, 1925. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213355/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119279956/inaugural-to-be-broadcast-to-all-parts/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harrisburg+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Inaugural+To+Be+Broadcast+To+All+Parts+Of+Country&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1925-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119279956%2Finaugural-to-be-broadcast-to-all-parts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b78643&view=1up&seq=18">"The RCA Network"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126173721/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b78643&view=1up&seq=18">Archived</a> January 26, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Report on Chain Broadcasting, Federal Communications Commission, May 1941, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oaklan19260913p_12-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oaklan19260913p_12_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oaklan19260913p_12_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack1926" class="citation news cs1">Mack, Robert (September 13, 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119271276/price-paid-for-weaf-sets-new-record-in/">"Price Paid for WEAF Sets New Record in Radio"</a>. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Consolidated Press Association. p. B12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213404/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119271276/price-paid-for-weaf-sets-new-record-in/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=Price+Paid+for+WEAF+Sets+New+Record+in+Radio&rft.pages=B12&rft.date=1926-09-13&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119271276%2Fprice-paid-for-weaf-sets-new-record-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> (Note: "Robert Mack" was a house byline used by multiple Consolidated Press reporters.)</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119271546/weaf-will-lead-us-broadcasting-service/">"WEAF Will Lead U.S. Broadcasting Service"</a>. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Associated Press. September 13, 1926. p. B12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213400/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119271546/weaf-will-lead-us-broadcasting-service/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=WEAF+Will+Lead+U.S.+Broadcasting+Service&rft.pages=B12&rft.date=1926-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119271546%2Fweaf-will-lead-us-broadcasting-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asbury19260728p_5-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Asbury19260728p_5_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119282592/sale-of-weaf-will-not-affect-policy-of/">"Sale of WEAF Will Not Affect Policy of Station: Popular Personnel Will Still Remain"</a>. Asbury Park Press. Asbury Park, New Jersey. July 28, 1926. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213336/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119282592/sale-of-weaf-will-not-affect-policy-of/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbury+Park+Press&rft.atitle=Sale+of+WEAF+Will+Not+Affect+Policy+of+Station%3A+Popular+Personnel+Will+Still+Remain&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1926-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119282592%2Fsale-of-weaf-will-not-affect-policy-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlainS19260809p3-39"><a href="#cite_ref-PlainS19260809p3_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan1926" class="citation news cs1">Fagan, William J. (August 9, 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119275802/wcap-has-been-disposed-of/">"WCAP Has Been Disposed Of"</a>. The Plain Speaker. Hazleton, Pennsylvania. United Press. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213411/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119275802/wcap-has-been-disposed-of/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Speaker&rft.atitle=WCAP+Has+Been+Disposed+Of&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1926-08-09&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119275802%2Fwcap-has-been-disposed-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evenin19260728p15-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Evenin19260728p15_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119275274/wcap-station-sale-second-within-week/">"WCAP Station Sale Second Within Week: Fans Will Not Lose By Program Transfer To WRC"</a>. The Evening Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. July 28, 1926. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213349/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119275274/wcap-station-sale-second-within-week/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Sun&rft.atitle=WCAP+Station+Sale+Second+Within+Week%3A+Fans+Will+Not+Lose+By+Program+Transfer+To+WRC&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1926-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119275274%2Fwcap-station-sale-second-within-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journa19260807p2-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Journa19260807p2_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119274300/declares-weaf-sale-was-costly/">"Declares WEAF Sale Was Costly"</a>. The Journal. Meriden, Connecticut. August 7, 1926. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213406/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119274300/declares-weaf-sale-was-costly/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal&rft.atitle=Declares+WEAF+Sale+Was+Costly&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1926-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119274300%2Fdeclares-weaf-sale-was-costly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indian19260724p6-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Indian19260724p6_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119285976/denies-weaf-sale-is-monopoly-move/">"Denies WEAF Sale is Monopoly Move: Radio Corporation Chief Says Purchase Is Step to Develop Broadcasting Art—U. S. May Block Plans"</a>. The Indiana Gazette. Indiana, Pennsylvania. July 24, 1926. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213348/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119285976/denies-weaf-sale-is-monopoly-move/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indiana+Gazette&rft.atitle=Denies+WEAF+Sale+is+Monopoly+Move%3A+Radio+Corporation+Chief+Says+Purchase+Is+Step+to+Develop+Broadcasting+Art%E2%80%94U.+S.+May+Block+Plans&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1926-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119285976%2Fdenies-weaf-sale-is-monopoly-move%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittsb19260801p_44-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pittsb19260801p_44_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pittsb19260801p_44_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1926" class="citation news cs1">Stevenson, Thomas (August 1, 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119284631/sale-of-weaf-may-renew-radio-monopoly/">"Sale of WEAF May Renew Radio Monopoly Discussion"</a>. Pittsburgh Daily Post. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 10:4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213354/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119284631/sale-of-weaf-may-renew-radio-monopoly/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Daily+Post&rft.atitle=Sale+of+WEAF+May+Renew+Radio+Monopoly+Discussion&rft.pages=10%3A4&rft.date=1926-08-01&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119284631%2Fsale-of-weaf-may-renew-radio-monopoly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittsb19260913p_4-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Pittsb19260913p_4_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119255125/to-inaugurate-radio-service/">"To Inaugurate Radio Service"</a>. The Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. September 13, 1926. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213359/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119255125/to-inaugurate-radio-service/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=To+Inaugurate+Radio+Service&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1926-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119255125%2Fto-inaugurate-radio-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evenin19260913p21-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Evenin19260913p21_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119272114/announcing-the-national-broadcasting/">"Announcing the National Broadcasting Company, Inc. (advertisement)"</a>. The Evening Star. Washington, D.C. September 13, 1926. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213349/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119272114/announcing-the-national-broadcasting/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Star&rft.atitle=Announcing+the+National+Broadcasting+Company%2C+Inc.+%28advertisement%29&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1926-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119272114%2Fannouncing-the-national-broadcasting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LosAng20000212p_56-46"><a href="#cite_ref-LosAng20000212p_56_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2000" class="citation news cs1">Jensen, Elizabeth (February 12, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119287679/goldenson-is-remembered-as-the/">"Goldenson Is Remembered as the Visionary Behind ABC"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. F2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213400/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119287679/goldenson-is-remembered-as-the/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Goldenson+Is+Remembered+as+the+Visionary+Behind+ABC&rft.pages=F2&rft.date=2000-02-12&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119287679%2Fgoldenson-is-remembered-as-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittsb19261108p_18-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Pittsb19261108p_18_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119255713/program-planned-by-radio-company/">"Program Planned by Radio Company"</a>. The Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. November 8, 1926. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213415/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119255713/program-planned-by-radio-company/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Program+Planned+by+Radio+Company&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1926-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119255713%2Fprogram-planned-by-radio-company%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NorthA19261115p72-48"><a href="#cite_ref-NorthA19261115p72_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119288751/radio-notes-and-programs-for-the-day/">"Radio – Notes and Programs for the Day"</a>. The North Adams Transcript. North Adams, Massachusetts. November 15, 1926. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213354/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119288751/radio-notes-and-programs-for-the-day/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+Adams+Transcript&rft.atitle=Radio+%E2%80%93+Notes+and+Programs+for+the+Day&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1926-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119288751%2Fradio-notes-and-programs-for-the-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uowhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ypcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4785%2C3248250">"Radio Treat Tonight"</a>. The Reading Eagle. Reading, Pennsylvania. November 15, 1926. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129175805/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uowhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ypcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4785%2C3248250">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Reading+Eagle&rft.atitle=Radio+Treat+Tonight&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1926-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DuowhAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DypcFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4785%252C3248250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittsb19261229p_10-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Pittsb19261229p_10_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4517908/wjz-notice/">"WJZ notice"</a>. Pittsburgh Daily Post. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. December 29, 1926. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180238/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4517908/wjz-notice/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Daily+Post&rft.atitle=WJZ+notice&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1926-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F4517908%2Fwjz-notice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decatu19261212p_28-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Decatu19261212p_28_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119524431/more-concerts-by-victor-company-first/">"More Concerts By Victor Company: First One to Be Given Evening of New Year's Day"</a>. The Decatur Daily Review. Decatur, Illinois. December 12, 1926. p. 28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180231/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119524431/more-concerts-by-victor-company-first/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Decatur+Daily+Review&rft.atitle=More+Concerts+By+Victor+Company%3A+First+One+to+Be+Given+Evening+of+New+Year%27s+Day.&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1926-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119524431%2Fmore-concerts-by-victor-company-first%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuisman2009" class="citation book cs1">Suisman, David (May 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sellingsoundscom00suis">Selling Sounds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, MA">Cambridge, MA</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sellingsoundscom00suis/page/268">268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03337-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03337-5"><bdi>978-0-674-03337-5</bdi></a>. <q>jw seligman victor talking machines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Sounds&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03337-5&rft.aulast=Suisman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsellingsoundscom00suis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltim19261219p99-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Baltim19261219p99_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119524645/four-noted-artists-to-open-new-radio/">"Four Noted Artists To Open New Radio Series: Concerts Will Begin January 1"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. December 19, 1926. p. 8, Part 2, Section 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180231/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119524645/four-noted-artists-to-open-new-radio/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Four+Noted+Artists+To+Open+New+Radio+Series%3A+Concerts+Will+Begin+January+1&rft.pages=8%2C+Part+2%2C+Section+4&rft.date=1926-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119524645%2Ffour-noted-artists-to-open-new-radio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanning1946">Banning (1946)</a>, pp. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioAge194210p23-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioAge194210p23_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioAge194210p23_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radioageresearch194245newyrich/page/n27/">""Red Network" Out As NBC Designation: It Becomes Unnecessary Following Divorce From Blue; Origin Recalled"</a>. 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He contributes articles on radio history to <a href="/wiki/Radio_World" title="Radio World">Radio World</a> and The Monitoring Times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theradiohistorian.org&rft.atitle=NBC+Pacific+Coast+Network&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheradiohistorian.org%2Fnbc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LosAng19270121p23-60"><a href="#cite_ref-LosAng19270121p23_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119532421/peace-on-earth-new-khj-motto/">"Peace On Earth New KHJ Motto"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. January 21, 1927. p. 5, Part II. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180232/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119532421/peace-on-earth-new-khj-motto/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Peace+On+Earth+New+KHJ+Motto&rft.pages=5%2C+Part+II&rft.date=1927-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119532421%2Fpeace-on-earth-new-khj-motto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanFra19270205p6-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SanFra19270205p6_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanFra19270205p6_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119530184/35-stations-to-broadcast-coolidge-talk/">"35 Stations to Broadcast Coolidge Talk"</a>. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. February 5, 1927. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180236/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119530184/35-stations-to-broadcast-coolidge-talk/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. 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January 23, 1927. p. 4B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180230/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119532531/opera-carmen-is-radiocast/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fresno+Morning+Republican&rft.atitle=Opera%2C+%27Carmen%27%2C+Is+Radiocast+Successfully&rft.pages=4B&rft.date=1927-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119532531%2Fopera-carmen-is-radiocast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LosAng19270222p28-63"><a href="#cite_ref-LosAng19270222p28_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119532263/president-will-be-on-air-today/">"President Will Be On Air Today: Thirty-eight Stations Linked for Holiday Broadcast"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. 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Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=President+Will+Be+On+Air+Today%3A+Thirty-eight+Stations+Linked+for+Holiday+Broadcast&rft.pages=12%2C+Part+II&rft.date=1927-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119532263%2Fpresident-will-be-on-air-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spokan19270402p13-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Spokan19270402p13_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119533494/radio-fans-wait-for-big-event-tuesday/">"Radio Fans Wait For Big Event: Tuesday at 8 P.M. the Pacific Coast Chain of Stations Will Start"</a>. Spokane Chronicle. Spokane, Washington. April 2, 1927. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180234/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119533494/radio-fans-wait-for-big-event-tuesday/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Radio+Fans+Wait+For+Big+Event%3A+Tuesday+at+8+P.M.+the+Pacific+Coast+Chain+of+Stations+Will+Start.&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1927-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119533494%2Fradio-fans-wait-for-big-event-tuesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanFra19270403p34-65"><a href="#cite_ref-SanFra19270403p34_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119530544/tuesday-inauguration-of-the-orange/">"Tuesday Inauguration of the Orange Network: Big Program on Chain of 7 Stations"</a>. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. April 3, 1927. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180229/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119530544/tuesday-inauguration-of-the-orange/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.atitle=Tuesday+Inauguration+of+the+Orange+Network%3A+Big+Program+on+Chain+of+7+Stations&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1927-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119530544%2Ftuesday-inauguration-of-the-orange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modest19270206p_8-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Modest19270206p_8_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2625630/orange-network-2627/">"KFI-KPO Network Linked to Nation Wide Chain"</a>. Modesto News-Herald. Modesto, California. February 6, 1927. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180232/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2625630/orange-network-2627/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modesto+News-Herald&rft.atitle=KFI-KPO+Network+Linked+to+Nation+Wide+Chain&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1927-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F2625630%2Forange-network-2627%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=38516&.pdf">FCC History Cards for KGO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=43422&.pdf">FCC History Cards for KOA</a></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsan19301026p4-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Newsan19301026p4_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119727843/national-chain-gets-another-big-station/">"National Chain Gets Another Big Station: National Broadcasting Company Takes Over Station at Cleveland"</a>. The News and Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. October 26, 1930. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226065614/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119727843/national-chain-gets-another-big-station/">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+and+Observer&rft.atitle=National+Chain+Gets+Another+Big+Station%3A+National+Broadcasting+Company+Takes+Over+Station+at+Cleveland&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1930-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119727843%2Fnational-chain-gets-another-big-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Detroi19310705p_7-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Detroi19310705p_7_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14994260/nbc-buys-wenr/">"NBC buys WENR"</a>. Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. July 5, 1931. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226065613/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14994260/nbc-buys-wenr/">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=NBC+buys+WENR&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1931-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F14994260%2Fnbc-buys-wenr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commer19310906p38-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Commer19310906p38_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119727978/wmaq-annexed-as-associate-of-nbc/">"WMAQ Annexed as Associate of NBC: Pioneer Chicago Daily News Station Becomes Link in Radio Chain"</a>. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. September 6, 1931. p. 2, Section IV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226065613/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119727978/wmaq-annexed-as-associate-of-nbc/">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft.atitle=WMAQ+Annexed+as+Associate+of+NBC%3A+Pioneer+Chicago+Daily+News+Station+Becomes+Link+in+Radio+Chain.&rft.pages=2%2C+Section+IV&rft.date=1931-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119727978%2Fwmaq-annexed-as-associate-of-nbc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanFra19320611p24-71"><a href="#cite_ref-SanFra19320611p24_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119728584/us-approves-kpo-lease-to-nbc-system/">"U.S. Approves KPO Lease to NBC System"</a>. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. June 11, 1932. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226065617/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119728584/us-approves-kpo-lease-to-nbc-system/">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.atitle=U.S.+Approves+KPO+Lease+to+NBC+System&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1932-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119728584%2Fus-approves-kpo-lease-to-nbc-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tacoma19311023p2-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Tacoma19311023p2_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119728821/todays-radio-programs/">"Today's Radio Programs"</a>. The Tacoma Daily Ledger. Tacoma, Washington. October 23, 1931. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226065617/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119728821/todays-radio-programs/">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tacoma+Daily+Ledger&rft.atitle=Today%27s+Radio+Programs&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1931-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119728821%2Ftodays-radio-programs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LosAng19311017p11-73"><a href="#cite_ref-LosAng19311017p11_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119728786/on-the-air-to-night/">"On the air to night"</a>. Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. Hollywood, California. October 17, 1931. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226065613/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119728786/on-the-air-to-night/">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Evening+Citizen+News&rft.atitle=On+the+air+to+night&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1931-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119728786%2Fon-the-air-to-night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=62852&.pdf">FCC History Cards for WSBN</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-75"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gray_(architectural_historian)" title="Christopher Gray (architectural historian)">Gray, Christopher</a> (February 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/realestate/21streets.html">"Streetscapes: Where the Peacock Nested and the Mice Presided"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223005231/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/realestate/21streets.html?8dpc">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Streetscapes%3A+Where+the+Peacock+Nested+and+the+Mice+Presided&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F21%2Frealestate%2F21streets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/06/17/96157691.pdf">"Rockefeller Begins Work in the Fall on 5th Av. Radio City"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. June 17, 1930. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320174038/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/06/17/96157691.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rockefeller+Begins+Work+in+the+Fall+on+5th+Av.+Radio+City&rft.date=1930-06-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1930%2F06%2F17%2F96157691.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1932/1932-05-15-BC.pdf">"The RCA Building"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 2, no. 10. May 15, 1932. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032821/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1932/1932-05-15-BC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=The+RCA+Building&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1932-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1932%2F1932-05-15-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> RCA Lead Tenant of Rockefeller Center, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrJohnson1988" class="citation book cs1">Harr, John Esnor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockefellercentu00harr/page/326">The Rockefeller Century</a>. New York City: Scribner's. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockefellercentu00harr/page/326">326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-18936-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-18936-4"><bdi>0-684-18936-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rockefeller+Century&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-684-18936-4&rft.aulast=Harr&rft.aufirst=John+Esnor&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockefellercentu00harr%2Fpage%2F326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1932/1932-12-01-BC.pdf">"RCA and Associates Separate Under Consent Decree Terms"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 3, no. 11. December 1, 1932. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030523/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1932/1932-12-01-BC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=RCA+and+Associates+Separate+Under+Consent+Decree+Terms&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1932-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1932%2F1932-12-01-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyN19331112p272-80"><a href="#cite_ref-DailyN19331112p272_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120074308/studios-opened-in-radio-city-world-is/">"Studios Opened In Radio City, World Is Told"</a>. Daily News. New York, New York. November 12, 1933. p. 272. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304033922/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120074308/studios-opened-in-radio-city-world-is/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Studios+Opened+In+Radio+City%2C+World+Is+Told&rft.pages=272&rft.date=1933-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F120074308%2Fstudios-opened-in-radio-city-world-is%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Errico_1996-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Errico_1996_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Errico_1996_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErrico1996" class="citation web cs1">Errico, Marcus (October 23, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eonline.com/news/33692/bob-hope-liberated-from-nbc-after-60-years">"Bob Hope Liberated from NBC After 60 Years"</a>. E! Entertainment Television. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323045516/http://www.eonline.com/news/33692/bob-hope-liberated-from-nbc-after-60-years">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2015. 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Federal Communications Commission. May 1941. p. 92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201054512/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b78643&view=1up&seq=104">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2020. 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October 13, 1943. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219014622/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119027487/blue-network-sold-to-edward-j-noble/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2023. 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Retrieved February 22, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting-Telecasting&rft.atitle=O+And+O+Stations%3A+6+Radio%2C+5+TV+Belong+to+NBC&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=68%2C+72%2C+74%2C+94%2C+98&rft.date=1951-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1951%2FBC-1951-11-26.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evenin19470627p28-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Evenin19470627p28_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119508078/nbc-begins-television-programs-over/">"NBC Begins Television Programs Over WNBW At Dedication Tonight"</a>. Evening Star. Washington, District of Columbia. 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September 19, 1948. p. 8D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223064018/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119507417/midwest-tv-chain-starts-monday/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023. 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NBC buys WKNB-TV New Britain, Conn."</a>, Broadcasting – Telecasting, January 10, 1955, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele53unse#page/n716/mode/1up">"NBC buys WJAS Pittsburgh"</a>, Broadcasting – Telecasting, August 12, 1957, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele56unse_0#page/n1548/mode/1up">"NBC sells WNBC (TV) to Scheftel group"</a>, Broadcasting, June 29, 1959, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-03-20-BC-OCR-Page-0040.pdf">"Heftel in, NBC out of Pittsburgh radio"</a>, Broadcasting, March 20, 1972, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele50unse#page/n781/mode/1up">"NBC, WBC outlets change calls today"</a>, Broadcasting, February 13, 1956, pp. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele48unse_0#page/n932/mode/1up">"NBC, WBC trade properties in Cleveland, Philadelphia"</a>, Broadcasting, May 23, 1955, pp. 65–66, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele51unse_0#page/n1412/mode/1up">"Justice Dept. hauls NBC into court"</a>, Broadcasting - Telecasting, December 10, 1956, pp. 27–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1964/1964-08-03-BC.pdf#page=23">"Philadelphia circle is complete"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1964/1964-08-03-BC.pdf#page=24">"Nine-year history of that trade in Philadelphia"</a>, Broadcasting, August 3, 1964, pp. 23–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/65-OCR/1965-06-14-BC-OCR-Page-0083.pdf">"The great swap takes place June 19; Westinghouse, NBC return to original properties"</a>, Broadcasting, June 14, 1965, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-01-17-BC-OCR-Page-0038.pdf">"First NBC radio properties go"</a>, Broadcasting, January 17, 1972, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1999" class="citation book cs1">Halberstam, David J. (1999). Sports On New York Radio: A Play-By-Play History. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570281976" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570281976"><bdi>978-1570281976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+On+New+York+Radio%3A+A+Play-By-Play+History&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1570281976&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cincin19550417p130-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Cincin19550417p130_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1955" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Magee (April 17, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118922098/nbc-radio-plots-first-step-toward/">"NBC Radio Plots First Step Toward Program Overhaul"</a>. 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Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+Times&rft.atitle=Radio%27s+latest+casualty&rft.pages=C1&rft.date=1975-02-02&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F118921345%2Fradios-latest-casualty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cincin19741222p89-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cincin19741222p89_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cincin19741222p89_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1974" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Magee (December 22, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118931100/all-channel-radio-bill-dies-and/">"All-Channel Radio Bill Dies, And Thereby Hangs A Moral"</a>. The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. p. 7G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035652/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118931100/all-channel-radio-bill-dies-and/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cincinnati+Enquirer&rft.atitle=All-Channel+Radio+Bill+Dies%2C+And+Thereby+Hangs+A+Moral&rft.pages=7G&rft.date=1974-12-22&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Magee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F118931100%2Fall-channel-radio-bill-dies-and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berksh19750116p6-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Berksh19750116p6_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118931493/nbc-monitor-going-off-air/">"NBC 'Monitor' going off air"</a>. The Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. January 16, 1975. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035701/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118931493/nbc-monitor-going-off-air/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Berkshire+Eagle&rft.atitle=NBC+%27Monitor%27+going+off+air&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1975-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F118931493%2Fnbc-monitor-going-off-air%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arizon19750125p_23-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Arizon19750125p_23_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1975" class="citation news cs1">Wolfe, Paul (January 25, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118921710/wake-planned-for-monitor/">"'Wake' Planned For 'Monitor'"</a>. Arizona Daily Star. Tucson, Arizona. p. B7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035655/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118921710/wake-planned-for-monitor/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=%27Wake%27+Planned+For+%27Monitor%27&rft.pages=B7&rft.date=1975-01-25&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F118921710%2Fwake-planned-for-monitor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broad19750210p78-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19750210p78_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19750210p78_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19750210p78_155-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1975/1975-02-10-BC.pdf#page=78">"No. 2 network for NBC radio to be all news"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 88, no. 6. February 10, 1975. pp. 78–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030703/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1975/1975-02-10-BC.pdf#page=78">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=No.+2+network+for+NBC+radio+to+be+all+news&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=78-80&rft.date=1975-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1975%2F1975-02-10-BC.pdf%23page%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/12/obituaries/jack-g-thayer-radio-executive-72.html">"Jack G. Thayer; Radio Executive, 72"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. January 12, 1995. p. B11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217030548/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/12/obituaries/jack-g-thayer-radio-executive-72.html?searchResultPosition=6">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jack+G.+Thayer%3B+Radio+Executive%2C+72&rft.pages=B11&rft.date=1995-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F01%2F12%2Fobituaries%2Fjack-g-thayer-radio-executive-72.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democr19741205p_25-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Democr19741205p_25_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118921562/nbcs-monitor-ending/">"NBC's 'Monitor' ending"</a>. Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. 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Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democrat+and+Chronicle&rft.atitle=NBC%27s+%27Monitor%27+ending&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1974-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F118921562%2Fnbcs-monitor-ending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broad19750421p46-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19750421p46_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19750421p46_158-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1975/1975-04-21-BC.pdf#page=44">"NBC news radio goes to O&Os in major cities"</a>, Broadcasting, April 21, 1975, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/75-OCR/1975-09-29-BC-OCR-Page-0050.pdf">"NIS count up to 50"</a>, Broadcasting, September 29, 1975, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicag19751209p58-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Chicag19751209p58_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus1975" class="citation news cs1">Lazarus, George (December 9, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118930423/a-turnaround-at-wmaq/">"A turnaround at WMAQ"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. 10:4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035655/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118930423/a-turnaround-at-wmaq/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+turnaround+at+WMAQ&rft.pages=10%3A4&rft.date=1975-12-09&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F118930423%2Fa-turnaround-at-wmaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1976/1976-11-08-BC.pdf#page=34">"NBC throws in the towel on all-news NIS"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 91, no. 19. November 8, 1976. pp. 34, 36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023916/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1976/1976-11-08-BC.pdf#page=34">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. 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Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305130927/http://user.pa.net/~ejjeff/kqv0808.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Tribune-Review&rft.atitle=KQV+Just+Keeps+on+Groovin%27&rft.date=1999-08-08&rft.aulast=Mehno&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuser.pa.net%2F~ejjeff%2Fkqv0808.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1976/1976-11-22-BC.pdf">"NIS orphans plan their next moves"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 91, no. 21. November 22, 1976. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308025240/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1976/1976-11-22-BC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2019 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=NIS+orphans+plan+their+next+moves&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1976-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1976%2F1976-11-22-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-06-18.pdf">"Monitor: 'Source' material"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 96, no. 25. June 18, 1979. p. 58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032813/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-06-18.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Monitor%3A+%27Source%27+material&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1979-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1979%2FBC-1979-06-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1980/BC%201980%2003%2017.pdf">"Up, up and away for radio networking: Yesterday's most important medium shows renewed growth with satellites spurring interest"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 98, no. 11. March 17, 1980. pp. 37–38, 40, 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023740/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1980/BC%201980%2003%2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Up%2C+up+and+away+for+radio+networking%3A+Yesterday%27s+most+important+medium+shows+renewed+growth+with+satellites+spurring+interest&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=37-38%2C+40%2C+44&rft.date=1980-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1980%2FBC%25201980%252003%252017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1980/BC%201980%2008%2025.pdf">"Overview: Jockeying for position in the marketplace"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 99, no. 8. August 25, 1980. pp. 48, 50, 52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818014320/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1980/BC%201980%2008%2025.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+Jockeying+for+position+in+the+marketplace&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=48%2C+50%2C+52&rft.date=1980-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1980%2FBC%25201980%252008%252025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1985/BC-1985-06-24.pdf">"Closed Circuit: Four-letter fringe"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 25. June 24, 1985. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030911/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1985/BC-1985-06-24.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Closed+Circuit%3A+Four-letter+fringe&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1985-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1985%2FBC-1985-06-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto23-167"><a href="#cite_ref-auto23_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke1986" class="citation magazine cs1">O'Rourke, P. J. (August 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/1986/8/inside-dr-ruth">"Inside Dr. Ruth; The little European lady with the twinkling eyes and the numbing homilies is America's favorite sexually transmitted contagion. P. J. O'ROURKE asks some questions that shouldn't make you blush or giggle"</a>. Vanity Fair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008103333/https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/1986/8/inside-dr-ruth">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Inside+Dr.+Ruth%3B+The+little+European+lady+with+the+twinkling+eyes+and+the+numbing+homilies+is+America%27s+favorite+sexually+transmitted+contagion.+P.+J.+O%27ROURKE+asks+some+questions+that+shouldn%27t+make+you+blush+or+giggle&rft.date=1986-08&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.vanityfair.com%2Farticle%2F1986%2F8%2Finside-dr-ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT19820502p33sec2-168"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT19820502p33sec2_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1982" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Kevin (May 2, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/02/arts/radio-s-latest-boom-late-night-talk-shows.html">"Radio's Latest Boom: Late-Night Talk Shows"</a>. The New York Times. p. 33:2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033718/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/02/arts/radio-s-latest-boom-late-night-talk-shows.html?sec=&pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Radio%27s+Latest+Boom%3A+Late-Night+Talk+Shows&rft.pages=33%3A2&rft.date=1982-05-02&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F05%2F02%2Farts%2Fradio-s-latest-boom-late-night-talk-shows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlamberg1982" class="citation news cs1">Flamberg, Daniel (June 20, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/20/arts/l-tv-mailbag-about-radio-talk-shows-223943.html+Topics%2FSubjects%2FR%2FRadio">"TV Mailbag—About Radio Talk Shows"</a>. The New York Times. p. 33:2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033718/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/20/arts/l-tv-mailbag-about-radio-talk-shows-223943.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FR%2FRadio">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TV+Mailbag%E2%80%94About+Radio+Talk+Shows&rft.pages=33%3A2&rft.date=1982-06-20&rft.aulast=Flamberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F06%2F20%2Farts%2Fl-tv-mailbag-about-radio-talk-shows-223943.html%2BTopics%252FSubjects%252FR%252FRadio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1989-169"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1989_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEftimiades1989" class="citation news cs1">Eftimiades, Maria (July 2, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/02/nyregion/radio-personality-without-limits.html+williams%22+franklin&scp=2&st=nyt">"Radio Personality Without Limits"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728003158/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/02/nyregion/radio-personality-without-limits.html?sq=%22bruce+williams%22+franklin&scp=2&st=nyt">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Radio+Personality+Without+Limits&rft.date=1989-07-02&rft.aulast=Eftimiades&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F07%2F02%2Fnyregion%2Fradio-personality-without-limits.html%2Bwilliams%2522%2Bfranklin%26scp%3D2%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioink.com/2019/02/11/hall-of-famer-bruce-williams-dies/">"Hall Of Famer Bruce Williams Dies"</a>. Radio Ink. February 11, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428114623/https://radioink.com/2019/02/11/hall-of-famer-bruce-williams-dies/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Ink&rft.atitle=Hall+Of+Famer+Bruce+Williams+Dies&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioink.com%2F2019%2F02%2F11%2Fhall-of-famer-bruce-williams-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TampaT20010603p9-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TampaT20010603p9_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TampaT20010603p9_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TampaT20010603p9_171-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2001" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Tom (June 3, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118794513/proof-that-not-all-silence-is-golden/">"Proof that not all silence is golden"</a>. The Tampa Tribune: Community Focus–Pasco. Tampa, Florida. pp. 1–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118794601/proof-that-not-all-silence-is-golden-p2/">2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217030544/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118794513/proof-that-not-all-silence-is-golden/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tampa+Tribune%3A+Community+Focus%E2%80%93Pasco&rft.atitle=Proof+that+not+all+silence+is+golden&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2001-06-03&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F118794513%2Fproof-that-not-all-silence-is-golden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-02-24.pdf">"Randy Bongarten: sound management for NBC Radio"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 8. February 24, 1986. p. 95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030344/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-02-24.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Randy+Bongarten%3A+sound+management+for+NBC+Radio&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=95&rft.date=1986-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1986%2FBC-1986-02-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1983/BC-1983-05-16.pdf#page=104">"In brief"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 104, no. 20. May 16, 1983. p. 104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023809/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1983/BC-1983-05-16.pdf#page=104">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=In+brief&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1983-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1983%2FBC-1983-05-16.pdf%23page%3D104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-02-27.pdf#page=58">"Riding gain: Sale switch"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 106, no. 9. February 27, 1984. p. 58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032106/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-02-27.pdf#page=58">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Riding+gain%3A+Sale+switch&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1984-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1984%2FBC-1984-02-27.pdf%23page%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicher1985" class="citation news cs1">Richer, Paul (December 12, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-12-mn-16152-story.html">"General Electric Will Buy RCA for $6.28 Billion"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103073901/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-12-12/news/mn-16152_1_general-electric-will">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=General+Electric+Will+Buy+RCA+for+%246.28+Billion&rft.date=1985-12-12&rft.aulast=Richer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-12-12-mn-16152-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1985/BC-1985-12-16.pdf#page=43">"RCA + GE: Marriage made in takeover heaven"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 25. December 16, 1985. pp. 43–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825203327/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1985/BC-1985-12-16.pdf#page=43">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=RCA+%2B+GE%3A+Marriage+made+in+takeover+heaven&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=43-45&rft.date=1985-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1985%2FBC-1985-12-16.pdf%23page%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1985/BC-1985-03-25.pdf#page=33">"FCC approval of CapCities/ABC deal likely"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 12. March 25, 1985. p. 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302220052/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1985/BC-1985-03-25.pdf#page=33">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=FCC+approval+of+CapCities%2FABC+deal+likely&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1985-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1985%2FBC-1985-03-25.pdf%23page%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/21/business/nbc-to-sell-its-radio-networks.html">"NBC to Sell Its Radio Networks"</a>. The New York Times. July 21, 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107212843/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/21/business/nbc-to-sell-its-radio-networks.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NBC+to+Sell+Its+Radio+Networks&rft.date=1987-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Fnbc-to-sell-its-radio-networks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-02-17.pdf#page=29">"GE/RCA go for it at FCC"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 7. February 17, 1986. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151341/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-02-17.pdf#page=29">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=GE%2FRCA+go+for+it+at+FCC&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1986-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1986%2FBC-1986-02-17.pdf%23page%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broad19870727p35-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19870727p35_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19870727p35_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1987/BC-1987-07-27.pdf">"Westwood One acquires NBC Radio for $50 million"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 113, no. 4. July 27, 1987. pp. 35–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131024552/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1987/BC-1987-07-27.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Westwood+One+acquires+NBC+Radio+for+%2450+million&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=35-36&rft.date=1987-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1987%2FBC-1987-07-27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-21-ca-5298-story.html">"NBC SELLS ITS RADIO NETWORK"</a>. Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107125836/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-21-ca-5298-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=NBC+SELLS+ITS+RADIO+NETWORK&rft.date=1987-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-07-21-ca-5298-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessey1986" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Hennessey" title="Mike Hennessey">Hennessey, Mike</a> (September 20, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1986/BB-1986-09-20.pdf">"RCA Deal Gives Bertelsmann Multinational Label Ranking"</a> (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 3B. pp. 1, 78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121000950/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1986/BB-1986-09-20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2012 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=RCA+Deal+Gives+Bertelsmann+Multinational+Label+Ranking&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3B&rft.pages=1%2C+78&rft.date=1986-09-20&rft.aulast=Hennessey&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-All-Music%2FBillboard%2F80s%2F1986%2FBB-1986-09-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-01-25.pdf#page=43">"NBC's radio stations are on the block"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 114, no. 4. January 25, 1988. p. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223064012/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-01-25.pdf#page=43">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=NBC%27s+radio+stations+are+on+the+block&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1988-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1988%2FBC-1988-01-25.pdf%23page%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broad19880222p76-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19880222p76_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broad19880222p76_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217031109/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-02-22.pdf#page=72">"Emmis buys five NBC radio stations"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 114, no. 8. February 22, 1988. pp. 76–77. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-02-22.pdf#page=72">the original</a> (PDF) on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Emmis+buys+five+NBC+radio+stations&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=76-77&rft.date=1988-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1988%2FBC-1988-02-22.pdf%23page%3D72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1987/BC-1987-11-30.pdf#page=103">"In brief"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 113, no. 22. November 30, 1987. p. 136. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217031109/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1987/BC-1987-11-30.pdf#page=103">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=In+brief&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=136&rft.date=1987-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1987%2FBC-1987-11-30.pdf%23page%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1989/BC-1989-03-27.pdf#page=87">"In brief"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 116, no. 13. March 27, 1989. p. 89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217031109/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1989/BC-1989-03-27.pdf#page=87">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=In+brief&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=89&rft.date=1989-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1989%2FBC-1989-03-27.pdf%23page%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-10-10.pdf#page=83">"In brief"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 115, no. 15. October 10, 1988. pp. 88–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030636/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-10-10.pdf#page=83">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=In+brief&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=88-89&rft.date=1988-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1988%2FBC-1988-10-10.pdf%23page%3D83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report19871214p37-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Report19871214p37_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornfeld1987" class="citation news cs1">Bornfeld, Steve (December 14, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118805331/hi-ho-steve-a-rino-steve-allen-returns/">"Hi-ho Steve-a-rino! Steve Allen returns to his comedy roots in radio"</a>. The Reporter Dispatch. 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Retrieved September 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adweek&rft.atitle=Dial+Global+Brings+Back+WestwoodOne+Name&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fdigital%2Fdial-global-brings-back-westwoodone-name-152195%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-xpm-2013-sep-04-la-et-ct-dial-global-changes-westwoodone-20130904-story.html">"Dial Global becomes WestwoodOne ahead of Cumulus acquisition"</a>. Los Angeles Times. September 4, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321220949/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-xpm-2013-sep-04-la-et-ct-dial-global-changes-westwoodone-20130904-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Dial+Global+becomes+WestwoodOne+ahead+of+Cumulus+acquisition&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fenvelope%2Fla-xpm-2013-sep-04-la-et-ct-dial-global-changes-westwoodone-20130904-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenta2014" class="citation web cs1">Venta, Lance (July 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioinsight.com/headlines/89589/cumuluswestwoodone-to-establish-cnn-powered-news-service/">"Cumulus/WestwoodOne To Establish CNN Powered News Service"</a>. RadioInsight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004025201/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/89589/cumuluswestwoodone-to-establish-cnn-powered-news-service/">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioInsight&rft.atitle=Cumulus%2FWestwoodOne+To+Establish+CNN+Powered+News+Service&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.aulast=Venta&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioinsight.com%2Fheadlines%2F89589%2Fcumuluswestwoodone-to-establish-cnn-powered-news-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rw-nbcnrww1end-226"><a href="#cite_ref-rw-nbcnrww1end_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/westwood-one-to-drop-nbc-news-radio">"Westwood One to Drop NBC News Radio"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_World" title="Radio World">Radio World</a>. October 16, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928092911/https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/westwood-one-to-drop-nbc-news-radio">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+World&rft.atitle=Westwood+One+to+Drop+NBC+News+Radio&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioworld.com%2Fnews-and-business%2Fwestwood-one-to-drop-nbc-news-radio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ri-ww1nonbcsr-227"><a href="#cite_ref-ri-ww1nonbcsr_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenta2020" class="citation news cs1">Venta, Lance (March 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioinsight.com/headlines/184960/westwood-one-to-cease-distribution-of-nbc-sports-radio/">"Westwood One To Cease Distribution Of NBC Sports Radio"</a>. RadioInsight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913060506/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/184960/westwood-one-to-cease-distribution-of-nbc-sports-radio/">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioInsight&rft.atitle=Westwood+One+To+Cease+Distribution+Of+NBC+Sports+Radio&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft.aulast=Venta&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioinsight.com%2Fheadlines%2F184960%2Fwestwood-one-to-cease-distribution-of-nbc-sports-radio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioink.com/2016/07/11/iheartmedia-plus-nbc-equals-big-news/">"iHeartMedia Plus NBC Equals Big News"</a>. Radio Ink. July 11, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530085739/https://radioink.com/2016/07/11/iheartmedia-plus-nbc-equals-big-news/">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Ink&rft.atitle=iHeartMedia+Plus+NBC+Equals+Big+News&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioink.com%2F2016%2F07%2F11%2Fiheartmedia-plus-nbc-equals-big-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/155443/iheartmedia-s-24-7-news-network-joins-forces-with-">"iHeartMedia's 24/7 News Network Joins Forces With NBC News To Launch 'NBC News Radio'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815124848/http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/155443/iheartmedia-s-24-7-news-network-joins-forces-with-">Archived</a> August 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, July 11, 2016 (allaccess.com) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanning1946" class="citation book cs1">Banning, William Peck (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/History/Commercial-Broadcasting-Pioneer-WEAF.pdf">Commercial and Broadcasting Pioneer: The WEAF Experiment, 1922–1926</a> (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131055904/https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/History/Commercial-Broadcasting-Pioneer-WEAF.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+and+Broadcasting+Pioneer%3A+The+WEAF+Experiment%2C+1922%E2%80%931926&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Banning&rft.aufirst=William+Peck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FBOOKSHELF-ARH%2FHistory%2FCommercial-Broadcasting-Pioneer-WEAF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilby1986" class="citation book cs1">Bilby, Kenneth (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Biography/The-General-David-Sarnoff-Bilby-1985.pdf">The General: David Sarnoff and the rise of the communications industry</a> (PDF) (1st ed.). New York, New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015568-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015568-X"><bdi>0-06-015568-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201030919/https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Biography/The-General-David-Sarnoff-Bilby-1985.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General%3A+David+Sarnoff+and+the+rise+of+the+communications+industry&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-06-015568-X&rft.aulast=Bilby&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FBOOKSHELF-ARH%2FBiography%2FThe-General-David-Sarnoff-Bilby-1985.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cox_(historian)" title="Jim Cox (historian)">Cox, Jim</a> (2015) [2002]. Say Goodnight, Gracie: The Last Years of Network Radio. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1168-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-1168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Say+Goodnight%2C+Gracie%3A+The+Last+Years+of+Network+Radio&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1168-9&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cox_(historian)" title="Jim Cox (historian)">Cox, Jim</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpxGeViyuPwC&q=wor+woic+mutual+television&pg=PA83">American Radio Networks: A History</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-4192-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-4192-5"><bdi>0-7864-4192-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033717/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpxGeViyuPwC&q=wor+woic+mutual+television&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Radio+Networks%3A+A+History&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7864-4192-5&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpxGeViyuPwC%26q%3Dwor%2Bwoic%2Bmutual%2Btelevision%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1998" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn">On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio</a>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507678-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507678-8"><bdi>0-19-507678-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Air%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+Old-Time+Radio&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-507678-8&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonairencyclop00dunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucier1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Lucier" title="James P. Lucier">Lucier, James P.</a> (February 9, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A20204514/AONE?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=3846be6b">"Jim Bohannon On Air—Radio Talk Show Host"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Insight_on_the_News" title="Insight on the News">Insight on the News</a>. 14 (5): 15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1051-4880">1051-4880</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212212127/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA20204514&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-AONE&asid=3846be6b">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023 – via Gale Academic Onefile.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+on+the+News&rft.atitle=Jim+Bohannon+On+Air%E2%80%94Radio+Talk+Show+Host&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1998-02-09&rft.issn=1051-4880&rft.aulast=Lucier&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA20204514%2FAONE%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3Dbookmark-AONE%26xid%3D3846be6b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANBC+Radio+Network" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_Radio_Network&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710125158/http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/LookAround/la_networkspot_nbc.htm">NBC radio history</a> at the Digital Deli</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_radio_networks_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_broadcast_radio" title="Template:American broadcast radio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_broadcast_radio" title="Template talk:American broadcast radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_broadcast_radio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American broadcast radio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_radio_networks_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">Broadcast radio networks in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Audio" title="ABC Audio">ABC Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_Media_Networks" title="Compass Media Networks">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiere_Networks" title="Premiere Networks">Premiere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Radio_Network" title="Salem Radio Network">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Stations_Radio_Networks" title="United Stations Radio Networks">United Stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_One" title="Westwood One">Westwood One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uforia_Audio_Network" title="Uforia Audio Network">Uforia Audio Network</a> <ul><li>Spanish</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_News_Network" title="Georgia News Network">Georgia News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Radio_Network" title="Louisiana Radio Network">Louisiana Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Farm_Radio_Network" title="Michigan Farm Radio Network">Michigan Farm Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Radio_Network" title="Michigan Radio Network">Michigan Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Talk_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Talk Network">Michigan Talk Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_News_Network" title="North Carolina News Network">North Carolina News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONN_(radio)" title="ONN (radio)">Ohio News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Point_(radio_network)" title="The Point (radio network)">The Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supertalk_Mississippi" title="Supertalk Mississippi">Supertalk Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Network" title="Texas State Network">Texas State Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Radio_Corporation#West_Virginia_MetroNews" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia Radio Corporation">WV Metro News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Urban_Radio_Networks" title="American Urban Radio Networks">AURN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBBR" title="WBBR">Bloomberg Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRN_Digital_Talk_Radio_Networks" title="CRN Digital Talk Radio Networks">CRN Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_(radio_network)" title="Evolution (radio network)">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcasts" title="Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts">Metropolitan Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Your_Life" title="Music of Your Life">Music of Your Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Radio" title="Pride Radio">Pride Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_America_(United_States)" title="Radio America (United States)">Radio America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_One_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio One (company)">Radio One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Broadcasting_Network" title="Republic Broadcasting Network">Republic Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Radio_Network" title="USA Radio Network">USA Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WestStar_TalkRadio_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="WestStar TalkRadio Network">WestStar TalkRadio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFMT" title="WFMT">WFMT Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Classical_Network" title="World Classical Network">World Classical Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">3ABN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air1" title="Air1">Air1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Radio" title="American Family Radio">AFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Broadcasting_Network" title="Bible Broadcasting Network">BBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bott_Radio_Network" title="Bott Radio Network">BRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Radio_Network" title="Calvary Radio Network">Calvary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Network" title="Covenant Network">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSN_International" title="CSN International">CSN International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_Radio" title="Effect Radio">Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESNE_Radio" title="ESNE Radio">ESNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Word_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Word Television Network">EWTN Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Life_Network" title="Family Life Network">Family Life Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Life_Radio" title="Family Life Radio">Family Life Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Radio" title="Family Radio">Family Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Broadcasting_Network" title="Fundamental Broadcasting Network">Fundamental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Mix!_Radio" title="Go Mix! Radio">Go Mix!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNN_Radio" title="GNN Radio">GNN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Opportunities_Radio_Network" title="Gospel Opportunities Radio Network">Gospel Opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Radio_Network" title="Guadalupe Radio Network">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Love" title="K-Love">K-Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kings Radio">King of Kings Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_FM" title="The Life FM">The Life FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeTalk_Radio" title="LifeTalk Radio">LifeTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Hill_Network" title="Mars Hill Network">Mars Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Radio" title="Moody Radio">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Media" title="Northwestern Media">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Radio" title="Pilgrim Radio">Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_74_Internationale" title="Radio 74 Internationale">Radio 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Nueva_Vida" title="Radio Nueva Vida">Radio Nueva Vida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Presence_Radio" title="Real Presence Radio">Real Presence Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejoice_Broadcast_Network" title="Rejoice Broadcast Network">Rejoice Broadcast Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevant_Radio" title="Relevant Radio">Relevant Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewFM" title="RenewFM">RenewFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RevFM" title="RevFM">RevFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Radio_Network" title="Salem Radio Network">Salem Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smile_FM" title="Smile FM">Smile FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sounds_of_the_Spirit" title="Sounds of the Spirit">Sounds of the Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPAR" title="WPAR">Spirit FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCY_America" title="VCY America">VCY America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-FM_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-FM Network">WAY-FM Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBYO" title="WBYO">Word FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Network_of_Praise" title="Your Network of Praise">Your Network of Praise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sports_radio_networks_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Sports radio networks in the United States">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BetQL_Network" title="BetQL Network">BetQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Radio" title="ESPN Radio">ESPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio" title="Fox Sports Radio">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BAtbol_de_Primera_(radio_network)" title="Fútbol de Primera (radio network)">Futbol de Primera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Sports_Network" title="Infinity Sports Network">Infinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_Byline_USA" title="Sports Byline USA">Sports Byline USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_USA_Radio_Network" title="Sports USA Radio Network">Sports USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUDN_Radio" title="TUDN Radio">TUDN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Radio" title="ABC News Radio">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Information_Network" title="Black Information Network">BIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Radio" title="CBS News Radio">CBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Radio" title="Fox News Radio">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_News_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC News Radio">NBC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Public_Media" title="American Public Media">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifica_Foundation" title="Pacifica Foundation">Pacifica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_Exchange" title="Public Radio Exchange">PRX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Public_Radio" title="Colorado Public Radio">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNPR" title="WNPR">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Public_Broadcasting#GPB_Radio" title="Georgia Public Broadcasting">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Public_Radio" title="Hawaii Public Radio">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Public_Radio" title="Iowa Public Radio">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Public_Radio" title="Kentucky Public Radio">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Public_Broadcasting_Network#Radio_stations" title="Maine Public Broadcasting Network">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Public_Broadcasting#MPB_Radio" title="Mississippi Public Broadcasting">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Educational_Telecommunications#Radio_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska Educational Telecommunications">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Public_Radio" title="Nevada Public Radio">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Public_Radio" title="New Hampshire Public Radio">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Public_Radio" title="Prairie Public Radio">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Public_Broadcasting#Radio_stations" title="Oregon Public Broadcasting">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Public%27s_Radio" title="The Public's Radio">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Public_Radio" title="South Carolina Public Radio">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Public_Broadcasting#Radio_stations" title="South Dakota Public Broadcasting">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KUSU-FM" title="KUSU-FM">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Public Radio">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Public_Broadcasting#Radio" title="West Virginia Public Broadcasting">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Radio" title="Wisconsin Public Radio">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Public_Radio" title="Wyoming Public Radio">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Public_Radio" title="Alabama Public Radio">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise_State_Public_Radio" title="Boise State Public Radio">Boise State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCMU-FM" title="WCMU-FM">CMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_Public_Radio" title="High Plains Public Radio">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBST#Indiana_Public_Radio" title="WBST">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlochen_Public_Radio" title="Interlochen Public Radio">Interlochen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Public_Radio" title="Jefferson Public Radio">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Public" title="Michigan Public">Michigan Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Public_Radio" title="Montana Public Radio">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFCR" title="WFCR">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Public_Radio" title="New Jersey Public Radio">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Public Radio">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Country_Public_Radio" title="North Country Public Radio">North Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAMC" title="WAMC">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Public_Radio" title="Northern Public Radio">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Public Radio">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WVTF" title="WVTF">Radio IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Kansas" title="Radio Kansas">Radio Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Radio" title="Red River Radio">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Public_Radio" title="Yellowstone Public Radio">Yellowstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct or moribund</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks#ABC_Radio" title="Cumulus Media Networks">ABC (original)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_America_(radio_network)" title="Air America (radio network)">Air America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Broadcasting_System" title="Amalgamated Broadcasting System">Amalgamated Broadcasting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_Radio_Network" title="Talk Radio Network">America's Radio News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Network_(United_States)" title="American Network (United States)">American Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Radio_Network" title="Arkansas Radio Network">Arkansas Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biz_Radio_Network" title="Biz Radio Network">Biz Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">NBC Blue/Blue Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_radio_networks" title="List of children's radio networks">Children's radio networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks" title="Cumulus Media Networks">Cumulus Media Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)" title="Westwood One (1976–2011)">Dial Global</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dial_Global_Local" title="Dial Global Local">Local/Waitt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Disney" title="Radio Disney">Radio Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Radio_Network" title="Enterprise Radio Network">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Deportes_Radio" title="ESPN Deportes Radio">ESPN Deportes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Communications_Network" title="Genesis Communications Network">GCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Country_Radio_Network" title="God's Country Radio Network">God's Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.E._America_Radio_Network" title="I.E. America Radio Network">I.E. America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Radio_Networks" title="Jones Radio Networks">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Love_Classics" title="K-Love Classics">K-Love Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Broadcasting_System" title="Liberty Broadcasting System">Liberty Broadcasting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Regional_Network" title="Michigan Regional Network">Michigan Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Black_Network" title="Mutual Black Network">Mutual Reports Network/Mutual Black Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Lifestyle_Radio" title="Mutual Lifestyle Radio">Mutual Lifestyle Radio/Mutual Progressive Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Spanish_Network" title="Mutual Spanish Network">Mutual Spanish Network (Mutual Cadena Hispánica)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NBC Red/NBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports_Radio" title="NBC Sports Radio">NBC Sports Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_Talknet" title="NBC Talknet">NBC Talknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBG_Radio_Network" title="NBG Radio Network">NBG Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Network" title="National Black Network">National Black Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Network" title="National Negro Network">National Negro Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_M_Radio" title="Nova M Radio">Nova M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Network_(United_States)" title="National Radio Network (United States)">National Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Broadcasting_System" title="Progressive Broadcasting System">Progressive Broadcasting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_AAHS" title="Radio AAHS">Radio AAHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Network" title="RKO Radio Network">RKO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Music_Network" title="Satellite Music Network">Satellite Music Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_Fan_Radio_Network" title="Sports Fan Radio Network">Sports Fan Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SportsMap" title="SportsMap">SportsMap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_Radio_Network" title="Talk Radio Network">Talk Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Source_(network)" title="The Source (network)">The Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtar_Radio_Networks" title="Transtar Radio Networks">Transtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International_Radio_Network" title="United Press International Radio Network">UPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univision_America" title="Univision America">Univision America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_News_Desk" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington News Desk">Washington News Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting" title="Westinghouse Broadcasting">Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)" title="Westwood One (1976–2011)">Westwood One (original)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_News" title="Westwood One News">Westwood One News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOR_Radio_Network" title="WOR Radio Network">WOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal_Radio_Network" title="Wall Street Journal Radio Network">WSJ Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Network" title="Yankee Network">Yankee Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/16px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/24px-Radio_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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