Absorbance Spectroscopy | Absorbance Explained

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head>  <link rel="preconnect" href="//cdn.shopify.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//cdn.shopify.com"> <link rel="preload" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242" as="style"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.matomo.cloud"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//stats.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//shop.app"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com">  <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];</script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WRVWSTG');</script>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="omK80dho3EyPdBHGxmXmUp2Vkp-ocp7MJfLR3Cz0s0g" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="xKEp_-nP7x29cfuAWtHLv48Ct_b6jpeKwqfZMvOAxbE" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="EB63B887BD3CE1B8D4E50B80A0ECAA4B" /> <meta name="ahrefs-site-verification" content="6c7d0dfa52dac66a14b1b1076f7f2c70ac72eb934e781f22eafa93718ea15121">  <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title> Absorbance Spectroscopy | Absorbance Explained | Ossila </title><meta name="description" content="In absorbance spectroscopy (also known as absorption spectroscopy), an USB spectrometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of wavelength. This can provide important information about a samples molecular structure, concentration or optoelectronic properties. Depending on the sample, absorban" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431729065668"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841729065669"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801729065669" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main.js?v=120109391065215852831729088283"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Absorbance Spectroscopy | Absorbance Explained" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In absorbance spectroscopy (also known as absorption spectroscopy), an USB spectrometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of wavelength. This can provide important information about a samples molecular structure, concentration or optoelectronic properties. Depending on the sample, absorban" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Absorbance Spectroscopy"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="In absorbance spectroscopy (also known as absorption spectroscopy), an USB spectrometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of wavelength. This can provide important information about a samples molecular structure, concentration or optoelectronic properties. Depending on the sample, absorbance measurements can also give you key insights into dynamic material properties, such as phase or composition changes. To measure absorbance, calculate the logarithmic of the ratio of the initial light intensity and light intensity transmitted through the sample. Absorbance values are unitless and always wavelength dependent. However, for solution and solid samples other values can be used, such as the molar attenuation coefficient and extinction coefficient respectively. Contents Absorbance Theory Defining Absorbance Molar Attenuation Coefficient Absorption Coefficient Absorbance Units Absorbance Uses Resources and References Absorbance Theory Within an atom, electrons exist in regions around the nucleus known as orbitals. Depending on the electronic"> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.start');</script><meta id="shopify-digital-wallet" name="shopify-digital-wallet" content="/8230287/digital_wallets/dialog"> <script async="async" src="/checkouts/internal/preloads.js?locale=en-US"></script> <script id="shopify-features" type="application/json">{"accessToken":"617cbb4d26a0b7cdd5a40372523be336","betas":["rich-media-storefront-analytics"],"domain":"www.ossila.com","predictiveSearch":true,"shopId":8230287,"smart_payment_buttons_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/spb.en.js","dynamic_checkout_cart_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/dynamic-checkout-cart.en.js","locale":"en"}</script> <script>var Shopify = Shopify || {}; Shopify.shop = "ossila.myshopify.com"; Shopify.locale = "en"; Shopify.currency = {"active":"USD","rate":"1.3"}; Shopify.country = "US"; Shopify.theme = {"name":"theme-export-16-32-00","id":144855990488,"schema_name":null,"schema_version":null,"theme_store_id":null,"role":"main"}; Shopify.theme.handle = "null"; Shopify.theme.style = {"id":null,"handle":null}; Shopify.cdnHost = "www.ossila.com/cdn"; Shopify.routes = Shopify.routes || {}; Shopify.routes.root = "/";</script> <script type="module">!function(o){(o.Shopify=o.Shopify||{}).modules=!0}(window);</script> <script>!function(o){function n(){var o=[];function n(){o.push(Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments))}return n.q=o,n}var t=o.Shopify=o.Shopify||{};t.loadFeatures=n(),t.autoloadFeatures=n()}(window);</script> <script id="shop-js-analytics" type="application/json">{"pageType":"page"}</script> <script id="__st">var __st={"a":8230287,"offset":0,"reqid":"15cd54f5-9088-4ee0-96ce-b8938510aad9-1732374342","pageurl":"www.ossila.com\/pages\/absorbance-spectroscopy","s":"pages-102716965080","u":"8750a9ec090c","p":"page","rtyp":"page","rid":102716965080};</script> <script>window.ShopifyPaypalV4VisibilityTracking = true;</script> <script id="captcha-bootstrap">!function(){'use strict';const t='contact',e='account',n='new_comment',o=[[t,t],['blogs',n],['comments',n],[t,'customer']],c=[[e,'customer_login'],[e,'guest_login'],[e,'recover_customer_password'],[e,'create_customer']],r=t=>t.map((([t,e])=>`form[action*='/${t}']:not([data-nocaptcha='true']) input[name='form_type'][value='${e}']`)).join(',');function s(t,e,n=!1){try{const o=window.sessionStorage;for(const[n,c]of Object.entries(JSON.parse(o.getItem(e))))t.elements[n]&&(t.elements[n].value=c);n&&o.removeItem(e)}catch{}}const a='form_key',i=['recaptcha-v3-token','g-recaptcha-response','h-captcha-response','password'],u=()=>{try{return window.sessionStorage}catch{return}},m=t=>t.elements[a],f='form_type',d='cptcha';function p(t){t.dataset[d]=!0}const l=window,h=l.document,_='Shopify',y='ce_forms',E='captcha';let v=!1;((t,e)=>{const n=(g='f06e6c50-85a8-45c8-87d0-21a2b65856fe','https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/storefront-forms-hcaptcha/ce_storefront_forms_captcha_hcaptcha.v1.4.0.iife.js',T={infoText:'Protected by hCaptcha',privacyText:'Privacy',termsText:'Terms'},(t,e,n)=>{const o=l[_][y],c=o.bindForm;if(c)return c(t,g,e,T).then(n);o.q.push([[t,g,e,T],n]),v||(h.body.append(Object.assign(h.createElement('script'),{id:'captcha-provider',async:!0,src:'https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/storefront-forms-hcaptcha/ce_storefront_forms_captcha_hcaptcha.v1.4.0.iife.js'})),v=!0)});var g,T;l[_]=l[_]||{},l[_][y]=l[_][y]||{},l[_][y].q=[],l[_][E]=l[_][E]||{},l[_][E].protect=function(t,e){n(t,void 0,e),p(t)},Object.freeze(l[_][E]),function(t,e,n,l,h,_){const[y,E,v,g]=function(t,e,n){const s=e?o:[],a=t?c:[],i=[...s,...a],u=[...o],m=r(i),f=r(s),d=n&&r(i.filter((([t,e])=>n.includes(e)))),p=r(u),l=t=>()=>t?[...document.querySelectorAll(t)].map((t=>t.form)):[];return[l(m),l(f),l(d),l(p)]}(l,h,_),T=t=>{const e=t.target;return e instanceof HTMLFormElement?e:e&&e.form},S=t=>y().includes(t);t.addEventListener('submit',(t=>{const e=T(t);if(!e)return;const n=S(e)&&!e.dataset.hcaptchaBound&&!e.dataset.recaptchaBound,o=m(e),c=g().includes(e)&&(!o||!o.value);(n||c)&&t.preventDefault(),c&&!n&&(function(t){try{if(!u())return;!function(t){const e=u();if(!e)return;const n=m(t);if(!n)return;const o=n.value;o&&e.removeItem(o)}(t);const e=Array.from(Array(32),(()=>Math.random().toString(36)[2])).join('');!function(t,e){m(t)||t.append(Object.assign(document.createElement('input'),{type:'hidden',name:a})),t.elements[a].value=e}(t,e),function(t,e){const n=u();if(!n)return;const o=[...t.querySelectorAll('input[type="password"]')].map((({name:t})=>t)),c=[...i,...o],r={};for(const[s,a]of new FormData(t).entries())c.includes(s)||(r[s]=a);n.setItem(e,JSON.stringify(r))}(t,e)}catch(e){console.error('failed to persist form',e)}}(e),e.submit())}));const w=(t,e)=>{t&&!t.dataset[d]&&(n(t,e.some((e=>e===t))),p(t))};for(const o of['focusin','change'])t.addEventListener(o,(t=>{const e=T(t);S(e)&&w(e,E())}));const A=e.get('form_key'),b=e.get(f),I=A&&b;t.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',(()=>{const t=E();if(I)for(const e of t)e.elements[f].value===b&&s(e,A);[...new Set([...v(),...y().filter((t=>'true'===t.dataset.shopifyCaptcha))])].forEach((e=>w(e,t)))}))}(h,new URLSearchParams(l.location.search),n,!0,!1,['guest_login'])})()}();</script> <script integrity="sha256-EGCDRYTvIEOXsReXgqGwkAR+5Dl8tickSrieA/ZcQwc=" data-source-attribution="shopify.loadfeatures" defer="defer" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/storefront/load_feature-1060834584ef204397b1179782a1b090047ee4397cb627244ab89e03f65c4307.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script integrity="sha256-HAs5a9TQVLlKuuHrahvWuke+s1UlxXohfHeoYv8G2D8=" data-source-attribution="shopify.dynamic-checkout" defer="defer" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/storefront/features-1c0b396bd4d054b94abae1eb6a1bd6ba47beb35525c57a217c77a862ff06d83f.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.end');</script> <link href="https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com" rel="dns-prefetch"> <script>(function(){if ("sendBeacon" in navigator && "performance" in window) {var session_token = document.cookie.match(/_shopify_s=([^;]*)/);function handle_abandonment_event(e) {var entries = performance.getEntries().filter(function(entry) {return /monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/.test(entry.name);});if (!window.abandonment_tracked && entries.length === 0) {window.abandonment_tracked = true;var currentMs = Date.now();var navigation_start = performance.timing.navigationStart;var payload = {shop_id: 8230287,url: window.location.href,navigation_start,duration: currentMs - navigation_start,session_token: session_token && session_token.length === 2 ? session_token[1] : "",page_type: "page"};window.navigator.sendBeacon("https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/v1/produce", JSON.stringify({schema_id: "online_store_buyer_site_abandonment/1.1",payload: payload,metadata: {event_created_at_ms: currentMs,event_sent_at_ms: currentMs}}));}}window.addEventListener('pagehide', handle_abandonment_event);}}());</script> <script id="web-pixels-manager-setup">(function d(d,e,r,a,n){var o,i,t,s,l=(i=(o={modern:/Edge?\/(1{2}[4-9]|1[2-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Firefox\/(1{2}[4-9]|1[2-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Chrom(ium|e)\/(9{2}|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|(Maci|X1{2}).+ Version\/(15\.\d+|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)([,.]\d+|)( $\w+$|)( Mobile\/\w+|) Safari\/|Chrome.+OPR\/(9{2}|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|(CPU[ +]OS|iPhone[ +]OS|CPU[ +]iPhone|CPU IPhone OS|CPU iPad OS)[ +]+(15[._]\d+|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})[._]\d+)([._]\d+|)|Android:?[ /-](12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})(\.\d+|)(\.\d+|)|Android.+Firefox\/(12[7-9]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+Chrom(ium|e)\/(12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|SamsungBrowser\/([2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+/,legacy:/Edge?\/(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Firefox\/(5[4-9]|[6-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Chrom(ium|e)\/(5[1-9]|[6-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)([\d.]+$|.*Safari\/(?![\d.]+ Edge\/[\d.]+$))|(Maci|X1{2}).+ Version\/(10\.\d+|(1[1-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)([,.]\d+|)( $\w+$|)( Mobile\/\w+|) Safari\/|Chrome.+OPR\/(3[89]|[4-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|(CPU[ +]OS|iPhone[ +]OS|CPU[ +]iPhone|CPU IPhone OS|CPU iPad OS)[ +]+(10[._]\d+|(1[1-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})[._]\d+)([._]\d+|)|Android:?[ /-](12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})(\.\d+|)(\.\d+|)|Mobile Safari.+OPR\/([89]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|Android.+Firefox\/(12[7-9]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+Chrom(ium|e)\/(12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+(UC? ?Browser|UCWEB|U3)[ /]?(15\.([5-9]|\d{2,})|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)\.\d+|SamsungBrowser\/(5\.\d+|([6-9]|\d{2,})\.\d+)|Android.+MQ{2}Browser\/(14(\.(9|\d{2,})|)|(1[5-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})(\.\d+|))(\.\d+|)|K[Aa][Ii]OS\/(3\.\d+|([4-9]|\d{2,})\.\d+)(\.\d+|)/}).modern,t=o.legacy,s=navigator.userAgent,i.test(s)?"modern":(t.test(s),"legacy"));window.Shopify=window.Shopify||{};var c=window.Shopify;c.analytics=c.analytics||{};var u=c.analytics;u.replayQueue=[],u.publish=function(d,e,r){return u.replayQueue.push([d,e,r]),!0};try{self.performance.mark("wpm:start")}catch(d){}var h=[r,"/wpm","/b",n,l.substring(0,1),".js"].join("");!function(d){var e=d.src,r=d.async,a=void 0===r||r,n=d.onload,o=d.onerror,i=document.createElement("script"),t=document.head,s=document.body;i.async=a,i.src=e,n&&i.addEventListener("load",n),o&&i.addEventListener("error",o),t?t.appendChild(i):s?s.appendChild(i):console.error("Did not find a head or body element to append the script")}({src:h,async:!0,onload:function(){var r=window.webPixelsManager.init(d);e(r);var a=window.Shopify.analytics;a.replayQueue.forEach((function(d){var e=d[0],a=d[1],n=d[2];r.publishCustomEvent(e,a,n)})),a.replayQueue=[],a.publish=r.publishCustomEvent,a.visitor=r.visitor},onerror:function(){var e=d.storefrontBaseUrl.replace(/\/$/,""),r="".concat(e,"/.well-known/shopify/monorail/unstable/produce_batch"),n=JSON.stringify({metadata:{event_sent_at_ms:(new Date).getTime()},events:[{schema_id:"web_pixels_manager_load/3.1",payload:{version:a||"latest",bundle_target:l,page_url:self.location.href,status:"failed",surface:d.surface,error_msg:"".concat(h," has failed to load")},metadata:{event_created_at_ms:(new Date).getTime()}}]});try{if(self.navigator.sendBeacon.bind(self.navigator)(r,n))return!0}catch(d){}var o=new XMLHttpRequest;try{return o.open("POST",r,!0),o.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","text/plain"),o.send(n),!0}catch(d){console&&console.warn&&console.warn("[Web Pixels Manager] Got an unhandled error while logging a load error.")}return!1}})})({shopId: 8230287,storefrontBaseUrl: "https://www.ossila.com",extensionsBaseUrl: "https://extensions.shopifycdn.com/cdn/shopifycloud/web-pixels-manager",surface: "storefront-renderer",enabledBetaFlags: [],webPixelsConfigList: [{"id":"shopify-app-pixel","configuration":"{}","eventPayloadVersion":"v1","runtimeContext":"STRICT","scriptVersion":"0220","apiClientId":"shopify-pixel","type":"APP","privacyPurposes":["ANALYTICS","MARKETING"]},{"id":"shopify-custom-pixel","eventPayloadVersion":"v1","runtimeContext":"LAX","scriptVersion":"0220","apiClientId":"shopify-pixel","type":"CUSTOM","privacyPurposes":["ANALYTICS","MARKETING"]}],isMerchantRequest: false,initData: {"shop":{"name":"Ossila","paymentSettings":{"currencyCode":"GBP"},"myshopifyDomain":"ossila.myshopify.com","countryCode":"GB","storefrontUrl":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com"},"customer":null,"cart":null,"checkout":null,"productVariants":[],"purchasingCompany":null},},function pageEvents(webPixelsManagerAPI) {webPixelsManagerAPI.publish("page_viewed", {});},"https://www.ossila.com/cdn","1518c2ba4d2b3301a1e3cb6576947ef22edf7bb6","3c762e5aw5b983e43pc2dc4883m545d5a27",);</script> <script>window.ShopifyAnalytics = window.ShopifyAnalytics || {}; window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta = window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta || {}; window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta.currency = 'USD'; var meta = {"page":{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":102716965080}}; for (var attr in meta) { window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta[attr] = meta[attr]; }</script> <script>window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics = function() { }; </script> <script class="analytics">(function () { var customDocumentWrite = function(content) { var jquery = null; if (window.jQuery) { jquery = window.jQuery; } else if (window.Checkout && window.Checkout.$) { jquery = window.Checkout.$; } if (jquery) { jquery('body').append(content); } }; var hasLoggedConversion = function(token) { if (token) { return document.cookie.indexOf('loggedConversion=' + token) !== -1; } return false; } var setCookieIfConversion = function(token) { if (token) { var twoMonthsFromNow = new Date(Date.now()); twoMonthsFromNow.setMonth(twoMonthsFromNow.getMonth() + 2); document.cookie = 'loggedConversion=' + token + '; expires=' + twoMonthsFromNow; } } var trekkie = window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie = window.trekkie || []; if (trekkie.integrations) { return; } trekkie.methods = [ 'identify', 'page', 'ready', 'track', 'trackForm', 'trackLink' ]; trekkie.factory = function(method) { return function() { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift(method); trekkie.push(args); return trekkie; }; }; for (var i = 0; i < trekkie.methods.length; i++) { var key = trekkie.methods[i]; trekkie[key] = trekkie.factory(key); } trekkie.load = function(config) { trekkie.config = config || {}; trekkie.config.initialDocumentCookie = document.cookie; var first = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; var script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.onerror = function(e) { var scriptFallback = document.createElement('script'); scriptFallback.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptFallback.onerror = function(error) { var Monorail = { produce: function produce(monorailDomain, schemaId, payload) { var currentMs = new Date().getTime(); var event = { schema_id: schemaId, payload: payload, metadata: { event_created_at_ms: currentMs, event_sent_at_ms: currentMs } }; return Monorail.sendRequest("https://" + monorailDomain + "/v1/produce", JSON.stringify(event)); }, sendRequest: function sendRequest(endpointUrl, payload) { // Try the sendBeacon API if (window && window.navigator && typeof window.navigator.sendBeacon === 'function' && typeof window.Blob === 'function' && !Monorail.isIos12()) { var blobData = new window.Blob([payload], { type: 'text/plain' }); if (window.navigator.sendBeacon(endpointUrl, blobData)) { return true; } // sendBeacon was not successful } // XHR beacon var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); try { xhr.open('POST', endpointUrl); xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain'); xhr.send(payload); } catch (e) { console.log(e); } return false; }, isIos12: function isIos12() { return window.navigator.userAgent.lastIndexOf('iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 12_') !== -1 || window.navigator.userAgent.lastIndexOf('iPad; CPU OS 12_') !== -1; } }; Monorail.produce('monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com', 'trekkie_storefront_load_errors/1.1', {shop_id: 8230287, theme_id: 144855990488, app_name: "storefront", context_url: window.location.href, source_url: "//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js"}); }; scriptFallback.async = true; scriptFallback.src = '//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js'; first.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptFallback, first); }; script.async = true; script.src = '//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js'; first.parentNode.insertBefore(script, first); }; trekkie.load( {"Trekkie":{"appName":"storefront","development":false,"defaultAttributes":{"shopId":8230287,"isMerchantRequest":null,"themeId":144855990488,"themeCityHash":"16159948506774673750","contentLanguage":"en","currency":"USD"},"isServerSideCookieWritingEnabled":true,"monorailRegion":"shop_domain"},"Session Attribution":{},"S2S":{"facebookCapiEnabled":false,"source":"trekkie-storefront-renderer","apiClientId":580111}} ); var loaded = false; trekkie.ready(function() { if (loaded) return; loaded = true; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie; var originalDocumentWrite = document.write; document.write = customDocumentWrite; try { window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics.call(this); } catch(error) {}; document.write = originalDocumentWrite; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib.page(null,{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":102716965080}); var match = window.location.pathname.match(/checkouts\/(.+)\/(thank_you|post_purchase)/) var token = match? match[1]: undefined; if (!hasLoggedConversion(token)) { setCookieIfConversion(token); } }); var eventsListenerScript = document.createElement('script'); eventsListenerScript.async = true; eventsListenerScript.src = "//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/shop_events_listener-61fa9e0a912c675e178777d2b27f6cbd482f8912a6b0aa31fa3515985a8cd626.js"; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(eventsListenerScript); })();</script> <script class="boomerang"> (function () { window.BOOMR = window.BOOMR || {}; window.BOOMR.themeName = ""; window.BOOMR.themeVersion = ""; window.BOOMR.shopId = 8230287; window.BOOMR.themeId = 144855990488; })();</script> <script defer src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/perf-kit/shopify-perf-kit-1.0.2.min.js" data-application="storefront-renderer" data-shop-id="8230287" data-render-region="gcp-asia-southeast1" data-page-type="page" data-theme-instance-id="144855990488" data-monorail-region="shop_domain" data-resource-timing-sampling-rate="10" ></script> </head> <body>  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs>  <symbol id="icon-bars" viewBox="0 0 24 28"> <path d="M24 21v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM24 13v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM24 5v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-shopping-cart" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M11 21c0-0.552-0.225-1.053-0.586-1.414s-0.862-0.586-1.414-0.586-1.053 0.225-1.414 0.586-0.586 0.862-0.586 1.414 0.225 1.053 0.586 1.414 0.862 0.586 1.414 0.586 1.053-0.225 1.414-0.586 0.586-0.862 0.586-1.414zM22 21c0-0.552-0.225-1.053-0.586-1.414s-0.862-0.586-1.414-0.586-1.053 0.225-1.414 0.586-0.586 0.862-0.586 1.414 0.225 1.053 0.586 1.414 0.862 0.586 1.414 0.586 1.053-0.225 1.414-0.586 0.586-0.862 0.586-1.414zM7.221 7h14.57l-1.371 7.191c-0.046 0.228-0.166 0.425-0.332 0.568-0.18 0.156-0.413 0.246-0.688 0.241h-9.734c-0.232 0.003-0.451-0.071-0.626-0.203-0.19-0.143-0.329-0.351-0.379-0.603zM1 2h3.18l0.848 4.239c0.108 0.437 0.502 0.761 0.972 0.761h1.221l-0.4-2h-0.821c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1 0 0.053 0.004 0.105 0.012 0.155 0.004 0.028 0.010 0.057 0.017 0.084l1.671 8.347c0.149 0.751 0.57 1.383 1.14 1.811 0.521 0.392 1.17 0.613 1.854 0.603h9.706c0.748 0.015 1.455-0.261 1.995-0.727 0.494-0.426 0.848-1.013 0.985-1.683l1.602-8.402c0.103-0.543-0.252-1.066-0.795-1.17-0.065-0.013-0.13-0.019-0.187-0.018h-16.18l-0.84-4.196c-0.094-0.462-0.497-0.804-0.98-0.804h-4c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 400 400"> <defs> <style> .cls-1 { stroke-width: 0px; } </style> </defs> <path class="cls-1" d="m318.38,297.56l-68.3-68.3c14.49-19.6,23.07-43.84,23.07-70.09,0-65.17-52.83-118-118-118s-118,52.83-118,118,52.83,118,118,118c16.62,0,32.43-3.44,46.78-9.64l73.24,73.24c3.6,3.6,8.43,5.34,13.7,5.34,7.8,0,16.59-3.81,23.81-11.04,5.37-5.37,9.08-11.9,10.46-18.39,1.6-7.54-.14-14.51-4.76-19.13Zm-163.51-71.57c-37.05,0-67.19-30.14-67.19-67.19s30.14-67.19,67.19-67.19,67.19,30.14,67.19,67.19-30.14,67.19-67.19,67.19Z"/> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-navigate_next" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M9.984 6l6 6-6 6-1.406-1.406 4.594-4.594-4.594-4.594z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-star" viewBox="0 0 26 28"> <path d="M26 10.109c0 0.281-0.203 0.547-0.406 0.75l-5.672 5.531 1.344 7.812c0.016 0.109 0.016 0.203 0.016 0.313 0 0.406-0.187 0.781-0.641 0.781-0.219 0-0.438-0.078-0.625-0.187l-7.016-3.687-7.016 3.687c-0.203 0.109-0.406 0.187-0.625 0.187-0.453 0-0.656-0.375-0.656-0.781 0-0.109 0.016-0.203 0.031-0.313l1.344-7.812-5.688-5.531c-0.187-0.203-0.391-0.469-0.391-0.75 0-0.469 0.484-0.656 0.875-0.719l7.844-1.141 3.516-7.109c0.141-0.297 0.406-0.641 0.766-0.641s0.625 0.344 0.766 0.641l3.516 7.109 7.844 1.141c0.375 0.063 0.875 0.25 0.875 0.719z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-envelope" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M28 11.094v12.406c0 1.375-1.125 2.5-2.5 2.5h-23c-1.375 0-2.5-1.125-2.5-2.5v-12.406c0.469 0.516 1 0.969 1.578 1.359 2.594 1.766 5.219 3.531 7.766 5.391 1.313 0.969 2.938 2.156 4.641 2.156h0.031c1.703 0 3.328-1.188 4.641-2.156 2.547-1.844 5.172-3.625 7.781-5.391 0.562-0.391 1.094-0.844 1.563-1.359zM28 6.5c0 1.75-1.297 3.328-2.672 4.281-2.438 1.687-4.891 3.375-7.313 5.078-1.016 0.703-2.734 2.141-4 2.141h-0.031c-1.266 0-2.984-1.437-4-2.141-2.422-1.703-4.875-3.391-7.297-5.078-1.109-0.75-2.688-2.516-2.688-3.938 0-1.531 0.828-2.844 2.5-2.844h23c1.359 0 2.5 1.125 2.5 2.5z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-phone" viewBox="0 0 22 28"> <path d="M22 19.375c0 0.562-0.25 1.656-0.484 2.172-0.328 0.766-1.203 1.266-1.906 1.656-0.922 0.5-1.859 0.797-2.906 0.797-1.453 0-2.766-0.594-4.094-1.078-0.953-0.344-1.875-0.766-2.734-1.297-2.656-1.641-5.859-4.844-7.5-7.5-0.531-0.859-0.953-1.781-1.297-2.734-0.484-1.328-1.078-2.641-1.078-4.094 0-1.047 0.297-1.984 0.797-2.906 0.391-0.703 0.891-1.578 1.656-1.906 0.516-0.234 1.609-0.484 2.172-0.484 0.109 0 0.219 0 0.328 0.047 0.328 0.109 0.672 0.875 0.828 1.188 0.5 0.891 0.984 1.797 1.5 2.672 0.25 0.406 0.719 0.906 0.719 1.391 0 0.953-2.828 2.344-2.828 3.187 0 0.422 0.391 0.969 0.609 1.344 1.578 2.844 3.547 4.813 6.391 6.391 0.375 0.219 0.922 0.609 1.344 0.609 0.844 0 2.234-2.828 3.187-2.828 0.484 0 0.984 0.469 1.391 0.719 0.875 0.516 1.781 1 2.672 1.5 0.313 0.156 1.078 0.5 1.188 0.828 0.047 0.109 0.047 0.219 0.047 0.328z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-left" viewBox="0 0 21 28"> <path d="M18.297 4.703l-8.297 8.297 8.297 8.297c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406l-2.594 2.594c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-11.594-11.594c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l11.594-11.594c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l2.594 2.594c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 19 28"> <path d="M17.297 13.703l-11.594 11.594c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-2.594-2.594c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l8.297-8.297-8.297-8.297c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l2.594-2.594c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l11.594 11.594c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26.297 12.625l-11.594 11.578c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-11.594-11.578c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.031 0-1.422l2.594-2.578c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l8.297 8.297 8.297-8.297c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l2.594 2.578c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.031 0 1.422z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-up" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26.297 20.797l-2.594 2.578c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-8.297-8.297-8.297 8.297c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-2.594-2.578c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.031 0-1.422l11.594-11.578c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l11.594 11.578c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.031 0 1.422z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 26 28"> <path d="M20 21c0-0.547-0.453-1-1-1s-1 0.453-1 1 0.453 1 1 1 1-0.453 1-1zM24 21c0-0.547-0.453-1-1-1s-1 0.453-1 1 0.453 1 1 1 1-0.453 1-1zM26 17.5v5c0 0.828-0.672 1.5-1.5 1.5h-23c-0.828 0-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5v-5c0-0.828 0.672-1.5 1.5-1.5h7.266l2.109 2.125c0.578 0.562 1.328 0.875 2.125 0.875s1.547-0.313 2.125-0.875l2.125-2.125h7.25c0.828 0 1.5 0.672 1.5 1.5zM20.922 8.609c0.156 0.375 0.078 0.812-0.219 1.094l-7 7c-0.187 0.203-0.453 0.297-0.703 0.297s-0.516-0.094-0.703-0.297l-7-7c-0.297-0.281-0.375-0.719-0.219-1.094 0.156-0.359 0.516-0.609 0.922-0.609h4v-7c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h4c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1v7h4c0.406 0 0.766 0.25 0.922 0.609z"></path> </symbol> </defs> </svg> <form method="post" action="/localization" id="hidden-country-currency-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="shopify-localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization" /><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓" /><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" /><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy" /><input type="hidden" id="hidden-country-currency-select" name="country_code" value=""></form> <noscript><iframe class="noscript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WRVWSTG" height="0" width="0"></iframe></noscript> <div id="hamburger-menu-button"> <svg class="icon icon-bars"><use xlink:href="#icon-bars"></use></svg> </div>  <div id="mobile-navbar"> <div class="mobile-navbar-container"> <nav id="mobile-navbar-nav" class="mobile-navbar-row">  <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/cart"> <svg class="icon icon-shopping-cart"><use xlink:href="#icon-shopping-cart"></use></svg><span id='cart-notification-dot'class="invisible"></span>View Cart / Quote </a> <div role="separator" class="divider" id="empty-divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_equipment">Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_equipment" class="mobile-nav-collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_thin_film_coating">Thin Film Coating <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_thin_film_coating"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/dip-coater">Dip Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/slot-die-coater">Slot Die Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater">Spin Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater?variant=49558270476504">Spin Coater Advanced</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater-syringe-pump-bundle">Spin Coating Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/syringe-pump">Syringe Pump</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/dual-syringe-pump">Dual Syringe Pump</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_sample_preparation">Sample Preparation <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_sample_preparation"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/analytical-balance">Analytical Balance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/microbalances">Microbalance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/uv-ozone-cleaner">UV Ozone Cleaner</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_cleanroom_equipment">Cleanroom Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_cleanroom_equipment"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/glove-box">Glove Box</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood">Laminar Flow Hood</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_electrical_characterization">Electrical Characterization <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_electrical_characterization"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984">Four-Point Probe</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system">Four-Point Probe Plus</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/led-measurement-system">LED Measurement System</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/potentiostat">Potentiostat</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-cell-iv-test-system">Solar Cell I-V Test System</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/xtralien-source-measure-unit-source-meter">Source Measure Unit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/micromanipulator">Micromanipulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/test-boards">Electrical Test Boards</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_solar_simulators">Solar Simulators <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_solar_simulators"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-simulator">Solar Simulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-simulator-iv-test-system-bundle">Solar Cell Testing Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/indoor-solar-simulator">Indoor Light Simulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/solar-simulators">All Solar Simulators</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_surface_characterization">Surface Characterization <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_surface_characterization"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/contact-angle-goniometer">Contact Angle Goniometer</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984">Four-Point Probe</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system">Four-Point Probe Plus</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_electrochemistry">Electrochemistry Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_electrochemistry"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/potentiostat">Potentiostat</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemical-cells">Electrochemical Cells</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/photoelectrochemical-cells">Photoelectrochemical Cells</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrodes">Electrodes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemistry">All Electrochemistry Supplies</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_spectroscopy">Spectroscopy Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_spectroscopy"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/optical-spectrometer">USB Spectrometer</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/optical-spectroscopy-bundle">Optical Spectroscopy Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=light-source#browse-products">LED Light Sources</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=optical-filter#browse-products">Optical Filters</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy">All Spectroscopy Equipment</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_linear_stages">Motion Control <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_linear_stages"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/linear-stage">Linear Stages</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/micromanipulator">Micromanipulator</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_life_sciences">Life Sciences <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_life_sciences"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/glove-box">Glove Box</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood">Laminar Flow Hood</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/analytical-balance">Analytical Balance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/microbalances">Microbalance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/micropipette-variable-volume">Micropipette</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/syringe-pump">Syringe Pump</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/quartz-coated-microscope-slides">Microscope Slides</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies">Laboratory Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/life-sciences">All Life Science Equipment</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_materials">Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_materials" class="mobile-nav-collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_building_blocks">Chemistry Building Blocks <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_building_blocks"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/fluorinated-building-blocks">Fluorinated Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/heterocyclic-building-blocks">Heterocyclic Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/non-heterocyclic-building-blocks">Non-heterocyclic Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/building-blocks">All Chemistry Building Blocks</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_monomers">Monomers <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_monomers"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/boronate-monomers">Boronate Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/stannylated-monomers">Organotin Compounds</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dibromo-monomers">Dibromo Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/carbaldehyde-monomers">Carbaldehyde Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/diamines-dianhydrides">Diamines & Dianhydrides</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/monomers">All Monomers</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_organometallic">Organometallic Chemistry <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_organometallic"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/mof-ligands">MOF Ligands</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cof-ligands">COF Ligands</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/organic-frameworks">All Porous Organic Frameworks</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_low_dimensional">Low Dimensional Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_low_dimensional"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/quantum-dots">Nanodots and Quantum Dots</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes">Carbon Nanotubes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/2d-materials">2D Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/low-dimensional-materials">All Low Dimensional Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_battery">Battery Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_battery"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cathode-active-materials">Cathode Active Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/anode-active-materials">Anode Active Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/battery-materials">All Battery Materials </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_optoelectronic">Optoelectronic Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_optoelectronic"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/photonic-and-optical-materials">Photonic & Optical Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/liquid-crystals">Liquid Crystals</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/optoelectronic-materials">All Optoelectronic Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_fullerenes_nfas">Fullerenes and NFAs <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_fullerenes_nfas"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors">Fullerene Acceptors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors">Non-Fullerene Acceptors</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_polymers">Semiconducting Polymers <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_polymers"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/opv-polymers">OPV Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/ofet-and-oled-polymers">OFET and OLED Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/interface-polymers">Interface Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/luminosyn-polymers">Luminosyn™ Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/semiconducting-polymers">All Semiconducting Polymers</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_perovskites">Perovskite Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_perovskites"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-inks">Perovskite Inks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-precursor-materials">Perovskite Precursors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-interface-materials">Perovskite Interface Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/perovskite-quantum-dots">Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/self-assembled-monolayers">Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-materials">All Perovskite Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dssc-materials">DSSC Dyes & Electrolytes</a> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_semiconducting_molecules">Semiconducting Molecules <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_semiconducting_molecules"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/transport-layer-materials">Transport Layer Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/host-materials">Host Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dopant-materials">Dopant Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/tadf-materials">TADF Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/sublimed-materials">High Purity Sublimed Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/semiconducting-molecules">All Semiconducting Molecules</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_organic_conductors">Organic Conductors <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_organic_conductors"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Complexes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/small-molecule-opv-donors">Small Molecule OPV Donors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cathode-interlayer-materials">Cathode Interlayer Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/green-energy-materials">Green Energy Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/organic-conductors">All Organic Conductors </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/materials">Popular and New Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication" id="">Substrates & Fabrication </a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_supplies">Laboratory Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_supplies" class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication">Substrates & Fabrication</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemistry">Electrochemistry Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy">Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/solution-making">Solution Making Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/equipment-accessories">Equipment Accessories</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies">General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider" id="empty-divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_careers">Join The Team <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_careers" class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/careers">Careers Home</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/how-to-apply">How to Apply</a> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/resources">Resources</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/account/login">Log In</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/account/register">Create Account</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="header-container"> <div id="top-banner" class="affix"> <div class="container"> <span id="top-banner-default-message">FREE shipping to <span class='country-name'></span> on qualifying orders when you spend <span class='OssilaCurrencyExchange' data-type='freeshipping'></span> or more<span id="country-banner-eu-short">, <a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">processed by Ossila BV</a></span>. <span class='localise'><span data-region='GB'>All prices ex. VAT.</span></span></span> <span id="top-banner-fallback-message">Qualifying orders ship free worldwide! Fast, secure, and backed by the Ossila guarantee.</span> <span id="top-banner-geoip-message"><a id="top-banner-geoip-link" href="#" >It looks like you are visiting from <span class='country-name'></span>, <span class="top-banner-link-cta">click to shop in <span id='suggested-currency'></span></span></a> or <a class="top-banner-link-cta access-bar-location" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#choose-country-modal" >change country</a>.</span> <span id="country-banner-eu">Orders to the EU are processed by <a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping" class="top-banner-link-cta">our EU office</a>.</span> </div> </div>  <div id="full-width-quick-access-bar" class="affix"> <div class="container">  <a href="/pages/careers">Join the Team</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> <span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/worldwide-shipping">Shipping</a> <span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span><a class="access-bar-link-style-two" href="/account/login">Log In</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/account/register">Create Account</a><span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span> <a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#choose-country-modal" title="Change location" class="access-bar-location"><span id="country-picker-link">Worldwide</span><b>, </b><span class="OssilaCurrencyExchangeCode">$ USD  </span> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAASCAQAAAAwXnw3AAAADklEQVR42mNkYGAkHQEAAjcAE0gePCMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" id="country-flag" alt="Flag" width="18" height="13" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> </div>  <div id="full-width-logo-bar" class="affix"> <div class="container"> <div class="row">  <div id="ossila-logo-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5ths ossila-logo-container"> <a href="/"> <img id="ossila-logo-cropped" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-cropped-solid.svg?v=90346444705215197591729065669" alt="Ossila" width="112.766" height="47" loading="lazy"/> <div class="translate"> <span data-language="default" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-en.svg?v=172663942863124619311729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="111.766" height="14.250" /></span> <span data-language="nl" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-nl.svg?v=14793549594696857181729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="165.594" height="14.250" /></span> <span data-language="zh-cn" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-zh-cn.svg?v=61077249394089122901729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="58.969" height="14.250" /></span> </div> </a>  </div> <div id="search-and-currency-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8">  <div id="search-bar-container"> <form id="search-bar" action="/search" method="get">  <div id="search-bar-input-group" class="input-group search-bar-input-group"> <input id="search-bar-input" class="form-control search-bar-input" name="q" placeholder="Search for..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button id="search-bar-button" class="btn btn-primary search-bar-button" type="submit" name="search" aria-label="search"><svg class="icon icon-search"><use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></button> </span> </div> </form> </div>  <div id="cart-and-currency-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 cart-and-currency-container"> <div id="cart-container" class="cart-container"> <a href="/cart"><div id="search-bar-cart-button" class="btn btn-primary btn-ossila-green search-bar-cart-button"><svg class="icon icon-shopping-cart"><use xlink:href="#icon-shopping-cart"></use></svg><span id='cart-notification-dot'class="invisible"></span>View Cart / Quote<span id="cart-quantity-badge">0</span></div></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="full-width-top-navbar affix"> <div class="mega-menu-container"> <nav class="mega-menu-navbar"> <ul class="mega-menu-navbar-nav mega-menu-row"> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown mega-menu-col"> <a href="/pages/resources">Resources</a> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a class="mega-menu-dropdown-toggle" href="#">Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/thin-film-coating"> Thin Film Coating<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/dip-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dip Coater</a> <a href="/products/slot-die-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Slot Die Coater <strong>(Upgraded!)</strong></a> <a href="/products/spin-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coater</a> <a href="/products/spin-coater?variant=49558270476504"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coater Advanced</a> <a href="/products/spin-coater-syringe-pump-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coating Kit</a> <a href="/products/syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Syringe Pump</a> <a href="/products/dual-syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dual Syringe Pump</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Sample Preparation</p> <a href="/products/analytical-balance"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Analytical Balance</a> <a href="/products/microbalances"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microbalance</a> <a href="/products/uv-ozone-cleaner"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> UV Ozone Cleaner</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Cleanroom Equipment</p> <a href="/products/glove-box"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Glove Box</a> <a href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laminar Flow Hood</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Electrical Characterization</p> <a href="/collections/test-boards"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrical Test Boards</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe Plus <strong>(New!)</strong></a> <a href="/products/led-measurement-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> LED Measurement System</a> <a href="/products/potentiostat"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Potentiostat</a> <a href="/products/solar-cell-iv-test-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Cell I-V Test System</a> <a href="/products/xtralien-source-measure-unit-source-meter"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Source Measure Unit</a> <a href="/products/micromanipulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micromanipulator <strong>(Coming Soon!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/solar-simulators"> Solar Simulators<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/solar-simulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Simulator</a> <a href="/products/solar-simulator-iv-test-system-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Cell Testing Kit</a> <a href="/products/indoor-solar-simulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Indoor Light Simulator</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Surface Characterization</p> <a href="/products/contact-angle-goniometer"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Contact Angle Goniometer</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe Plus <strong>(New!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/electrochemistry"> Electrochemistry Supplies<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/potentiostat"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Potentiostat</a> <a href="/collections/electrochemical-cells"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrochemical Cells</a> <a href="/collections/photoelectrochemical-cells"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Photoelectrochemical Cells</a> <a href="/collections/electrodes"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrodes</a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/spectroscopy"> Spectroscopy Equipment<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/optical-spectrometer"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> USB Spectrometer</a> <a href="/products/optical-spectroscopy-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Optical Spectroscopy Kit</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=light-source#browse-products"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> LED Light Sources</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=optical-filter#browse-products"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Optical Filters</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> Motion Control </p> <a href="/collections/linear-stage"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Linear Stages</a> <a href="/products/micromanipulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micromanipulator <strong>(Coming Soon!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/life-sciences"> Life Sciences<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/glove-box"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Glove box</a> <a href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laminar Flow Hood</a> <a href="/products/analytical-balance"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Analytical Balance</a> <a href="/products/microbalances"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microbalance</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/micropipette-variable-volume"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micropipettes</a> <a href="/products/syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Syringe Pump</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/quartz-coated-microscope-slides"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microscope Slides</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a class="mega-menu-dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-hover="dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown"> Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/building-blocks"> Chemistry Building Blocks <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/fluorinated-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Fluorinated Building Blocks </a> <a href="/collections/heterocyclic-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Heterocyclic Building Blocks </a> <a href="/collections/non-heterocyclic-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Non-heterocyclic Building Blocks </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/monomers"> Monomers <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/boronate-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Boronate Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/stannylated-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Organotin Compounds </a> <a href="/collections/dibromo-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dibromo Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/carbaldehyde-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Carbaldehyde Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/diamines-dianhydrides"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Diamines & Dianhydrides </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/organic-frameworks"> Porous Organic Frameworks <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/mof-ligands"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> MOF Ligands </a> <a href="/collections/cof-ligands"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> COF Ligands </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/low-dimensional-materials"> Low Dimensional Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/quantum-dots"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Nanodots and Quantum Dots </a> <a href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Carbon Nanotubes </a> <a href="/collections/2d-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> 2D Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/battery-materials"> Battery Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/cathode-active-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Cathode Active Materials </a> <a href="/collections/anode-active-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Anode Active Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/optoelectronic-materials"> Optoelectronic Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/photonic-and-optical-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Photonic & Optical Materials </a> <a href="/collections/liquid-crystals"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Liquid Crystals </a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> Fullerenes and NFAs </p> <a href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Fullerene Acceptors </a> <a href="/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Non-Fullerene Acceptors </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/semiconducting-polymers"> Semiconducting Polymers <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/opv-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> OPV Polymers </a> <a href="/collections/ofet-and-oled-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> OFET and OLED Polymers</a> <a href="/collections/interface-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Interface Polymers</a> <a href="/collections/luminosyn-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Luminosyn™ Polymers</a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/perovskite-materials"> Perovskite Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-inks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Inks </a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-precursor-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Precursors</a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-interface-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Interface Materials</a> <a href="/products/perovskite-quantum-dots"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <a href="/collections/self-assembled-monolayers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> DSSC Dyes and Electrolytes </p> <a href="/collections/dssc-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> DSSC Dyes & Electrolytes </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/semiconducting-molecules"> Semiconducting Molecules <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/transport-layer-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Transport Layer Materials </a> <a href="/collections/host-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Host Materials </a> <a href="/collections/dopant-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dopant Materials </a> <a href="/collections/tadf-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> TADF Materials </a> <a href="/collections/sublimed-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> High Purity Sublimed Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/organic-conductors"> Organic Conductors <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/pedot"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Polymer Blends </a> <a href="/collections/small-molecule-opv-donors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Small Molecule OPV Donors </a> <a href="/collections/cathode-interlayer-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Cathode Interlayer Materials </a> <a href="/collections/green-energy-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Green Energy Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/materials"> Popular and New Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication">Substrates & Fabrication </a> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a href="#">Laboratory Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu mega-menu-quarter-col" id="menu-supplies"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-full-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Supplies and Accessories</p> <a href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Substrates & Fabrication</a> <a href="/collections/electrochemistry"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrochemistry Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a href="/collections/solution-making"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solution Making Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/equipment-accessories"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Equipment Accessories</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <div id="unsupported-browser-message" class="alert-warning"> <p>It looks like you are using an unsupported browser. You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>Absorbance Spectroscopy</h1> <div class="container"> <img alt="Absorbance Spectroscopy" class="featured-image" height="280" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Ossila-Optical-Spectrometer-Kit-Fluorescence.jpg?crop=center&width=1340&height=280" width="1340"> <figure class="double-float-right margin-top"><video alt="Absorbance Spectroscopy electron excitation" autoplay="autoplay" loop="loop" muted="muted" src="https://cdn.ossila.com/videos/electron-excitation.mp4" type="video/mp4" title="Absorbance Spectroscopy electron excitation"></video></figure> <p>In absorbance spectroscopy (also known as absorption spectroscopy), an <a href="/products/optical-spectrometer" title="USB Spectrometer">USB spectrometer</a> measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of wavelength. This can provide important information about a samples molecular structure, concentration or optoelectronic properties. Depending on the sample, absorbance measurements can also give you key insights into dynamic material properties, such as phase or composition changes.</p> <p>To measure absorbance, calculate the logarithmic of the ratio of the initial light intensity and light intensity transmitted through the sample. Absorbance values are unitless and always wavelength dependent. However, for solution and solid samples other values can be used, such as the molar attenuation coefficient and extinction coefficient respectively.</p> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <p class="h3" style="margin-top: 10px;">Contents</p> <hr> <ul> <li><a href="#absorbance-theory">Absorbance Theory</a></li> <li><a href="#defining-absorbance">Defining Absorbance</a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#molar-attenuation-coefficient">Molar Attenuation Coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="#absorption-coefficient">Absorption Coefficient</a></li> </ul> <li><a href="#absorbance-units">Absorbance Units</a></li> <li><a href="#absorbance-uses">Absorbance Uses</a></li> <li><a href="#resources-references">Resources and References</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2 id="absorbance-theory">Absorbance Theory</h2> <hr> <p>Within an atom, electrons exist in regions around the nucleus known as orbitals. Depending on the electronic structure of an atom, these orbitals (or energy levels) are either completely filled, partially filled, or empty. When you bring multiple atoms together in a molecule, solid or solution, this will change its orbitals, electron distribution and therefore the samples electronic and optical properties.</p> <p>Absorbance simply tells you the amount of light that is absorbed by a sample. However, by measuring the wavelengths of light that are absorbed by a material, you can probe these different energy levels and study how electrons move between them - which can give you some useful information about your sample.</p> <p>For many materials, absorption occurs when the the energy of an incoming photon (E<sub>photon</sub>) is equal or larger than energy difference (ΔE) between the highest occupied molecular orbit (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (LUMO).</p> <figure><img loading="lazy" alt="In absorbance spectroscopy, the photon energy must be larger than the band gap" height="17" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/equation-energy-photon-homo-lumo-absorption.png?v=1725544897" width="207"></figure> <p>If its energy is high enough, an incoming photon can be absorbed by an electron in the HOMO level. It is then be excited into a higher energy state. This light will not be transmitted through the sample, hence it had been absorbed.</p> <figure><img alt="Photon absorbance in a molecule with energy gap, ΔE" height="305.73" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Absorbance_Spectroscopy.svg?v=1677861116" width="400"> <figcaption>Photon absorbance in a molecule with energy gap, <em>ΔE</em>. If the photon is <em>E<sub>ph</sub> > ΔE</em>, an electron will absorb the photon, and it can be excited from the HOMO to the LUMO. However, if the photon is less than this energy, it will not be absorbed.</figcaption> </figure> <p>Some materials however can only absorb light at very specific energies. This is often described in terms of the photons wavelength (λ). Wavelengths of the absorbed light correspond to energy through the following equation.</p> <figure><img alt="Equation - energy of a photon is equal to plancks constant times the speed of light, all divided by the photons wavelength" height="40.953" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/equation-photon-energy.svg?v=1718880486" width="63"></figure> <p>The types of electronic transitions that are allowed often vary with different material properties. Measuring the wavelengths at which absorbance occurs will therefore tell you a lot about the electronic properties of a material, molecule or thin film.</p> <p>Measuring absorbance requires a broadband light source and an <a href="/products/optical-spectrometer" title="USB Spectrometer">USB spectrometer</a> with appropriate spectral range. Absorbance values are closely related to transmission measurements, as in both cases you actually measure the transmitted light.</p> <figure><img alt="Equipment needed for absorbance measurements" height="371.141" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Optical-Spectroscopy-Transmittance.svg?v=1676996706" width="848.328"> <figcaption>Light is transmitted through the sample and recorded by the spectrometer</figcaption> </figure> <p>As light moves through a sample, it is more likely to be absorbed. Therefore, the intensity of transmitted light will fall exponentially with distance. You can calculate absorbance by the comparing the reference light spectrum, I<sub>0,</sub> to the detected light that has passed through the sample, I, using this equation.</p> <figure><img alt="Absorbance Equation - Light Intensity" height="47.8" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/equation-absorbance.svg" width="129.55"></figure> <h2 id="defining-absorbance">Defining Absorbance</h2> <hr> <p>Absorbance is a relative measurement so is therefore unitless. Having said this, absorption properties of different samples can be defined in a number of different ways.</p> <h3 id="molar-attenuation-coefficient"><strong>Molar Attenuation Coefficient</strong></h3> <p>When you measure the absorbance spectrum of a solution, one important factor is the wavelengths where maximum absorbance occurs. Identifying these wavelengths can can help you determine certain molecular properties of your sample. You can also note the strength of absorbance at these wavelengths.</p> <p>By looking at these peaks, you can establish the molar attenuation coefficient, ε. This has also been referred to historically as the molar extinction coefficient and is also known as the molar absorptivity coefficient. This will tell you about the kinds of electronic transitions that are occurring within your sample associated. For allowed transitions, ε > 1000 whereas for forbidden transitions, ε < 100.</p> <p>The molar attenuation coefficient, ε, is featured in Beer Lambert's Law:</p> <figure><img alt="Beer Lamberts Law Equation" height="" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/equation-beer-lambert-law-absorbance.svg?v=1719214248" width="120"></figure> <p>Where A is absorbance, c is the molar concentration of the molecule in solution, and l is the path length through the sample (often the width of the cuvette, or the total film). You can use this calculation to measure the concentration of a molecule in a thin film. The graphs below show the variation in absorbance intensity with concentration.</p> <figure><img alt="Absorption spectrum of a film made from a solution of polystyrene in toluene with varying concentrations of BODIPY-Br at varying concentrations" height="306.09" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/BODIPY_OD.png?v=1674130763&width=400&height=306" width="400"><img alt="Linear dependence of absorbance at λmax (531 - 533 nm) compared to BOPIDY concentration" height="230.08" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Absorbance-concentration-BOPIDY.png?v=1674130874&width=400&height=230" width="400"> <figcaption>Left.) Absorption spectrum of a film made from a solution of polystyrene in toluene with varying concentrations of BODIPY-Br at varying concentrations. Right.) Linear dependence of absorbance at λ<sub>max</sub> (531 - 533 nm) compared to BOPIDY concentration.</figcaption> </figure> <p>Molar attenuation coefficient has property has dimensions of</p> <figure><img alt="Molar attenuation coefficient equation" height="59.75" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/equation-molar-absorbtivity-units.svg?v=1674130982" width="490.92"></figure> <p>Therefore, the SI units of the molar absorptivity coefficient is m<sup>2</sup>M<sup>-1 </sup>or cm<sup>2</sup>M<sup>-1</sup>.</p> <h3 id="absorption-coefficient"><strong>Absorption Coefficient</strong></h3> <p>For bulk solids, you can define absorbance in terms of an absorption coefficient, α(λ). This is a property of a solid material and is wavelength dependent. The absorption coefficient, α(λ) relates to absorbance measurements through the following equation:</p> <figure><img alt="Absorption Coefficient equation" height="19.94" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/equation-absorption-coefficient.svg?v=1674131050" width="105.22"></figure> <p>Here, d is the distance light has travelled into (or through) the bulk solid.</p> <p>The SI units of the absorption coefficient of a bulk solid are m<sup>-1</sup> or cm<sup>-1</sup>.</p> <h2 id="absorbance-units">Absorbance Units</h2> <hr> <table> <thead> <tr> <th width="25%">Property</th> <th width="37.5%">Units</th> <th width="37.5%">Sample Type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Absorbance</td> <td>Unitless</td> <td>General</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Absorption Coefficient</td> <td>m<sup>-1</sup> </td> <td>Bulk Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Molar Absorptivity Coefficient</td> <td>m<sup>2</sup>M<sup>-1</sup> </td> <td>Molecule in solution</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="absorbance-uses">Absorbance Uses</h2> <hr> <p>You can use absorbance spectroscopy to investigate the suitability of a material for specific purposes. For example:</p> <ul> <li>Organic dyes require high absorbance over a small wavelength range so that only light of a matching colour is emitted from the dye, e.g. for a yellow dye, blue light (435 - 480 nm) must be absorbed.</li> <li>Materials that convert visible light into different forms of energy (such as solar cells, photosensors) will require high absorption, ideally across the visible region. These materials frequently have desirable band gaps, which can be determined using absorbance spectroscopy.</li> <li>Transparent materials need to absorb as little visible light as possible. You can confirm this using UV-Vis spectroscopy.</li> <li>In organic compounds, UV-vis spectroscopy can help illuminate the amount of conjugated pi bonds in a molecule.</li> </ul> <a class="green-banner" data-track-content="" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/optical-spectrometer"> <p data-content-name="/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy" data-content-piece="cta-optical-spectrometer">USB Spectrometer</p> <img alt="USB Spectrometer" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Ossila-Optical-Spectrometer-Kit-Fluorescence.jpg?crop=center&width=600&height=120" width="600"> <button>Browse now</button> </a> <h2 id="resources-references">Resources</h2> <hr> <div class="tile-container"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/absorbance-measurements"> <img alt="Glove Box electrical feedthrough assembly" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/optical-spectroscopy-example-spectra-absorbance.png?v=1657537655" width="160"> </a> <a href="/pages/absorbance-measurements"> Absorbance Measurement</a> <p>Absorbance measurements are crucial in many areas of scientific research. This article describes how to take an absorbance measurement using an optical spectrometer.</p> <a href="/pages/absorbance-measurements">Read more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/spectrometer-buying-guide"> <img alt="Choosing a spectrometer" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/ossila-spectrometer-in-lab.jpg?v=1631265957&crop=center&width=160&height=160" width="160"></a> <a href="/pages/spectrometer-buying-guide">Choosing a Spectrometer</a> <p>When researching optical materials, an optical spectrometer is an essential instrument which enables you to characterize your materials quickly and easily. It is a powerful tool that can be used to measure the properties of light such as wavelength and intensity</p> <a href="/pages/spectrometer-buying-guide">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>Contributing Authors</h3> <hr> <p>Written by</p> <p class="no-margin"><a href="/pages/our-writers#mary-okane" title="Author Biography: Mary O'Kane">Dr. Mary O'Kane</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Application Scientist</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>References</h3> <hr> <ol> <li>Rocha, F. S., Gomes, A. J., Lunardi, C. N., Kaliaguine, S., & Patience, G. S. (2018). Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy-UV-vis. <i>The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering</i>, <i>96</i>(12), 2512–2517. DOI:10.1002/cjce.23344</li> <li>Hestand, N. J., & Spano, F. C. (2018). Expanded theory of H- and J-molecular aggregates: The effects of vibronic coupling and intermolecular charge transfer. <i>Chemical Reviews</i>, <i>118</i>(15), 7069–7163. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00581</li> <li>Makuła, P., Pacia, M., & Macyk, W. (2018). How to correctly determine the band gap energy of modified semiconductor photocatalysts based on UV–vis spectra. <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters</i>, <i>9</i>(23), 6814–6817. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02892</li> <li>Chen, J., Zhou, S., Jin, S., Li, H., & Zhai, T. (2016). Crystal organometal halide perovskites with promising optoelectronic applications. <i>Journal of Materials Chemistry C</i>, <i>4</i>(1), 11–27. DOI: 10.1039/c5tc03417e</li> </ol> </div> </div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "abstract": "In absorbance spectroscopy (also known as absorption spectroscopy), a spectrometer is used to directly measure how much light is absorbed by a sample as a function of wavelength. Quantifying the absorbance of light by an atom or molecule can provide important information about the molecules electronic structure. This guide explains the absorbance theory and how to measure it as well as the uses for absorbance.", "articleSection": ["Optical Spectroscopy"], "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Mary O'Kane", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "jobTitle": "Application Scientist", "url": "https://www.ossila.com/pages/our-writers#mary-okane" } ], "headline": "Absorbance Spectroscopy", "image": [ "https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Optical-Spectroscopy-Transmittance.svg?v=1676996706" ], "inLanguage": "en", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Ossila", "url": "https://www.ossila.com" }, "url": "https://www.ossila.com/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy" } </script> </div> </div> </main>  <div class="full-width-footer"> <footer id="footer" class="footer container"> <div class="clearfix footer-elems nav-footer" id="footer-links"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Ossila</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/press-and-media">Press and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/our-writers">Our Writing Team</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/awards-and-testimonials">Awards and Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/feedback">Leave Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/terms-and-conditions">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> <span>Copyright © 2024 Ossila</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Join the Team</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/careers">Careers at Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Collaborate</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/reprinting-permissions">Free Digital Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/conference-fund">Conference Sponsorship for Students</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/outreach-support">Science Outreach Support</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/graduation-awards-sponsorship">Graduation Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/letters-of-support">Letters of Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Your Account</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/account/login">Log In</a></li> <li><a href="/account/register">Create Account</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Order Information</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">Worldwide Shipping Charges</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/returns-and-cancellations">Returns and Cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/warranty-information">Warranty Information</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/distributors">Regional Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/deals-and-discounts">Deals and Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/price-drop-guarantee">Price Drop Guarantee</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Customer Support</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="/pages/contact-us">Send an Enquiry</a></li> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a></li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">Main Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +44 (0)114 2999 180</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 8:00-17:00 (GMT/BST)</li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">EU Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +31 (0)718 081020</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 9:00-17:00 (CET/CEST)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila Ltd</span> <span class="double-right-padding">Company Number 06920105</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number GB 978 2092 81</span> <span>EORI Number GB978209281000</span> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila BV</span> <span class="double-right-padding">CCI number 84102241</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number NL 863097182B01</span> <span>EORI Number NL863097182</span> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="bottom-banner" class="hidden"> <div id="cookie-banner" class="hidden"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <span class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 no-margin pad-half-height">The Ossila website uses cookies for core functionality. By continuing to browse the website you consent to the use of these cookies.</span> <a href="/pages/privacy-policy#cookies" class="col-xs-6 col-sm-2 text-center pad-half-height">More Information</a> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a href="#" class="btn-close">Accept & Close</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="basic_modal" id="basic-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="basic-modal-title" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <p class="modal-title" id="basic-modal-title"></p> <button type="button" class="close basic-modal-close" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body" id="basic-modal-text"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey basic-modal-close">Close</button> <a href="" class="btn btn-ossila-grey" id="basic-modal-link">More Information</a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="currency-modal" id="choose-country-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="choose-country-modal-title" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <p class="modal-title" id="choose-country-modal-title">Choose locale</p> <button type="button" class="close modal-close" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <label class="modal-label" for="countries-dropdown">Select Delivery Country or Region</label> <select class="currency-picker" name="country_dropdown_selector" id="countries-dropdown"></select> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <label class="modal-label" for="currency-picker">Choose Preferred Currency</label> <form method="post" action="/localization" id="currency-modal-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="shopify-localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization" /><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓" /><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" /><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/pages/absorbance-spectroscopy" /> <select id="country-currency-modal-select" name="country_code" class="currency-picker"> <option selected="true" value="US">United States Dollar, $ USD</option> <option disabled="disabled">----</option> <option data-name="Australian Dollar" value="AU">Australian Dollar, $ AUD</option> <option data-name="British Pound" value="GB">British Pound, £ GBP</option> <option data-name="Bulgarian Lev" value="BG">Bulgarian Lev, лв. BGN</option> <option data-name="Canadian Dollar" value="CA">Canadian Dollar, $ CAD</option> <option data-name="Chilean Peso" value="CL">Chilean Peso, $ CLP</option> <option data-name="Chinese Renminbi Yuan" value="CN">Chinese Renminbi Yuan, ¥ CNY</option> <option data-name="Czech Koruna" value="CZ">Czech Koruna, Kč CZK</option> <option data-name="Danish Krone" value="DK">Danish Krone, kr. DKK</option> <option data-name="Euro" value="NL">Euro, € EUR</option> <option data-name="Hong Kong Dollar" value="HK">Hong Kong Dollar, $ HKD</option> <option data-name="Hungarian Forint" value="HU">Hungarian Forint, Ft HUF</option> <option data-name="Indian Rupee" value="BT">Indian Rupee, ₹ INR</option> <option data-name="Israeli New Sheqel" value="IL">Israeli New Sheqel, ₪ ILS</option> <option data-name="Japanese Yen" value="JP">Japanese Yen, ¥ JPY</option> <option data-name="Malaysian Ringgit" value="MY">Malaysian Ringgit, RM MYR</option> <option data-name="New Taiwan Dollar" value="TW">New Taiwan Dollar, $ TWD</option> <option data-name="New Zealand Dollar" value="CK">New Zealand Dollar, $ NZD</option> <option data-name="Norwegian Krone" value="NO">Norwegian Krone, kr NOK</option> <option data-name="Pakistani Rupee" value="PK">Pakistani Rupee, ₨ PKR</option> <option data-name="Peruvian Sol" value="PE">Peruvian Sol, S/. PEN</option> <option data-name="Philippine Peso" value="PH">Philippine Peso, ₱ PHP</option> <option data-name="Polish Złoty" value="PL">Polish Złoty, zł PLN</option> <option data-name="Romanian Leu" value="RO">Romanian Leu, Lei RON</option> <option data-name="Saudi Riyal" value="SA">Saudi Riyal, ر.س SAR</option> <option data-name="Serbian Dinar" value="RS">Serbian Dinar, РСД RSD</option> <option data-name="Singapore Dollar" value="BN">Singapore Dollar, $ SGD</option> <option data-name="South African Rand" value="SZ">South African Rand, R ZAR</option> <option data-name="South Korean Won" value="KR">South Korean Won, ₩ KRW</option> <option data-name="Swedish Krona" value="SE">Swedish Krona, kr SEK</option> <option data-name="Swiss Franc" value="LI">Swiss Franc,  CHF</option> <option data-name="Thai Baht" value="TH">Thai Baht, ฿ THB</option> <option data-name="United Arab Emirates Dirham" value="AE">United Arab Emirates Dirham, د.إ AED</option> <option data-name="Uruguayan Peso" value="UY">Uruguayan Peso, $ UYU</option> </select> </form> <p class="text-small text-center text-bold no-margin pad-top-half-height">Online orders to <span class="country-name"></span> can only be placed in <span class="forced-currency"></span>. For other payment methods, request a quote or send a purchase order to info@ossila.com to purchase via offline channels.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey modal-close">Close</button> <button type="button" id="save-local-settings" class="btn btn-ossila-green">Close and Save</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="back-to-top-outer"> <a title="Return to the top" class="back-to-top-link" href="#"> <div id="back-to-top-inner">Return to the top</div> </a> </div> </body> </html> <script> // GA4 tracking // container ID is used to access dataLayer get function const gtmContainerId = 'GTM-WRVWSTG'; // Empty object to attach functions to depending on the page type let dataLayerFunctions = {}; // Matomo Tracking var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; // Collection page view for ecommerce trackiong // Product views for ecommerce tracking // Cart view for ecommerce tracking // Track quote requests as ecommerce conversions _paq.push(['disableCookies']); // Disable all cookies _paq.push(['enableJSErrorTracking']); // Track JS errors _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); // tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['trackAllContentImpressions']); (function() { var u="https://ossila.matomo.cloud/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/ossila.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); // ES6 compatibility check (function(){function n(){return typeof Promise!="undefined"&&typeof Symbol=="function"&&typeof Symbol("test")=="symbol"&&typeof Array.from!="undefined"&&typeof Object.assign!="undefined"&&typeof Map!="undefined"&&typeof Set!="undefined"}document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){if(!n()){var e=document.getElementById("unsupported-browser-message");e&&(e.style.display="block")}});})(); </script>

CINXE.COM

Absorbance Spectroscopy | Absorbance Explained | Ossila