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Teli</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Despoina Teli"> <meta name="keywords" content="Despoina Teli"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Despoina Teli"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 9</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Despoina Teli</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Impact of Ventilation Systems on Indoor Air Quality in Swedish Primary School Classrooms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarka%20Langer">Sarka Langer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despoina%20Teli"> Despoina Teli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Blanka%20Cabovska"> Blanka Cabovska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan-Olof%20Dalenb%C3%A4ck"> Jan-Olof Dalenbäck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lars%20Ekberg"> Lars Ekberg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriel%20Bek%C3%B6"> Gabriel Bekö</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pawel%20Wargocki"> Pawel Wargocki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalia%20Giraldo%20Vasquez"> Natalia Giraldo Vasquez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of various ventilation systems on indoor climate, air pollution, chemistry, and perception. Measurements of thermal environment and indoor air quality were performed in 45 primary school classrooms in Gothenburg, Sweden. The classrooms were grouped into three categories according to their ventilation system: category A) natural or exhaust ventilation or automated window opening; category B) balanced mechanical ventilation systems with constant air volume (CAV); and category C) balanced mechanical ventilation systems with variable air volume (VAV). A questionnaire survey about indoor air quality, perception of temperature, odour, noise and light, and sensation of well-being, alertness focus, etc., was distributed among the 10-12 years old children attending the classrooms. The results (medians) showed statistically significant differences between ventilation category A and categories B and C, but not between categories B and C in air change rates, median concentrations of carbon dioxide, individual volatile organic compounds formaldehyde and isoprene, in-door-to-outdoor ozone ratios and products of ozonolysis of squalene, a constituent of human skin oils, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and decanal. Median ozone concentration, ozone loss -a difference between outdoor and indoor ozone concentrations- were different only between categories A and C. Median concentration of total VOCs and a perception index based on survey responses on perceptions and sensations indoors were not significantly different. In conclusion, ventilation systems have an impact on air change rates, indoor air quality, and chemistry, but the Swedish primary school children’s perception did not differ with the ventilation systems of the classrooms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indoor%20air%20pollutants" title="indoor air pollutants">indoor air pollutants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indoor%20climate" title=" indoor climate"> indoor climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indoor%20chemistry" title=" indoor chemistry"> indoor chemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20change%20rate" title=" air change rate"> air change rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177851/impact-of-ventilation-systems-on-indoor-air-quality-in-swedish-primary-school-classrooms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Underwater Image Enhancement and Reconstruction Using CNN and the MultiUNet Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Snehal%20G.%20Teli">Snehal G. Teli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20J.%20Shelke"> R. J. Shelke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> CNN and MultiUNet models are the framework for the proposed method for enhancing and reconstructing underwater images. Multiscale merging of features and regeneration are both performed by the MultiUNet. CNN collects relevant features. Extensive tests on benchmark datasets show that the proposed strategy performs better than the latest methods. As a result of this work, underwater images can be represented and interpreted in a number of underwater applications with greater clarity. This strategy will advance underwater exploration and marine research by enhancing real-time underwater image processing systems, underwater robotic vision, and underwater surveillance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convolutional%20neural%20network" title="convolutional neural network">convolutional neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20enhancement" title=" image enhancement"> image enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiunet" title=" multiunet"> multiunet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underwater%20images" title=" underwater images"> underwater images</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170260/underwater-image-enhancement-and-reconstruction-using-cnn-and-the-multiunet-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170260.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> A Site Unexplored: Recently Discovered In Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Rifat-Ur-%20Rahman">Md. Rifat-Ur- Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dhamairnagar, Sirajganj, Bangladesh, local villagers describe the peculiar mounds spotted scattered among the nearby villages as “Buruj”. Among these, a mound was explored in one of these mounds, in Khirtala village, in early 2019. Primary archaeological surveys and map making has been conducted in this site, where suspect lays the remains of an 8 square miles city, at least 1200 years old. In the government gazettes of Bangladesh from 1990, this place has been linked with a mythical kind from the Indian epic, Mahabharata. In the primary explorations, found bricks, mortars, different kinds of potteries and terracotta pieces. Assumable observation is that this city was a flourishing establishment during the early Pala dynasty of Bengal (800 AD to 1200 AD). At present there are four indigenous groups live around this site and they are known as Mahato, Teli, Oraon and Santals. These four indigenous groups are considered as the core four of Bengali ethnicity. In the folklore of these groups we find stories of ancient kingdoms which have not been documented through archaeological findings yet. So, a question rises about the population that was used to reside in this archaeological site. Were they the ancestors of these indigenous tribes that are dwelling in this area? With such primary information, the aim is to conduct a comparative study of the physiology; osteology and cultural practices of this civilization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heritage" title=" Heritage"> Heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indigenous%20Peoples" title=" Indigenous Peoples"> Indigenous Peoples</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Physiology" title=" Physiology "> Physiology </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122908/a-site-unexplored-recently-discovered-in-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122908.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Geochemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Soils in Areas Affected by the Fires of August 2021 at the Ilia Prefecture Greece</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dionisios%20Panagiotaras">Dionisios Panagiotaras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavlos%20Avramidis"> Pavlos Avramidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitrios%20Papoulis"> Dimitrios Papoulis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dionysios%20Koulougliotis"> Dionysios Koulougliotis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dionisis%20C.%20Christodoulopoulos"> Dionisis C. Christodoulopoulos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitra%20Lekka"> Dimitra Lekka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despoina%20Nifora"> Despoina Nifora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denisa%20Drouvari"> Denisa Drouvari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandra%20Skalioti"> Alexandra Skalioti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study delineates the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of soils collected from woodland and forest areas affected by the fires of August 2021 at the Ilia prefecture, Greece. The mineralogical composition of the samples consists of quartz, calcite, albite, oligoclase, anorthite (feldspars), smectite, kaolinite and illite (clays). Quartz ranges from 38.21% to 57.49% with an average of 48.43%, calcite ranges from 2.55% to 25.09% with an average of 13.92%, feldspars ranges from 7.76% to 25.87% with an average of 17.02% and clays ranges from 4.39% to 43.43% with an average of 20.63%. Geochemical analyses of the soil samples applied for total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. Statistical analysis of the data shows a positive correlation between clays and Zn, Mn, Fe. TOC and TN show a strong positive correlation, while Fe shows a strong negative correlation with calcite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soils" title="soils">soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogy" title=" mineralogy"> mineralogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=woodland" title=" woodland"> woodland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest" title=" forest"> forest</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173706/geochemical-and-mineralogical-characteristics-of-soils-in-areas-affected-by-the-fires-of-august-2021-at-the-ilia-prefecture-greece" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Impacted Maxillary Canines and Associated Dental Anomalies </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Athanasia%20Eirini%20Zarkadi">Athanasia Eirini Zarkadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despoina%20Balli"> Despoina Balli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Elpis%20Kolokitha"> Olga Elpis Kolokitha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: Impacted maxillary canines are a frequent condition and a common reason for patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Their simultaneous presence with dental anomalies raises a question about their possible connection. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of maxillary impacted canines with dental anomalies. Materials and Methods: Files of 874 patients from an orthodontic private practice in Greece were evaluated for the presence of maxillary impacted canines. From this sample, a group of 97 patients (39 males and 58 females) with at least one impacted maxillary canine were selected and consisted of the study group (canine impaction group) of this study. This group was compared to a control group of 97 patients (42 males and 55 females) that was created by random selection from the initial sample without maxillary canine impaction. The impaction diagnosis was made from the panoramic radiographs and confirmed from the surgery. The association between maxillary canine impaction and dental anomalies was examined with the chi-square test. A classification tree was created to further investigate the relations between impaction and dental anomalies. The reproducibility of diagnoses was assessed by re-examining the records of 25 patients two weeks after the first examination. Results: The found associated anomalies were cone-shaped upper lateral incisors and infraocclusion of deciduous molars. There is a significant increase in the prevalence of 12,4% of distal displacement of the unerupted mandibular second premolar in the canine impaction group compared to the control group that was 7,2%. The classification tree showed that the presence of a cone-shaped maxillary lateral incisor gave rise to the probability of an impacted canine to 83,3%. Conclusions: The presence of cone-shaped maxillary lateral incisors and infraocclusion of deciduous molars can be considered valuable early risk indicators for maxillary canine impaction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cone-shaped%20maxillary%20lateral%20incisors" title="cone-shaped maxillary lateral incisors">cone-shaped maxillary lateral incisors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20anomalies" title=" dental anomalies"> dental anomalies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impacted%20canines" title=" impacted canines"> impacted canines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infraoccluded%20deciduous%20molars" title=" infraoccluded deciduous molars "> infraoccluded deciduous molars </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133892/impacted-maxillary-canines-and-associated-dental-anomalies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems on Board Ships and Impact on Crews’ Health: A Feasibility Study Protocol</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despoina%20Andrioti%20Bygvraa">Despoina Andrioti Bygvraa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ida-Maja%20Hassell%C3%B6v"> Ida-Maja Hassellöv</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Charalambous"> George Charalambous</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Exhaust gas cleaning systems, also known as scrubbers, are today widely used to allow for the use of High Sulphur Heavy Fuel Oil and still comply with the regulations limiting sulphur content in marine fuels. There are extensive concerns about environmental consequences, especially in the Baltic Sea, from the wide-scale use of scrubbers, as the wash water is acidic (ca pH 3) and contains high concentrations of toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic substances. The aim of this feasibility study is to investigate the potential adverse effects on seafarers’ health with the ultimate goal of raising awareness of chemical-related health and safety issues in the shipping environment. The project got funding from the Swedish Foundation. The team will extend previously compiled data on scrubber wash water concentrations of hazardous substances and pH to include the use of strong base in closed-loop scrubbers, and scoping assessment on handling and disposing practices. Based on the findings (a), a systematic review of risk assessment will follow to show the risk of exposures, the establishment of the hazardous levels for human health as well as the respective prevention practices. In addition, the researchers will perform (b) a systematic review to identify facilitators and barriers of the crew on compliance with the safe handling of chemicals. The study will run for 12 months, delivering (a) a risk assessment inventory with risk exposures and (b) a course description of safe handling practices. This feasibility study could provide valuable knowledge on how pollutants found in scrubbers should be considered from a human health perspective to facilitate evidence-based informed decisions in future technology- and policy development to make shipping a safer, healthier, and more attractive workplace. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20and%20safety" title="health and safety">health and safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seafarers" title=" seafarers"> seafarers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scrubbers" title=" scrubbers"> scrubbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemicals" title=" chemicals"> chemicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20exposures" title=" risk exposures"> risk exposures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183294/exhaust-gas-cleaning-systems-on-board-ships-and-impact-on-crews-health-a-feasibility-study-protocol" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Riverine Urban Heritage: A Basis for Green Infrastructure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ioanna%20H.%20Lioliou">Ioanna H. Lioliou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despoina%20D.%20Zavraka"> Despoina D. Zavraka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The radical reformation that Greek urban space, has undergone over the last century, due to the socio-historical developments, technological development and political–geographic factors, has left its imprint on the urban landscape. While the big cities struggle to regain urban landscape balance, small towns are considered to offer high quality lifescapes, ensuring sustainable development potential. However, their unplanned urbanization process led to the loss of significant areas of nature, lack of essential infrastructure, chaotic built environment, incompatible land uses and urban cohesiveness. Natural environment reference points, such as springs, streams, rivers, forests, suburban greenbelts, and etc.; seems to be detached from urban space, while the public, open and green spaces, unequally distributed in the built environment, they are no longer able to offer a complete experience of nature in the city. This study focuses on Greek mainland, a small town Elassona, and aims to restore spatial coherence between the city’s homonymous river and its urban space surroundings. The existence of a linear aquatic ecosystem, is considered a precious greenway, also referred as blueway, able to initiate natural penetrations and ecosystems empowering. The integration of disconnected natural ecosystems forms the basis of a strategic intervention scheme, where the river becomes the urban integration tool / feature, constituting the main urban corridor and an indispensible part of a wider green network that connects open and green spaces, ensuring the function of all the established networks (transportation, commercial, social) of the town. The proposed intervention, introduces a green network highlighting the old stone bridge at the ‘entrance’ of the river in the town and expanding throughout the town with strategic uses and activities, providing accessibility for all the users. The methodology used, is based on the collection of design tools used in related urban river-design interventions around the world. The reinstallation/reactivation of the balance between natural and urban landscape, besides the environmental benefits, contributes decisively to the illustration/projection of urban green identity and re-enhancement of the quality of lifescape qualities and social interaction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20network" title="green network">green network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation%20scheme" title=" rehabilitation scheme"> rehabilitation scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20landscape" title=" urban landscape"> urban landscape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20streams" title=" urban streams"> urban streams</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87139/riverine-urban-heritage-a-basis-for-green-infrastructure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Comparing Deep Architectures for Selecting Optimal Machine Translation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despoina%20Mouratidis">Despoina Mouratidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katia%20Lida%20Kermanidis"> Katia Lida Kermanidis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Machine translation (MT) is a very important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). MT evaluation is crucial in MT development, as it constitutes the means to assess the success of an MT system, and also helps improve its performance. Several methods have been proposed for the evaluation of (MT) systems. Some of the most popular ones in automatic MT evaluation are score-based, such as the BLEU score, and others are based on lexical similarity or syntactic similarity between the MT outputs and the reference involving higher-level information like part of speech tagging (POS). This paper presents a language-independent machine learning framework for classifying pairwise translations. This framework uses vector representations of two machine-produced translations, one from a statistical machine translation model (SMT) and one from a neural machine translation model (NMT). The vector representations consist of automatically extracted word embeddings and string-like language-independent features. These vector representations used as an input to a multi-layer neural network (NN) that models the similarity between each MT output and the reference, as well as between the two MT outputs. To evaluate the proposed approach, a professional translation and a "ground-truth" annotation are used. The parallel corpora used are English-Greek (EN-GR) and English-Italian (EN-IT), in the educational domain and of informal genres (video lecture subtitles, course forum text, etc.) that are difficult to be reliably translated. They have tested three basic deep learning (DL) architectures to this schema: (i) fully-connected dense, (ii) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and (iii) Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Experiments show that all tested architectures achieved better results when compared against those of some of the well-known basic approaches, such as Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Better accuracy results are obtained when LSTM layers are used in our schema. In terms of a balance between the results, better accuracy results are obtained when dense layers are used. The reason for this is that the model correctly classifies more sentences of the minority class (SMT). For a more integrated analysis of the accuracy results, a qualitative linguistic analysis is carried out. In this context, problems have been identified about some figures of speech, as the metaphors, or about certain linguistic phenomena, such as per etymology: paronyms. It is quite interesting to find out why all the classifiers led to worse accuracy results in Italian as compared to Greek, taking into account that the linguistic features employed are language independent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title="machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20translation%20evaluation" title=" machine translation evaluation"> machine translation evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network%20architecture" title=" neural network architecture"> neural network architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pairwise%20classification" title=" pairwise classification"> pairwise classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110607/comparing-deep-architectures-for-selecting-optimal-machine-translation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Integrating the Modbus SCADA Communication Protocol with Elliptic Curve Cryptography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despoina%20Chochtoula">Despoina Chochtoula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aristidis%20Ilias"> Aristidis Ilias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yannis%20Stamatiou"> Yannis Stamatiou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modbus is a protocol that enables the communication among devices which are connected to the same network. This protocol is, often, deployed in connecting sensor and monitoring units to central supervisory servers in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, or SCADA, systems. These systems monitor critical infrastructures, such as factories, power generation stations, nuclear power reactors etc. in order to detect malfunctions and ignite alerts and corrective actions. However, due to their criticality, SCADA systems are vulnerable to attacks that range from simple eavesdropping on operation parameters, exchanged messages, and valuable infrastructure information to malicious modification of vital infrastructure data towards infliction of damage. Thus, the SCADA research community has been active over strengthening SCADA systems with suitable data protection mechanisms based, to a large extend, on cryptographic methods for data encryption, device authentication, and message integrity protection. However, due to the limited computation power of many SCADA sensor and embedded devices, the usual public key cryptographic methods are not appropriate due to their high computational requirements. As an alternative, Elliptic Curve Cryptography has been proposed, which requires smaller key sizes and, thus, less demanding cryptographic operations. Until now, however, no such implementation has been proposed in the SCADA literature, to the best of our knowledge. In order to fill this gap, our methodology was focused on integrating Modbus, a frequently used SCADA communication protocol, with Elliptic Curve based cryptography and develop a server/client application to demonstrate the proof of concept. For the implementation we deployed two C language libraries, which were suitably modify in order to be successfully integrated: libmodbus (https://github.com/stephane/libmodbus) and ecc-lib https://www.ceid.upatras.gr/webpages/faculty/zaro/software/ecc-lib/). The first library provides a C implementation of the Modbus/TCP protocol while the second one offers the functionality to develop cryptographic protocols based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography. These two libraries were combined, after suitable modifications and enhancements, in order to give a modified version of the Modbus/TCP protocol focusing on the security of the data exchanged among the devices and the supervisory servers. The mechanisms we implemented include key generation, key exchange/sharing, message authentication, data integrity check, and encryption/decryption of data. The key generation and key exchange protocols were implemented with the use of Elliptic Curve Cryptography primitives. The keys established by each device are saved in their local memory and are retained during the whole communication session and are used in encrypting and decrypting exchanged messages as well as certifying entities and the integrity of the messages. Finally, the modified library was compiled for the Android environment in order to run the server application as an Android app. The client program runs on a regular computer. The communication between these two entities is an example of the successful establishment of an Elliptic Curve Cryptography based, secure Modbus wireless communication session between a portable device acting as a supervisor station and a monitoring computer. Our first performance measurements are, also, very promising and demonstrate the feasibility of embedding Elliptic Curve Cryptography into SCADA systems, filling in a gap in the relevant scientific literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elliptic%20curve%20cryptography" title="elliptic curve cryptography">elliptic curve cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICT%20security" title=" ICT security"> ICT security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modbus%20protocol" title=" modbus protocol"> modbus protocol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SCADA" title=" SCADA"> SCADA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TCP%2FIP%20protocol" title=" TCP/IP protocol"> TCP/IP protocol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72732/integrating-the-modbus-scada-communication-protocol-with-elliptic-curve-cryptography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72732.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div 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