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<span>Motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_and_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods and philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Natural learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Create_an_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Create_an_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Create an environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Create_an_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Learning styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Project_managing_skills_for_kids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_managing_skills_for_kids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Project managing skills for kids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_managing_skills_for_kids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Developmental differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_Unschooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_Unschooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Music and Unschooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_Unschooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essential_body_of_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essential_body_of_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Essential body of knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essential_body_of_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_role_of_parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The role of parents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paradigm_shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paradigm_shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Paradigm shift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paradigm_shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compared_with_other_homeschooling_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compared_with_other_homeschooling_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Compared with other homeschooling models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compared_with_other_homeschooling_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complementary_philosophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complementary_philosophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Complementary philosophies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complementary_philosophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms_of_alternative_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms_of_alternative_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other forms of alternative education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms_of_alternative_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unschooling_Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unschooling_Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Unschooling Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unschooling_Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persons_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persons_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Persons of interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Persons_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Persons of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Persons_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adult_unschoolers_of_note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_unschoolers_of_note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Adult unschoolers of note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_unschoolers_of_note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays_and_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays_and_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Essays and articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays_and_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unschooling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontskoling" title="Ontskoling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontskoling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لامدرسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لامدرسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Анскулінг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анскулінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desescolaritzaci%C3%B3" title="Desescolarització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desescolarització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unschooling" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Unschooling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unschooling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaba%C3%B5pe" title="Vabaõpe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabaõpe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αποσχολειοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποσχολειοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desescolarizaci%C3%B3n" title="Desescolarización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desescolarización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejmlernado" title="Hejmlernado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hejmlernado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseskolatze" title="Deseskolatze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deseskolatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-scolarisation" title="Non-scolarisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Non-scolarisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99" title="חינוך חופשי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חינוך חופשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontscholen" title="Ontscholen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontscholen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="アンスクーリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンスクーリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unschooling" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unschooling" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Анскулинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анскулинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshkollimi" title="Moshkollimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Moshkollimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Unschooling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Unschooling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Анскулінґ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анскулінґ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1000032#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">the Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students' rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University_protests" title="2021 Boğaziçi University protests">2021 Boğaziçi University protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Columbia_University_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Columbia University strike">2021 Columbia University strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Thai protests">2020 Thai protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_strike_for_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School strike for climate">School strike for climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_road_safety_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Bangladesh road safety protests">2018 Bangladesh road safety protests</a></li> <li>2018 "<a href="/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives" title="March for Our Lives">March for Our Lives</a>"</li> <li>2017–18 <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Central_University_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi Central University protests">Mahatma Gandhi Central University protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Iranian protests">2017–18 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jallikattu_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Jallikattu protests">2017 Jallikattu protests</a></li> <li>2015 "<a href="/wiki/Fees_Must_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Fees Must Fall">Fees Must Fall</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_University_of_Missouri_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 University of Missouri protests">2015 University of Missouri protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bangladesh_student_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Bangladesh student protests">2015 Bangladesh student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungehuis_and_Maagdenhuis_Occupations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis Occupations">2015 University of Amsterdam Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Jadavpur_University_protests" title="2014 Jadavpur University protests">2014 Jadavpur University protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_Class_Boycott_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Hong Kong Class Boycott Campaign">2014 Hong Kong student protest for democracy</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement" title="Sunflower Student Movement">Sunflower Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Iguala mass kidnapping">2014 Iguala mass kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Quebec_student_protests" title="2012 Quebec student protests">2012 Quebec student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_student_protests_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 student protests in Chile">2011 student protests in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_University_of_Puerto_Rico_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 University of Puerto Rico Strike">2010 University of Puerto Rico Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_UK_student_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 UK student protests">2010 UK student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Greek_riots" title="2008 Greek riots">2008 Greek riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_pupil_strike" title="Dutch pupil strike">2007 Dutch pupil strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_student_protests_in_Chile" title="2006 student protests in Chile">2006 student protests in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad#December_2006_student_protest" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">2006 student uprising in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Quebec_student_protests" title="2005 Quebec student protests">2005 Quebec student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_student_protests,_July_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran student protests, July 1999">July 1999 Iran student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996%E2%80%931997_protests_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="1996–1997 protests in Serbia">1996–1997 protests in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Quebec_student_protests" title="1996 Quebec student protests">1996 Quebec student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Anti-SAP_riots" title="1989 Anti-SAP riots">1989 Anti-SAP riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_student_protests_in_Kabul" title="1980 student protests in Kabul">1980 student protests in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Must_Go" title="Ali Must Go">1978 "Ali Must Go" protests</a></li> <li>1976-77 <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a></li> <li>November 1973 <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Diliman_Commune" title="Diliman Commune">Diliman Commune</a> – Philippines</li> <li>1970-1972 <a href="/wiki/Huelga_schools_(Houston)" title="Huelga schools (Houston)">Huelga schools, Houston</a>  – United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Strike_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Student Strike of 1970">1970 Student Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968#Protests" title="Protests of 1968">1968 Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Japanese_university_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1968–69 Japanese university protests">1968–69 Japanese university protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Liberation_Front_strikes_of_1968" title="Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968">Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia" title="1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia">1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1968_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 uprisings">May 1968 uprisings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Movement_of_1968" title="Mexican Movement of 1968">Mexican Movement of 1968</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis#Student-_and_intellectual-led_movement" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 protests in Poland</a></li> <li>1968 <a href="/wiki/East_L.A._walkouts" title="East L.A. walkouts">East L.A. walkouts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">1965 Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">1964-65 U.C. Berkeley Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">1960 Anpo protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_student_movement_of_1956" title="Bucharest student movement of 1956">1956 Bucharest student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrze%C5%9Bnia_children_strike" title="Września children strike">Września children strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_rebellion" title="Butter rebellion">Butter rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_strike_of_1229" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris strike of 1229">1229 University of Paris strike</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts and theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentic_assessment" title="Authentic assessment">Authentic assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_schools" title="List of democratic schools">Democratic schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_education" title="Minimally invasive education">Minimally invasive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">Student activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_bill_of_rights" title="Student bill of rights">Student bill of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centred_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Student-centred learning">Student-centred learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_protest" title="Student protest">Student protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_riot" title="Student riot">Student riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">Students' union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_voice" title="Student voice">Student voice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unschooling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Censorship of student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Student_Rights" title="Ordinance of Student Rights">Ordinance of Student Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_discipline" title="School discipline">School discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in schools in the United States">School speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School-to-prison_pipeline" title="School-to-prison pipeline">School-to-prison pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance_(schools)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero tolerance (schools)">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Students%27_Union" title="European Students' Union">European Students' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students" title="Hong Kong Federation of Students">Hong Kong Federation of Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge_Forum" title="Rouge Forum">Rouge Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMIT_University_Student_Union" title="RMIT University Student Union">RMIT University Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarism" title="Scholarism">Scholarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">Students for a Democratic Society (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Press_Law_Center" title="Student Press Law Center">Student Press Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Student_Alliance" title="Worker Student Alliance">Worker Student Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UP_Diliman_University_Student_Council" title="UP Diliman University Student Council">UP Diliman University Student Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUP_SPEAK" title="PUP SPEAK">PUP SPEAK</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">LGBTQ student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Students%27_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Students' rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Students%27_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Students' rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Students%27_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Students' rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Unschooling</b> is a practice of self-driven <a href="/wiki/Informal_learning" title="Informal learning">informal learning</a> characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Lesson" title="Lesson">lesson</a>-free and <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>-free implementation of <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unschooling encourages exploration of activities initiated by the children themselves, under the belief that the more personal learning is, the more meaningful, well-understood, and therefore useful it is to the child. </p><p>The term <i>unschooling</i> was coined in the 1970s and used by educator <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a>, who is widely regarded as the father of unschooling. Unschooling is often seen as a subset of homeschooling, the key difference lying in the use of an external or individual curriculum. Homeschooling, in its many variations, has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#Criticism" title="Homeschooling">widespread public debate</a>. </p><p>Critics of unschooling see it as extreme, and express concerns that unschooled children will be neglected by parents whom might not be capable of sustaining a proper educational environment, and the child might lack the social skills, structure, discipline, and motivation of their schooled peers. Critics also worry that unschooled children will be unable to cope with uncomfortable or challenging situations. Proponents of unschooling disagree, asserting that self-directed education in a non-academic, often natural and diversified environment is a far more efficient, sustainable, and child-friendly form of education than traditional schooling, as it preserves innate curiosity, pleasure, and willingness to discover and learn new things. However, some studies suggest that children who have participated in unschooling may experience academic underdevelopment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>unschooling</i> probably derives from <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a>'s term <i><a href="/wiki/Deschooling" title="Deschooling">deschooling</a></i>. It was popularized through <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt's</a> newsletter <i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Without_Schooling" title="Growing Without Schooling">Growing Without Schooling</a></i> (<i>GWS</i>). Holt is also widely regarded as the father of unschooling.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an early essay, Holt contrasted the two terms: </p> <blockquote><p>GWS will say "unschooling" when we mean taking children out of school, and "deschooling" when we mean changing the laws to make schools non-compulsory...<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the time, the term was equivalent to <i>home schooling</i>. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Home-schoolers" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-schoolers">home-schoolers</a> began to differentiate between various educational philosophies within home schooling. The term <i>unschooling</i> became used to contrast versions of home schooling that were perceived as politically and pedagogically "school-like," in that they used textbooks and exercises at home in the same way they would be used at school.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, in Holt's book <i>Teach Your Own</i> (originally published in 1981), <a href="/wiki/Pat_Farenga" title="Pat Farenga">Pat Farenga</a>, co-author of the new edition, provided a definition: </p> <blockquote><p>When pressed, I define unschooling as allowing children as much freedom to learn in the world as their parents can comfortably bear. It allows children to develop knowledge and skills based on their own personal passions and life situations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the same passage Holt stated that he was not entirely comfortable with this term, and would have preferred the term <i>living</i>. Holt's use of the term emphasizes learning as a natural process, integrated into the spaces and activities of everyday life, and not benefiting from adult manipulation. It follows closely on the themes of educational philosophies proposed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Goodman (writer)">Paul Goodman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A.S._Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Neill">A.S. Neill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After Holt's death a range of unschooling practitioners and observers defined the term in various ways. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Freechild_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Freechild Project">Freechild Project</a> defines unschooling as: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he process of learning through life, without formalized or institutionalized classrooms or schoolwork.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>American homeschooling parent Sandra Dodd proposed the term <i>radical</i> <i>unschooling</i> to emphasize the complete rejection of any distinction between educational and non-educational activities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical unschooling emphasizes that unschooling is a non-coercive, cooperative practice, and seeks to promote those values in all areas of life. These philosophies share an opposition to traditional schooling techniques and the social structure of schools. Most emphasize the integration of learning into the everyday life of the family and wider community. Points of disagreement include whether unschooling is primarily defined by the initiative of the learner and their control over the curriculum, or by the techniques, methods, and spaces used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a> suggested the term <i><a href="/wiki/Self-directed_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-directed education">self-directed education</a></i>, which has fewer negative connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations">Motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Motivations_for_homeschooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivations for homeschooling">Motivations for homeschooling</a></div> <p>Parents choose to unschool their children for a variety of reasons, many of which overlap with reasons for <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooling</a>. </p><p>Unschoolers criticize schools for lessening the parent–child bond, reducing family time, and for creating atmospheres that are fearful.<sup id="cite_ref-8-powerful-reasons_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8-powerful-reasons-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some unschoolers argue that schools teach children facts and skills that will not be useful to them, whereas, with unschooling, children learn how to learn, which is of more enduring use.<sup id="cite_ref-8-powerful-reasons_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8-powerful-reasons-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beginners-guide-to-unschooling_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beginners-guide-to-unschooling-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some assert that schools teach children only how to follow instructions,<sup id="cite_ref-8-powerful-reasons_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8-powerful-reasons-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beginners-guide-to-unschooling_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beginners-guide-to-unschooling-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which does not prepare them to confront novel tasks. Another argument is that the structure of school is not suitable for people who want to make their own decisions about what, when, how, and with whom they learn because many things are predetermined in the school setting, while unschooled students are more free to make such decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-beginners-guide-to-unschooling_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beginners-guide-to-unschooling-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In school, a student's community may consist mainly of a peer group, that the parent has little influence over or even knowledge of. Unschoolers may have more opportunity to share a role in their community—including with older and younger people—and can therefore learn to find their place within more diverse groups of people. Parents of school children also have little say regarding instructors and teachers, whereas parents of unschoolers may be more involved in the selection of the coaches or mentors their children work and build relationships with.<sup id="cite_ref-beginners-guide-to-unschooling_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beginners-guide-to-unschooling-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to unschooling pioneer John Holt, child-led learning is more efficient and respectful of children's time, takes advantage of their interests, and allows deeper exploration of subjects than what is possible in conventional education. </p> <blockquote><p>...the anxiety children feel at constantly being tested, their fear of failure, punishment, and disgrace, severely reduces their ability both to perceive and to remember, and drives them away from the material being studied into strategies for fooling teachers into thinking they know what they really don't know.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some schools have adopted relatively non-coercive and cooperative techniques in a manner that harmonizes with the philosophies behind unschooling.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudbury model">Sudbury model</a> schools are non-coercive, non-indoctrinative, cooperative, democratically run partnerships between children and adults—including full partnership with parents—in which learning is individualized and child-led, in a way that complements home education.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns about socialization can also be a factor in the decision to unschool. Some unschoolers believe that conditions in conventional schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Age_segregation_in_schools" title="Age segregation in schools">age segregation</a>, the ratio of children to adults, or the amount of time spent sitting and obeying orders of one authority figure, are not conducive to proper education.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unschooling may broaden the diversity of people or places an unschooler is exposed to.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Unschoolers may be more mature than their schooled peers on average,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some believe this is a result of the wide range of people they have the opportunity to interact with, although it may also be "difficult to find children [...] for, well, socialization".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opportunities for unschoolers to meet and interact with other unschoolers has increased in recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> allowing unschoolers to have interactions with other children with similar experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_and_philosophy">Methods and philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_learning">Natural learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_day_at_the_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_day_at_the_beach.jpg/170px-A_day_at_the_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_day_at_the_beach.jpg/255px-A_day_at_the_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_day_at_the_beach.jpg/340px-A_day_at_the_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Unschooling may emphasize free, undirected <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a> as a major component of children's education.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Unschooling is based on the belief that learning is a natural and ongoing process, <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that curiosity is an intrinsic part of human development.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents argue that children have an inherent desire to learn, and that traditional educational systems, with their standardized curricula and structured schedules, may not always align with individual needs, interests, or abilities. Critics of conventional schooling suggest that a rigid, one-size-fits-all approach can limit children's potential by requiring them to engage with specific subject matter in a uniform way, without considering their personal pace, prior knowledge, or future goals. However, this perspective is debated, and many believe that structured education can provide valuable support for diverse learning styles and needs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Create_an_environment">Create an environment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Create an environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Create an environment that nurtures growth by treating the home like a garden—one that you water and care for, rather than focusing on direct instruction. Simple actions, like placing a pile of paper with a cup of colored markers in the center of the table, bringing a piano into the home, or filling the space with books, are easy ways to cultivate this atmosphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning_styles">Learning styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Learning styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">Psychologists</a> have documented many differences between children in the way they learn.<sup id="cite_ref-vosniadou-2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vosniadou-2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized testing</a>, which is required in traditional American schooling (a study conducted by the Council of Great City Schools has shown that students in U.S public schools will take, on average, 112 standardized tests throughout their school careers <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), is widely regarded as a poor gauge of intelligence. Its formulaic and rigid way of questioning does not allow for any creative thought or new ways of thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unschoolers assert that unschooling is better equipped to adapt to such differences in thought processes, measuring intelligence through observation, rather than testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People vary in their <a href="/wiki/Learning_styles" title="Learning styles">learning styles</a>, that is, how they prefer to acquire new information. However, research in 2008 found "virtually no evidence" that learning styles increased learning or improved performance, as opposed to being a matter of preference.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students have different learning needs, but in a traditional school setting, teachers seldom customize their evaluation method for an individual student. While teaching methods often vary between teachers, and any teacher may use multiple methods, this is sometimes haphazard and not always individualized.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Project_managing_skills_for_kids">Project managing skills for kids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Project managing skills for kids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encourage a child to choose a personal project they can work on while their parents focus on their own tasks. Ask questions like, "What is your <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a>?" or "What are you working on?" to teach time management and project skills, such as setting deadlines, holding meetings, and managing <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgets</a>—even if the project is something as simple as a <a href="/wiki/Lemonade_stand" title="Lemonade stand">lemonade stand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Developmental_differences">Developmental differences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Developmental differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developmental psychologists note that just as children reach growth milestones at different ages, children are also prepared to learn different things at different ages.<sup id="cite_ref-vosniadou-2001_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vosniadou-2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as most children learn to walk during a normal range of eight to fifteen months, and begin to talk across an even larger range, unschoolers assert that they are also ready and able to read, for example, at different ages. Natural learning produces greater changes in behavior (e.g. changing job skills) than traditional learning methods, although not necessarily a change in the amount of information learned.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_education" title="Traditional education">Traditional education</a> systems typically require all students to begin reading and learning mathematical concepts like multiplication at the same age. Unschooling proponents believe that this one-size-fits-all approach can cause some children to become disengaged if they have already mastered a topic, while others may struggle if they are not yet ready to learn it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_and_Unschooling">Music and Unschooling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music and Unschooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While not necessarily an essential part of a formal education, most students in America take part in some form of music making. 97% of American public schools offer some form of music at the elementary level.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional approach to teaching <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> involves learning how to read music and play it exactly as written. The unschooling approach follows the "Garage Band Theory," created by Duke Sharp. This method is a take on "playing songs by ear"- it draws on a person's natural ability to recognize music and pick up on the same sounds in different songs. Unschooling parents believe it is a more effective way to learn music compared to sight reading.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essential_body_of_knowledge">Essential body of knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Essential body of knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unschoolers sometimes state<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> that learning any specific subject is less important than learning <i>how</i> to learn. In the words of Holt: </p> <blockquote><p>Since we can't know what knowledge will be most needed in the future, it is senseless to try to teach it in advance. Instead, we should try to turn out people who love learning so much and learn so well that they will be able to learn whatever must be learned.</p></blockquote> <p>Unschoolers suggest that this ability for children to learn on their own makes it more likely that later, when these children are adults, they can continue to learn in order to meet newly emerging needs, interests, and goals; and that they can return to any subject that they feel was not sufficiently covered or learn a completely new subject. </p><p>Many unschoolers disagree that there is a particular body of knowledge that everyone, regardless of the life they lead, needs to possess.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of John Holt, "If children are given access to enough of the world, they will see clearly enough what things are truly important to themselves and to others, and they will make for themselves a better path into that world than anyone else could make for them."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_parents">The role of parents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The role of parents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parents of unschoolers provide resources, support, guidance, information, and advice to facilitate experiences that aid their children in accessing, navigating, and making sense of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common parental activities include sharing interesting books, articles, and activities with their children, helping them find knowledgeable people to explore an interest with (for example physics professors or automotive mechanics), and helping them set goals and figure out what they need to do to meet their goals. Unschooling's interest-based nature does not mean that it is a "hands-off" approach to education; parents tend to be involved, especially with younger children (older children, unless new to unschooling, often need less help in finding resources and in making and carrying out plans).<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paradigm_shift">Paradigm shift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paradigm shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because unschooling contradicts assumptions of the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">dominant culture</a>, advocates suggest that a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> in regards to education and child rearing is required before engaging with unschooling. New unschoolers are advised that they should not expect to understand the unschooling philosophy at first,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as many commonplace assumptions about education are unspoken and unwritten. One step towards this paradigm shift is accepting that "what we do is nowhere near as important as why we do it."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compared_with_other_homeschooling_models">Compared with other homeschooling models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compared with other homeschooling models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unschooling is a form of <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-beginners-guide-to-unschooling_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beginners-guide-to-unschooling-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-what-is-unschooling_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-is-unschooling-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the education of children at home or places other than in a school. Unschooling teaches children based on their interests rather than according to a set <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unschooling-2020_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unschooling-2020-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-what-is-unschooling_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-is-unschooling-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unschooling contrasts with other forms of homeschooling in that the student's education is not directed by a <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a> and curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-unschooling-2020_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unschooling-2020-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unschooling is a real-world implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Open_classroom" title="Open classroom">open classroom</a> methods promoted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, without the school, classrooms, or grades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Parents who unschool their children act as facilitators, providing a range of resources, helping their children access, navigate, and make sense of the world; they aid their children in making and implementing goals and plans for both the distant and immediate future. Unschooling expands from children's natural <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a> as an extension of their interests, concerns, needs, and goals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unschooling differs from <a href="/wiki/Discovery_learning" title="Discovery learning">discovery learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_education" title="Minimally invasive education">minimally invasive education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purpose-guided_education" title="Purpose-guided education">purpose-guided education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_advising" title="Academic advising">academic advising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">phenomenon-based learning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thematic_learning" title="Thematic learning">thematic learning</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (April 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a variety of approaches to designing and practicing unschooling. Some of the most popular include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldschooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldschooling">Worldschooling</a>, in which families travel around the world and learn through experiencing other places, people, cultures, and activities typical for these locations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-based_learning" title="Project-based learning">Project-based</a> unschooling, which holds that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges, problems, and projects that they can do in their own way and at their own pace.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gameschooling, employs various games like board and card games to facilitate learning.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to developing skills in math, language, and history, board games also develop social skills such as interpersonal communication, negotiation, persuasion, diplomacy, and virtues like good sportsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complementary_philosophies">Complementary philosophies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Complementary philosophies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unschooling families may adopt the following philosophies:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Unconditional Parenting</i> and <i>Punished by Rewards</i>—parenting and education books by <a href="/wiki/Alfie_Kohn" title="Alfie Kohn">Alfie Kohn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_concept" title="Continuum concept">The continuum concept</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">attachment parenting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment theory</a>—theories and practices attempting to encourage the child's development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a>—the idea that all forms of human association should be voluntary, as far as possible (voluntaryism opposes the initiation of aggressive force or coercion).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_forms_of_alternative_education">Other forms of alternative education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other forms of alternative education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many other forms of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">alternative education</a> also prioritize student control of learning, albeit not necessarily by the individual learner. These include free <a href="/wiki/Democratic_school" title="Democratic school">democratic schools</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonesoup_School" title="Stonesoup School">Stonesoup School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_learning" title="Open learning">open-learning</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual university">virtual universities</a>. Democratic schools gives students the ability to take classes as they please, as well as befriend children from all age groups (as the schools do not separate students into grades). Students can also practice the idea of democracy in many ways, as voting is a large part of their school experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeschooling criticism">Homeschooling criticism</a></div> <p>As a form of homeschooling, unschooling faces many of the same critiques as homeschooling. Criticisms of unschooling in particular tend to focus on whether students can receive sufficient education in a context with so little structure compared to standard schooling practices. Some critics maintain that it can be difficult to build sufficient motivation in students to allow them to learn without guardrails, and that some students might be left behind as a result,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that they might fare poorly compared with their peers.<sup id="cite_ref-readers-share-heated-opinions_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readers-share-heated-opinions-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents of unschooling fear that children may be at the mercy of bad parents, like those who withdraw their children from school without taking on the role of "teacher." This leaves children directionless, which can affect them later in life if they have no practice expanding their curiosity and integrating into society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2006 study of children aged five to ten, unschooled children scored below traditionally schooled children in four of seven studied categories, and significantly below structured homeschoolers in all seven studied categories.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-schooling_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-schooling activism">Anti-schooling activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deschooling_Society" title="Deschooling Society">Deschooling Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori method">Montessori method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_Back_to_School_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Not Back to School Camp">Not Back to School Camp</a>, an annual gathering of over 100 unschoolers ages 13 to 18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia_approach" title="Reggio Emilia approach">Reggio Emilia approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Teenage_Liberation_Handbook" title="The Teenage Liberation Handbook">The Teenage Liberation Handbook: How to Quit School and Get a Real Life and Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf Education">Waldorf Education</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unschooling_Books">Unschooling Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unschooling Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><small><b>Learning All The Time</b> Book by <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a></small></li> <li><b>"Teach Your Own: The John Holt Book of Homeschooling" by <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Farenga" title="Pat Farenga">Pat Farenga</a>,</b> A foundational text in the unschooling movement, this book explores self-directed education and the philosophy of trusting children to learn naturally</li> <li><b>"How Children Learn" by John Holt.</b> A classic that examines how children learn through curiosity and exploration, this book is a staple for understanding unschooling principles</li> <li><b>"The Unschooling Handbook: How to Use the Whole World as Your Child's Classroom" by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Griffith_(activist)" title="Mary Griffith (activist)">Mary Griffith</a>.</b> This practical guide includes real-life stories and tips for integrating learning into everyday life</li> <li><b>"Homeschooling - The Choice and the Consequences",</b> Ari Neuman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aharon_Aviram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aharon Aviram (page does not exist)">Aharon Aviram</a></li> <li><b>"The Call of the Wild + Free: Reclaiming Wonder in Your Child's Education"</b> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainsley_Arment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ainsley Arment (page does not exist)">Ainsley Arment</a>. This book challenges traditional schooling norms and celebrates child-led education</li> <li><b>"The Unschooling Journey: A Field Guide" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pam_Laricchia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pam Laricchia (page does not exist)">Pam Laricchia</a>.</b> Laricchia offers a personal and philosophical exploration of the unschooling lifestyle, tailored for families starting their journey</li> <li><b>"Sandra Dodd’s Big Book of Unschooling".</b> A comprehensive collection of thoughts, practices, and stories about unschooling, it’s designed for both new and experienced unschoolers by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Dodd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Dodd (page does not exist)">Sandra Dodd</a></li> <li><b>"Free to Learn: Five Ideas for a Joyful Unschooling Life"</b> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pam_Laricchia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pam Laricchia (page does not exist)">Pam Laricchia</a>. Part of a box set, this book dives into fostering a joyful and enriching unschooling environment</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persons_of_interest">Persons of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Persons of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Cullum" title="Albert Cullum">Albert Cullum</a>, elementary school teacher from 1960s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Gatto" title="John Taylor Gatto">John Taylor Gatto</a>, New York City's 1989 Teacher of the Year, New York State Teacher of the Year 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thomson_Iserbyt" title="Charlotte Thomson Iserbyt">Charlotte Thomson Iserbyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Llewellyn" title="Grace Llewellyn">Grace Llewellyn</a>, author/advocate/speaker/camp director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Priesnitz" title="Wendy Priesnitz">Wendy Priesnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Quinn" title="Daniel Quinn">Daniel Quinn</a>, author/cultural critic<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Robinson_(educationalist)" title="Ken Robinson (educationalist)">Ken Robinson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_unschoolers_of_note">Adult unschoolers of note</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Adult unschoolers of note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawyer_Fredericks" title="Sawyer Fredericks">Sawyer Fredericks</a>, singer/songwriter, <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._season_8)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Voice (U.S. season 8)"><i>The Voice</i> (U.S. season 8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Harvey-Smith" title="Lisa Harvey-Smith">Lisa Harvey-Smith</a>, astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Cicierega" title="Neil Cicierega">Neil Stephen Cicierega</a>, musician, singer/songwriter, animator, video game designer/creator, filmmaker, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_J._Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dale J. Stephens">Dale J. Stephens</a>, entrepreneur, speaker, author, and founder of <a href="/wiki/UnCollege" class="mw-redirect" title="UnCollege">UnCollege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>, political activist and computer programmer<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Aaron Swartz is said to have attended a private school in Chicago and Lake Forest College, neither of which appear to be unschooling institutions (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Taylor" title="Astra Taylor">Astra Taylor</a>, filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunny Taylor">Sunny Taylor</a>, painter and disability activist (also younger sister of Astra Taylor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Eilish" title="Billie Eilish">Billie Eilish</a>, singer/songwriter<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juliagatphotography.com/">Julia Gat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">Photographer</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Gat" title="Emanuel Gat">Emanuel Gat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreographer</a>. Known for her photography project <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juliagatphotography.com/khamsa-khamsa-khamsa">Khamsa khamsa khamsa</a></i> about her upbringing.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astor_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astor Taylor (page does not exist)">Astor Taylor</a> – Speaker and artist, advocate for creative education.</li> <li>Devin Young – Co-founder of Changemakers, social entrepreneur.</li> <li>Jeremy Stuart – Filmmaker, director of *Class Dismissed* documentary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kowalke" title="Peter Kowalke">Peter Kowalke</a> – Creator of *Grown Without Schooling* documentary.</li> <li>Zac Sunderland – Youngest solo sailor to circumnavigate the globe.</li> <li>Dale J. Stephens – Founder of UnCollege, Thiel Fellow.</li> <li>Logan LaPlante – TEDx speaker on "Hackschooling" and self-directed learning.</li> <li>Maya Donnelly – Writer focused on identity and alternative education.</li> <li>Kio Stark – Author of *Don’t Go Back to School*.</li> <li>Nathen Aaren – Entrepreneur and coach inspired by unschooling.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArnall2018" class="citation book cs1">Arnall, Judy (2018). <i>Unschooling to University</i> (1st ed.). Calgary, Alberta: Professional Parenting. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781775178606" title="Special:BookSources/9781775178606"><bdi>9781775178606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unschooling+to+University&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Professional+Parenting&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781775178606&rft.aulast=Arnall&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer" class="citation web cs1">Greer, Billy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115060121/http://unschooling.org/fun12_unschooling.htm">"Unschooling or homeschooling?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jun 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Gameschooling&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemulberryjournal.com%2Factivities%2Fmathematics%2Fultimate-guide-gameschooling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206094522/https://alternativestoschool.com/articles/democratic-schools/">"Democratic Schools"</a>. <i>Alternatives to School</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alternativestoschool.com/articles/democratic-schools/">the original</a> on 2022-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternatives+to+School&rft.atitle=Democratic+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falternativestoschool.com%2Farticles%2Fdemocratic-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2006" class="citation news cs1">Clayton, Victoria (2006-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212400/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15029646">"A new chapter in education: unschooling"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15029646">the original</a> on 2023-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+new+chapter+in+education%3A+unschooling&rft.date=2006-10-02&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna15029646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-readers-share-heated-opinions-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-readers-share-heated-opinions_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15148804">"Readers share heated opinions on "unschooling"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. 2006-10-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110828/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15148804/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Readers+share+heated+opinions+on+%22unschooling%22&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna15148804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErbe2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Erbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Erbe">Erbe, Bonnie</a> (27 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205085905/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/erbe/2006/11/27/unspooling-unschooling">"Unspooling 'Unschooling'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/erbe/2006/11/27/unspooling-unschooling">the original</a> on 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Unspooling+%27Unschooling%27&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft.aulast=Erbe&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fblogs%2Ferbe%2F2006%2F11%2F27%2Funspooling-unschooling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220327/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/11/unschool-children-monitor-home-schooling-education">"Rise of the home 'unschoolers' – where children learn only what they want to"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 2016-10-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/11/unschool-children-monitor-home-schooling-education">the original</a> on 2023-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rise+of+the+home+%27unschoolers%27+%E2%80%93+where+children+learn+only+what+they+want+to&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2016%2Foct%2F11%2Funschool-children-monitor-home-schooling-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-ChangGouldMeuse2011" class="citation journal cs1">Martin-Chang, Sandra; Gould, O.N.; Meuse, R.E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232544669">"The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science</i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0022697">10.1037/a0022697</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Behavioural+Science&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+schooling+on+academic+achievement%3A+Evidence+from+home-schooled+and+traditionally-schooled+students&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0022697&rft.aulast=Martin-Chang&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Gould%2C+O.N.&rft.au=Meuse%2C+R.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F232544669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730191705/http://ishmael.org:80/Education/Writings/unschooling.shtml">"Schooling: The Hidden Agenda"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ishmael.org/Education/Writings/unschooling.shtml">the original</a> on 2019-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schooling%3A+The+Hidden+Agenda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fishmael.org%2FEducation%2FWritings%2Funschooling.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_GestelQuinnHunt2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Gestel, Nanda; Quinn, Daniel; Hunt, Jan (2008). <i>The Unschooling Unmanual</i>. USA: The Natural Child Project. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0968575451" title="Special:BookSources/978-0968575451"><bdi>978-0968575451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unschooling+Unmanual&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=The+Natural+Child+Project&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0968575451&rft.aulast=Van+Gestel&rft.aufirst=Nanda&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809044407/https://static.onecms.io/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sites/38/2022/02/22/WE-ARE-FAMILY_-SEASON-2-EPISODE-22-Maggie-Baird.pdf">"Transcript of We Are Family Season 2 Episode 22: Maggie Baird"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Parents.com. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.onecms.io/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sites/38/2022/02/22/WE-ARE-FAMILY_-SEASON-2-EPISODE-22-Maggie-Baird.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+We+Are+Family+Season+2+Episode+22%3A+Maggie+Baird&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Parents.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.onecms.io%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2Fsites%2F38%2F2022%2F02%2F22%2FWE-ARE-FAMILY_-SEASON-2-EPISODE-22-Maggie-Baird.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Learning-All-Time-John-Holt/dp/0201550911">Learning All the Time</a>. How small children begin to read, write, count, and investigate the world, without being taught</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Griffith1998" class="citation book cs1">Mary Griffith (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761512769"><i>The Unschooling Handbook: How to Use the Whole World As Your Child's Classroom</i></a>. Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761512769" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761512769"><bdi>978-0761512769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unschooling+Handbook%3A+How+to+Use+the+Whole+World+As+Your+Child%27s+Classroom&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0761512769&rft.au=Mary+Griffith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780761512769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace_Llewelyn1998" class="citation book cs1">Grace Llewelyn (1998). <i>The Teenage Liberation Handbook: How to Quit School and Get a Real Life and Education</i>. Lowry House Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0962959172" title="Special:BookSources/978-0962959172"><bdi>978-0962959172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teenage+Liberation+Handbook%3A+How+to+Quit+School+and+Get+a+Real+Life+and+Education&rft.pub=Lowry+House+Pub&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0962959172&rft.au=Grace+Llewelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace_LlewelynAmy_Silver2001" class="citation book cs1">Grace Llewelyn & Amy Silver (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guerrillalearnin00grac"><i>Guerrilla Learning: How to Give Your Kids a Real Education With or Without School</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471349600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471349600"><bdi>978-0471349600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Learning%3A+How+to+Give+Your+Kids+a+Real+Education+With+or+Without+School&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0471349600&rft.au=Grace+Llewelyn&rft.au=Amy+Silver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguerrillalearnin00grac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Taylor_Gatto2000" class="citation book cs1">John Taylor Gatto (2000). <i>The Underground History of American Education: A School Teacher's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling</i>. Odysseus Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0945700043" title="Special:BookSources/978-0945700043"><bdi>978-0945700043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Underground+History+of+American+Education%3A+A+School+Teacher%27s+Intimate+Investigation+Into+the+Problem+of+Modern+Schooling&rft.pub=Odysseus+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0945700043&rft.au=John+Taylor+Gatto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517062832/http://johntaylorgatto.com/chapters/index.htm">The Underground History of American Education by John Taylor Gatto (complete download)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_GestelHuntQuinnKream2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Gestel, Nanda; Hunt, Jan; Quinn, Daniel; Kream, Rue; et al. (2008). <i>The Unschooling Unmanual</i>. The Natural Child Project. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0968575451" title="Special:BookSources/978-0968575451"><bdi>978-0968575451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unschooling+Unmanual&rft.pub=The+Natural+Child+Project&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0968575451&rft.aulast=Van+Gestel&rft.aufirst=Nanda&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jan&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Kream%2C+Rue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnschooling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays_and_articles">Essays and articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Essays and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/john_gatto.html">"Why Schools Don't Educate - Teacher of the Year acceptance speech"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ttfuture.org/files/2/pdf/gotto_interview.pdf">Everything We Think About Schooling Is Wrong!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031925/http://www.ttfuture.org/files/2/pdf/gotto_interview.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Interview with Gatto (PDF file download)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.self-directed.org/sde">What is Self-Directed Education?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unschooling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnholtgws.com/">Growing without schooling by John Holt</a></li> <li>Common Objections to Homeschooling by John Holt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naturalchild.org/articles/john_holt/common_objections/10-17.html">The Natural Child Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joyfullyrejoycing.com/">Joyfully Rejoycing</a> by Joyce Fetteroll</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingjoyfully.ca/">Living Joyfully with Unschooling</a> by Pam Laricchia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Homeschooling270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homeschooling" title="Template:Homeschooling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homeschooling" title="Template talk:Homeschooling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homeschooling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homeschooling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Homeschooling270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deschooling" title="Deschooling">Deschooling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unschooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#All-in-one_curricula" title="Homeschooling">All-in-one curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschool_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeschool cooperative">Homeschool cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#Unit_studies" title="Homeschooling">Unit studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Gatto" title="John Taylor Gatto">John Taylor Gatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Llewellyn" title="Grace Llewellyn">Grace Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Priesnitz" title="Wendy Priesnitz">Wendy Priesnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousas_Rushdoony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousas Rushdoony">Rousas Rushdoony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Farenga" title="Pat Farenga">Pat Farenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kowalke" title="Peter Kowalke">Peter Kowalke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics" title="Homeschooling international status and statistics">International status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_and_distance_education_in_Australia" title="Homeschooling and distance education in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_Canada" title="Homeschooling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_and_alternative_education_in_India" title="Homeschooling and alternative education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_New_Zealand" title="Homeschooling in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_South_Africa" title="Homeschooling in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Home education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States" title="Homeschooling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_Otherwise" title="Education Otherwise">Education Otherwise</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_School_Legal_Defense_Association" title="Home School Legal Defense Association">Home School Legal Defense Association</a> (US)</li> <li>Umbrella school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Home_Education_Exchange" title="Global Home Education Exchange">Global Home Education Exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_homeschooling_programmes" title="List of homeschooling programmes">List of homeschooling programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic">Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-parent_homeschooling" title="Single-parent homeschooling">Single-parent homeschooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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