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<ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_in_behaviour_or_mental_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_behaviour_or_mental_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Changes in behaviour or mental status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_behaviour_or_mental_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Physical signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weakened_immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weakened_immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Weakened immune system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weakened_immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_of_starvation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_starvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Stages of starvation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_starvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Capital punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Starvation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="भुखमरी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भुखमरी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="جوع شديد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوع شديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanici%C3%B3" title="Inanició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inanició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterern%C3%A4hrung" title="Unterernährung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unterernährung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichin" title="Dichin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dichin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="भोकमरी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भोकमरी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4lgimine" title="Nälgimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nälgimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanici%C3%B3n" title="Inanición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inanición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuleria" title="Ahuleria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahuleria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="گرسنگی شدید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرسنگی شدید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous-alimentation" title="Sous-alimentation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sous-alimentation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanici%C3%B3n" title="Inanición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inanición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B6%EC%A3%BC%EB%A6%BC" title="굶주림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굶주림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սովամահություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սովամահություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="भुखमरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भुखमरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothranjenost" title="Pothranjenost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pothranjenost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebuluran" title="Kebuluran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebuluran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badavimas" title="Badavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Badavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebuluran" title="Kebuluran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebuluran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%A2%E9%A4%93" title="飢餓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="飢餓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult" title="Sult – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sult" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svolt" title="Svolt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svolt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlik" title="Ochlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ochlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82odzenie" title="Głodzenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Głodzenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inani%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Inanição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inanição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Голодная смерть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голодная смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uria_(gjendje_sh%C3%ABndet%C3%ABsore)" title="Uria (gjendje shëndetësore) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uria (gjendje shëndetësore)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Starvation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradanje" title="Stradanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stradanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgladnjelost" title="Izgladnjelost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izgladnjelost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4lkiintyminen" title="Nälkiintyminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nälkiintyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4lt" title="Svält – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svält" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istarbasyon" title="Istarbasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Istarbasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="பட்டினி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பட்டினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="ความอดอยาก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความอดอยาก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Голодування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голодування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%91%C3%B3i" title="Chết đói – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chết đói" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4lg" title="Nälg – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nälg" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Caloric intake below what is needed to maintain an organism's life</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Starving" redirects here. For the Hailee Steinfeld song, see <a href="/wiki/Starving_(song)" title="Starving (song)">Starving (song)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about extreme malnutrition. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Starvation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Starvation (disambiguation)">Starvation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Starvation</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_affected_by_famine_in_Buguruslan,_Russia_-_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Girl_affected_by_famine_in_Buguruslan%2C_Russia_-_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="406" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Starving Russian girl during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Russian famine of 1921–1922">Russian famine of 1921–1922</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Critical_care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical care medicine">Critical care medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">feeling weak or tired</a>, lack of energy, loss of consciousness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoglycaemia">low blood sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">dangerously low blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ failure">organ failure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">based on symptoms</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive care">intensive care</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Starvation</b> is a severe deficiency in caloric <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">energy</a> intake, below the level needed to maintain an organism's life. It is the most extreme form of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>. In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> damage<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. The term <i><b>inanition</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the symptoms and effects of starvation. Starvation by outside forces <a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">is a crime</a> according to <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international criminal law</a> and may also be used as a means of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a> is the single gravest threat to the world's public health.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WHO also states that <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> is by far the biggest contributor to <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a>, present in half of all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undernutrition is a contributory factor in the death of 3.1 million children under five every year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results also demonstrates that as global hunger levels have stabilized, however, despite some progress in specific areas such as stunting and exclusive breastfeeding, an alarming number of people still face food insecurity and malnutrition. In fact, the world has been set back 15 years, with levels of undernourishment similar to those in 2008-2009, with between 713 and 757 million people undernourished in 2023, and over 152 million more than in 2019 when the mid-range was 733 million.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bloated stomach represents a form of malnutrition called <a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">kwashiorkor</a>. The exact pathogenesis of kwashiorkor is not clear, as initially it was thought to relate to diets high in carbohydrates (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>) but low in <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bettermedicine_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettermedicine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many patients have low albumin, this is thought to be a consequence of the condition. Possible causes such as <a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">aflatoxin</a> poisoning, <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immune_dysregulation" title="Immune dysregulation">immune dysregulation</a>, and altered <a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">gut microbiota</a> have been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians_Protein-Energy_Malnutrition_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians_Protein-Energy_Malnutrition-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment can help mitigate symptoms such as the pictured <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> wasting, however prevention is of utmost importance.<sup id="cite_ref-bettermedicine_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettermedicine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without any food, humans usually die in around 2 months.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a case when someone survived over a year (382 days) under <a href="/wiki/Medical_supervision" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical supervision">medical supervision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lean people can usually survive with a loss of up to 18% of their <a href="/wiki/Body_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Body mass">body mass</a>; obese people can tolerate more, possibly over 20%. Biological females survive longer than males.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Starvation" title="Special:EditPage/Starvation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starved_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/180px-Starved_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/270px-Starved_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/360px-Starved_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>A girl during the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> of the late 1960s, shown suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition</figcaption></figure> <p>The following are some of the symptoms of starvation: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_behaviour_or_mental_status">Changes in behaviour or mental status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Changes in behaviour or mental status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning stages of starvation impact mental status and behaviours. These symptoms show up as irritable and/or unstable mood, fatigue, trouble concentrating, and preoccupation with food thoughts. People with those symptoms tend to be easily distracted and have no energy. Psychological effects are profound, including depression, anxiety, and a decrease in cognitive functions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_signs">Physical signs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As starvation progresses, the physical symptoms set in. The timing of these symptoms depends on age, size, and overall health. It usually takes days to weeks, and includes weakness, fast heart rate, shallow breaths that are slowed, thirst, and constipation. There may also be diarrhea in some cases. The eyes begin to sink in and glass over. The muscles begin to become smaller and muscle wasting sets in. Tiredness and <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a> also commonly occur, especially from any physical task. The skin is often overly <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One prominent <a href="/wiki/Undernutrition_in_children" title="Undernutrition in children">sign in children</a> is a swollen belly. Skin loosens and turns pale in color, and there may be swelling of the feet and ankles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weakened_immune_system">Weakened immune system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weakened immune system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symptoms of starvation may also appear as a weakened immune system, slow wound healing, and poor response to infection. Rashes may develop on the skin. The body directs any nutrients available to keeping organs functioning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_symptoms">Other symptoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other effects of starvation may include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchenwald-J-Rouard-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Buchenwald-J-Rouard-12.jpg/180px-Buchenwald-J-Rouard-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Buchenwald-J-Rouard-12.jpg/270px-Buchenwald-J-Rouard-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Buchenwald-J-Rouard-12.jpg/360px-Buchenwald-J-Rouard-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> inmates, 16 April 1945 when camp was liberated</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallstones">Gallstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">Irregular</a> or absent <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual periods</a> in women</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">Kidney disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">Electrolyte imbalance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaciation" title="Emaciation">Emaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliguria" title="Oliguria">Oliguria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages_of_starvation">Stages of starvation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stages of starvation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symptoms of starvation show up in three stages. Phase one and two can show up in anyone that skips meals, diets, and goes through fasting. Phase three is more severe, can be fatal, and results from long-term starvation. </p><p><b>Phase one:</b> When meals are skipped, the body begins to maintain blood sugar levels by degrading glycogen in the liver and breaking down stored fat and protein. The liver can provide glucose for the first few hours. After that, the body begins to break down fat and protein. The body uses fatty acids as an energy source for muscles but lowers the amount of glucose sent to the brain. Another chemical that comes from fatty acids is glycerol. It can be used as glucose for energy but eventually runs out. </p><p><b>Phase two:</b> Phase two can last for weeks at a time. In this phase, the body mainly uses stored fat for energy. The breakdown occurs in the liver and turns fat into ketones. After fasting for one week, the brain will use these ketones and any available glucose. Using ketones lowers the need for glucose, and the body slows the breakdown of proteins. </p><p><b>Phase three:</b> By this point, the fat stores are gone, and the body begins to turn to stored protein for energy. This means it needs to break down muscle tissues full of protein; the muscles break down very quickly. Protein is essential for cells to work correctly, and when it runs out, the cells can no longer function. </p><p>The cause of death due to starvation is usually an infection or the result of tissue breakdown. This is due to the body becoming unable to produce enough energy to fight off bacteria and viruses. The final stage of starvation includes signals like hair color loss, skin flaking, swelling in the extremities, and a bloated belly. Even though they may feel hunger, people in the final stage of starvation usually cannot eat enough food to recover without significant medical intervention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starvation occurs when the body expends more energy than it takes in for an extended period of time. This imbalance can arise from one or more medical conditions or circumstantial situations, which can include: </p><p><b>Medical reasons</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDNOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EDNOS">Eating disorder, not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">Celiac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">Coma</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Tenmei_Famine_Map_Artwork.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Great_Tenmei_Famine_Map_Artwork.png/180px-Great_Tenmei_Famine_Map_Artwork.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Great_Tenmei_Famine_Map_Artwork.png/270px-Great_Tenmei_Famine_Map_Artwork.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Great_Tenmei_Famine_Map_Artwork.png/360px-Great_Tenmei_Famine_Map_Artwork.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>Starving peasants during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Tenmei_famine" title="Great Tenmei famine">Great Tenmei famine</a> in 18th century Japan</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive disease">Digestive disease</a></li> <li>Constant <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a></li></ul> <p><b>Circumstantial causes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">elder</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dependent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent">dependent</a> abuse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a> for any reason, such as political strife and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_striking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger striking">Hunger striking</a></li> <li>Excessive <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starvation_response" title="Starvation response">Starvation response</a></div> <p>With a typical high-carbohydrate diet, the human body relies on free <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> as its primary energy source. Glucose can be obtained directly from dietary sugars and by the breakdown of other carbohydrates. In the absence of dietary sugars and carbohydrates, glucose is obtained from the breakdown of stored glycogen. Glycogen is a readily-accessible storage form of glucose, stored in notable quantities in the liver and skeletal muscle. </p><p>After the exhaustion of the glycogen reserve, and for the next two to three days, <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">fatty acids become the principal metabolic fuel</a>. At first, the brain continues to use glucose. If a non-brain tissue is using fatty acids as its metabolic fuel, the use of glucose in the same tissue is switched off. Thus, when fatty acids are being broken down for energy, all of the remaining glucose is made available for use by the brain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After two or three days of fasting, the liver begins to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">ketone bodies</a> from precursors obtained from fatty acid breakdown. The brain uses these ketone bodies as fuel, thus cutting its requirement for glucose. After fasting for three days, the brain gets 30% of its energy from ketone bodies. After four days, this may increase to 70% or more.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the production of ketone bodies cuts the brain's glucose requirement from 80 g per day to 30 g per day, about 35% of normal, with 65% derived from ketone bodies. But of the brain's remaining 30 g requirement, 20 g per day can be produced by the liver from <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> (itself a product of fat breakdown). This still leaves a deficit of about 10 g of glucose per day that must be supplied from another source; this other source will be the body's own proteins. </p><p>After exhaustion of fat stores, the cells in the body <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">begin to break down protein</a>. This releases <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a> produced from <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a>, which can be converted into glucose by the liver. Since much of human muscle mass is protein, this phenomenon is responsible for the wasting away of muscle mass seen in starvation. However, the body is able to choose which cells will break down protein and which will not. About 2–3 g of protein has to be broken down to synthesize 1 g of glucose; about 20–30 g of protein is broken down each day to make 10 g of glucose to keep the brain alive. However, this number may decrease the longer the fasting period is continued, in order to conserve protein. </p><p>Starvation ensues when the fat reserves are completely exhausted and protein is the only fuel source available to the body. Thus, after periods of starvation, the loss of body protein affects the function of important organs, and death results, even if there are still fat reserves left. In a leaner person, the fat reserves are depleted faster, and the protein, sooner, therefore death occurs sooner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ultimately, the cause of death is in general <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>, brought on by tissue degradation and <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> imbalances. Conditions like <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a> may also kill starving people.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starvation can be caused by factors beyond the control of the individual. The <a href="/wiki/Rome_Declaration_on_World_Food_Security" title="Rome Declaration on World Food Security">Rome Declaration on World Food Security</a> outlines several policies aimed at increasing <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a><sup id="cite_ref-faoromedeclaration_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faoromedeclaration-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, consequently, preventing starvation. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">Poverty reduction</a></li> <li>Prevention of <a href="/wiki/War#On_civilians" title="War">wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">political instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">Food aid</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Agricultural sustainability</a></li> <li>Reduction of <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a></li></ul> <p>Supporting <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a> in areas of food insecurity through such measures as free or subsidized <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> increases food harvest and reduces <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newyorktimes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorktimes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starvation is commonly used as a method of warfare, however, <a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">it has been outlawed and is now a crime</a>. Notable incidents in history include the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">blockade of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra" title="Blockade of Biafra">blockade of Biafra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jordash_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordash-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patients that suffer from starvation can be treated, but this must be done cautiously to avoid <a href="/wiki/Refeeding_syndrome" title="Refeeding syndrome">refeeding syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18583681_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18583681-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rest and warmth must be provided and maintained. Food can be given gradually in small quantities. The quantity of food can be increased over time. Proteins may be administered intravenously to raise the level of <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For worse situations, <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a> care and <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a> medications can be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Famine_relief" title="Famine relief">Famine relief</a></div> <p>Many organizations have been highly effective at reducing starvation in different regions. Aid agencies give direct assistance to individuals, while political organizations pressure political leaders to enact more macro-scale policies that will reduce famine and provide aid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg/310px-Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg/465px-Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg/620px-Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of population suffering from hunger, <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>, 2020:<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#29b8c7; color:black;"> </span> < 2.5%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#16b484; color:black;"> </span> < 5.0%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fec960; color:black;"> </span> 5.0–14.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f47846; color:black;"> </span> 15.0–24.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2203a; color:black;"> </span> 25.0–34.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7f0928; color:white;"> </span> > 35.0%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b5aba4; color:black;"> </span> No data</div></figcaption></figure> <p>According to estimates by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, between 720 and 811 million people were affected by hunger globally in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a decrease from estimated 925 million in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and roughly 1 billion in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-state2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, 923 million people were reported as being undernourished, an increase of 80 million since 1990–92.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 820 million people did not have enough to eat in 2018, up from 811 million in the previous year, which is the third year of increase in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the definitions of starving and malnourished people are different, the number of starving people is different from that of malnourished. Generally, far fewer people are starving than are malnourished. </p><p>The proportion of malnourished and starving people in the world has been more or less continually decreasing for at least several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to an increasing supply of food and to overall gains in <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economic efficiency</a>. In 40 years, the proportion of malnourished people in the developing world has been more than halved. The proportion of starving people has decreased even faster. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>1970</th> <th>1980</th> <th>1990</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2009 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Proportion of undernourished people in the less-developed world<sup id="cite_ref-state2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>37 %</td> <td>28 %</td> <td>20 %</td> <td>16 %</td> <td>17 %</td> <td>16 % </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_punishment">Capital punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Capital punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Starvation" title="Special:EditPage/Starvation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Women_of_the_Caesars/Tiberius_and_Agrippina" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Women of the Caesars/Tiberius and Agrippina">The Women of the Caesars</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg/170px-The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg/255px-The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg/340px-The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>The starving <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a> refusing food.<br />From a drawing by André Castagne.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, starvation has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">death sentence</a>. From the beginning of civilization to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, people were <a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">immured</a>, and died for want of food. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">ancient Greco-Roman societies</a>, starvation was sometimes used to dispose of guilty upper-class citizens, especially erring female members of patrician families. In the year 31, <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a>, the niece and daughter-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, was discreetly starved to death by her mother for her adulterous relationship with <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a> and for her complicity in the murder of her own husband, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Drusus the Younger">Drusus the Younger</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another daughter-in-law of Tiberius, named <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a> (a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and the mother of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>), also died of starvation, in 33 AD; however, it is unclear if her starvation was self-inflicted. </p><p>A son and daughter of Agrippina were also executed by starvation for political reasons; <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Caesar" title="Drusus Caesar">Drusus Caesar</a>, her second son, was put in prison in 33 AD, and starved to death by orders of Tiberius (he managed to stay alive for nine days by chewing the stuffing of his bed); Agrippina's youngest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a>, was exiled on an island in 41 by her uncle, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, and her death by starvation was arranged by the empress <a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a>. </p><p>It is also possible that <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a> were starved when found guilty of breaking their vows of <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Ugolino della Gherardesca</a>, his sons, and other members of his family were immured in the <a href="/wiki/Muda_(tower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muda (tower)">Muda</a>, a tower of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, and starved to death in the thirteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1317, King <a href="/wiki/Birger,_King_of_Sweden" title="Birger, King of Sweden">Birger of Sweden</a> imprisoned his two brothers for a coup they had staged several years earlier (<a href="/wiki/Nyk%C3%B6ping_Banquet" title="Nyköping Banquet">Nyköping Banquet</a>). According to legend they died of starvation a few weeks later, since their brother had thrown the prison key in the castle moat. </p><p>In Cornwall in the UK in 1671, <a href="/wiki/John_Trehenban" title="John Trehenban">John Trehenban</a> from <a href="/wiki/St_Columb_Major" title="St Columb Major">St Columb Major</a> was condemned to be starved to death in a cage at <a href="/wiki/Castle_An_Dinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle An Dinas">Castle An Dinas</a> for the murder of two girls. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Makah" title="Makah">Makah</a>, a Native American tribe inhabiting the Pacific Northwest near the modern border of Canada and the United States, practiced death by starvation as a punishment for slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 world food price crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_mirabilis" title="Anorexia mirabilis">Anorexia mirabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">Cachexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Starvation mode">Starvation mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine_scales" title="Famine scales">Famine scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">List of famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_of_starvation" title="List of people who died of starvation">List of people who died of starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marasmus" title="Marasmus">Marasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein poisoning">Protein poisoning</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Food+Insecurity+in+the+World+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fi0291e%2Fi0291e00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarvation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news/item/15-07-2019-world-hunger-is-still-not-going-down-after-three-years-and-obesity-is-still-growing-un-report">"World hunger is still not going down after three years and obesity is still growing – UN report"</a>. <i>www.who.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=World+hunger+is+still+not+going+down+after+three+years+and+obesity+is+still+growing+%E2%80%93+UN+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F15-07-2019-world-hunger-is-still-not-going-down-after-three-years-and-obesity-is-still-growing-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarvation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogel2004" class="citation book cs1">Fogel, Robert William (2004-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qY-1Bto2yNcC&pg=PR11"><i>The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00488-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Escape+from+Hunger+and+Premature+Death%2C+1700%E2%80%932100%3A+Europe%2C+America%2C+and+the+Third+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-05-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00488-6&rft.aulast=Fogel&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqY-1Bto2yNcC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarvation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> Agricultural and Development Economics Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0750e/a0750e00.htm">"The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2006 : Eradicating world hunger – taking stock ten years after the World Food Summit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2006, p. 8. "Because of population growth, the very small decrease in the number of hungry people has nevertheless resulted in a reduction in the proportion of undernourished people in the developing countries by 3 percentage points – from 20 percent in 1990–92 to 17 percent in 2001–03. (…) the prevalence of undernourishment declined by 9 percent (from 37 percent to 28 percent) between 1969–71 and 1979–81 and by a further 8 percentage points (to 20 percent) between 1979–81 and 1990–92".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> Economic and Social Development Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm">"The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2008, p. 6. "Good progress in reducing the share of hungry people in the developing world had been achieved – down from almost 20 percent in 1990–92 to less than 18 percent in 1995–97 and just above 16 percent in 2003–05. The estimates show that rising food prices have thrown that progress into reverse, with the proportion of undernourished people worldwide moving back towards 17 percent".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald, Leland (1997). Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America, University of California Press, p. 23</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starvation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Starvation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Starvation">Starvation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Starvation" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Starvation">Starvation</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Starvation&library=OLBP">Online books</a>, and library resources <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Starvation">in your library</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Starvation&library=0CHOOSE0">in other libraries</a> about Starvation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/index.html">U.N. Chief: Hunger Kills 17,000 Kids Daily</a> - by <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonZeikus,_RChan,_IF1987" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, DE; Zeikus, R; Chan, IF (Apr 1987). "Relationship of organ lipoprotein lipase activity and ketonuria to hypertriglyceridemia in starved and streptozocin-induced diabetic rats". <i>Diabetes</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 485–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.36.4.485">10.2337/diabetes.36.4.485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3817303">3817303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diabetes&rft.atitle=Relationship+of+organ+lipoprotein+lipase+activity+and+ketonuria+to+hypertriglyceridemia+in+starved+and+streptozocin-induced+diabetic+rats.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=485-90&rft.date=1987-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2337%2Fdiabetes.36.4.485&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3817303&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=DE&rft.au=Zeikus%2C+R&rft.au=Chan%2C+IF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarvation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanerConnor,_WE1975" class="citation journal cs1">Swaner, JC; Connor, WE (Aug 1975). "Hypercholesterolemia of total starvation: its mechanism via tissue mobilization of cholesterol". <i>The American Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>229</b> (2): 365–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1975.229.2.365">10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.229.2.365</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/169705">169705</a>.</cite><span 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Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T73.0">T73.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=994.2">994.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013217">D013217</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb12415.htm">12415</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malnutrition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaciation" title="Emaciation">Emaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">Kwashiorkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marasmus" title="Marasmus">Marasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabolysis" title="Catabolysis">Catabolysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>B<sub>1</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">Beriberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernicke's encephalopathy">Wernicke's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Korsakoff's syndrome">Korsakoff's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>2</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin#Deficiency" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>3</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">Pellagra</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>6</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyridoxine deficiency">Pyridoxine deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>7</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotin_deficiency" title="Biotin deficiency">Biotin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>9</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folate_deficiency" title="Folate deficiency">Folate deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>12</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency" title="Vitamin A deficiency">Vitamin A deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitot%27s_spots" title="Bitot's spots">Bitot's spots</a></li></ul></li> <li>C: <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">Scurvy</a></li> <li>D: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency" title="Vitamin D deficiency">Vitamin D deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">Rickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">Osteomalacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_groove" title="Harrison's groove">Harrison's groove</a></li></ul></li> <li>E: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E_deficiency" title="Vitamin E deficiency">Vitamin E deficiency</a></li> <li>K: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency" title="Vitamin K deficiency">Vitamin K deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_deficiency" title="Mineral deficiency">Mineral deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">Electrolyte imbalance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochloremia" title="Hypochloremia">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium deficiency (medicine)">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphatemia" title="Hypophosphatemia">Phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">Sodium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(medicine)" title="Manganese deficiency (medicine)">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_deficiency" title="Chromium deficiency">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency" title="Molybdenum deficiency">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_deficiency" title="Selenium deficiency">Selenium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keshan_disease" title="Keshan disease">Keshan disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_deficiency" title="Fluorine deficiency">Fluorine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Growth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformity" title="Deformity">Deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_milestone" title="Delayed milestone">Delayed milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short stature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_short_stature" title="Idiopathic short stature">Idiopathic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">Cachexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficiency_(medicine)" title="Deficiency (medicine)">Deficiency (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition" title="Epidemiology of malnutrition">Epidemiology of malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Food fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation (crime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_dehydration" title="Terminal dehydration">Terminal dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undernutrition_in_children" title="Undernutrition in children">Undernutrition in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="World food crises (2022–present)">World food crises (2022–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consequences_of_external_causes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template talk:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consequences_of_external_causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Consequences of <a href="/wiki/External_cause" title="External cause">external causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">Heat syncope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reduced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes" title="Immersion foot syndromes">Immersion foot syndromes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Trench foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical immersion foot">Tropical immersion foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_water_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm water immersion foot">Warm water immersion foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilblains" title="Chilblains">Chilblains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold intolerance">Cold intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocyanosis" title="Acrocyanosis">Acrocyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocyanosis_crurum" title="Erythrocyanosis crurum">Erythrocyanosis crurum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic radiation keratosis">Chronic radiation keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic,_polymorphic,_and_pruritic_eruption_associated_with_radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy">Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_acne" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation acne">Radiation acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_erythema_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced erythema multiforme">Radiation-induced erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_hypertrophic_scar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar">Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_keloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced keloid">Radiation-induced keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced morphea">Radiation-induced morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">Radiation poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_recall_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation recall reaction">Radiation recall reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">Arterial gas embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">High altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">Chronic mountain sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">Death zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">High-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">High-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maltreatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airsickness" title="Airsickness">Airsickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">Electrical injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning injuries">Lightning injuries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped <br /> skin conditions <br /> resulting from <br /> physical factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatosis_neglecta" title="Dermatosis neglecta">Dermatosis neglecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_mark" title="Pinch mark">Pinch mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoverrucous_papules_and_nodules" title="Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules">Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_lymphangitis" title="Sclerosing lymphangitis">Sclerosing lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_anhidrotic_asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical anhidrotic asthenia">Tropical anhidrotic asthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV-sensitive_syndrome" title="UV-sensitive syndrome">UV-sensitive syndrome</a></li> <li><i>environmental skin conditions</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_burn" title="Electrical burn">Electrical burn</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>frictional/traumatic/sports</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_heel_and_palm" title="Black heel and palm">Black heel and palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_perniosis" title="Equestrian perniosis">Equestrian perniosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Fissure of the nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulling_boat_hands" title="Pulling boat hands">Pulling boat hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_rump" title="Runner's rump">Runner's rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_knots" title="Surfer's knots">Surfer's knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_toe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis toe">Tennis toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_white_finger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration white finger">Vibration white finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering_nodule_of_ear" title="Weathering nodule of ear">Weathering nodule of ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestler%27s_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler's ear">Wrestler's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_cut" title="Coral cut">Coral cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painful_fat_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Painful fat herniation">Painful fat herniation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dermatosis" title="Uranium dermatosis">Uranium dermatosis</a></li> <li><i>iv use</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pop_scar" title="Skin pop scar">Skin pop scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_track" title="Skin track">Skin track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Slap mark">Slap mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoacanthosis_nigricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoacanthosis nigricans">Pseudoacanthosis nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotic_dermopathy" title="Narcotic dermopathy">Narcotic dermopathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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