CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.journals.uchicago.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9179308ab9193e1d',cH: 'h8s0Wz40qLE4F8TAYC_.nmzpkHFqO81mJFbLGNZWSUw-1740502176-1.2.1.1-wmPrEUsu5_PIvQARKTAbq0wyizo1mLpNzhcYrlA0Nqp6rPtcpwkTTp_S1ogemm8.',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.1086\/241846?__cf_chl_tk=gYdYfbZ9mQ1UQOlRqDL3rWu.4RbT7EJ7dp95KkWBsc0-1740502176-1.0.1.1-N_h_TYYS38VfImOGGSLclszW0EC97YhgDWtmILrhqq0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740502176',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.1086\/241846?__cf_chl_f_tk=gYdYfbZ9mQ1UQOlRqDL3rWu.4RbT7EJ7dp95KkWBsc0-1740502176-1.0.1.1-N_h_TYYS38VfImOGGSLclszW0EC97YhgDWtmILrhqq0",md: "xC0iDjhHsxiyOMvOcJLM5GRcHCmEUaqX_m7.6aP6juw-1740502176-1.2.1.1-cj_Ba56U7DieXZLFZEWLvnPy1dZBwE5USGEgFDDmq785JLcWPxpumkGr0FwJciI74FzbpIxlR10dueEaoOeOfMC4f0EE_ElPsxIpEplBshSiOJVvbTdZUmcA8eFs3ooAtr3v.ibwq0UpWos5aJwz86PFmruZz4ZBoxlavsFLfA7dfZtK_Oy7hpjCfq5gfcS4SXnXw4lL86rrBA2Iguw6UwiKO.9eUVaXtoi5U_2NLSFGdzkkSolKEZIYyjmPcZrmKMODyHGwrfeAgSuo8aaCW.SgykSjjjg8qZOmEveKI_FDqdyCh8aWRe_myoWhDpUYfXf8TVQT8LVYqyfSs9cztvodrQSFzOL4eVPTWZmeuXQGwbWxy9IG23lLS9zlS93EK7VM.bTB00GIs0PI.mRdF3K0ECV3eSeexrakQ4CITSIvPjs8j1Tft4SylCpWATCfByB5CvDrA5HIjEVXcb8.Y7ryGJElDHzMEST6xlhMGOnUkU.Us6euGyOjCdQkZr0q1MNdyUIlDcjU11o4TBWe__W_2tFHo07G1fQIUD6E62aWt8PwJ96emePNtT4rbsTb4eOk3FxpyD75BlNJm1jX14xkfgaigyNXHgMTpYTJbB1VrrgcSBZOPcIrEXyaLSbej.3sNHmuWueBJoNRCHz.yI_oEgZF9Phu_svBRCf.h2b1HkQoThCoj25UVUGiK9TTCfMggGs1VItfpajATlUnKRcqRKtzSEALHtK2bOv2Plms27K8f2GoFf0Hr7.xP5BaaB5hqxqJ3RftcNJ6R4fR_bNKbY6igRfM6JkINKDwtslikD3fVRdkvPEvCFh0pKc7fbOMuIHkgm..GHynJVhzGNDWr02_9a08n1ZA2F.gj2J.L3e464utD5otD4c6IaR74pyK.J.nkKqhzrCHQRjgx1RVzYi0x8xPkeSpN39RCftxWLPM8OdUky0XAm4DGulizImrWjfAfzP7JjKZX0PkAZ49y6JlbuBTxarr4iPUu4XUWkb9QuGjl6k6458zHCQrc_sizV7JrT_spU1kbly.MTdCxtXU0bR4MPOnfWsQnDhssBk6eOx67uGaordiqYw5awfLn7qrU3kber.by1Yd3EsdrwhYDlbz5qeqdybN_IypDt_nI5DqHxdQXkjzovjem5DTfZicpAsE.wwxOXFEoEqif0uenD29MBJcJ_AfvuXHdOKP7gaRkV14jdsgb6HlwIrLUDT0X_7PzL7UnhwokF1HycyNxEOnY59H2ud6zBDPOFUUixDG3RL2d16ukFTXCrKQVIwYCeu_YcT0becLXPghLN6Nac05VWWK7KntcGM8ydphOTiDGli2m4pbKjb.TDFMUJn5uNpzC.wmO3UevdJdn.non8cEKUjvSl.i10LAIcoJ3qzoDN07sn_IqtoqddouCNPdppZBrTOKmcvUWwhBB454ecHZVM8YODowVKOVuSaZbXLk2HbuXWY98WEbmDepjHI.LP79VZXfI2Io99P7PC2ZyTFeDa9B4n._c.ye0i67.S1hm01KRkdwDj.qPyulgxzLLOJDML_6mHfzFfK5OQ0DEgpJU2I3vIKtmBc5F7Ic7ENlwCrn1rixcgfs15gmirKO1gJq1NZjLNMgj4QYHuhZxw3ZZUwzX7HOqFQHjYA4Cfczr0gnEUx9Fw4lnOspON6K8wh.vOe36rUqKum_T3lHtyFOL0ZGVhT9FewKIodI.TWuvBhjFjBcLH7crNDGA8WTBZYJBYBb6mQzRGXp56pM6yQjfUyYpF.dRw3tCDISwv0QbZrB5ngH0VB_DdYfNKDU_cKz49.SRoKwRQcmx92IbdxNZcaoLVY.LL3HFvTl9zNWl1i9JaR4sOUrjM6NJ6.kZTYN4gnamkxuoLVX6kTXucKXJACfU0IijovUVAeDG9IfoKR577xwCYtR7AasInw5E9NCWdihqVnwCmyPZDCR8VnNINHvN3NeIvX_ZIhOSk.CxqKk3QK8nG5x96T5Xv0qF.Fih8qwgHsicQcVx_jXOvCSFHFdU4XLX2c0vWT4xAjQQJnNfHRkv2cr.g9XZRggRwp0ytHkzyakwUeYbJRjxa4fKGiXlZ1yuJOXKf9Y8BghQ92WipXOKUmxH5HPDXeJZKOFuX5Mbs8vXP0VNMEYkrmCGnDKrRHrcvW8c97F_2AVw3C0vTNvMfHUCneT6DnKRbXpQgdk_n7pd8PnXci.cPPovNwzdwi5XA4fl.aCynzfrPYJNnZnxuk1zpTy__wnm7NJx_PHyXKHbrdlry8i4XBluzYeRgHNcoODGNkpvx3pvBXmYfrF9sgmEs2CRWgnWsY5USVVPuClUGW5onKvILcRUEC23ocNnj6d2r_AuEhcay5FnPORRHRQ9upJZwIO621VgLpAgPd9oricOyICFoWdgXCPuxODRk3Pn8uMFV.dTpgfOjsM7xRECUNTbiYpXxAfx2WboPqq94HDvxKQP53CGa3zWNy7eOO1ASfXlIVVIk2bEGo3R8k4cQB2cKtrlnA48MduZQuZASA1zy0DQCRp5zaG2U2G.azan0WN7ehCTYN0kR7kui3achpIGGLd_VUgXM_uIuN27w",mdrd: "NKN9jQw0.lhFCXYxPFVnMxbUz0eRBF2vgOGD.JVE2ao-1740502176-1.2.1.1-bx8OwOV1rJc375osYV6VuBvvMCjmJ8R_ohxTiDuThYtohs1ILs3.RTV6EA4XUXX.OelSB0rHjL1qa1vBBtOdLI5E.uLMFDYShzs8rm_nNGn4Qim2ubd1VmNKU81rRT5CIdc.gG.03ve0ITyABnNJLWufHUJg5xbDI9C_TM0oW00H7HgryMjWza5HCrxCNZtoPv5.AbG1hm_qi19npfrYfmhs6NQCmln1KgVKjyuviUria2yFGxiRgiuulovdYTjGJ8KA_boSoUta7mTxc.Sb9E5irxP0jXm6VYWtDwCVHWQIQyTeD5Pm66ljFrnpDydAjCAf1PoGqv.QNtVJL5Vx2_cGk6d3dFcNOyUBMTSo_WZFTgQRmMzM9SuCX5GMFo4bNGTyOzdP5jWBR5mJAhOzyuhpGuheGtT1neG0CTIp5uaYbSiO3kn7_el5nEojcdGauwliwFhCk6MPikxmLAeuZdos5NFxT.KAbzWp9NpoV_pfLWxlSYmMHMp4zo1BKxYqH2_D0daGg3eNdF79uBX30UTuCDc_VFWPkuxOaod7Lia76yayL9R4BawoaxwDErGu37v.mWXbETuuzi_gWPhgtmTL9.xIIqc0ARxhupQ5.7RD1E5e6IfaBYXaHdbu1in1O2u9fWyUxh8F5a_6rirmQkYdsAnzAkx7RdPFxQMQV0ew4JcS6eV6sKEBUuXn7sHwQcgYFSmvvS_l3z7Vdsd0lcfxnlQHSVnyzuFuJPzYVcX.OmiUcmP0nD.H7Y8YgqqtrNp3FHRUnMa_L99c5iZ2aiyEpsP1w4s5I2K9lkSPnwmabFhc5aJ_35Oyrnb31vMHpb46rww_7ax3jNVTYjKJC3.122YHCIwcOyMhkCKvLoL_.GngAdDX2Z1dN9L8POx7rEWqHQJ4nLvXHaGLRRMVZJfb1p754xlvL6jpXtKyOWk3iu1f..0YYLQ_fWJcMHHHFP9kNjTu3WG0cJuyR3XUjPCyfeLOCR1JehLcWDHjwBeGpdf0NofQDto7T6cGL9b3DYt73iNAttgu.bz0U1lYpZ7WlRf0K3ZHkBbr5HTqcTnHXMc03YudcSUP_poW.aDOuMpTQAFLa0tMNPdsCEoVDeIWqFXAg0vUFUVILgLj8xiFWbw1SumFp9aid_RylWSSVDch0IhqIrTaqTyR0SSO4EMPySuKtk1caxNMJsS1HVkkUlJkrtwvf2MH_dnNsMfeHp5Hk0jbAOeTc.Ux6LyxIxU4u.baYPeSudvKqHQQ2UkbMh.ZYzP_c54YIyo5iRxOYn_WtW54kka_XtfBx18EOe8_6TasNaBou2jACnqTT2Ec.XShS4bM_0IKffdk0UOfoXRnnbptQIh.HBg7migZDMq_LKrtm9X62n9S.trthxdM0tRyVntx9j0Z_KydpoGFNx8lv8gqd6mDq1y68xXhQzNzybfUOQBfhvwUO.J_NlZDhpjUkCu_mT_p9.n4P32cHUYEpYs7_qmi1iHjYzCNo6syBP_S0pUyBoKG2N_q9N.K6UKD41utO2MWVaOjkJafLJKaLMNzq145DNu45A39g9LvmWaibMZ8I7UMOwFpJ1q7cjF7DmcXfGlhEwJPCiPm1_3zpAfAhpNARCr9JGSyw97LEQlE_TuilY7vDxIqNZnsgTS4NP.C0lJVTPB51GjPmU0v9_6GixirASTg2CkOcuJkbfFqaL7MiI0E9hd2g5aVYXlLPS9L6FN54FO4D.2Ik.Mm1xqIPD275E7FMtUVW2IBYuOCQSGsx4r0YenKAHLkxaDwMoM7MMWb2lyb_qx9oipnbmk_RTZ81r_Xt34YUU7FsiPtULbMO0AyQEDFPKl2mMktmLD1TdpbmGsMBRnk0RZktGtAvxR_ToArIsYAr9MyZu12s7ewHEh7mrYdtf5i0HKSoSlhOAvzf1r6qyG3F.3ZpBLlj2LTkMaAAAQ8WxPUoxsX_U0R16jiFAhBckiOISs2y4JSqBZOIjwCuhlDSRhYuiMETLTfJKFIQtZPsA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9179308ab9193e1d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.1086\/241846?__cf_chl_rt_tk=gYdYfbZ9mQ1UQOlRqDL3rWu.4RbT7EJ7dp95KkWBsc0-1740502176-1.0.1.1-N_h_TYYS38VfImOGGSLclszW0EC97YhgDWtmILrhqq0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>