In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells

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The cells were treated with various concentrations and combin …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:16940060, PMC1635212, doi:10.1128/AAC.00437-06, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Francesc Vidal, Joan Carles Domingo, Pere Domingo, Adenine / analogs & derivatives*, Adenine / toxicity, Anti-HIV Agents / toxicity*, Cell Survival / drug effects, Cells, Cultured, DNA, Mitochondrial / drug effects, Didanosine / toxicity, Drug Interactions, Electron Transport Complex IV / biosynthesis, Humans, Kidney Tubules, Proximal / cytology*, Kidney Tubules, Proximal / drug effects*, Lopinavir, Mitochondria / drug effects*, Organophosphonates / toxicity*, Pyrimidinones / toxicity, RNA / biosynthesis, Ritonavir / toxicity, Tenofovir, Zidovudine / toxicity, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16940060/"><meta property="og:description" content="We assessed the in vitro toxicity of tenofovir (TFV) and compared it with those of zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), ritonavir (RTV), and lopinavir (LPV) alone and in combination in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs). 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The cells were treated with various concentrations and combin …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Vidal F;Domingo JC;Guallar J;Saumoy M;Cordobilla B;Sánchez de la Rosa R;Giralt M;Alvarez ML;López-Dupla M;Torres F;Villarroya F;Cihlar T;Domingo P;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="2006 Nov"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Antimicrob Agents Chemother"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="16940060"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16940060/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="50"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="11"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1128/AAC.00437-06"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0066-4804"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16940060/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0pjt8ElPYEJ0ZKtDx2NzpyBeJEt5PVm952HlMr72WiVNu3vZBs52qmDKP7qmZBpn"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0pjt8ElPYEJ0ZKtDx2NzpyBeJEt5PVm952HlMr72WiVNu3vZBs52qmDKP7qmZBpn"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0pjt8ElPYEJ0ZKtDx2NzpyBeJEt5PVm952HlMr72WiVNu3vZBs52qmDKP7qmZBpn"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0pjt8ElPYEJ0ZKtDx2NzpyBeJEt5PVm952HlMr72WiVNu3vZBs52qmDKP7qmZBpn"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="16940060"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="0pjt8ElPYEJ0ZKtDx2NzpyBeJEt5PVm952HlMr72WiVNu3vZBs52qmDKP7qmZBpn"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 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'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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agents and chemotherapy"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Antimicrob Agents Chemother" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Antimicrob Agents Chemother"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Antimicrob Agents Chemother"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2006 Nov;50(11):3824-32.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1128/AAC.00437-06. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2006 Aug 28. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Vidal+F&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Francesc Vidal">Francesc Vidal</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Infectious Diseases and AIDS Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. fvidal@comt.es" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Domingo+JC&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Joan Carles Domingo">Joan Carles Domingo</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Guallar+J&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jordi Guallar">Jordi Guallar</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Saumoy+M&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maria Saumoy">Maria Saumoy</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cordobilla+B&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Begoña Cordobilla">Begoña Cordobilla</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=S%C3%A1nchez+de+la+Rosa+R&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Rainel Sánchez de la Rosa">Rainel Sánchez de la Rosa</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Giralt+M&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Marta Giralt">Marta Giralt</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Alvarez+ML&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maria Luisa Alvarez">Maria Luisa Alvarez</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=L%C3%B3pez-Dupla+M&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Miguel López-Dupla">Miguel López-Dupla</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Torres+F&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ferran Torres">Ferran Torres</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Villarroya+F&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Francesc Villarroya">Francesc Villarroya</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cihlar+T&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Tomas Cihlar">Tomas Cihlar</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Domingo+P&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Pere Domingo">Pere Domingo</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/16940060/long-authors/" 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ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC1635212&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1635212/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC1635212 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1128/AAC.00437-06&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00437-06" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1128/AAC.00437-06 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Francesc Vidal</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Antimicrob Agents Chemother<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2006 Nov</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/16940060/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div 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data-ga-label="Antimicrob Agents Chemother"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2006 Nov;50(11):3824-32.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1128/AAC.00437-06. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2006 Aug 28. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Vidal+F&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Francesc Vidal">Francesc Vidal</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Infectious Diseases and AIDS Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. fvidal@comt.es" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Domingo+JC&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Joan Carles Domingo">Joan Carles Domingo</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Guallar+J&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jordi Guallar">Jordi Guallar</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Saumoy+M&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maria Saumoy">Maria Saumoy</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cordobilla+B&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Begoña Cordobilla">Begoña Cordobilla</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=S%C3%A1nchez+de+la+Rosa+R&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Rainel Sánchez de la Rosa">Rainel Sánchez de la Rosa</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Giralt+M&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Marta Giralt">Marta Giralt</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Alvarez+ML&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maria Luisa Alvarez">Maria Luisa Alvarez</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=L%C3%B3pez-Dupla+M&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Miguel López-Dupla">Miguel López-Dupla</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Torres+F&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ferran Torres">Ferran Torres</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Villarroya+F&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Francesc Villarroya">Francesc Villarroya</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cihlar+T&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Tomas Cihlar">Tomas Cihlar</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Domingo+P&cauthor_id=16940060" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Pere Domingo">Pere Domingo</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Infectious Diseases and AIDS Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. fvidal@comt.es</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">16940060</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC1635212&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1635212/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC1635212 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1128/AAC.00437-06&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00437-06" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1128/AAC.00437-06 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/16940060/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/16940060/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> We assessed the in vitro toxicity of tenofovir (TFV) and compared it with those of zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), ritonavir (RTV), and lopinavir (LPV) alone and in combination in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs). The cells were treated with various concentrations and combinations of the tested antiretrovirals for up to 22 days, and cytotoxicity was determined. In addition, we assessed the levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII) mRNA in RPTECs treated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. TFV alone was not associated with significant cytotoxicity. ddI showed pronounced cytotoxicity that was greater than those of AZT (P = 0.002) and TFV (P = 0.0001). The combination of 10 muM RTV and 40 muM LPV significantly reduced RPTEC viability (P < 0.0001), and TFV tended to partially reduce this effect. TFV alone affected neither mtDNA nor COII mRNA levels, whereas ddI caused a profound depletion of mtDNA and a parallel reduction in COII mRNA expression. The effects of ddI, but not those of AZT, on mtDNA and COII mRNA were further enhanced in the presence of TFV, a finding consistent with the inhibition of ddI clearance by TFV. The addition of TFV to ddI or AZT appeared to slightly increase the COII mRNA/mtDNA ratio relative to that in cells treated with ddI or AZT alone. Together, these in vitro results indicate that combination with other antiretrovirals does not significantly increase the toxic potential of TFV in RPTECs. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4850/1635212/326450d5f49e/zac0110660960001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="416" data-image-height="473" data-image-alt="FIG. 1." data-pmc-id="PMC1635212" data-figure-id="f1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4850/1635212/9c2913097f87/zac0110660960001.gif" alt="FIG. 1." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="416"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="473"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> FIG. 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Renal cell viability (expressed in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> FIG. 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Renal cell viability (expressed in percent in relation to a control) of RPTECs… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> FIG. 1. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Renal cell viability (expressed in percent in relation to a control) of RPTECs cultured with ddI, AZT, and TFV alone and in combination at the three concentration for all drugs. Cultures were maintained for 15 and 22 days (represented in red and black, respectively). Exposure to TFV only during the last 5 days is represented in blue. Descriptive values for each group at day 22 are detailed as means [95% CIs]. Groups marked with an asterisk are statistically significantly different (Bonferroni adjusted) from the control at day 22.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4850/1635212/507de1d52526/zac0110660960002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="416" data-image-height="420" data-image-alt="FIG. 2." data-pmc-id="PMC1635212" data-figure-id="f2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4850/1635212/df363f1a3398/zac0110660960002.gif" alt="FIG. 2." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="416"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="420"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> FIG. 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Renal cell viability (expressed in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> FIG. 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Renal cell viability (expressed in percent in relation to a control) of RPTECs… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> FIG. 2. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Renal cell viability (expressed in percent in relation to a control) of RPTECs cultured with LPV, RTV, and TFV alone and in combination. Cultures were maintained for 12 days. Values are detailed as means [95% CIs]. Groups marked with an asterisk are statistically significantly different from the control group (Bonferroni adjusted).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4850/1635212/c57d6a6f449e/zac0110660960003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="456" data-image-height="233" data-image-alt="FIG. 3." data-pmc-id="PMC1635212" data-figure-id="f3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4850/1635212/c701573e577f/zac0110660960003.gif" alt="FIG. 3." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="456"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="233"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> FIG. 3. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> mtDNA contents in RPTECs treated… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> FIG. 3. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> mtDNA contents in RPTECs treated with different doses of TFV, ddI, and AZT… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> FIG. 3. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">mtDNA contents in RPTECs treated with different doses of TFV, ddI, and AZT alone or in combination for 22 days. Data are expressed as percentages relative to the mean control values. The line within the box marks the median, the upper boundary of the box indicates the 75th percentile, and the lower boundary of the box indicates the 25th percentile. Error bars above and below the box indicate the 100th and 0 percentiles. Groups marked with an asterisk are statistically significantly different from the control group (Bonferroni adjusted). Effects of TFV alone compared to the untreated control were not statistically significant (3 μM, <i>P</i> = 0.15; 30 μM, <i>P</i> = 0.20; 300 μM <i>P</i> = 0.1 [all Bonferroni adjusted]). Groups marked with # are statistically different from the corresponding non-TFV treated group (unadjusted pairwise comparisons).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4850/1635212/33f27ac94ad3/zac0110660960004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="448" data-image-height="231" data-image-alt="FIG. 4." data-pmc-id="PMC1635212" data-figure-id="f4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4850/1635212/4e1444a2fbc6/zac0110660960004.gif" alt="FIG. 4." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="448"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="231"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> FIG. 4. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Expression of the mtDNA-encoded mRNA… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> FIG. 4. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Expression of the mtDNA-encoded mRNA for COII mRNA in RPTECs treated with different… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> FIG. 4. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Expression of the mtDNA-encoded mRNA for COII mRNA in RPTECs treated with different doses of TFV, ddI, and AZT alone or in combination for 22 days. Data are expressed as percentages relative to the mean control values. The line within the box marks the median, the upper boundary of the box indicates the 75th percentile, and the lower boundary of the box indicates the 25th percentile. Error bars above and below the box indicate the 100th and 0 percentiles from four independent experiments. Groups marked with an asterisk are statistically significantly different from the control group (Bonferroni adjusted). Effects of TFV alone compared to the untreated control were not statistically significant (3 μM, <i>P</i> = 1; 30 μM, <i>P</i> = 1; 300 μM <i>P</i> = 1 [all Bonferroni adjusted]). Groups marked with # are statistically different from the corresponding non-TFV treated group (unadjusted pairwise comparisons).</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div 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Sanchez-Conde, I. Maida, L. Martin-Carbonero, M. Nuñez, F. Blanco, B. Clotet, M. A. Sambeat, P. Gil, J. Gonzalez-Lahoz, D. Cooper, and V. Soriano. 2005. Paradoxical CD4+ T-cell decline in HIV-infected patients with complete virus suppression taking tenofovir and didanosine. AIDS 19:569-575. - <a class="reference-link" href="/15802975/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="15802975" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Barry, M., S. Gibbons, D. Back, and F. Mulcahy. 1997. Protease inhibitors in patients with HIV disease. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 32:194-209. - <a class="reference-link" href="/9084959/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="9084959" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="actions-bar"> <button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link" aria-controls="top-references-list-1" data-next-page-url="/16940060/references/" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 71 references </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Publication types </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't </button><div 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dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Kidney Tubules, Proximal / drug effects*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Kidney+Tubules%2C+Proximal%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Kidney+Tubules%2C+Proximal%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Kidney Tubules, Proximal / drug effects*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Kidney+Tubules%2C+Proximal" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Kidney Tubules, Proximal / drug effects*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Lopinavir" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Lopinavir </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Lopinavir"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Lopinavir%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Lopinavir%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Lopinavir"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Lopinavir"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Lopinavir" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Lopinavir"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Lopinavir"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Lopinavir"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mitochondria / drug effects*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mitochondria / drug effects* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mitochondria / drug effects*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mitochondria%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mitochondria%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mitochondria/drug effects"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mitochondria / drug effects*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mitochondria" 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class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Organophosphonates%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Organophosphonates%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Organophosphonates/toxicity"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Organophosphonates / toxicity*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Organophosphonates" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Organophosphonates / toxicity*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Organophosphonates/toxicity"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Organophosphonates/toxicity"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pyrimidinones / toxicity" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Pyrimidinones / toxicity </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pyrimidinones / toxicity"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Pyrimidinones%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Pyrimidinones%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Pyrimidinones/toxicity"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Pyrimidinones / toxicity"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pyrimidinones" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Pyrimidinones / toxicity"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Pyrimidinones/toxicity"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Pyrimidinones/toxicity"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword RNA / biosynthesis" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> RNA / biosynthesis </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword RNA / biosynthesis"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22RNA%2Fbiosynthesis%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22RNA%2Fbiosynthesis%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="RNA/biosynthesis"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="RNA / biosynthesis"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=RNA" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="RNA / biosynthesis"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""RNA/biosynthesis"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""RNA/biosynthesis"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ritonavir / toxicity" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Ritonavir / toxicity </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ritonavir / toxicity"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Ritonavir%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Ritonavir%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ritonavir/toxicity"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Ritonavir / toxicity"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ritonavir" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Ritonavir / toxicity"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Ritonavir/toxicity"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Ritonavir/toxicity"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Tenofovir" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Tenofovir </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Tenofovir"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Tenofovir%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Tenofovir%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Tenofovir"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Tenofovir"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Tenofovir" 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class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Zidovudine%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Zidovudine%2Ftoxicity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Zidovudine/toxicity"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Zidovudine / toxicity"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Zidovudine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Zidovudine / toxicity"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Zidovudine/toxicity"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Zidovudine/toxicity"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Anti-HIV Agents" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Anti-HIV Agents </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Anti-HIV Agents"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Anti-HIV+Agents%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Anti-HIV+Agents%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Anti-HIV Agents"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Anti-HIV Agents"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Anti-HIV+Agents%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Anti-HIV Agents"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Anti-HIV Agents"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Anti-HIV Agents"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword DNA, Mitochondrial" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> DNA, Mitochondrial </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword DNA, Mitochondrial"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="DNA, Mitochondrial"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="DNA, Mitochondrial"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="DNA, Mitochondrial"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""DNA, Mitochondrial"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""DNA, Mitochondrial"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Organophosphonates" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Organophosphonates </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Organophosphonates"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Organophosphonates%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Organophosphonates%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Organophosphonates"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Organophosphonates"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Organophosphonates%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Organophosphonates"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Organophosphonates"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Organophosphonates"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pyrimidinones" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Pyrimidinones </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pyrimidinones"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Pyrimidinones%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Pyrimidinones%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Pyrimidinones"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Pyrimidinones"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Pyrimidinones%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Pyrimidinones"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Pyrimidinones"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Pyrimidinones"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Lopinavir" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Lopinavir </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Lopinavir"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Lopinavir%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Lopinavir%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Lopinavir"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Lopinavir"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Lopinavir%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Lopinavir"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Lopinavir"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Lopinavir"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Zidovudine" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Zidovudine </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Zidovudine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Zidovudine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Zidovudine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Zidovudine"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Zidovudine"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Zidovudine%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Zidovudine"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Zidovudine"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Zidovudine"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword RNA" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> RNA </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword RNA"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22RNA%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22RNA%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" 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In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells - PubMed