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It may be stated as "The play of a card which may have been selected as a choice of equal plays increases the chance that the player started with a holding in which his choice was restricted."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crucially, it helps play "in situations which used to be thought of as guesswork." </p><p>For example, South leads a low spade, West plays a low one, North plays the queen, East wins with the king. The ace and king are equivalent cards; East's play of the king decreases the probability East holds the ace – and increases the probability West holds the ace. The principle helps other players infer the locations of unobserved equivalent cards such as that spade ace after observing the king. The increase or decrease in probability is an example of <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_updating" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayesian updating">Bayesian updating</a> as evidence accumulates and particular applications of restricted choice are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem" title="Monty Hall problem">Monty Hall problem</a>. </p><p>In many of those situations the rule derived from the principle is to <i>play for split honors</i>. After observing one equivalent card, that is, one should continue play as if two equivalents were split between the opposing players, so that there was no choice about which one to play. Whoever played the first one doesn't have the other one. </p><p>When the number of equivalent cards is greater than two, the principle is complicated because their equivalence may not be manifest. When one partner holds <span style="color:black" class="clubs" title="clubs">♣</span>Q and <span style="color:black" class="clubs" title="clubs">♣</span>10, say, and the other holds <span style="color:black" class="clubs" title="clubs">♣</span>J, it is usually true that those three cards are equivalent but the one who holds two of them does not know it. Restricted choice is always introduced in terms of two touching cards – consecutive ranks in the same suit, such as <span style="color: red" class="hearts" title="hearts">♥</span>QJ or <span style="color:red" class="diamonds" title="diamonds">♦</span>KQ – where equivalence is manifest. </p><p>If there is no reason to prefer a specific card (for example to signal to partner), a player holding two or more equivalent cards should sometimes <a href="/wiki/Suit_combination#Mixed_strategies" title="Suit combination">randomize</a> their order of play (see the note on Nash equilibrium). The probability calculations in coverage of restricted choice often take uniform randomization for granted but that is problematic. </p><p>The principle of restricted choice even applies to an opponent's choice of an opening lead from equivalent suits. See Kelsey & Glauert (1980). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="left" style="width:92px; line-height:1.1em; margin-top:5px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:15px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span> A J 10 9 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#008000;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span> 8 7 5 4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-top:10px; margin-left:20px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">2-2 Split</th> <th colspan="2">3-1 Split</th> <th colspan="2">4-0 Split </th> </tr></tbody><caption>Table 1<br />Possible West and East Holdings of KQ32 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="16.6%">West</th> <th width="16.6%">East</th> <th width="16.7%">West</th> <th width="16.7%">East</th> <th width="16.7%">West</th> <th width="16.7%">East </th></tr> <tr> <td>KQ</td> <td>32</td> <td>KQ3</td> <td>2</td> <td>KQ32</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>K3</td> <td>Q2</td> <td>KQ2</td> <td>3</td> <td>—</td> <td>KQ32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>K2</td> <td>Q3</td> <td>K32</td> <td>Q</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q3</td> <td>K2</td> <td><b>Q32</b></td> <td><b>K</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q2</td> <td>K3</td> <td>K</td> <td>Q32</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>32</b></td> <td><b>KQ</b></td> <td>Q</td> <td>K32</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>KQ2</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td>KQ3</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> Consider the <a href="/wiki/Suit_combinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit combinations">suit combination</a> represented at left. There are four spade cards <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>8754 in the South (closed hand) and five <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>AJ1096 in the North (dummy, visible to all players). West and East hold the remaining four spades <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ32 in their two closed hands. </p><p>Prior to play, 16 different West and East spade holdings or "lies" are possible from the perspective of South. These are listed in Table 1, ordered first by "split" from equal to unequal numbers of cards, then by West's holding from strongest to weakest. </p><p>South leads a small spade, West plays the <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>2 (or <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>3), dummy North plays the <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>J, and East wins with the <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>K. Later, after winning a side-suit trick, South leads another small spade and West follows low with the <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>3 (or <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>2). At this point, with North and East yet to play, the location of only the <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>Q has not been established. South is at a decision point and knows that only two of the original 16 lies remain possible (bolded in Table 1), for West has played both low cards and East the king. At first glance, it may seem that the odds are now even, 1:1, so that South should expect to do equally well with either of the two possible continuations. However, the principle of restricted choice tells us that while both lies of the cards are possible, the probabilities are 2:1 in favour of assuming West holds Q32 and to therefore play the ten. </p><p>If East had <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ, he could equally well have played the queen instead of the king. Thus some deals with original lie 32 and KQ would not reach this stage; some would instead reach the parallel stage with <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>K alone missing, South having observed 32 and Q. In contrast, every deal with original lie Q32 and K would reach this stage, for East played the king perforce (without choice, or by "restricted choice"). </p><p>If East would win the first trick with the king or queen <i>uniformly at random</i> from <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ, then that original lie 32 and KQ would reach this stage half the time and would take the other fork in the road half the time. Thus on the actual sequence of play, the odds are not even but one-half to one, or 1:2. East would retain queen from original <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ about one-third of the time and retain no spades from original <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>K about two-thirds of the time. The principle of restricted choice posits that to finesse by playing the <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>10 is nearly twice as likely to succeed. </p><p>Importantly, this assumes that the defenders have no signaling system, so that the play by west of (say) the 3 followed by the 2 does not signal a doubleton. During the course of many equivalent deals, East with <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ should in theory win the first trick with the king or queen uniformly at random; that is, half each without any pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_accuracy">Further accuracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Further accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>A priori</i>, four outstanding cards "split" as shown in the first two columns of Table 2 below. For example, three cards are together and the fourth is alone, a "3-1 split" with probability 49.74%. To understand the "number of specific lies" refer to the preceding list of all lies in Table 1. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-top:10px; margin-right:20px;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="14%">Split</th> <th width="28%">Probability<br />of Split</th> <th width="28%">Number of<br /> specific lies</th> <th width="30%">Probability of<br />a specific lie </th> </tr></tbody><caption>Table 2<br />Split Probabilities of Four Cards </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td>2-2</td> <td>40.70%</td> <td>6</td> <td>6.78% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>3-1</td> <td>49.74%</td> <td>8</td> <td>6.22% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>4-0</td> <td>9.57%</td> <td>2</td> <td>4.78% </td></tr></tbody></table><p> The last column gives the <i>a priori</i> probability of any specific original holding such as 32 and KQ; that one is represented by row one covering the 2–2 split. The other lie featured in our example play of the spade suit, Q32 and K, is represented by row two covering the 3–1 split. </p><p>Thus the table shows that the <i>a priori</i> odds on these two specific lies were not even but slightly in favor of the former, about 6.78 to 6.22 for <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ against <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>K. </p><p>What are the odds <i>a posteriori</i>, at the moment of truth in our example play of the spade suit? If East does with <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ win the first trick uniformly at random with the king or the queen – and with <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>K win the first trick with the king, having no choice – the posterior odds are 3.39 to 6.22, a little more than 1:2, in percentage terms a little more than 35% for <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ. To play the ace <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>A from North on the second round should win about 35% while to finesse again with the ten <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>10 wins about 65%. </p><p>The principle of restricted choice is general but this specific probability calculation does suppose East would win with the king from <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ precisely half the time (which is best). If East would win with the king from <span style="color:black" class="spades" title="spades">♠</span>KQ more or less than half the time, then South wins more or less than 35% by playing the ace. Indeed, if East would win with the king 92% of the time (=6.22/6.78), then South wins 50% by playing the ace and 50% by repeating the finesse. If that is true, however, South wins almost 100% by repeating the finesse after East wins with the queen – for the queen from <i>that East</i> player almost denies the king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_theory">Mathematical theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mathematical theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principle of restricted choice is an application of <a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a> on conditional probability. In the following: <i><span class="texhtml texhtml-big" style="font-size:150;">Kp</span></i> represents the condition that the King is played by East in the first trick; <i><span class="texhtml texhtml-big" style="font-size:150;">KQ</span></i> represents the condition that East holds KQ and; <i><span class="texhtml texhtml-big" style="font-size:150;">K</span></i> represents the condition that East holds K. </p><p>The two conditions are as follows: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(KQ\mid Kp)&={\frac {P(Kp\mid KQ)P(KQ)}{P(Kp)}}\\P(K\mid Kp)&={\frac {P(Kp\mid K)P(K)}{P(Kp)}}\\\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(KQ\mid Kp)&={\frac {P(Kp\mid KQ)P(KQ)}{P(Kp)}}\\P(K\mid Kp)&={\frac {P(Kp\mid K)P(K)}{P(Kp)}}\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e1da138f2068db5546f022b1ebecad67712c822" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.005ex; width:37.408ex; height:13.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(KQ\mid Kp)&={\frac {P(Kp\mid KQ)P(KQ)}{P(Kp)}}\\P(K\mid Kp)&={\frac {P(Kp\mid K)P(K)}{P(Kp)}}\\\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>We assume that when East holds KQ, he plays each 50% of the time and when he holds the K alone, he must play the K. This is represented by the following: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(Kp\mid KQ)&=0.5\\P(Kp\mid K)&=1\\\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(Kp\mid KQ)&=0.5\\P(Kp\mid K)&=1\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/80a2d965e20d239ff8ff0da3392c9e171c095898" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.453ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(Kp\mid KQ)&=0.5\\P(Kp\mid K)&=1\\\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>Further, based on the play to trick 1, only two of the original 16 (i.e., <i>a priori</i>) possible holdings shown in Table 1 above remain available for East, each equally possible. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(K)\approx P(KQ)\\\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≈</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(K)\approx P(KQ)\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cfa25741bff379303db07fa3fccaa370b7a07811" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.93ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P(K)\approx P(KQ)\\\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>Solving, we find (<i>posteriori</i>) that... </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ P(K\mid Kp)\approx 2*P(KQ\mid Kp)\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ P(K\mid Kp)\approx 2*P(KQ\mid Kp)\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90d5c4625a5a4888d048cdcafd53d2978274075a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.212ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ P(K\mid Kp)\approx 2*P(KQ\mid Kp)\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>In conclusion, we can say that "after East has played the K on the first round, the probability that East started with the singleton K is twice as probable as that he started with the KQ." </p><p>The first two equations are <a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a>, the rest is simple algebra. </p><p>Increases and decreases in the probabilities of original lies of the opposing cards, as the play of the hand proceeds, are examples of <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_updating" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayesian updating">Bayesian updating</a> as evidence accumulates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem" title="Monty Hall problem">Monty Hall problem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreyTruscott1964" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Richard L.; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Truscott" title="Alan Truscott">Truscott, Alan F.</a>, eds. (1964). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Encyclopedia_of_Bridge" title="The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge">The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64023817">64023817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Encyclopedia+of+Bridge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=457&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64023817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciple+of+restricted+choice" class="Z3988"></span> All subsequent editions of the Encyclopedia (up to the 7th in 2011) retain this definition. The original article was written by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Rubens" title="Jeff Rubens">Jeff Rubens</a> as is indicated by his initials at the end of the article in the 1st edition; the entire article remains the same through all seven editions of the Encyclopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That is <i>should</i> in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Nash_equilibrium" title="Nash equilibrium">Nash equilibrium</a>. The Nash theory implies that opponents are able to observe any patterns and to take advantage of them. The lesson is well-known among bridge experts and its application to plays such as this one is accepted. Concerning the ace-king example of the lead paragraph, Rubens (1964, 457) assumes "East would play his equal honors with equal frequency ... It can be demonstrated that this is, in fact, East's best strategy." See also <a href="/wiki/Suit_combinations#Mixed_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit combinations">mixed strategy in suit combinations</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelseyGlauert1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kelsey" title="Hugh Kelsey">Kelsey, Hugh</a>; Glauert, Michael (1980). <i>Bridge Odds for Practical Players</i>. Master Bridge Series. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd in association with Peter Crawley. pp. 92–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-02799-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-02799-1"><bdi>0-575-02799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+Odds+for+Practical+Players&rft.place=London&rft.series=Master+Bridge+Series&rft.pages=92-116&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz+Ltd+in+association+with+Peter+Crawley&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-575-02799-1&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Glauert%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciple+of+restricted+choice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreyTruscott1964" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Richard L.; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Truscott" title="Alan Truscott">Truscott, Alan F.</a>, eds. (1964). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Encyclopedia_of_Bridge" title="The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge">The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. p. 381-385. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64023817">64023817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Encyclopedia+of+Bridge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=381-385&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64023817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciple+of+restricted+choice" class="Z3988"></span> The article on Restricted Choice was originated by Jeff Rubens in the first <i>Encyclopedia</i> (1964 edition). In it and subsequent editions (e.g. on page 381 of the 6th edition), Rubens states that Reese in his book <i>Master Play</i> "unified" the "underlying principles ... first discussed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Truscott" title="Alan Truscott">Alan Truscott</a> in the <i>Contract Bridge Journal</i>"; he does not give a date for the Truscott article.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Reese" title="Terence Reese">Reese, Terence</a> (1958). <i>The Expert Game</i>. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-02799-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-02799-1"><bdi>0-575-02799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expert+Game&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold+%28Publishers%29+Ltd&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-575-02799-1&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciple+of+restricted+choice" class="Z3988"></span> Republished in the USA as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Master Play</i>. Waltham MA: George Coffin. 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+Play&rft.place=Waltham+MA&rft.pub=George+Coffin&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciple+of+restricted+choice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acbl-district13.org/artic003.htm">"Monty Hall problem and the principle of restricted choice"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpbridge.net/4b73.htm">"Bridge paradoxes" by Richard Pavlicek</a></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Index_of_contract_bridge_articles" title="Template:Index of contract bridge articles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Index_of_contract_bridge_articles" title="Template talk:Index of contract bridge articles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Index_of_contract_bridge_articles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Index of contract bridge articles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Contract_bridge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">Contract bridge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auction_bridge" title="Auction bridge">Auction bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_ethics" title="Bridge ethics">Bridge ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge-O-Rama" title="Bridge-O-Rama">Bridge-O-Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_maxims" title="Bridge maxims">Bridge maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Murder_case" title="Bridge Murder case">Bridge Murder case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_scoring" title="Bridge scoring">Bridge scoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_whist" title="Bridge whist">Bridge whist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgette_(game)" title="Bridgette (game)">Bridgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_bridge" title="Cheating in bridge">Cheating in bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(bridge_card_game)" title="Chicago (bridge card game)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_bridge" title="Computer bridge">Computer bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">Contract bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge_diagram" title="Contract bridge diagram">Contract bridge diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">Duplicate bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge_movements" title="Duplicate bridge movements">Duplicate bridge movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-suit_bridge" title="Five-suit bridge">Five-suit bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_(bridge)" title="Goulash (bridge)">Goulash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms" title="Glossary of contract bridge terms">Glossary of contract bridge terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_card_by_suit" title="High card by suit">High card by suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_contract_bridge" title="History of contract bridge">History of contract bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Duplicate_Bridge" title="Laws of Duplicate Bridge">Laws of Duplicate Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masterpoints" title="Masterpoints">Masterpoints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibridge" title="Minibridge">Minibridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuberg_formula" title="Neuberg formula">Neuberg formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_bridge" title="Rubber bridge">Rubber bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_(bridge)" title="Screen (bridge)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_bridge" title="Singaporean bridge">Singaporean bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_(cards)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (cards)">Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_scoreslip" title="Traveling scoreslip">Traveling scoreslip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_(card_games)" title="Trump (card games)">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vugraph" title="Vugraph">Vugraph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bidding" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bidding</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_hand" title="Balanced hand">Balanced hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_(bridge)" title="Balancing (bridge)">Balancing (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidding_box" title="Bidding box">Bidding box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">Bidding system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_(bridge)" title="Board (bridge)">Board (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_convention" title="Bridge convention">Bridge convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_sticker" title="Brown sticker">Brown sticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_card" title="Convention card">Convention card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_bid" title="Cue bid">Cue bid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-card_majors" title="Five-card majors">Five-card majors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcing_bid" title="Forcing bid">Forcing bid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcing_pass" title="Forcing pass">Forcing pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_try" title="Game try">Game try</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">Hand evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_point_count" title="Honor point count">Honor point count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_minors" title="Inverted minors">Inverted minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_total_tricks" title="Law of total tricks">Law of total tricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing-Trick_Count" title="Losing-Trick Count">Losing-Trick Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_suit" title="Major suit">Major suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_suit" title="Minor suit">Minor suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_contract_and_par_contract" title="Optimum contract and par contract">Optimum contract and par contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overcall" title="Overcall">Overcall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preempt" title="Preempt">Preempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_opening_bid" title="Prepared opening bid">Prepared opening bid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_fast_arrival" title="Principle of fast arrival">Principle of fast arrival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_bid" title="Psychic bid">Psychic bid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_notrump_bids" title="Quantitative notrump bids">Quantitative notrump bids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_(bridge)" title="Reverse (bridge)">Reverse (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(bridge)" title="Sacrifice (bridge)">Sacrifice (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_(bridge)" title="Shooting (bridge)">Shooting (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_suiter" title="Single suiter">Single suiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_bid" title="Stolen bid">Stolen bid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_pass" title="Strong pass">Strong pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeout_double" title="Takeout double">Takeout double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_suiter" title="Three suiter">Three suiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_suiter" title="Two suiter">Two suiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_space_principle" title="Useful space principle">Useful space principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_(cards)" title="Void (cards)">Void (cards)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_two_bid" title="Weak two bid">Weak two bid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zar_Points" title="Zar Points">Zar Points</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bidding_systems" title="List of bidding systems">List of bidding systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/1_game_forcing" title="2/1 game forcing">2/1 game forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acol" title="Acol">Acol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">Bidding system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Club" title="Blue Club">Blue Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boring_Club" title="Boring Club">Boring Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Base_Basic" title="Bridge Base Basic">Bridge Base Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_World_Standard" title="Bridge World Standard">Bridge World Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canap%C3%A9_(bridge)" title="Canapé (bridge)">Canapé (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_Club" title="Carrot Club">Carrot Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHAA" title="EHAA">EHAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantunes" title="Fantunes">Fantunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highly_unusual_method" title="Highly unusual method">Highly unusual method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Sheinwold" title="Kaplan–Sheinwold">Kaplan–Sheinwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Major" title="Little Major">Little Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscito" title="Moscito">Moscito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Club" title="Polish Club">Polish Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Club" title="Precision Club">Precision Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Club" title="Roman Club">Roman Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romex_system" title="Romex system">Romex system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4ffle_Spade" title="Säffle Spade">Säffle Spade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_American" title="Standard American">Standard American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_club_system" title="Strong club system">Strong club system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridge_conventions" title="Category:Bridge conventions">List of bidding conventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Card_play" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Card play</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_play_techniques_(bridge)" title="List of play techniques (bridge)">List of play techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoidance_play" title="Avoidance play">Avoidance play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_card" title="Beer card">Beer card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddy_(bridge)" title="Caddy (bridge)">Caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_reading_(bridge)" title="Card reading (bridge)">Card reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_(bridge)" title="Duck (bridge)">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endplay" title="Endplay">Endplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entry_(cards)" title="Entry (cards)">Entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_gambit" title="Grosvenor gambit">Grosvenor gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold_up_(bridge)" title="Hold up (bridge)">Hold up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percentage_play" title="Percentage play">Percentage play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(bridge)" title="Pin (bridge)">Pin (bridge)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principle of restricted choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge_probabilities" title="Contract bridge probabilities">Probabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoke" title="Revoke">Revoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruff_(cards)" title="Ruff (cards)">Ruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_(bridge)" title="Shooting (bridge)">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smother_play" title="Smother play">Smother play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(bridge)" title="Tempo (bridge)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_promotion" title="Trump promotion">Trump promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppercut_(bridge)" title="Uppercut (bridge)">Uppercut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacant_Places" title="Vacant Places">Vacant Places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarer play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span class="smallcaps">Basic:</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finesse" title="Finesse">Finesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_play" title="Safety play">Safety play</a></li> <li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span class="smallcaps">Coups:</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_coup" title="Alcatraz coup">Alcatraz coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_coup" title="Bath coup">Bath coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belladonna_coup" title="Belladonna coup">Belladonna coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_(bridge)" title="Coup (bridge)">Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_en_passant" title="Coup en passant">Coup en passant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_coup" title="Crocodile coup">Crocodile coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deschapelles_coup" title="Deschapelles coup">Deschapelles coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_coup" title="Devil's coup">Devil's coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loser_on_loser" title="Loser on loser">Loser on loser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimac_coup" title="Merrimac coup">Merrimac coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton%27s_fork_coup" title="Morton's fork coup">Morton's fork coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissors_coup" title="Scissors coup">Scissors coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_coup" title="Trump coup">Trump coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_coup" title="Vienna coup">Vienna coup</a></li> <li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span class="smallcaps">Squeezes:</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwash_squeeze" title="Backwash squeeze">Backwash squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_squeeze" title="Cannibal squeeze">Cannibal squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_squeeze" title="Clash squeeze">Clash squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_squeeze" title="Compound squeeze">Compound squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criss-cross_squeeze" title="Criss-cross squeeze">Criss-cross squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_squeeze" title="Double squeeze">Double squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entry_squeeze" title="Entry squeeze">Entry squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entry-shifting_squeeze" title="Entry-shifting squeeze">Entry-shifting squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_squeeze" title="Guard squeeze">Guard squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_squeeze" title="Knockout squeeze">Knockout squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-simultaneous_double_squeeze" title="Non-simultaneous double squeeze">Non-simultaneous double squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_squeeze" title="Progressive squeeze">Progressive squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-squeeze" title="Pseudo-squeeze">Pseudo-squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturated_squeeze" title="Saturated squeeze">Saturated squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_squeeze" title="Simple squeeze">Simple squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_double_squeeze" title="Simultaneous double squeeze">Simultaneous double squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-suit_squeeze" title="Single-suit squeeze">Single-suit squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)">Squeeze play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping-stone_squeeze" title="Stepping-stone squeeze">Stepping-stone squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_squeeze" title="Strip squeeze">Strip squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_squeeze" title="Triple squeeze">Triple squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_squeeze" title="Trump squeeze">Trump squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_squeeze" title="Vice squeeze">Vice squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkle_squeeze" title="Winkle squeeze">Winkle squeeze</a></li> <li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span class="smallcaps">Suit combinations:</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_combination" title="Suit combination">Suit combination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defender play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forcing_defense" title="Forcing defense">Forcing defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalist_leads" title="Journalist leads">Journalist leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_lead" title="Opening lead">Opening lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_10-12" title="Rule of 10-12">Rule of 10-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_11" title="Rule of 11">Rule of 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusinow_leads" title="Rusinow leads">Rusinow leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(bridge)" title="Signal (bridge)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_signal" title="Smith signal">Smith signal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_and_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACBL_Youngest_Life_Master" title="ACBL Youngest Life Master">ACBL Youngest Life Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contract_bridge_people" title="List of contract bridge people">List of contract bridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_who_competed_for_more_than_one_country#Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sportspeople who competed for more than one country">List of nationality transfers in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Headquarters" title="Bridge Headquarters">Bridge Headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Players by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Australian contract bridge players">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Austrian contract bridge players">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazilian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Brazilian contract bridge players">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:British contract bridge players">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bulgarian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Bulgarian contract bridge players">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Canadian contract bridge players">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Chinese contract bridge players">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Danish contract bridge players">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Dutch contract bridge players">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Egyptian contract bridge players">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:English contract bridge players">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Fictional contract bridge players">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:French contract bridge players">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:German contract bridge players">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Hungarian contract bridge players">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Indian contract bridge players">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Irish contract bridge players">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Israeli contract bridge players">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Italian contract bridge players">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexican_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Mexican contract bridge players">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monegasque_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Monegasque contract bridge players">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:New Zealand contract bridge players">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Norwegian contract bridge players">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Pakistani contract bridge players">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Polish contract bridge players">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Russian contract bridge players">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Swedish contract bridge players">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Swiss contract bridge players">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:Taiwanese contract bridge players">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_contract_bridge_players" title="Category:American contract bridge players">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contract_bridge_people#People_with_Wikipedia_articles" title="List of contract bridge people">List of bridge people with Wikipedia (English) articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Contract_bridge_administrators" title="Category:Contract bridge administrators">List of bridge administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Contract_bridge_writers" title="Category:Contract bridge writers">List of bridge writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Team_(bridge)" title="Blue Team (bridge)">Blue Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Aces" title="Dallas Aces">Dallas Aces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Aces_(bridge)" title="Four Aces (bridge)">Four Aces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Base_Online" title="Bridge Base Online">Bridge Base Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Club" title="Cavendish Club">Cavendish Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockford%27s_(club)" title="Crockford's (club)">Crockford's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_Bridge_Team" title="Galatasaray Bridge Team">Galatasaray Bridge Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Bridge_Club" title="Melville Bridge Club">Melville Bridge Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Club_(London)" title="Portland Club (London)">Portland Club (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Club" title="Savoy Club">Savoy Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bridge_Association" title="American Bridge Association">American Bridge Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Contract_Bridge_League" title="American Contract Bridge League">American Contract Bridge League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Bridge_Federation" title="Austrian Bridge Federation">Austrian Bridge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Bridge_Federation" title="Brazilian Bridge Federation">Brazilian Bridge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Federation_of_India" title="Bridge Federation of India">Bridge Federation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bridge_League" title="British Bridge League">British Bridge League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bridge_Federation" title="Canadian Bridge Federation">Canadian Bridge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bridge_Federation" title="Dutch Bridge Federation">Dutch Bridge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Bridge_Union" title="English Bridge Union">English Bridge Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Bridge_League" title="European Bridge League">European Bridge League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Bridge_Federation" title="Hungarian Bridge Federation">Hungarian Bridge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mind_Sports_Association" title="International Mind Sports Association">International Mind Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contract_bridge_governing_bodies" title="List of contract bridge governing bodies">List of contract bridge governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bridge_Federation" title="Norwegian Bridge Federation">Norwegian Bridge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Bridge_Federation" title="South African Bridge Federation">South African Bridge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bridge_Federation" title="United States Bridge Federation">United States Bridge Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bridge_Federation" title="World Bridge Federation">World Bridge Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Championships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Championships</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridge_competitions_and_awards" title="List of bridge competitions and awards">List of bridge competitions and awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Bowl" title="Bermuda Bowl">Bermuda Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_at_the_2008_World_Mind_Sports_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games">Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_at_the_2012_World_Mind_Sports_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge at the 2012 World Mind Sports Games">Bridge at the 2012 World Mind Sports Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Invitational" title="Cavendish Invitational">Cavendish Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Olympiad#Bridge" title="Computer Olympiad">Computer Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McConnell_Cup" title="McConnell Cup">McConnell Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenblum_Cup" title="Rosenblum Cup">Rosenblum Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Bowl_(bridge)" title="Senior Bowl (bridge)">Senior Bowl (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_crown_of_bridge" title="Triple crown of bridge">Triple crown of bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Cup" title="Venice Cup">Venice Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBF_Youth_Award" title="WBF Youth Award">WBF Youth Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bridge_Championships" title="World Bridge Championships">World Bridge Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_IMP_Pairs_Championship" title="World IMP Pairs Championship">World IMP Pairs Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Pairs_Championship" title="World Junior Pairs Championship">World Junior Pairs Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Teams_Championship" title="World Junior Teams Championship">World Junior Teams Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mind_Sports_Games" title="World Mind Sports Games">World Mind Sports Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mixed_Pairs_Championship" title="World Mixed Pairs Championship">World Mixed Pairs Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mixed_Teams_Championship" title="World Mixed Teams Championship">World Mixed Teams Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Open_Pairs_Championship" title="World Open Pairs Championship">World Open Pairs Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Pairs_Championship" title="World Senior Pairs Championship">World Senior Pairs Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Teams_Championship" title="World Senior Teams Championship">World Senior Teams Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Olympiad" title="World Team Olympiad">World Team Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Transnational_Open_Teams_Championship" title="World Transnational Open Teams Championship">World Transnational Open Teams Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Women_Pairs_Championship" title="World Women Pairs Championship">World Women Pairs Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National and Zonal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffett_Cup" title="Buffett Cup">Buffett Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camrose_Trophy" title="Camrose Trophy">Camrose Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Nations_Bridge_Championships" title="Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships">Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Universities_Bridge_Championships" title="European Universities Bridge Championships">European Universities Bridge Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Cup_(bridge)" title="Gold Cup (bridge)">Gold Cup (bridge)</a></li> <li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span class="smallcaps">North American bridge Championships:</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACBL_King_or_Queen_of_Bridge" title="ACBL King or Queen of Bridge">ACBL King or Queen of Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Kaplan_Blue_Ribbon_Pairs" title="Edgar Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs">Edgar Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_LM%E2%80%935000_Pairs" title="Bruce LM–5000 Pairs">Bruce LM–5000 Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Mixed_Board-a-Match" title="Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match">Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_National_Open_Pairs" title="Fall National Open Pairs">Fall National Open Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Open_Pairs" title="Fast Open Pairs">Fast Open Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishbein_Trophy" title="Fishbein Trophy">Fishbein Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goren_Trophy" title="Goren Trophy">Goren Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Teams" title="Grand National Teams">Grand National Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilliard_Mixed_Pairs" title="Hilliard Mixed Pairs">Hilliard Mixed Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacoby_Open_Swiss_Teams" title="Jacoby Open Swiss Teams">Jacoby Open Swiss Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keohane_North_American_Swiss_Teams" title="Keohane North American Swiss Teams">Keohane North American Swiss Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebhar_IMP_Pairs" title="Lebhar IMP Pairs">Lebhar IMP Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leventritt_Silver_Ribbon_Pairs" title="Leventritt Silver Ribbon Pairs">Leventritt Silver Ribbon Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machlin_Women%27s_Swiss_Teams" title="Machlin Women's Swiss Teams">Machlin Women's Swiss Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfield_Non-Life_Master_Pairs" title="Manfield Non-Life Master Pairs">Manfield Non-Life Master Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cup" title="Marcus Cup">Marcus Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Individual" title="Master Individual">Master Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Blue_Ribbon_Pairs" title="Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs">Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Spingold" title="Mini-Spingold">Mini-Spingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Board-a-Match_Teams" title="Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams">Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott-Smith_Trophy" title="Mott-Smith Trophy">Mott-Smith Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_Life_Master_Open_Pairs" title="Nail Life Master Open Pairs">Nail Life Master Open Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_199er_Pairs" title="National 199er Pairs">National 199er Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_49er_Pairs" title="National 49er Pairs">National 49er Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_99er_Pairs" title="National 99er Pairs">National 99er Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Life_Master_Swiss_Teams" title="Non-Life Master Swiss Teams">Non-Life Master Swiss Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kay_Platinum_Pairs" title="Norman Kay Platinum Pairs">Norman Kay Platinum Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Bridge_Championships" title="North American Bridge Championships">North American Bridge Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Pairs" title="North American Pairs">North American Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ribbon_Pairs" title="Red Ribbon Pairs">Red Ribbon Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reisinger" title="Reisinger">Reisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Mixed_Pairs" title="Rockwell Mixed Pairs">Rockwell Mixed Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roth_Open_Swiss_Teams" title="Roth Open Swiss Teams">Roth Open Swiss Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Knockout_Teams" title="Senior Knockout Teams">Senior Knockout Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silodor_Open_Pairs" title="Silodor Open Pairs">Silodor Open Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Life_Master_Women%27s_Pairs" title="Smith Life Master Women's Pairs">Smith Life Master Women's Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingold" title="Spingold">Spingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternberg_Women%27s_Board-a-Match_Teams" title="Sternberg Women's Board-a-Match Teams">Sternberg Women's Board-a-Match Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truscott_Senior_Swiss_Teams" title="Truscott Senior Swiss Teams">Truscott Senior Swiss Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bridge_Championships_-_Open" title="United States Bridge Championships - Open">United States Bridge Championships - Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Trophy" title="Vanderbilt Trophy">Vanderbilt Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Zedtwitz_Life_Master_Pairs" title="Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs">Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagar_Women%27s_Knockout_Teams" title="Wagar Women's Knockout Teams">Wagar Women's Knockout Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_Open_Pairs" title="Wernher Open Pairs">Wernher Open Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead_Women%27s_Pairs" title="Whitehead Women's Pairs">Whitehead Women's Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_LM%E2%80%931500_Pairs" title="Young LM–1500 Pairs">Young LM–1500 Pairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications_and_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications and resources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contract_bridge_books" title="List of contract bridge books">List of contract bridge books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Point_Press" title="Master Point Press">Master Point Press</a></li> <li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span class="smallcaps">Bibliographies:</span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Kantar_bibliography" title="Edwin Kantar bibliography">Edwin Kantar bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kelsey#Publications" title="Hugh Kelsey">Hugh Kelsey bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Reese_bibliography" title="Terence Reese bibliography">Terence Reese bibliography</a></li> <li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span class="smallcaps">Books:</span></span></b> <i><a href="/wiki/25_Bridge_Conventions_You_Should_Know" title="25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know">25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Squeezes_Complete" title="Bridge Squeezes Complete">Bridge Squeezes Complete</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cardturner" title="The Cardturner">The Cardturner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contract_Bridge_for_Beginners" title="Contract Bridge for Beginners">Contract Bridge for Beginners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Bidding" title="Design for Bidding">Design for Bidding</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Encyclopedia_of_Bridge" title="The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge">The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planning_the_Play_of_a_Bridge_Hand" title="Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand">Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_Through_the_Pack" title="Right Through the Pack">Right Through the Pack</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tickets_to_the_Devil" title="Tickets to the Devil">Tickets to the Devil</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contract_bridge_magazines" title="List of contract bridge magazines">List of contract bridge magazines</a></li> <li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span class="smallcaps">Magazines:</span></span></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_d%27Italia" title="Bridge d'Italia">Bridge d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Magazine" title="Bridge Magazine">Bridge Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_World" title="The Bridge World">The Bridge World</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV and Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(BBC_TV)" title="Grand Slam (BBC TV)">Grand Slam (BBC TV)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External links</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Base_Basic" title="Bridge Base Basic">Bridge Base Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&oldid=1224992211">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_restricted_choice&oldid=1224992211</a>"</div></div> <div 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