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id="toc-Birth,_army_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth,_army_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth, army career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth,_army_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_and_bid_for_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_and_bid_for_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rebellion and bid for the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_and_bid_for_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_conflicts_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_conflicts_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Final conflicts and execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_conflicts_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fate of family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_British_and_Breton_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_British_and_Breton_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role in British and Breton history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_British_and_Breton_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Welsh legend</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Welsh_legend-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Welsh legend subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Welsh_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geoffrey_of_Monmouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geoffrey of Monmouth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geoffrey_of_Monmouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Dream_of_Macsen_Wledig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dream_of_Macsen_Wledig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Dream of Macsen Wledig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dream_of_Macsen_Wledig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coel_Hen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coel_Hen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Coel Hen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coel_Hen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_links_with_Caernarfon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_links_with_Caernarfon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other links with Caernarfon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_links_with_Caernarfon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnus Maximus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماغنوس مكسيموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماغنوس مكسيموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magno_Clemente_M%C3%A1ximu" title="Magno Clemente Máximu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magno Clemente Máximu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماقنوس ماکسیموس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماقنوس ماکسیموس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Магн Максім – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магн Максім" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Магн Максим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магн Максим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Clemens_Maximus" title="Magnus Clemens Maximus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Magnus Clemens Maximus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magne_M%C3%A0xim" title="Magne Màxim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magne Màxim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macsen_Wledig" title="Macsen Wledig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Macsen Wledig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μάγνος Μάξιμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάγνος Μάξιμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magno_M%C3%A1ximo" title="Magno Máximo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magno Máximo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magno_Maximo" title="Magno Maximo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magno Maximo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماگنوس ماکسیموس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماگنوس ماکسیموس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maksimus" title="Magnus Maksimus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Magnus Maksimus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magno_M%C3%A1ximo" title="Magno Máximo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magno Máximo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%89%EC%8B%9C%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="마그누스 막시무스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마그누스 막시무스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maksim" title="Magnus Maksim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnus Maksim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magno_Massimo" title="Magno Massimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magno Massimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massen_Wlesik" title="Massen Wlesik – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Massen Wlesik" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماجنوس مكسيموس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماجنوس مكسيموس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9" title="マグヌス・マクシムス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マグヌス・マクシムス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maksymus" title="Magnus Maksymus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnus Maksymus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magno_M%C3%A1ximo" title="Magno Máximo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magno Máximo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Магн Максим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магн Максим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnu_Massimu" title="Magnu Massimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnu Massimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn_Maksim" title="Magn Maksim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magn Maksim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81" title="Магнус Максимус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнус Максимус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maksim" title="Magnus Maksim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnus Maksim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Магн Максим – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магн Максим" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماگنوس ماکسیموس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماگنوس ماکسیموس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Magnus Maximus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF" title="马格努斯·马格西穆斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马格努斯·马格西穆斯" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from 383 to 388</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Maxen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maxen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maxen (disambiguation)">Maxen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Magnus Maximus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_(obverse_transparent).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Golden coin depicting man with diadem facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png/220px-Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png/330px-Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="372" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a></i> of Magnus Maximus marked:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><abbr title="DOMINUS NOSTER">d·n·</abbr> mag(nus) maximus <abbr title="PIUS FELIX">p·f·</abbr> <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">aug·</abbr></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">Spring 383 – 28 August 388</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Co-emperors</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (East)</li><li>Valentinian II</li><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 388<br /><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Elen</a> (traditional)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Fate_of_family">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></li><li><i>"<a href="/wiki/Sevira,_daughter_of_Maximus" title="Sevira, daughter of Maximus">Sevira</a>"</i></li><li><i>"Maxima"</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Magnus Maximus</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Classical Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈmaŋnʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaksɪmʊs]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Macsen Wledig</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈmaksɛn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈwlɛdɪɡ]</a></span>; died 28 August 388) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a> from 383 to 388. He usurped the throne from emperor <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, he served as an officer in Britain under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius the Elder">Theodosius the Elder</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a>. In 383, he was proclaimed emperor in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a> the next year, while Gratian's brother <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> retained <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Province">Africa</a>. In 387, Maximus's ambitions led him to invade Italy, resulting in his defeat by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poetovio" title="Battle of Poetovio">Battle of Poetovio</a> in 388. In the view of some historians, his death marked the end of direct imperial presence in Northern Gaul and Britannia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth,_army_career"><span id="Birth.2C_army_career"></span>Birth, army career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth, army career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maximus was born in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, Hispania, on the estates of <a href="/wiki/Count_Theodosius" title="Count Theodosius">Count Theodosius</a> (the Elder) of the <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a>, to whom he claimed to be related.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their youth, Maximus and Theodosius I served together in Theodosius the Elder's army in Britannia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington200631–32_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington200631–32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximus would become a distinguished general in the following years; as he would gain the support of his fellow soldiers and the admiration of the Romano-Britons whom he defended, which would lead to his eventual immortalisation in Welsh legend in the centuries following.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served under Count Theodosius in Africa in 373.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assigned to Britain in 380, he defeated an incursion of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scots</a> in 381.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_and_bid_for_the_throne">Rebellion and bid for the throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rebellion and bid for the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western emperor <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> had received a number of <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> into his bodyguard, and was accused of showing favouritism towards these <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Iranian</a> speaking foreigners at the expense of Roman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 383 the discontented Roman army proclaimed Maximus emperor in Gratian's place. <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>, who wrote that Maximus was "an energetic and able man and one worthy of the throne had he not risen to it by usurpation, contrary to his oath of allegiance," claimed that he was proclaimed emperor against his will,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> portrays him as inciting the troops to rebel against Gratian, as he was upset about Theodosius becoming emperor while he himself was not promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Williams and Gerard Friell preferred the latter version, based on the rapid success of the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199437_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199437-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maximus went to <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> to pursue his imperial ambitions, taking a large portion of the British garrison with him.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After five days of skirmishing near <a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Paris</a> he defeated Gratian,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who fled the battlefield and was killed at <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lyon</a> on 25 August 383. Continuing his campaign into Italy, Maximus was stopped from overthrowing <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a>, who was only twelve, when <a href="/wiki/Bauto" title="Bauto">Bauto</a> came with a powerful force to forestall him. Negotiations followed in 384, including the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, Bishop of Milan, leading to an accord with Valentinian II and Theodosius I in which Maximus was recognized as <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (rank)">Augustus</a></i> in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maximus made his capital at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Trier#Roman_Empire" title="History of Trier">Augusta Treverorum</a> (Treves, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>) in Gaul, and ruled Britain, Gaul, Spain and Africa. He issued coinage and a number of edicts reorganising Gaul's system of provinces. Some historians believe Maximus may have founded the office of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comes_Britanniarum" title="Comes Britanniarum">Comes Britanniarum</a></i> as well, although it was probably Stilicho who created the permanent office.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maximus was a stern persecutor of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a>. It was on his orders that <a href="/wiki/Priscillian" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a> and six companions were executed for <a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">heresy</a>, although the actual civil charges laid by Maximus were for the practice of <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">magic</a>. Prominent churchmen such as <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Martin_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin of Tours">St. Martin of Tours</a> protested against this involvement of the secular power in doctrinal matters, but the executions were carried out nonetheless.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximus thereby not only established his credentials as an upholder of orthodoxy, but also strengthened his financial resources in the ensuing confiscations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Gallica_of_452" title="Chronica Gallica of 452"><i>Gallic Chronicle</i> of 452</a> describes the Priscillianists as "Manichaeans", a different <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> heresy already condemned in Roman law under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, and states that Magnus Maximus had them "caught and exterminated with the greatest zeal".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a threatening letter addressed to Valentinian II, most likely composed between the spring of 384 and the summer of 387, Maximus complains of Valentinian's actions towards Ambrose and adherents of the Nicean Creed, writing: "Can it be that Your Serenity, venerable to me, thinks that a religion which has once taken root in the minds of men, which God himself has established, can be uprooted?" in response to "the disturbance and convulsion of Catholic law."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, Maximus's edict of 387/388, which censured Christians at Rome for burning down a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, was condemned by bishop <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, who said people exclaimed, "the emperor has become a Jew".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_conflicts_and_execution">Final conflicts and execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final conflicts and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 387, Maximus managed to force emperor Valentinian II out of <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Milan</a>. Valentinian fled to Theodosius I, and the two subsequently invaded from the east; their armies, led by <a href="/wiki/Richomeres" title="Richomeres">Richomeres</a> and other generals, campaigned against Maximus in July–August 388. Maximus was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poetovio" title="Battle of Poetovio">Battle of Poetovio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Marcomer" title="Marcomer">Marcomer</a> had taken the opportunity to invade northern Gaul, further weakening Maximus's position. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andragathius" title="Andragathius">Andragathius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a></i> of Maximus and the killer of the Emperor Gratian, was defeated near <a href="/wiki/Siscia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siscia">Siscia</a>, while Maximus's brother, Marcellinus, fell in battle at <a href="/wiki/Poetovio" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetovio">Poetovio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximus surrendered in Aquileia, and although he pleaded for mercy was executed. The Senate passed a decree of <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i> against him, but his mother and at least two daughters were spared.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodosius's trusted general <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a> strangled Maximus's son, <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>, at Trier in the fall of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate_of_family">Fate of family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fate of family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not recorded what happened to Maximus's family after his downfall. He is known to have had a wife, who is recorded as having sought spiritual counsel from <a href="/wiki/St._Martin_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin of Tours">St. Martin of Tours</a> during his time at Trier. Her ultimate fate, and even her name (but see the Welsh tradition below), have not been preserved in definitive historical records. The same is true of Maximus's mother and daughters, other than that they were spared by Theodosius I. </p><p>One of Maximus's daughters may have been married to <a href="/wiki/Ennoius" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennoius">Ennodius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proconsul Africae (395). Ennodius's grandson was <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a>, another ill-fated emperor, who ruled in Rome for only 77 days before he was stoned to death while fleeing from the Vandals on 24 May 455. Other descendants of Ennodius, and thus possibly of Maximus, included <a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Anicius Olybrius</a>, emperor in 472, but also several consuls and bishops such as <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Felix_Ennodius" title="Magnus Felix Ennodius">St. Magnus Felix Ennodius</a> (Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 514</span> – 521). We also encounter an otherwise unrecorded daughter of Magnus Maximus, <a href="/wiki/Sevira" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevira">Sevira</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Eliseg" title="Pillar of Eliseg">Pillar of Eliseg</a> (9th century), an early medieval inscribed stone in Wales, which claims that she married <a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Britons" title="King of the Britons">king of the Britons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_British_and_Breton_history">Role in British and Breton history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role in British and Breton history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maximus's bid for imperial power in 383 coincides with the last date for evidence of a Roman military presence in the western <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> and the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Deva</a>. Coins dated later than 383 have been found in excavations along <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, suggesting that troops were not entirely stripped from it, as was once thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Frere1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frere1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae" title="De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae">De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae</a></i> written <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span>, <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a> says that Maximus "deprived" Britain not only of its Roman troops, but also of its "armed bands...governors and of the flower of her youth", never to return.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having left with the troops and senior administrators, and planning to continue as the ruler of Britain in the future, his practical course was to transfer local authority to local rulers. Welsh legend supports that this happened, with stories such as <i><a href="/wiki/Breuddwyd_Macsen_Wledig" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig">Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig</a></i> (English: The Dream of Emperor Maximus), where he not only marries a wondrous British woman (thus making British descendants probable), but also gives her father sovereignty over Britain (thus formally transferring authority from Rome back to the Britons themselves). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillar_of_Eliseg_watercolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pillar_of_Eliseg_watercolour.jpg/300px-Pillar_of_Eliseg_watercolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pillar_of_Eliseg_watercolour.jpg/450px-Pillar_of_Eliseg_watercolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pillar_of_Eliseg_watercolour.jpg/600px-Pillar_of_Eliseg_watercolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Eliseg" title="Pillar of Eliseg">Pillar of Eliseg</a> in Wales. The pillar's inscription and the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i> trace the sovereignty of contemporary Welsh kingdoms back more than 500 years to Maximus.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest Welsh genealogies give Maximus (referred to as <i>Macsen/Maxen Wledig</i>, or <i>Emperor Maximus</i>) the role of founding father of the dynasties of several medieval Welsh kingdoms, including those of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is given as the ancestor of a Welsh king on the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Eliseg" title="Pillar of Eliseg">Pillar of Eliseg</a>, erected nearly 500 years after he left Britain, and he figures in lists of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Tribes_of_Wales" title="Fifteen Tribes of Wales">Fifteen Tribes of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rachel_Bromwich_2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rachel_Bromwich_2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he became emperor of the West, Maximus returned to Britain to campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> and Scots (i.e., Irish), probably in support of Rome's long-standing allies the <a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae</a> (all located in modern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>). While there he likely made similar arrangements for a formal transfer of authority to local chiefs—the later rulers of <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>, home to the Novantae, claimed Maximus as the founder of their line, the same as did the Welsh kings.<sup id="cite_ref-Frere1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frere1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ninth century <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i> gives another account of Maximus and assigns him an important role: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The seventh emperor was Maximianus, He withdrew from Britain with all its military force, slew Gratianus the king of the Romans, and obtained the sovereignty of all Europe. Unwilling to send back his warlike companions to their wives, families, and possessions in Britain, he conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake on the summit of Mons Iovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to the western Tumulus, that is Cruc Occident. These are the Armoric Britons, and they remain there to the present day. In consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome by foreign nations, the lawful heirs were cast out, till God interposed with his assistance.</p></blockquote> <p>Modern historians believe that this idea of mass British troop settlement in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> by Maximus may very well reflect some reality, as it accords with archaeological and other historical evidence and later Breton traditions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> declared independence from the Roman Empire in 407, but contributed archers for <a href="/wiki/Aetius_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetius (general)">Aetius</a>'s defence against <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> the Hun, and <a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a>, who may have ruled there as king, was subsequently mentioned in contemporary documents as an ally of Rome's against the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. Despite its continued usage of two distinct languages, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>, and extensive invasions and conquests by Franks and Vikings, Armorica retained considerable cultural cohesion into the 13th century. </p><p>Maximus also established a military base in his native <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, which persisted as a cultural entity despite occupation by the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> in 409, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a>. </p><p>Aetius sent large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> to both Armorica and Galicia following the defeat of Attila at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalunian_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Catalunian Plains">Battle of the Catalunian Plains</a>. The Alans evidently assimilated quickly into the local Celtic cultures, contributing their own legends, e.g., to the Arthurian Cycle of romances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh_legend">Welsh legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Welsh legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legendary versions of Maximus's career in which he marries the Welsh princess <a href="/wiki/Elen_Luyddog" class="mw-redirect" title="Elen Luyddog">Elen</a> may have circulated in popular tradition in Welsh-speaking areas from an early date. Although the story of Helen and Maximus's meeting is almost certainly fictional, there is some evidence for the basic claims. He is certainly given a prominent place in the earliest version of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a> which are believed to date from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> and which reflect older traditions in some cases. Welsh poetry also frequently refers to Macsen as a figure of comparison with later Welsh leaders. These legends come down to us in two separate versions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rachel_Bromwich_2006_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rachel_Bromwich_2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geoffrey of Monmouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llanbeblig_Hours_(f._3r.)_A_king,_possibly_Magnus_Maximus,_holding_a_sceptre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._3r.%29_A_king%2C_possibly_Magnus_Maximus%2C_holding_a_sceptre.jpg/220px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._3r.%29_A_king%2C_possibly_Magnus_Maximus%2C_holding_a_sceptre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._3r.%29_A_king%2C_possibly_Magnus_Maximus%2C_holding_a_sceptre.jpg/330px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._3r.%29_A_king%2C_possibly_Magnus_Maximus%2C_holding_a_sceptre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._3r.%29_A_king%2C_possibly_Magnus_Maximus%2C_holding_a_sceptre.jpg/440px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._3r.%29_A_king%2C_possibly_Magnus_Maximus%2C_holding_a_sceptre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from a 14th-century Welsh manuscript thought to intend to depict Magnus Maximus. Llanbeblig Hours (f. 3r.)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:History of the Kings of Britain/Book 5">History of the Kings of Britain/Book 5</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s fictional <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1136</span>), the basis for many English and Welsh legends, Maximianus, as he calls him, was a Roman senator, a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a> through Coel's brother Ioelinus, and king of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a> following the death of Octavius (<a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Eudaf Hen</a>). Geoffrey writes this came about because Octavius wanted to wed his daughter to just such a powerful half-Roman-half-Briton and to give the kingship of Britain, as a dowry, to that husband, so he sent a message to Rome offering his daughter to Maximian.<sup id="cite_ref-Monmouth_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monmouth-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caradocus" title="Caradocus">Caradocus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_rulers_of_Cornwall" title="List of legendary rulers of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a>, had suggested and supported the marriage between Octavius's daughter and Maximian. Maximian accepted the offer and left Rome for Britain. Geoffrey claims further that Maximian gathered an army as he sacked <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> towns along the way. He invaded Clausentum (modern <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>) unintentionally and nearly fought the army of the Britons under <a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a> before agreeing to a truce. Following further negotiations, Maximian was given the kingship of Britain and Octavius retired. Five years into his kingship, Magnus Maximus assembled a vast fleet and invaded <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, leaving Britain in the control of Caradocus.<sup id="cite_ref-Monmouth_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monmouth-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon reaching the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> (historically, the region between the Loire and Seine rivers, later comprising Brittany, Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Touraine), he defeated the king and killed thousands of inhabitants. Before departing to Rome, he summoned <a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conanus</a>, the rebellious nephew of Octavius, and asked him to rule as king of the land, which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. Conan's men married native women after cutting out their tongues to preserve the purity of their language. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> presents this legend to explain the Welsh name for Brittany, Llydaw, as originating from <i>lled-taw</i> or "half-silent". Given that Conan was well established in genealogies as the founder of Brittany, this account is certainly connected to an older tradition than Geoffrey. </p><p>Following the death of Caradocus, rule of Britain as regent passed to <a href="/wiki/Dionotus" title="Dionotus">Dionotus</a>, who – facing a foreign invasion – appealed to Maximus, who finally sent a man named <a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a> with two legions to stop the attack. He killed many thousands before the invaders fled to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Maximus died in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> soon after and Dionotus became the official king of the Britons. Unfortunately, before he could begin his reign, Gracianus took hold of the crown and made himself king over Dionotus. </p><p>While a broadly positive account of Maximian, the <i>History</i> concludes with the success of the barbarian invaders, and laments, "Alas for the absence of so many warlike soldiers through the madness of Maximianus!".<sup id="cite_ref-Monmouth_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monmouth-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Dream_of_Macsen_Wledig">The Dream of Macsen Wledig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Dream of Macsen Wledig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mabinogion/The_Dream_of_Maxen_Wledig" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Mabinogion/The Dream of Maxen Wledig">The Dream of Maxen Wledig</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Macsen_Wledig" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dream of Macsen Wledig">The Dream of Macsen Wledig</a></div> <p>Although the <i><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i> tale <i>The Dream of Macsen Wledig</i> is written in later manuscripts than Geoffrey's version, the two accounts are so different that scholars agree the Dream cannot be based purely on Geoffrey's version. The Dream's account also seems to accord better with details in the Triads, so it perhaps reflects an earlier tradition. </p><p>Macsen Wledig, the Emperor of Rome, dreams one night of a lovely maiden in a wonderful, far-off land. Awakening, he sends his men all over the earth in search of her. With much difficulty they find her in a rich castle in Wales, daughter of a chieftain based at <a href="/wiki/Segontium_Roman_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Segontium Roman Fort">Segontium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a>), and lead the Emperor to her. Everything he finds is exactly as in his dream. The maiden, whose name is <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_the_Hosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen of the Hosts">Helen</a> or Elen, accepts and loves him. Because Elen is found a virgin, Macsen gives her father sovereignty over the island of Britain and orders three castles built for his bride.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Macsen's absence, a new emperor seizes power and warns him not to return. With the help of men from Britain led by Elen's brother <a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conanus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></i>: Cynan Meriadoc, <i><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></i>: Conan Meriadeg), Macsen marches across Gaul and Italy and recaptures Rome. In gratitude to his British allies, Macsen rewards them with a portion of Gaul that becomes known as Brittany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coel_Hen">Coel Hen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coel Hen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to another legend, Maximus appointed <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a>, perhaps the legendary "<a href="/wiki/Old_King_Cole" title="Old King Cole">Old King Cole</a>", as governor of northern Britain, ruling from <a href="/wiki/Eburacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eburacum">Eburacum</a> (York). Following Maximus's departure for the continent, Coel became high king of northern Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_links_with_Caernarfon">Other links with Caernarfon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other links with Caernarfon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnus Maximus and Elen are traditionally given as the parents of Saint Peblig (or Publicus, named in the Calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a>), to whom a church dedicated stands in Caernarfon. The church is built on an important early Christian site, itself built on a Roman <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a> or temple of <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a>, close to the Segontium Roman Fort. A Roman altar was found in one of the walls during 19th century restoration work. The present church dates mainly from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medieval English king <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> was influenced by the legendary dream of Macsen Wledig/Magnus Maximus. In the dream Maximus had seen a fort, "the fairest that man ever saw", within a city at the mouth of a river in a mountainous country and opposite an island. Edward interpreted this to mean Segontium was the city of Maximus's dream and drew on the imperial link when building <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> in 1283.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was apparently believed that Maximus died in Wales. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Flores_Historiarum" title="Flores Historiarum">Flores Historiarum</a></i>, during the construction of the Castle and the nearby planned town, the body believed to be of Magnus Maximus was discovered entombed; King Edward ordered its reburial in a local church.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_literature">Later literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prominent place of Macsen in history, Welsh legend and in the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a> means he is often a character or referred to in historical and Arthurian fiction. Such stories include <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Lawhead" title="Stephen R. Lawhead">Stephen R. Lawhead</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pendragon_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendragon Cycle">Pendragon Cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart_(novelist)" title="Mary Stewart (novelist)">Mary Stewart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Hills" title="The Hollow Hills">The Hollow Hills</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Whyte" title="Jack Whyte">Jack Whyte</a>'s Camulod Chronicles, <a href="/wiki/M_J_Trow" class="mw-redirect" title="M J Trow">M J Trow</a>'s Britannia series, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_McKenzie" title="Nancy McKenzie">Nancy McKenzie</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Camelot" title="Queen of Camelot">Queen of Camelot</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_of_Pook%27s_Hill" title="Puck of Pook's Hill">Puck of Pook's Hill</a></i>. The popular Welsh <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk song</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Yma_o_Hyd" title="Yma o Hyd">Yma o Hyd</a></i>, recorded by <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Iwan" title="Dafydd Iwan">Dafydd Iwan</a> in 1981, recalls Macsen Wledig and celebrates the continued survival of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a> since his days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He is mentioned in a number of ancient and medieval sources: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> <i>Rerum Gestarum Libri Qui Supersunt</i> XXXI.4.9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> <i>Histories of the Kings of Britain</i> V.5-6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a> <i><a href="/wiki/De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae" title="De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae">De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae</a></i> II.13-14</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>' <i>Historia Brittonum</i> 27; 29</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a> <i>Historium adversum paganos</i> VII.34</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacatus">Pacatus</a> <i>Panegyricus Latini Pacati Deprani Dictus Theodosio</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_of_Aquitaine" title="Prosper of Aquitaine">Prosper</a> (Tiro) of Aquitaine <i>Chronicon</i> 384; 388</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Quintus Aurelius Symmachus</a>, who wrote a <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> for Maximus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Scholasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates Scholasticus">Socrates Scholasticus</a> <i>Historia Ecclesiastica </i> V.8; V.11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> <i>Historia Ecclesiastica </i> VII.13</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a> <i>Dialogi</i> II.6;III.11,13</li> <li>Sulpicius Severus <i>Historia Sacra</i> II.49-51</li> <li>Sulpicius Severus <i>Vita Sancti Martini</i> XX</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Trioedd Ynys Prydein</a></i> (The Welsh Triads)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> <i>Historia Nova</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirley1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/journals/bjrl/66/1/article-p13.xml">"Magnus Maximus and the persecution of heresy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_John_Rylands_Library" title="Bulletin of the John Rylands Library">Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</a></i>. <b>66</b> (1): 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.66.1.2">10.7227/BJRL.66.1.2</a>. <q>[Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a>] 2.48.5: '<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">iam tum rumor incesserat clemens maximum</span>'... The reading 'Clementem' led to the mistaken view that the emperor was called <b>Magnus Clemens Maximus</b>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=Magnus+Maximus+and+the+persecution+of+heresy&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.66.1.2&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterhive.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fbjrl%2F66%2F1%2Farticle-p13.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The New Cambridge Medieval History: <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>–<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>" by Paul Fouracre, <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">Rosamond McKitterick</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Medieval_History_1924_p._238_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a> ed. (1924), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva009698mbp"><i>The Cambridge Medieval History</i></a>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrum.1993" class="citation book cs1">Bartrum., Peter Clement (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a-welsh-classical-dictionary-people-in-history-and-legend-up-to-about-a.-d.-1000/page/494/mode/2up?q=maximus"><i>A Welsh Classical Dictionary; People In History And Legend Up To About A. D. 1000</i></a>. The National Library of Wales. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907158738" title="Special:BookSources/9780907158738"><bdi>9780907158738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Welsh+Classical+Dictionary%3B+People+In+History+And+Legend+Up+To+About+A.+D.+1000&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=The+National+Library+of+Wales&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780907158738&rft.aulast=Bartrum.&rft.aufirst=Peter+Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa-welsh-classical-dictionary-people-in-history-and-legend-up-to-about-a.-d.-1000%2Fpage%2F494%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dmaximus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1994">McLynn 1994</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington200631–32-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington200631–32_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErrington2006">Errington 2006</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijnendaele, J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/abs/ammianus-magnus-maximus-and-the-gothic-uprising/B72141580D83AEFB704E27C6A0FBADCD">Ammianus, Magnus Maximus and the Gothic Uprising</a>. <i>Britannia</i>, 51, 330-335. doi:10.1017/S0068113X20000045</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>The Later Roman Empire</i>(Penguin 1986) p. 417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orosius, <i>Historium adversum paganos</i> 7.34.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zosimus, <i>Historia Nova</i> 4.35.2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199437-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199437_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsFriell1994">Williams & Friell 1994</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Divine, <i>The North-West Frontier of Rome</i> (London 1969) p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven2023" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Maxwell (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxayEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT167"><i>Magnus Maximus</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3981-1137-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3981-1137-0"><bdi>978-1-3981-1137-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnus+Maximus&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3981-1137-0&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxayEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Momigliano, <i>Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography</i> (Oxford 1977) p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K Cooper ed., <i>Making Early Medieval Societies</i> (2016) p. 34 and p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes2015" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Christine Cadwell (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPgGBwAAQBAJ"><i>Medieval Heresies: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107023369" title="Special:BookSources/9781107023369"><bdi>9781107023369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Heresies%3A+Christianity%2C+Judaism%2C+and+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.isbn=9781107023369&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Christine+Cadwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPgGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmissi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Omissi, Adrastos (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/263793/">"Two letters of the usurper Magnus Maximus (Collectio Avellana 39 and 40)"</a>. <i>Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>72</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000983882200043X">10.1017/S000983882200043X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253923880">253923880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Two+letters+of+the+usurper+Magnus+Maximus+%28Collectio+Avellana+39+and+40%29&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253923880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000983882200043X&rft.aulast=Omissi&rft.aufirst=Adrastos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F263793%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose, Patrologia Latina, 16–17 (1845), nos. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pan. Lat. II.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of the invasion of Italy and subsequent campaign against Theodosius see Hebblewhite, M. (2020) Theodosius and the Limits of Empire, 81ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pan. Lat. II.35-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose, Ep. 40.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Wise Bauer, "The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade", W. W. Norton & Company, 22 Feb 2010 (p.68)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwaterElton2002" class="citation book cs1">Drinkwater, John; Elton, Hugh, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHGOvpQfFqcC&pg=PA118"><i>Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41485-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41485-7"><bdi>0-521-41485-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifth-Century+Gaul%3A+A+Crisis+of+Identity%3F&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-41485-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHGOvpQfFqcC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycock2011" class="citation book cs1">Laycock, Stuart (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrkTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT65"><i>Warlords: The Struggle for Power in Post-Roman Britain</i></a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7560-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7560-8"><bdi>978-0-7524-7560-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords%3A+The+Struggle+for+Power+in+Post-Roman+Britain&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-7560-8&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrkTDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frere1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frere1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frere1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrere1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Frere" title="Sheppard Frere">Frere, Sheppard Sunderland</a> (1987), "The End of Roman Britain", <i>Britannia: A History of Roman Britain</i> (3rd, revised ed.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 354, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1215-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-1215-1"><bdi>0-7102-1215-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Roman+Britain&rft.btitle=Britannia%3A+A+History+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=354&rft.edition=3rd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7102-1215-1&rft.aulast=Frere&rft.aufirst=Sheppard+Sunderland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1841" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Giles" title="John Allen Giles">Giles, John Allen</a>, ed. (1841), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3R1mCE7p44MC&pg=PA13">"The Works of Gildas"</a>, <i>The Works of Gildas and Nennius</i>, London: James Bohn, p. 13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Works+of+Gildas&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Gildas+and+Nennius&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=James+Bohn&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3R1mCE7p44MC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span>, The History, ch. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillimore1887" class="citation cs2">Phillimore, Egerton, ed. (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlUrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA83">"Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20"</a>, <i>Y Cymmrodor</i>, vol. VIII, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>92</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pedigrees+from+Jesus+College+MS.+20&rft.btitle=Y+Cymmrodor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlUrAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillimore1888" class="citation cs2">Phillimore, Egerton (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFMrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141">"The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859"</a>, in Phillimore, Egerton (ed.), <i>Y Cymmrodor</i>, vol. IX, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>183</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Annales+Cambriae+and+Old+Welsh+Genealogies%2C+from+Harleian+MS.+3859&rft.btitle=Y+Cymmrodor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Phillimore&rft.aufirst=Egerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFMrAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rachel_Bromwich_2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rachel_Bromwich_2006_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rachel_Bromwich_2006_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Bromwich, editor and translator. Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>, Third Edition, 2006. 441-444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monmouth-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monmouth_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monmouth_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monmouth_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G Monmouth (1966). <i>The History of the Kings of Britain</i>. Penguin 1966, pp. 136–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Davies trans, <i>Mabinogion</i> (Oxford 2007) p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishMagnusMaximus.htm">"Magnus Maximus"</a>. <i>The History Files</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Files&rft.atitle=Magnus+Maximus&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FFeaturesBritain%2FBritishMagnusMaximus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wa-3881-church-of-st-peblig-caernarfon#.VkZqFNLhCUk">"Church of St Peblig, Caernarfon"</a>. <i>www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk</i>. British Listed Buildings<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk&rft.atitle=Church+of+St+Peblig%2C+Caernarfon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk%2Fwa-3881-church-of-st-peblig-caernarfon%23.VkZqFNLhCUk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_Brown1984" class="citation book cs1">Allen Brown, Reginald (1984). <i>The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide</i>. B.T. Batsford. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-4089-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-4089-9"><bdi>0-7134-4089-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Castles%3A+A+Visual+Guide&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=B.T.+Batsford&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7134-4089-9&rft.aulast=Allen+Brown&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1986" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Arnold (1986). <i>The Welsh Castles of Edward I</i>. Hambledon Press, London. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907628-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-907628-71-0"><bdi>0-907628-71-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Castles+of+Edward+I&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press%2C+London&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-907628-71-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErrington2006" class="citation book cs1">Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanimperialpol0000erri"><i>Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3038-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-3038-0"><bdi>0-8078-3038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Imperial+Policy+from+Julian+to+Theodosius&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8078-3038-0&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=R.+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanimperialpol0000erri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A.H.M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">J.R. Martindale</a> & <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">J. Morris</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I"><i>Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6"><bdi>0-521-07233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07233-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rft.au=J.R.+Martindale&rft.au=J.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1994" class="citation cs2">McLynn, Neil B. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ambroseofmilanch0000mcly"><i>Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital</i></a>, The Transformation of the Classical Heritage, vol. 22, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08461-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08461-2"><bdi>978-0-520-08461-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambrose+of+Milan%3A+Church+and+Court+in+a+Christian+Capital&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=The+Transformation+of+the+Classical+Heritage&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08461-2&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Neil+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fambroseofmilanch0000mcly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsFriell1994" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen; Friell, Gerard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodosiusempire0000will"><i>Theodosius: The Empire at Bay</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07447-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07447-5"><bdi>978-0-300-07447-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodosius%3A+The+Empire+at+Bay&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07447-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Friell%2C+Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodosiusempire0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Maximus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" class="extiw" title="commons:Magnus Maximus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Magnus Maximus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/madmax.htm"><i>De Imperatoribus Romanis</i></a> – Roman Emperors, account</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331230310/http://roman-empire.net/collapse/maximus.html"><i>Roman Empire</i></a> account</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marikavel.org/genese/genese-titre.htm">Genèse de la Bretagne armoricaine</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Magnus Maximus </div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 28 August 388</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />383–388 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />388<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maternus_Cynegius" title="Maternus Cynegius">Maternus Cynegius</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Timasius" title="Timasius">Timasius</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Promotus" title="Promotus">Promotus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Legendary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Octavius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">King of Britain</a> </b><br />383–388<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Dionotus" title="Dionotus">Dionotus</a> (regent)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_mythology_series116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#c1e6c1;;background:#90db90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welsh_mythology" title="Template:Welsh mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Welsh_mythology" title="Template talk:Welsh mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_mythology_series116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> series</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#c1e6c1;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Texts and tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">Four Branches of the <i>Mabinogi</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pwyll_Pendefig_Dyfed" title="Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed">Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Branwen_ferch_Ll%C5%B7r" title="Branwen ferch Llŷr">Branwen ferch Llŷr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manawydan_fab_Ll%C5%B7r" title="Manawydan fab Llŷr">Manawydan fab Llŷr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy_(branch)" title="Math fab Mathonwy (branch)">Math fab Mathonwy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen" title="Culhwch and Olwen">Culhwch and Olwen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preiddeu_Annwfn" title="Preiddeu Annwfn">Preiddeu Annwfn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pa_gur" title="Pa gur">Pa gur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Welsh_Romances#Owain,_or_the_Lady_of_the_Fountain" title="Three Welsh Romances">Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Welsh_Romances#Geraint_and_Enid" title="Three Welsh Romances">Geraint and Enid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peredur_son_of_Efrawg" title="Peredur son of Efrawg">Peredur son of Efrawg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rhonabwy" title="The Dream of Rhonabwy">The Dream of Rhonabwy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geraint_son_of_Erbin" title="Geraint son of Erbin">Geraint son of Erbin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cad_Goddeu" title="Cad Goddeu">Cad Goddeu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology#The_Dream_of_Macsen_Wledig" title="Welsh mythology">The Dream of Macsen Wledig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Englynion_y_Beddau" title="Englynion y Beddau">Englynion y Beddau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Welsh_folklore)" title="Giants (Welsh folklore)">Giant tales</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lludd_and_Llefelys" title="Lludd and Llefelys">Lludd and Llefelys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaon_fab_Taliesin" title="Afaon fab Taliesin">Afaon fab Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaethon" title="Amaethon">Amaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawn" title="Arawn">Arawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianrhod" title="Arianrhod">Arianrhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afallach" title="Afallach">Afallach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleiddwn" title="Bleiddwn">Bleiddwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blodeuwedd" title="Blodeuwedd">Blodeuwedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedwyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_the_Blessed" title="Brân the Blessed">Bendigeidfran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwen" title="Branwen">Branwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradog_ap_Bran" title="Caradog ap Bran">Caradog ap Bran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Caswallawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceridwen" title="Ceridwen">Ceridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigfa" title="Cigfa">Cigfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creiddylad" title="Creiddylad">Creiddylad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culhwch" title="Culhwch">Culhwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyledr_Wyllt" title="Cyledr Wyllt">Cyledr Wyllt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymidei_Cymeinfoll" title="Cymidei Cymeinfoll">Cymidei Cymeinfoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynon_ap_Clydno" title="Cynon ap Clydno">Cynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4n" title="Dôn">Dôn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drudwas_ap_Tryffin" title="Drudwas ap Tryffin">Drudwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_ail_Don" title="Dylan ail Don">Dylan ail Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dywel_fab_Erbin" title="Dywel fab Erbin">Dywel fab Erbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edern_ap_Nudd" title="Edern ap Nudd">Edern ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efnysien" title="Efnysien">Efnysien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Elen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elffin_ap_Gwyddno" title="Elffin ap Gwyddno">Elffin ap Gwyddno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliwlod" title="Eliwlod">Eliwlod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufydd_fab_D%C3%B4n" title="Eufydd fab Dôn">Eufydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroswydd" title="Euroswydd">Euroswydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraint" title="Geraint">Geraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilfaethwy" title="Gilfaethwy">Gilfaethwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glewlwyd_Gafaelfawr" title="Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr">Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goewin" title="Goewin">Goewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofannon" title="Gofannon">Gofannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goreu_fab_Custennin" title="Goreu fab Custennin">Goreu fab Custennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronw_Pebr" title="Gronw Pebr">Gronw Pebr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwawl" title="Gwawl">Gwawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwern" title="Gwern">Gwern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwrhyr_Gwalstawd_Ieithoedd" title="Gwrhyr Gwalstawd Ieithoedd">Gwrhyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyddno_Garanhir" title="Gwyddno Garanhir">Gwyddno Garanhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwydion" title="Gwydion">Gwydion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwythyr_ap_Greidawl" title="Gwythyr ap Greidawl">Gwythyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gwalchmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafgan" title="Hafgan">Hafgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefeydd" title="Hefeydd">Hefeydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueil_mab_Caw" title="Hueil mab Caw">Hueil mab Caw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hychddwn" title="Hychddwn">Hychddwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyddwn" title="Hyddwn">Hyddwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddog_ap_Mynio" title="Iddog ap Mynio">Iddog ap Mynio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Gawr" title="Idris Gawr">Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llefelys" title="Llefelys">Llefelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes" title="Lleu Llaw Gyffes">Lleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7r" title="Llŷr">Llŷr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lludd_Llaw_Eraint" title="Lludd Llaw Eraint">Lludd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llwyd_ap_Cil_Coed" title="Llwyd ap Cil Coed">Llwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabon_ap_Modron" title="Mabon ap Modron">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madoc_ap_Uthyr" title="Madoc ap Uthyr">Madoc ap Uthyr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macsen Wledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallt-y-Nos" title="Mallt-y-Nos">Mallt-y-Nos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manawydan" title="Manawydan">Manawydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy" title="Math fab Mathonwy">Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matholwch" title="Matholwch">Matholwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menw" title="Menw">Menw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modron" title="Modron">Modron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfydd" title="Morfydd">Morfydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfran" title="Morfran">Morfran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Myrddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisien" title="Nisien">Nisien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen" title="Olwen">Olwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penarddun" title="Penarddun">Penarddun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penpingion" class="mw-redirect" title="Penpingion">Penpingion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredur" title="Peredur">Peredur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryderi" title="Pryderi">Pryderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwyll" title="Pwyll">Pwyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon" title="Rhiannon">Rhiannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cyllin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cyllin">Saint Cyllin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Eigen" title="Saint Eigen">Saint Eigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanddef" title="Sanddef">Sanddef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seithenyn" title="Seithenyn">Seithenyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegid_Foel" title="Tegid Foel">Tegid Foel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teyrnon" title="Teyrnon">Teyrnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysbaddaden" title="Ysbaddaden">Ysbaddaden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Animals and<br />creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adar_Llwch_Gwin" title="Adar Llwch Gwin">Adar Llwch Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adar_Rhiannon" title="Adar Rhiannon">Adar Rhiannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aderyn_y_Corff" title="Aderyn y Corff">Aderyn y Corff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanc" title="Afanc">Afanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenin_Llwyd" title="Brenin Llwyd">Brenin Llwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavall" title="Cavall">Cavall (Cafall, Cabal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Welsh_folklore)" title="Giants (Welsh folklore)">Cewri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblyn" title="Coblyn">Coblyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraniaid" title="Coraniaid">Coraniaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%B5n_Annwn" title="Cŵn Annwn">Cŵn Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dreigiau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllgi" title="Gwyllgi">Gwyllgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llamhigyn_y_D%C5%B5r" title="Llamhigyn y Dŵr">Llamhigyn y Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgen_(mythological_creature)" title="Morgen (mythological creature)">Morgens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling#Wales" title="Changeling">Plentyn Newid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAca" title="Púca">Pwca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twrch_Trwyth" title="Twrch Trwyth">Twrch Trwyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celliwig" title="Celliwig">Celliwig</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer_Sidi" title="Caer Sidi">Caer Sidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantre%27r_Gwaelod" title="Cantre'r Gwaelod">Cantre'r Gwaelod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyfed" title="Dyfed">Dyfed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Narberth,_Pembrokeshire" title="Narberth, Pembrokeshire">Arberth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassholm" title="Grassholm">Gwales</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aberffraw" title="Aberffraw">Aberffraw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantref_Arfon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantref Arfon">Arfon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardudwy" title="Ardudwy">Ardudwy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caer_Dathyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Caer Dathyl">Caer Dathyl</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ludgate" title="Ludgate">Ludgate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Neith" title="Cross of Neith">Cross of Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a> (Caledfwlch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_Dadeni" title="Pair Dadeni">Cauldron of rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llech_Ronw" title="Llech Ronw">Llech Ronw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Treasures_of_the_Island_of_Britain" title="Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain">Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth452" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template talk:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth452" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Works by Geoffrey of Monmouth">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophetiae_Merlini" title="Prophetiae Merlini">Prophetiae Merlini</a></i> (c. 1135)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> (c. 1136)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Merlini" title="Vita Merlini">Vita Merlini</a></i> (c. 1150)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations_of_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Translations of Geoffrey of Monmouth">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut">Roman de Brut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">Layamon's <i>Brut</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd" title="Brut y Brenhinedd">Brut y Brenhinedd</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breta_s%C3%B6gur" title="Breta sögur">Breta sögur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merl%C3%ADn%C3%BAssp%C3%A1" title="Merlínússpá">Merlínússpá</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanactus" title="Albanactus">Albanactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhfrith_of_Deira" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhfrith of Deira">Alhfrith of Deira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibalus" title="Amphibalus">Amphibalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andragius" title="Andragius">Andragius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archgallo" title="Archgallo">Archgallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archmail" title="Archmail">Archmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvirargus" title="Arvirargus">Arvirargus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Conanus" title="Aurelius Conanus">Aurelius Conanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beldgabred" title="Beldgabred">Beldgabred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinus" title="Belinus">Belinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladud" title="Bladud">Bladud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledric_ap_Custennin" title="Bledric ap Custennin">Bledric ap Custennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledudo" title="Bledudo">Bledudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennius" title="Brennius">Brennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Greenshield" title="Brutus Greenshield">Brutus Greenshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Budic II of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadfan_ap_Iago" title="Cadfan ap Iago">Cadfan ap Iago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadoc" title="Cadoc">Cadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cador" title="Cador">Cador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camber (legendary king)">Camber (legendary king)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Britain" title="Cap of Britain">Cap of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capetus_Silvius" title="Capetus Silvius">Capetus Silvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoir" title="Capoir">Capoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradocus" title="Caradocus">Caradocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Cassivellaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catellus" title="Catellus">Catellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherin" title="Cherin">Cherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledaucus" title="Cledaucus">Cledaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotenus" title="Clotenus">Clotenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilus" title="Coilus">Coilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II (son of Constantine III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)">Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine (Briton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordelia_of_Britain" title="Cordelia of Britain">Cordelia of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corineus" title="Corineus">Corineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunedagius" title="Cunedagius">Cunedagius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunobeline" title="Cunobeline">Cunobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danius" title="Danius">Danius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digueillus" title="Digueillus">Digueillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionotus" title="Dionotus">Dionotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunvallo_Molmutius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunvallo Molmutius">Dunvallo Molmutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebraucus" title="Ebraucus">Ebraucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edadus" title="Edadus">Edadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edern_ap_Nudd" title="Edern ap Nudd">Edern ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol" title="Eldol">Eldol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol,_Consul_of_Gloucester" title="Eldol, Consul of Gloucester">Eldol, Consul of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elidurus" title="Elidurus">Elidurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliud" title="Eliud">Eliud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enniaunus" title="Enniaunus">Enniaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrildis" title="Estrildis">Estrildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Eudaf Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrex" title="Ferrex">Ferrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgenius" title="Fulgenius">Fulgenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerennus" title="Gerennus">Gerennus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffar_the_Pict" title="Goffar the Pict">Goffar the Pict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogmagog_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogmagog (folklore)">Gogmagog (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goneril" title="Goneril">Goneril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorboduc" title="Gorboduc">Gorboduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbonianus" title="Gorbonianus">Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiderius" title="Guiderius">Guiderius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guithelin" title="Guithelin">Guithelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgintius" title="Gurgintius">Gurgintius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurguit_Barbtruc" title="Gurguit Barbtruc">Gurguit Barbtruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgustius" title="Gurgustius">Gurgustius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddoleu_ap_Ceidio" title="Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio">Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddydd" title="Gwenddydd">Gwenddydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Gwendolen" title="Queen Gwendolen">Queen Gwendolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena (empress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_the_Hun" title="Humber the Hun">Humber the Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iago_ap_Beli" title="Iago ap Beli">Iago ap Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idvallo" title="Idvallo">Idvallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenius_of_Britain" title="Ingenius of Britain">Ingenius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innogen" title="Innogen">Innogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jago_of_Britain" title="Jago of Britain">Jago of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron" title="Julius and Aaron">Julius and Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Asclepiodotus" title="Julius Asclepiodotus">Julius Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Sir Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keredic" title="Keredic">Keredic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimarcus" title="Kimarcus">Kimarcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinarius" title="Kinarius">Kinarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leil" title="Leil">Leil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leir_of_Britain" title="Leir of Britain">Leir of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrinus" title="Locrinus">Locrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">King Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">Lucius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lud_son_of_Heli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lud son of Heli">Lud son of Heli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddan" title="Maddan">Maddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubracius" title="Mandubracius">Mandubracius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Marcia" title="Queen Marcia">Queen Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus" title="Marganus">Marganus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus_II" title="Marganus II">Marganus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_of_Britain" title="Marius of Britain">Marius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mempricius" title="Mempricius">Mempricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merianus" title="Merianus">Merianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millus" title="Millus">Millus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvidus" title="Morvidus">Morvidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrddin_Wyllt" title="Myrddin Wyllt">Myrddin Wyllt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius_of_Britain" title="Nennius of Britain">Nennius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Octa of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenus" title="Oenus">Oenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_mab_Urien" title="Owain mab Urien">Owain mab Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandrasus" title="Pandrasus">Pandrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia" title="Penda of Mercia">Penda of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredur" title="Peredur">Peredur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredurus" title="Peredurus">Peredurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_the_Britons" title="Pir of the Britons">Pir of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_I" title="Porrex I">Porrex I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_II" title="Porrex II">Porrex II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Publius Septimius Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Laberius_Durus" title="Quintus Laberius Durus">Quintus Laberius Durus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redechius" title="Redechius">Redechius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redon_of_Britain" title="Redon of Britain">Redon of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regan_(King_Lear)" title="Regan (King Lear)">Regan (King Lear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhydderch_Hael" title="Rhydderch Hael">Rhydderch Hael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rience" class="mw-redirect" title="Rience">Rience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivallo" title="Rivallo">Rivallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud_Hud_Hudibras" title="Rud Hud Hudibras">Rud Hud Hudibras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runo_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runo (legendary king)">Runo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawyl_Penuchel" title="Sawyl Penuchel">Sawyl Penuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvius_(mythology)" title="Silvius (mythology)">Silvius (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_I" title="Sisillius I">Sisillius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_II" title="Sisillius II">Sisillius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_III" title="Sisillius III">Sisillius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Gorbonianus" title="Son of Gorbonianus">Son of Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasciovanus" title="Tasciovanus">Tasciovanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trahern" title="Trahern">Trahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urianus" title="Urianus">Urianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venissa" title="Venissa">Venissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortiporius" title="Vortiporius">Vortiporius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Ywain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92thelwald_of_Deira" title="Œthelwald of Deira">Œthelwald of Deira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arfderydd" title="Battle of Arfderydd">Battle of Arfderydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guoloph" title="Battle of Guoloph">Battle of Guoloph</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Britanniae" title="Gesta Regum Britanniae">Gesta Regum Britanniae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailoken" title="Lailoken">Lailoken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">List of legendary kings of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_rulers_of_Cornwall" title="List of legendary rulers of Cornwall">List of legendary rulers of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molmutine_Laws" title="Molmutine Laws">Molmutine Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Malvam" title="River Malvam">River Malvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(c._630)" title="Siege of Exeter (c. 630)">Siege of Exeter (c. 630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations associated with Arthurian legend">Locations associated with Arthurian legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Treason of the Long Knives">Treason of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinovantum" title="Trinovantum">Trinovantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_genealogy_of_Nennius" title="Trojan genealogy of Nennius">Trojan genealogy of Nennius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vera_historia_de_morte_Arthuri" title="Vera historia de morte Arthuri">Vera historia de morte Arthuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Oxford" title="Walter of Oxford">Walter of Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Geoffrey of Monmouth"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><b>Wikisource texts</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211396#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1464" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/102398631">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2011017452">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12226174g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12226174g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812669647105606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/102398631.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/102398631">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030947316">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68690">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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