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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Reference notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Cocaine dependence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain#Kokainismus" title="Kokain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokainism" title="Kokainism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kokainism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocainoman%C3%ADa" title="Cocainomanía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cocainomanía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A6%9D" title="코카인 의존증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코카인 의존증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipendenza_da_cocaina" title="Dipendenza da cocaina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dipendenza da cocaina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="କୋକେନ ବ୍ୟବହାର ବିକାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋକେନ ବ୍ୟବହାର ବିକାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depend%C3%AAncia_de_coca%C3%ADna" title="Dependência de cocaína – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dependência de cocaína" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Влияние кокаина на здоровье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Влияние кокаина на здоровье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuzimi_i_Kokain%C3%ABs" title="Abuzimi i Kokainës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abuzimi i Kokainës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain_ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ml%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kokain bağımlılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kokain bağımlılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A5_thu%E1%BB%99c_cocaine" title="Phụ thuộc cocaine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phụ thuộc cocaine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_addiction&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine addiction">Cocaine addiction</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Neurological disorder related to persistent cocaine use</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cocaine dependence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cocaine dependence</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> disorder that is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal symptoms</a> upon cessation from <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> use.<sup id="cite_ref-Pom2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pom2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also often coincides with cocaine <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopsychosocial">biopsychosocial</a> disorder characterized by persistent use of cocaine and/or <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">crack</a> despite substantial harm and adverse consequences. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., abbreviated <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>), classifies problematic cocaine use as a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_use_disorder" title="Stimulant use disorder">stimulant use disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Classification of Diseases (11th rev., abbreviated <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>), includes "Cocaine dependence" as a classification (diagnosis) under "Disorders due to use of cocaine".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of cocaine creates euphoria and high amounts of energy. If taken in large doses, it is possible to cause <a href="/wiki/Mood_swings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood swings">mood swings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">fast heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic attacks">panic attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> that are extremely difficult to control, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive dysfunction">cognitive impairments</a> and drastic changes in personality. Cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a>, such as: <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">constricting blood vessels</a> in the brain, causing <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a> and constricting arteries in the heart; causing <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal range from moderate to severe: <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">decreased libido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">psychological and physical weakness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, and compulsive <a href="/wiki/Craving_(withdrawal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Craving (withdrawal)">cravings</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cocaine is a powerful stimulant known to make users feel energetic, cheerful, talkative, etc. In time, negative side effects include increased body temperature, <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">irregular or rapid heart rate</a>, high blood pressure, increased risk of heart attacks, strokes and even <a href="/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden cardiac death">sudden death from cardiac arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inspirations_Youth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inspirations_Youth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> Many people who habitually use cocaine develop a transient, manic-like condition similar to <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamine psychosis">amphetamine psychosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, whose symptoms include aggression, severe paranoia, restlessness, confusion<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tactile hallucinations; which can include the feeling of something crawling under the skin (<a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">formication</a>), also known as "coke bugs", during binges.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different ingestion techniques have their own symptoms that accompany them. Snorting it can cause a loss of sense of smell, nose bleeds, problems swallowing and an inflamed, runny nose. Smoking it causes lung damage and injecting it puts users at risk of contracting infectious diseases like <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy users of cocaine have also reported having thoughts of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, unusual weight loss, trouble maintaining relationships, and an unhealthy, pale appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal_symptoms">Withdrawal symptoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Withdrawal symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used habitually, cocaine can change brain structure and function, resulting in addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circuits within the brain structure that play a part in stress signals become more sensitive. When cocaine is not being used this increases an individual's displeasure and negative moods.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, Gawin and Kleber led an important study on the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine users. In this study, three distinct phases were reported. These phases are the 'crash', 'withdrawal' and 'extinction'.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'crash' phase or phase 1 occurs directly after cocaine is not being used anymore. Withdrawal symptoms for this phase are exhaustion, hypersomnia, no cravings to use, <a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">dysthymia</a>, increased appetite, restlessness, and irritability.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second phase, or 'withdrawal' phase occurs 1–10 weeks after cocaine users quit, symptoms include: <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, anxiety, erratic sleep, strong craving, emotional lability, irritability, depression, poor concentration, and bowel issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally the last phase or the 'extinction' phase occurs up to 28 weeks after discontinued use, symptoms include: episodic cravings and some <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology_and_prevalence_rates">Epidemiology and prevalence rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epidemiology and prevalence rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Past-Year-Cocaine-Use-2002-2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Past-Year-Cocaine-Use-2002-2019.png/220px-Past-Year-Cocaine-Use-2002-2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Past-Year-Cocaine-Use-2002-2019.png/330px-Past-Year-Cocaine-Use-2002-2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Past-Year-Cocaine-Use-2002-2019.png/440px-Past-Year-Cocaine-Use-2002-2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Past Year Cocaine Use among People Aged 12 or Older: 2002-2019 (U.S.)</figcaption></figure><p>In the United States, past year cocaine users in 2019 was 5.5 million for people aged 12 or older. When broken into age groups, ages 12–17 had 97,000 users; ages 18–25 had 1.8 million users and ages 26 or older had 3.6 million users.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past year cocaine users with a cocaine use disorder in 2019 was 1 million for people aged 12 or older. When broken into age groups, ages 12–17 had 5,000 people with a cocaine use disorder; ages 18–25 had 250,000 people with a cocaine use disorder and ages 26 or older had 756,000 people with a cocaine use disorder<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, cocaine use overdose deaths have been on the rise and in 2019, the CDC reported over 16,000 deaths from cocaine overdose.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk">Risk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study consisting of 1,081 U.S. residents who had first used <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> within the previous 24 months was conducted. It was found that the risk of becoming <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependent</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> within two years of first use was 5–6%. The risk of becoming dependent within 10 years of first use increased to 15–16%. These were the aggregate rates for all types of use considered, such as smoking, snorting, and injecting. Among recent-onset users individual rates of dependency were higher for smoking (3.4 times) and much higher for injecting. Women were 3.3 times more likely to become dependent, compared with men. Users who started at ages 12 or 13 were four times as likely to become dependent compared to those who started between ages 18 and 20.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a study of non-deviant<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> users in Amsterdam found a "relative absence of destructive and compulsive use patterns over a ten year period" and concluded that cocaine users can and do exercise control. "Our respondents applied two basic types of controls to themselves: 1) restricting use to certain situations and to emotional states in which cocaine's effects would be most positive, and 2) limiting mode of ingestion to snorting of modest amounts of cocaine, staying below 2.5 grams a week for some, and below 0.5 grams a week for most. Nevertheless, those whose use level exceeded 2.5 grams a week all returned to lower levels".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapy">Therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve-step programs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_Anonymous" title="Cocaine Anonymous">Cocaine Anonymous</a> (modeled on <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>) have been widely used to help those with cocaine addiction. <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT), <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">dialectical behavior therapy</a> (DBT), <a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">rational emotive behavior therapy</a> (REBT), and <a href="/wiki/Motivational_interviewing" title="Motivational interviewing">motivational interviewing</a> (MI) can be especially powerful approaches to treating cocaine addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with <a href="/wiki/Motivational_therapy" title="Motivational therapy">motivational therapy</a> (MT) has proven to be more helpful than 12 step programs in treating cocaine dependency.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both these approaches have a fairly low success rate as research suggests that the withdrawal symptoms can last for several weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, one of the main predictors of a successful recovery is the number of continuous days a person is able to go without using the substance.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative holistic treatments such as physical exercise and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> have been proven effective in reducing cocaine cravings.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other non-pharmacological treatments such as acupuncture<sup id="cite_ref-Margolin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margolin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otto_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hypnosis have been explored, but without conclusive results.<sup id="cite_ref-Page_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Potter_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous medications have been investigated for use in cocaine dependence, but as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, none of them were considered to be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Minozzi2015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minozzi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">topiramate</a>, do not appear to be effective as treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Minozzi2015_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minozzi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a> are also ineffective for treatment of cocaine dependence.<sup id="cite_ref-Indave2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indave2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few studies have examined <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a> (a novel <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a>) for cocaine dependence; however, trials performed thus far have not shown it to be an effective form of treatment for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Mariani2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariani2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> (NIDA) of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> is researching <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a>, a narcolepsy drug and mild stimulant, as a potential cocaine treatment. <a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been under investigation as a treatment for cocaine dependency and is used in clinics in Mexico, the Netherlands and Canada. It was legal for a time in Costa Rica, but has been illegal since 2018. It is illegal to use in many countries, such as Sweden, Norway, the United Kingdom, and in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other medications that have been investigated for this purpose include <a href="/wiki/Acetylcysteine" title="Acetylcysteine">acetylcysteine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">baclofen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17927843_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17927843-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">vanoxerine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11502731_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11502731-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medications such as <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>, have been used to cause an "aversion reaction" when administered with cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaccine">Vaccine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a> is an active <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16038686_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16038686-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">addiction</a>. It is created by combining <a href="/wiki/Norcocaine" title="Norcocaine">norcocaine</a> with inactivated <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> toxin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">Transcranial magnetic stimulation</a> (TMS) is being studied as a treatment for cocaine addiction, although definitive evidence for efficacy does not yet exist.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other research on rodents has suggested that cocaine use leads to complexes of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporters</a>, which build up tolerance to the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's possible that future treatment for cocaine addiction might target those complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synaptogyrin-3, a synaptic vesicle protein, binds to dopamine transporters and regulates the effects of cocaine on dopamine neurotransmission and rodent self-administration behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elevating levels of synaptogyrin-3 made animals resilient to cocaine, and a possible future treatment for cocaine addiction might be based on targeting this protein.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SB-277,011-A" title="SB-277,011-A">SB-277011-A</a> – a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, used in the study of cocaine addiction. Where cocaine reduces the threshold for brain electrical self-stimulation in rats, an indication of cocaine's rewarding effects, SB-277011-A completely reverses this effect.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The study's authors stated that they wanted to know which effects and consequences of cocaine use would become visible with persons who are mainstream citizens or as close to that social stratum as possible</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pom2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pom2012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPomaraCassanoD'ErricoBello2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). 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class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11361146">11361146</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synaptogyrin-3+Prevents+Cocaine+Addiction+and+Dopamine+Deficits&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11361146%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F2024.07.27.605436&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Emily+Grace&rft.au=Holleran%2C+Katherine+M.&rft.au=Curry%2C+Alyson+M.&rft.au=Holter%2C+Kimberly+Marie&rft.au=Estave%2C+Paige&rft.au=Sens%2C+Jonathon+P&rft.au=Locke%2C+Jason&rft.au=Ortelli%2C+Olivia&rft.au=George%2C+Brianna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiorxiv.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1101%2F2024.07.27.605436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine+dependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_notes">Reference notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reference notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ←Page #928 (4th page of article) ¶4. §(1), (2) & (3); Lines 10—12 & 15—18 of aforementioned 4th ¶.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocaine_dependence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3743188" class="extiw" title="d:Q3743188">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F14">F14</a>.2</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=304.2">304.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D019970">D019970</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3116-overview">med/3116</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Addiction" title="Template:Addiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Addiction" title="Template talk:Addiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Addiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Addiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">Reinforcement</a> disorders: <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine#Addiction" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine addiction">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine#Addiction" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate#Addiction_and_dependence" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine addiction">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Financial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Shopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Palatable food</a></li> <li>Sex-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">Pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Internet-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media addictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cellular<br />mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcriptional</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/FOSB#ΔFosB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdk5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdk5">Cdk5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GluR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GluR2">GluR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Epigenetic</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G9a" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a">G9a</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G9a-like_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a-like protein">G9a-like protein</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HDAC1" title="HDAC1">HDAC1</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HDAC2" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC2">HDAC2</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HDAC3" title="HDAC3">HDAC3</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC4" title="HDAC4">HDAC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC5" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC5">HDAC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC9" title="HDAC9">HDAC9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC10" title="HDAC10">HDAC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT2" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT2">SIRT2</a></li> <li>...</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-drug stimuli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_dependence" title="Tanning dependence">Tanning dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_addiction" title="Treatment and management of addiction">Treatment <br />and <br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Detoxification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_detoxification" title="Drug detoxification">Drug detoxification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Behavioral <br />therapies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_enhancement_therapy" title="Motivational enhancement therapy">Motivational enhancement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_interviewing" title="Motivational interviewing">Motivational interviewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_therapy" title="Motivational therapy">Motivational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Addiction" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Physical exercise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treatment <br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug rehab">Drug rehab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin-assisted_treatment" title="Heroin-assisted treatment">Heroin-assisted treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_outpatient_program" title="Intensive outpatient program">Intensive outpatient program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Methadone maintenance">Methadone maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_cessation_clinics_in_India" title="Tobacco cessation clinics in India">Tobacco cessation clinics in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve-step program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_recovery_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Addiction recovery groups">Addiction recovery groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">List of twelve-step groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harm_reduction" title="Category:Harm reduction">Category:Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-threshold_treatment_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-threshold treatment programs">Low-threshold treatment programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_Management" title="Moderation Management">Moderation Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange program">Needle exchange program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_maintenance" title="Stimulant maintenance">Stimulant maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Carr" title="Allen Carr">Allen Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Addiction" title="Category:Addiction">Category:Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaccines_against_drugs" title="Category:Vaccines against drugs">Category:Vaccines against drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Discrimination against drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" title="Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">Dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive control">Cognitive control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_control" title="Inhibitory control">Inhibitory control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">Motivational salience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience#Incentive_salience" title="Motivational salience">Incentive salience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Addiction" title="Category:Addiction">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychoactive_substance-related_disorders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template:Psychoactive substance use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template talk:Psychoactive substance use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoactive substance use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychoactive_substance-related_disorders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">substance-related disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder#Substance-induced_disorders" title="Substance-related disorder">SID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Substance intoxication</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis" title="Substance-induced psychosis">Substance-induced psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-acute-withdrawal_syndrome" title="Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome">Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome</a> (PAWS)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">SUD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">Substance-related disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined<br />substance use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polysubstance_dependence" title="Polysubstance dependence">Polysubstance dependence</a></li></ul></li> <li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_drug_intoxication" title="Combined drug intoxication">Combined drug intoxication</a> (CDI)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SID</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy" title="Alcoholic cardiomyopathy">Alcoholic cardiomyopathy</a> (ACM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">Alcohol flush reaction</a> (AFR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a> (ALD): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zieve%27s_syndrome" title="Zieve's syndrome">Zieve's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-brewery_syndrome" title="Auto-brewery syndrome">Auto-brewery syndrome</a> (ABS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_ketoacidosis" title="Alcoholic ketoacidosis">Alcoholic ketoacidosis</a> (AKA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous<br /> system diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_dementia" title="Alcohol-related dementia">Alcohol-related dementia</a> (ARD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">Hangover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">Neurological<br /> disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_polyneuropathy" title="Alcoholic polyneuropathy">Alcoholic polyneuropathy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_brain_damage" title="Alcohol-related brain damage">Alcohol-related brain damage</a> (ARDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">Alcohol withdrawal syndrome</a> (AWS): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">Delirium tremens</a> (DTs)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a> (FASD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchiafava%E2%80%93Bignami_disease" title="Marchiafava–Bignami disease">Marchiafava–Bignami disease</a> (MBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_alcohol_nystagmus" title="Positional alcohol nystagmus">Positional alcohol nystagmus</a> (PAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a> (WKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke_encephalopathy" title="Wernicke encephalopathy">Wernicke encephalopathy</a> (WE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory tract diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-induced_respiratory_reactions" title="Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions">Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_lung_disease" title="Alcoholic lung disease">Alcoholic lung disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SUD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a> (alcohol use disorder (AUD))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_anxiety_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder">Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_psychosis" title="Caffeine-induced psychosis">Caffeine-induced psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_sleep_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced sleep disorder">Caffeine-induced sleep disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinism" title="Caffeinism">Caffeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_arteritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cannabis arteritis (page does not exist)">Cannabis arteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_marijuana_syndrome" title="Intravenous marijuana syndrome">Intravenous marijuana syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">Cannabis use disorder</a> (CUD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_cannabinoid_use_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder (page does not exist)">Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">Cocaine intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a> (PCE)</li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_trip" title="Bad trip">Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen_persisting_perception_disorder" title="Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder">Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder</a> (HPPD)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Tobacco_Sickness" title="Green Tobacco Sickness">Green Tobacco Sickness</a> (GTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">Opioid withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">Opioid-induced hyperalgesia</a> (OIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_endocrinopathy" title="Opioid-induced endocrinopathy">Opioid-induced endocrinopathy</a> (OIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_constipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid-induced constipation">Opioid-induced constipation</a> (OIC)</li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use disorder</a> (OUD)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedative</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindling_(sedative%E2%80%93hypnotic_withdrawal)" title="Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)">Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a>:</i> SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">Benzodiazepine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_use_disorder" title="Benzodiazepine use disorder">Benzodiazepine use disorder</a> (BUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a>:</i> SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturate overdose</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>:</i> SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Volatile<br /> solvent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_sniffing_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden sniffing death syndrome">Sudden sniffing death syndrome</a> (SSDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene_toxicity" title="Toluene toxicity">Toluene toxicity</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalant abuse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroid">Anabolic-androgenic steroids</a></i>: SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroids_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse">Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocoholic">Chocolate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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