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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Later literary success and the Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_literary_success_and_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Later years and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Writing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Prose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy and criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_list_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_list_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Selected list of works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_list_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2" title="أوليفر وندل هولمز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوليفر وندل هولمز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2" title="الیور وندل هلمز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الیور وندل هلمز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Оливър Уендел Холмс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оливър Уендел Холмс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_(escritor)" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes (escritor) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes (escritor)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr." data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2" title="الیور وندل هلمز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیور وندل هلمز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84_%EC%9B%AC%EB%93%A4_%ED%99%88%EC%8A%A4" title="올리버 웬들 홈스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="올리버 웬들 홈스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%BD" title="Ուենդել Հոլմս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուենդել Հոլմս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91" title="אוליבר ונדל הולמס האב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוליבר ונדל הולמס האב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_(pater)" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes (pater) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes (pater)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2_(%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="اوليفر وندل هولمز (دكتور من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوليفر وندل هولمز (دكتور من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%B2_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အော်လစ်ဗာ ဝင်းဒဲ ဟုမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော်လစ်ဗာ ဝင်းဒဲ ဟုမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes sr. – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes sr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="オリバー・ウェンデル・ホームズ・シニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オリバー・ウェンデル・ホームズ・シニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Холмс, Оливер Уэнделл (старший) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холмс, Оливер Уэнделл (старший)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr." data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr." data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr." data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Оливер Уендел Ҳолмс, Калонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оливер Уендел Ҳолмс, Калонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oliver Wendell Holmes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr.&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American poet, essayist, physician (1809–1894)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his son, the American jurist and Supreme Court justice, see <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Holmes_photo_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holmes, c. 1880s"><img alt="Holmes, c. 1880s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holmes_photo_1910.jpg/220px-Holmes_photo_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holmes_photo_1910.jpg/330px-Holmes_photo_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holmes_photo_1910.jpg/440px-Holmes_photo_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="964" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Holmes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-08-29)August 29, 1809 <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">October 7, 1894(1894-10-07) (aged 85) <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Physician</li><li>poet</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicinae_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinae doctor">MD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Amelia Lee Jackson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1840; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1888)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Edward Jackson Holmes Amelia Jackson Holmes <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Signature_of_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_Sr.jpg/150px-Signature_of_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_Sr.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Signature_of_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_Sr.jpg/225px-Signature_of_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_Sr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Signature_of_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_Sr.jpg/300px-Signature_of_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_Sr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="111" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hoʊmz/</a>; August 29, 1809 – October 7, 1894) was an American physician, poet, and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> based in Boston. Grouped among the <a href="/wiki/Fireside_poets" title="Fireside poets">fireside poets</a>, he was acclaimed by his peers as one of the best writers of the day. His most famous prose works are the "Breakfast-Table" series, which began with <a href="/wiki/The_Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table" title="The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table">The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table</a> (1858). He was also an important medical reformer. In addition to his work as an author and poet, Holmes also served as a physician, professor, lecturer, inventor, and, although he never practiced it, he received formal training in law. Born in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, Holmes was educated at <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>. After graduating from Harvard in 1829, he briefly studied law before turning to the medical profession. He began writing poetry at an early age; one of his most famous works, "<a href="/wiki/Old_Ironsides_(poem)" title="Old Ironsides (poem)">Old Ironsides</a>", was published in 1830 and was influential in the eventual preservation of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a>. Following training at the prestigious medical schools of Paris, Holmes was granted his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> in 1836. He taught at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmouth Medical School">Dartmouth Medical School</a> before returning to teach at Harvard and, for a time, served as dean there. During his long professorship, he became an advocate for various medical reforms and notably posited the controversial idea that doctors were capable of carrying <a href="/wiki/Puerperal_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal fever">puerperal fever</a> from patient to patient. Holmes retired from Harvard in 1882 and continued writing poetry, novels and essays until his death in 1894. Surrounded by Boston's literary elite—which included friends such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>—Holmes made an indelible imprint on the literary world of the 19th century. Many of his works were published in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic Monthly</a>, a magazine that he named. For his literary achievements and other accomplishments, he was awarded numerous honorary degrees from universities around the world. Holmes's writing often commemorated his native Boston area, and much of it was meant to be humorous or conversational. Some of his medical writings, notably his 1843 essay regarding the contagiousness of <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_infections" title="Postpartum infections">puerperal fever</a>, were considered innovative for their time. He was often called upon to issue occasional poetry, or poems written specifically for an event, including many occasions at Harvard. Holmes also popularized several terms, including "<a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmin</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>. He was the father of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a>, who would become a justice on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_education">Life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthplace_of_OWHolmes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Birthplace_of_OWHolmes.jpg/220px-Birthplace_of_OWHolmes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Birthplace_of_OWHolmes.jpg/330px-Birthplace_of_OWHolmes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Birthplace_of_OWHolmes.jpg/440px-Birthplace_of_OWHolmes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of Oliver Wendell Holmes in Cambridge</figcaption></figure> Holmes was born in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, on August 29, 1809. His birthplace, a house just north of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a>, was said to have been the place where the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> was planned.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> He was the first son of <a href="/wiki/Abiel_Holmes" title="Abiel Holmes">Abiel Holmes</a> (1763–1837), minister of the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">First Congregational Church</a><a href="#cite_note-Novick3-2">[2]</a> and avid historian, and Sarah Wendell, Abiel's second wife. Sarah was the daughter of a wealthy family, and Holmes was named for his maternal grandfather, a judge.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The first Wendell, Evert Jansen, left the Netherlands in 1640 and settled in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>. Also through his mother, Holmes was descended from Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Simon Bradstreet</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bradstreet" title="Anne Bradstreet">Anne Bradstreet</a> (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">Thomas Dudley</a>), the first published American poet.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> From a young age, Holmes was small and had <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, but he was known for his precociousness. When he was eight, he took his five-year-old brother, John, to witness the last hanging in Cambridge's Gallows Lot and was subsequently scolded by his parents.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He also enjoyed exploring his father's library, writing later in life that "it was very largely theological, so that I was walled in by solemn folios making the shelves bend under the load of sacred learning."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> After being exposed to poets such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>, the young Holmes began to compose and recite his own verse. His first recorded poem, which was copied down by his father, was written when he was 13.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Although a talented student, the young Holmes was often admonished by his teachers for his talkative nature and habit of reading stories during school hours.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He studied under Dame Prentiss and William Bigelow before enrolling in what was called the "Port School", a select private academy in the <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridgeport">Cambridgeport</a> settlement.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> One of his schoolmates was future critic and author <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, whose intellect Holmes admired.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Holmes's father sent him to <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover, Massachusetts</a>, at the age of 15.<a href="#cite_note-Novick3-2">[2]</a> Abiel chose Phillips, which was known for its orthodox <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> teachings, because he hoped his eldest son would follow him into the ministry.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Holmes had no interest in becoming a theologian, however, and as a result he did not enjoy his single year at Andover. Although he achieved distinction as an elected member of the Social Fraternity, a literary club, he disliked the "bigoted, narrow-minded, uncivilized" attitudes of most of the school's teachers.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> One teacher in particular, however, noted his young student's talent for poetry, and suggested that he pursue it. Shortly after his sixteenth birthday, Holmes was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr,_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr%2C_1841.jpg/220px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr%2C_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr%2C_1841.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1841</figcaption></figure> As a member of Harvard's class of 1829, Holmes lived at home for the first few years of his college career rather than in the dormitories. Since he measured only "five feet three inches when standing in a pair of substantial boots",<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the young student had no interest in joining a sports team or the Harvard Washington Corps. Instead, he allied himself with the "Aristocrats" or "Puffmaniacs", a group of students who gathered in order to smoke and talk.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> As a town student and the son of a minister, however, he was able to move between social groups.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He also became a friend of Charles Chauncy Emerson (brother of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>), who was a year older. During second year, Holmes was one of 20 students awarded the scholastic honor Deturs, which came with a copy of The Poems of James Graham, John Logan, and William Falconer. Despite his scholastic achievements, the young scholar admitted to a schoolmate from Andover that he did not "study as hard as I ought to'.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He did, however, excel in languages and took classes in French, Italian and Spanish. Holmes's academic interests and hobbies were divided among law, medicine, and writing. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals" title="Hasty Pudding Theatricals">Hasty Pudding</a>, where he served as Poet and Secretary,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> honor society.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> With two friends, he collaborated on a small book entitled Poetical Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery of Painting, which was a collection of satirical poems about the new art gallery in Boston. He was asked to provide an original work for his graduating class's commencement and wrote a "light and sarcastic" poem that met with great acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Following graduation, Holmes intended to go into the legal profession, so he lived at home and studied at the Harvard Law School (named Dane School at the time).<a href="#cite_note-Small34-21">[21]</a> By January 1830, however, he was disenchanted with legal studies. "I am sick at heart of this place and almost everything connected to it", he wrote. "I know not what the temple of law may be to those who have entered it, but to me it seems very cold and cheerless about the threshold."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetic_beginnings">Poetic beginnings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poetic beginnings">edit</a>]</div> 1830 proved to be an important year for Holmes as a poet; while disappointed by his law studies, he began writing poetry for his own amusement.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Before the end of the year, he had produced over fifty poems, contributing twenty-five of them (all unsigned) to The Collegian, a short-lived publication started by friends from Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Four of these poems would ultimately become among his best-known: "The Dorchester Giant", "Reflections of a Proud Pedestrian", "Evening / By a Tailor" and "The Height of the Ridiculous".<a href="#cite_note-Small34-21">[21]</a> Nine more of his poems were published anonymously in the 1830 pamphlet Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery of Paintings.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Constitution_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/USS_Constitution_1997.jpg/220px-USS_Constitution_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/USS_Constitution_1997.jpg/330px-USS_Constitution_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/USS_Constitution_1997.jpg/440px-USS_Constitution_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a> under sail in 1997</figcaption></figure> In September of that same year, Holmes read a short article in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Daily_Advertiser" title="Boston Daily Advertiser">Boston Daily Advertiser</a> about the renowned 18th-century frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a>, which was to be dismantled by the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Holmes was moved to write "<a href="/wiki/Old_Ironsides_(poem)" title="Old Ironsides (poem)">Old Ironsides</a>" in opposition to the ship's scrapping. The patriotic poem was published in the Advertiser the very next day and was soon printed by papers in New York, Philadelphia and Washington.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It not only brought the author immediate national attention,<a href="#cite_note-Menand6-28">[28]</a> but the three-stanza poem also generated so much public sentiment that the historic ship was preserved, though plans to do so may have already been in motion.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> During the rest of the year, Holmes published only five more poems.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> His last major poem that year was "The Last Leaf", which was inspired in part by a local man named <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Melvill_(American_patriot)" title="Thomas Melvill (American patriot)">Thomas Melvill</a>, "the last of the cocked hats" and one of the "Indians" from the 1774 <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>. Holmes would later write that Melvill had reminded him of "a withered leaf which has held to its stem through the storms of autumn and winter, and finds itself still clinging to its bough while the new growths of spring are bursting their buds and spreading their foliage all around it."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> called the poem one of the finest works in the English language.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Years later, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> would also become a fan of the poem; <a href="/wiki/William_Herndon_(lawyer)" title="William Herndon (lawyer)">William Herndon</a>, Lincoln's law partner and biographer, wrote in 1867: "I have heard Lincoln recite it, praise it, laud it, and swear by it".<a href="#cite_note-Small,_37-33">[33]</a> Although he experienced early literary success, Holmes did not consider turning to a literary profession. Later he would write that he had "tasted the intoxicating pleasure of authorship" but compared such contentment to a sickness, saying: "there is no form of lead-poisoning which more rapidly and thoroughly pervades the blood and bones and marrow than that which reaches the young author through mental contact with type metal".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_career">Medical career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_training">Medical training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medical training">edit</a>]</div> Having given up on the study of law, Holmes switched to medicine. After leaving his childhood home in Cambridge during the autumn of 1830, he moved into a boardinghouse in Boston to attend the city's medical college. At that time, students studied only five subjects: medicine, anatomy and surgery, <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrics</a>, chemistry and <a href="/wiki/Materia_medica" title="Materia medica">materia medica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Holmes became a student of <a href="/wiki/James_Jackson_(physician)" title="James Jackson (physician)">James Jackson</a>, a physician and the father of a friend, and worked part-time as a chemist in the hospital dispensary. Dismayed by the "painful and repulsive aspects" of primitive medical treatment of the time—which included practices such as <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> and blistering—Holmes responded favorably to his mentor's teachings, which emphasized close observation of the patient and humane approaches.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Despite his lack of free time, he was able to continue writing. He wrote two essays during this time which detailed life as seen from his boardinghouse's breakfast table. These essays, which would evolve into one of Holmes's most popular works, were published in November 1831 and February 1832 in <a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Magazine" title="The New-England Magazine">The New-England Magazine</a> under the title "The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 1833, Holmes traveled to Paris to further his medical studies. Recent and radical reorganization of the city's hospital system had made medical training there highly advanced for the time.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> At twenty-three years old, Holmes was one of the first Americans trained in the new "clinical" method being advanced at the famed <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">École de Médecine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Since the lectures were taught entirely in French, he engaged a private language tutor. Although far from home, he stayed connected to his family and friends through letters and visitors (such as Ralph Waldo Emerson). He quickly acclimated to his new surroundings. While writing to his father, he stated, "I love to talk French, to eat French, to drink French every now and then."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> At the hospital of La Pitié, he studied under internal pathologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Alexandre_Louis" title="Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis">Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis</a>, who demonstrated the ineffectiveness of bloodletting, which had been a mainstay of medical practice since antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Louis was one of the fathers of the méthode expectante, a therapeutic doctrine that states the physician's role is to do everything possible to aid nature in the process of disease recovery, and to do nothing to hinder this natural process.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Upon his return to Boston, Holmes became one of the country's leading proponents of the méthode expectante. Holmes was awarded his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> degree from Harvard in 1836; he wrote his dissertation on <a href="/wiki/Acute_pericarditis" title="Acute pericarditis">acute pericarditis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> His first collection of poetry was published later that year, but Holmes, ready to begin his medical career, wrote it off as a one-time event. In the book's introduction, he mused: "Already engaged in other duties, it has been with some effort that I have found time to adjust my own mantle; and I now willingly retire to more quiet labors, which, if less exciting, are more certain to be acknowledged as useful and received with gratitude".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_reformer">Medical reformer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medical reformer">edit</a>]</div> After graduation, Holmes quickly became a fixture in the local medical scene by joining the Massachusetts Medical Society, the Boston Medical Society, and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement" title="Boston Society for Medical Improvement">Boston Society for Medical Improvement</a>—an organization composed of young, Paris-trained doctors.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> He also gained a greater reputation after winning Harvard Medical School's prestigious Boylston Prize, for which he submitted a paper on the benefits of using the <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a>, a device with which many American doctors were not familiar.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Jackson_Holmes_Amelia_Jackson_Holmes_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_daguerreotype.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Edward_Jackson_Holmes_Amelia_Jackson_Holmes_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_daguerreotype.jpeg/220px-Edward_Jackson_Holmes_Amelia_Jackson_Holmes_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_daguerreotype.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Edward_Jackson_Holmes_Amelia_Jackson_Holmes_Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_daguerreotype.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> showing Holmes's children, 1854: Edward Jackson Holmes, Amelia Jackson Holmes and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></figcaption></figure> In 1837, Holmes was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Dispensary" title="Boston Dispensary">Boston Dispensary</a>, where he was shocked by the poor hygienic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> That year he competed for and won both of the Boylston essay prizes. Wishing to concentrate on research and teaching, he, along with three of his peers, established the Tremont Medical School—which would later merge with Harvard Medical School<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>—above an apothecary shop at 35 <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Row" title="Tremont Row">Tremont Row</a> in Boston. There, he lectured on pathology, taught the use of microscopes, and supervised dissections of cadavers.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> He often criticized traditional medical practices and once quipped that if all contemporary medicine was tossed into the sea "it would be all the better for mankind—and all the worse for the fishes".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> For the next ten years, he maintained a small and irregular private medical practice, but spent much of his time teaching. He served on the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmouth Medical School">Dartmouth Medical School</a> from 1838 to 1840,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> where he was appointed professor of anatomy and physiology. For fourteen weeks each fall, during these years, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a>, to lecture.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> He was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-AAAS-54">[54]</a> After Holmes resigned his professorship at Dartmouth, he composed a series of three lectures dedicated to exposing medical fallacies, or "quackeries". Adopting a more serious tone than his previous lectures, he took great pains to reveal the false reasoning and misrepresentation of evidence that marked subjects such as "Astrology and Alchemy", his first lecture, and "Medical Delusions of the Past", his second.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> He deemed <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>, the subject of his third lecture, "the pretended science" that was a "mingled mass of perverse ingenuity, of tinsel erudition, of imbecile credulity, and of artful misrepresentation, too often mingled in practice".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1842, he published the essay "<a href="/wiki/Homeopathy_and_Its_Kindred_Delusions" title="Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions">Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions</a>"<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> in which he again denounced the practice. In 1846, Holmes <a href="/wiki/Word_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Word coinage">coined</a> the word <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anaesthesia</a>. In a letter to dentist <a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a>, the first practitioner to publicly demonstrate the use of <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a> during surgery, he wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Everybody wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called "Anaesthesia." This signifies insensibility—more particularly ... to objects of touch.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></blockquote> Holmes predicted his new term "will be repeated by the tongues of every civilized race of mankind."<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan235-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_of_childbed_fever">Study of childbed fever</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Study of childbed fever">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Delucena_Meigs_(1792_-1869)_bw2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Charles_Delucena_Meigs_%281792_-1869%29_bw2.jpg/220px-Charles_Delucena_Meigs_%281792_-1869%29_bw2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Charles_Delucena_Meigs_%281792_-1869%29_bw2.jpg/330px-Charles_Delucena_Meigs_%281792_-1869%29_bw2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Charles_Delucena_Meigs_%281792_-1869%29_bw2.jpg/440px-Charles_Delucena_Meigs_%281792_-1869%29_bw2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delucena_Meigs" title="Charles Delucena Meigs">Charles D. Meigs</a>, an opponent of Holmes's theory regarding the contagious nature of puerperal fever, wrote that doctors are gentlemen, and "gentlemen's hands are clean".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1842 Holmes attended a lecture by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Channing_(physician)" title="Walter Channing (physician)">Walter Channing</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement" title="Boston Society for Medical Improvement">Boston Society for Medical Improvement</a> about <a href="/wiki/Puerperal_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal fever">puerperal fever</a>, or "childbed fever", a disease which at the time was a significant cause of mortality of women after delivering children. Becoming interested in the subject, Holmes spent a year going through case reports and other medical literature on the subject to ascertain the cause and possible prevention of the condition. In 1843, he presented his research to the society, which he then published as a paper "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" in the short-lived publication New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery.<a href="#cite_note-Shaikh-61">[61]</a> The essay argued—contrary to popular belief at the time, which predated <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a>—that the cause of puerperal fever, a deadly infection contracted by women during or shortly after childbirth, stems from patient-to-patient contact via their physicians.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> He believed that bed sheets, washcloths and articles of clothing were of particular concern in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Holmes gathered a large collection of evidence for this theory, including stories of doctors who had become ill and died after performing autopsies on patients who had likewise been infected.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In concluding his case, he insisted that a physician in whose practice even one case of puerperal fever had occurred, had a moral obligation to purify his instruments, burn the clothing he had worn while assisting in the fatal delivery, and cease obstetric practice for a period of at least six months.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Though it largely escaped notice when first published, Holmes eventually came under attack by two distinguished professors of obstetrics—Hugh L. Hodge and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Delucena_Meigs" title="Charles Delucena Meigs">Charles D. Meigs</a>—who adamantly denied his theory of contagion.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1855, Holmes published a revised version of the essay in the form of a pamphlet under the new title Puerperal Fever as a Private Pestilence,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and discussing additional cases.<a href="#cite_note-Shaikh-61">[61]</a> In a new introduction, in which Holmes directly addressed his opponents, he wrote: "I had rather rescue one mother from being poisoned by her attendant, than claim to have saved forty out of fifty patients to whom I had carried the disease."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> He added, "I beg to be heard in behalf of the women whose lives are at stake, until some stronger voice shall plead for them."<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan234-69">[69]</a> A few years later, <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a> would reach similar conclusions in Vienna, where his introduction of prophylaxis (handwashing in chlorine solution before assisting at delivery) would considerably lower the puerperal mortality rate, and the then-controversial work is now considered a landmark in germ theory of disease.<a href="#cite_note-Menand6-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_and_lecturing">Teaching and lecturing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Teaching and lecturing">edit</a>]</div> In 1847, Holmes was hired as Parkman Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, where he served as dean until 1853 and taught until 1882.<a href="#cite_note-Broaddus46-70">[70]</a> Soon after his appointment, Holmes was criticized by the all-male student body for considering granting admission to a woman named <a href="/wiki/Harriot_Kezia_Hunt" title="Harriot Kezia Hunt">Harriot Kezia Hunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Menand8-71">[71]</a> Facing opposition from not only students but also university overseers and other faculty members, she was asked to withdraw her application.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Harvard Medical School would not admit a woman until 1945.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Holmes's training in Paris led him to teach his students the importance of <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">anatomico-pathological</a> basis of disease, and that "no doctrine of prayer or special providence is to be his excuse for not looking straight at secondary causes."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Students were fond of Holmes, to whom they referred as "Uncle Oliver". One teaching assistant recalled: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He enters [the classroom] and is greeted by a mighty shout and stamp of applause. Then silence, and there begins a charming hour of description, analysis, anecdote, harmless pun, which clothes the dry bones with poetic imagery, enlivens a hard and fatiguing day with humor, and brightens to the tired listener the details for difficult though interesting study.<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan235-59">[59]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage,_family,_and_later_life">Marriage, family, and later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage, family, and later life">edit</a>]</div> On June 15, 1840, Holmes married Amelia Lee Jackson at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Chapel" title="King's Chapel">King's Chapel</a> in Boston.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> She was the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jackson_(judge)" title="Charles Jackson (judge)">Hon. Charles Jackson</a>, formerly Associate Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a>, and the niece of James Jackson, the physician with whom Holmes had studied.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Judge Jackson gave the couple a house at 8 Montgomery Place, which would be their home for eighteen years. They had three children: Civil War officer and American jurist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> (1841–1935), Amelia Jackson Holmes (1843–1889), and Edward Jackson Holmes (1846–1884).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holmesdale,_Pittsfield,_Mass_(NYPL_b12647398-75743).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Holmesdale%2C_Pittsfield%2C_Mass_%28NYPL_b12647398-75743%29.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Holmesdale%2C_Pittsfield%2C_Mass_%28NYPL_b12647398-75743%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Holmesdale%2C_Pittsfield%2C_Mass_%28NYPL_b12647398-75743%29.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Holmesdale%2C_Pittsfield%2C_Mass_%28NYPL_b12647398-75743%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Holmesdale%2C_Pittsfield%2C_Mass_%28NYPL_b12647398-75743%29.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Holmesdale%2C_Pittsfield%2C_Mass_%28NYPL_b12647398-75743%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>Holmesdale, home in Pittsfield</figcaption></figure> Amelia Holmes inherited $2,000 in 1848, and she and her husband used the money to build a summer house in <a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield, Massachusetts</a>. Beginning in July 1849, the family spent "seven blessed summers" there.<a href="#cite_note-Small66-78">[78]</a> Having recently given up his private medical practice, Holmes was able to socialize with other literary figures who spent time in <a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a>; in August 1850, for example, Holmes spent time with <a href="/wiki/Evert_Augustus_Duyckinck" title="Evert Augustus Duyckinck">Evert Augustus Duyckinck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Mathews" title="Cornelius Mathews">Cornelius Mathews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_T._Fields" title="James T. Fields">James T. Fields</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Holmes enjoyed measuring the circumference of trees on his property and kept track of the data, writing that he had "a most intense, passionate fondness for trees in general, and have had several romantic attachments to certain trees in particular".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The high cost of maintaining their home in Pittsfield caused the Holmes family to sell it in May 1856.<a href="#cite_note-Small66-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_daguerreotype.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_daguerreotype.jpeg/220px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_daguerreotype.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_daguerreotype.jpeg/330px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_daguerreotype.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_daguerreotype.jpeg/440px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_daguerreotype.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="2991" /></a><figcaption>Holmes in 1853</figcaption></figure> While serving as dean in 1850, Holmes became a witness for both the defense and prosecution during the notorious <a href="/wiki/Parkman%E2%80%93Webster_murder_case" title="Parkman–Webster murder case">Parkman–Webster murder case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Both George Parkman (the victim), a local physician and wealthy benefactor, and John Webster (the assailant) were graduates of Harvard, and Webster was professor of chemistry at the Medical School during the time of the highly publicized murder. Webster was convicted and hanged. Holmes dedicated his November 1850 introductory lecture at the Medical School to Parkman's memory.<a href="#cite_note-Small66-78">[78]</a> The same year, Holmes was approached by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a>, an African-American man who had worked with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>. The 38-year-old requested admission to Harvard after having been previously rejected by four schools despite impressive credentials.<a href="#cite_note-Menand7-82">[82]</a> In a controversial move, Holmes admitted Delany and two other black men to the Medical School. Their admission sparked a student statement, which read: "Resolved That we have no objection to the education and evaluation of blacks but do decidedly remonstrate against their presence in College with us."<a href="#cite_note-Broaddus94-83">[83]</a> Sixty students signed the resolution, although 48 students signed another resolution which noted it would be "a far greater evil, if, in the present state of public feeling, a medical college in Boston could refuse to this unfortunate class any privileges of education, which it is in the power of the profession to bestow".<a href="#cite_note-Menand8-71">[71]</a> In response, Holmes told the black students they would not be able to continue after that semester.<a href="#cite_note-Broaddus94-83">[83]</a> <a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> A faculty meeting directed Holmes to write that "the intermixing of races is distasteful to a large portion of the class, & injurious to the interests of the school".<a href="#cite_note-Menand8-71">[71]</a> Despite his support of education for blacks, he was not an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>; against what he considered the abolitionists' habit of using "every form of language calculated to inflame", he felt that the movement was going too far.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This lack of support dismayed friends like <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, who once told Holmes he should be more outspoken against slavery. Holmes calmly responded, "Let me try to improve and please my fellowmen after my own fashion at present."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Nonetheless, Holmes believed that slavery could be ended peacefully and legally.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Members_of_the_Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Members_of_the_Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Members_of_the_Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4428" data-file-height="2846" /></a><figcaption>Holmes with Members of the Boston Society for Medical Improvement in 1853, seated second from left</figcaption></figure> Holmes lectured extensively from 1851 to 1856 on subjects such as "Medical Science as It Is or Has Been", "Lectures and Lecturing", and "English Poets of the Nineteenth Century".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Traveling throughout <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, he received anywhere from $40 to $100 per lecture,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> but he also published a great deal during this time, and the British edition of his Poems sold well abroad. As social attitudes began to change, however, Holmes often found himself publicly at odds with those he called the "moral bullies"; because of mounting criticisms from the press regarding Holmes's vocal anti-abolitionism, as well as his dislike of the growing <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>, he chose to discontinue his lecturing and return home.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_literary_success_and_the_Civil_War">Later literary success and the Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later literary success and the Civil War">edit</a>]</div> In 1856, the Atlantic or <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Club_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" title="Saturday Club (Boston, Massachusetts)">Saturday Club</a> was created to launch and support <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic Monthly</a>. This new magazine was edited by Holmes's friend James Russell Lowell, and articles were contributed by the New England literary elite such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a> and J. Elliot Cabot.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Holmes not only provided its name, but also wrote various pieces for the journal throughout the years.<a href="#cite_note-Broaddus46-70">[70]</a> For the magazine's first issue, Holmes produced a new version of two of his earlier essays, "The Autocrat at the Breakfast-Table". Based upon fictionalized breakfast table talk and including poetry, stories, jokes and songs,<a href="#cite_note-Novick19-92">[92]</a> the work was favored by readers and critics alike and it secured the initial success of The Atlantic Monthly.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The essays were collected as a book <a href="/wiki/The_Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table" title="The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table">of the same name</a> in 1858 and became his most enduring work,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> selling ten thousand copies in three days.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Its sequel, The Professor at the Breakfast-Table, was released shortly after beginning in serialized installments in January 1859.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holmes_stereoscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Holmes_stereoscope.jpg/220px-Holmes_stereoscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Holmes_stereoscope.jpg/330px-Holmes_stereoscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Holmes_stereoscope.jpg/440px-Holmes_stereoscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of a Holmes-type <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a></figcaption></figure> Holmes's first novel, Elsie Venner, was published serially in the Atlantic beginning in December 1859.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Originally entitled "The Professor's Story", the novel is about a neurotic young woman whose mother was bitten by a rattlesnake while pregnant, making her daughter's personality half-woman, half-snake.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The novel drew a wide range of comments, including praise from <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a> and condemnation from church papers, which claimed the work a product of heresy.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Also in December 1859, Holmes sent medication to the ailing writer <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> after visiting him at his <a href="/wiki/Sunnyside_(Tarrytown,_New_York)" title="Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)">Sunnyside</a> home in New York; Irving died only a few months later.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a> posthumously awarded Irving an honorary membership at a tribute held on December 15, 1859. At the ceremony, Holmes presented an account of his meeting with Irving and a list of medical symptoms he had observed, despite the taboo of discussing health publicly.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> About 1860, Holmes invented the "American <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a>", a 19th-century entertainment in which pictures were viewed in 3-D.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> He later wrote an explanation for its popularity, stating: "There was not any wholly new principle involved in its construction, but, it proved so much more convenient than any hand-instrument in use, that it gradually drove them all out of the field, in great measure, at least so far as the Boston market was concerned."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Rather than patenting the hand stereopticon and profiting from its success, Holmes gave the idea away.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Soon after <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>'s secession from the Union in 1861 and the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Holmes began publishing pieces—the first of which was the patriotic song "A Voice of the Loyal North"—in support of the Union cause. Although he had previously criticized the abolitionists, deeming them traitorous, his main concern was for the preservation of the Union.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In September of that year, he published an article titled "Bread and Newspapers" in the Atlantic, in which he proudly identified himself as an ardent Unionist. He wrote, "War has taught us, as nothing else could, what we can be and are" and inspiring even the upper class to have "courage ... big enough for the uniform which hangs so loosely about their slender figures."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> However, on July 4, 1863, Holmes wrote, "how idle it is to look for any other cause than slavery as having any material agency in dividing the country" and declared it as one of "its sins against a just God".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Holmes also had a personal stake in the war: his oldest son, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., enlisted in the Army against his father's wishes in April 1861<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and was injured three times in battle, including a gunshot wound in his chest at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Ball's Bluff">Battle of Ball's Bluff</a> in October 1861.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Holmes published in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a> an account of his search for his son after hearing news of his injury at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:296_BeaconSt_OWHolmes_house_Boston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/296_BeaconSt_OWHolmes_house_Boston.png/220px-296_BeaconSt_OWHolmes_house_Boston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/296_BeaconSt_OWHolmes_house_Boston.png/330px-296_BeaconSt_OWHolmes_house_Boston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/296_BeaconSt_OWHolmes_house_Boston.png/440px-296_BeaconSt_OWHolmes_house_Boston.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Holmes lived on <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Street" title="Beacon Street">Beacon Street</a>, Boston, 1871–1894</figcaption></figure> Amid the Civil War, Holmes's friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow began translating <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>. Beginning in 1864, Longfellow invited several friends to help at weekly meetings held on Wednesdays.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Holmes was part of that group, which became known as the "Dante Club"; among its members were Longfellow, Lowell, <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The final translation was published in three volumes in the spring of 1867.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> American novelist <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Pearl" title="Matthew Pearl">Matthew Pearl</a> has fictionalized their efforts in <a href="/wiki/The_Dante_Club" title="The Dante Club">The Dante Club</a> (2003).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The same year the Dante translation was published, Holmes's second novel, The Guardian Angel, began appearing serially in the Atlantic. It was published in book form in November, though its sales were half that of Elsie Venner.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later years and death">edit</a>]</div> Holmes's fame continued through his later years. <a href="/wiki/The_Poet_at_the_Breakfast-Table" class="mw-redirect" title="The Poet at the Breakfast-Table">The Poet at the Breakfast-Table</a> was published in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-Westbrook181-116">[116]</a> Written fifteen years after The Autocrat, this work's tone was mellower and more nostalgic than its predecessor; "As people grow older," Holmes wrote, "they come at length to live so much in memory that they often think with a kind of pleasure of losing their dearest possessions. Nothing can be so perfect while we possess it as it will seem when remembered".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 1876, at the age of seventy, Holmes published a biography of John Lothrop Motley, which was an extension of an earlier sketch he had written for the Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings. The following year he published a collection of his medical essays and Pages from an Old Volume of Life, a collection of various essays he had previously written for The Atlantic Monthly.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> He was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> He retired from Harvard Medical School in 1882 after thirty-five years as a professor.<a href="#cite_note-Small128-120">[120]</a> After he gave his final lecture on November 28, the university made him professor emeritus.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holmes_in_study.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Holmes_in_study.jpg/220px-Holmes_in_study.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Holmes_in_study.jpg/330px-Holmes_in_study.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Holmes_in_study.jpg/440px-Holmes_in_study.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Holmes in his study during his later life</figcaption></figure> In 1884, Holmes published a book dedicated to the life and works of his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson. Later biographers would use Holmes's book as an outline for their own studies, but particularly useful was the section dedicated to Emerson's poetry, into which Holmes had particular insight.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Beginning in January 1885, Holmes's third and last novel, A Mortal Antipathy, was published serially in The Atlantic Monthly.<a href="#cite_note-Small128-120">[120]</a> Later that year, Holmes contributed $10 to <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, though he did not approve of his poetry, and convinced friend John Greenleaf Whittier to do the same. A friend of Whitman, a lawyer named Thomas Donaldson, had requested monetary donations from several authors to purchase a horse and buggy for Whitman who, in his old age, was becoming a shut-in.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Exhausted and mourning the sudden death of his youngest son, Holmes began postponing his writing and social engagements.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In late 1884, he embarked on a visit to Europe with his daughter Amelia. In Great Britain he met with writers such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_du_Maurier" title="George du Maurier">George du Maurier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson,_1st_Baron_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a>, and was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, and a third honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Holmes and Amelia then visited Paris, a place that had significantly influenced him in his earlier years. He met with chemist and microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>, whose previous studies in germ theory had helped reduce the mortality rate of women who had puerperal fever. Holmes called Pasteur "one of the truest benefactors of his race".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> After returning to the United States, Holmes published a travelogue, Our One Hundred Days in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In June 1886, Holmes received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> Law School.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> His wife of more than forty years, who had struggled with an illness that had kept her an invalid for months, died on February 6, 1888.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The younger Amelia died the following year after a brief malady. Despite his weakening eyesight and a fear that he was becoming antiquated, Holmes continued to find solace in writing. He published Over the Teacups, the last of his table-talk books, in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OliverWendellHolmesGrave-in_summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/OliverWendellHolmesGrave-in_summer.jpg/220px-OliverWendellHolmesGrave-in_summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/OliverWendellHolmesGrave-in_summer.jpg/330px-OliverWendellHolmesGrave-in_summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/OliverWendellHolmesGrave-in_summer.jpg/440px-OliverWendellHolmesGrave-in_summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Holmes and his wife at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> in Cambridge, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> Towards the end of his life, Holmes noted that he had outlived most of his friends, including Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. As he said, "I feel like my own survivor ... We were on deck together as we began the voyage of life ... Then the craft which held us began going to pieces."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> His last public appearance was at a reception for the <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Association" title="National Education Association">National Education Association</a> in Boston on February 23, 1893, where he presented the poem "To the Teachers of America".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A month later, Holmes wrote to Harvard president <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a> that the university should consider adopting the honorary doctor of letters degree and offer one to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Smith" title="Samuel Francis Smith">Samuel Francis Smith</a>, though one was never issued.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Holmes died quietly after falling asleep in the afternoon of Sunday, October 7, 1894.<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan242-134">[134]</a> As his son <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> wrote, "His death was as peaceful as one could wish for those one loves. He simply ceased to breathe."<a href="#cite_note-Small153-135">[135]</a> Holmes's memorial service was held at King's Chapel and overseen by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Edward Everett Hale</a>. Holmes was buried alongside his wife in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> Holmes is one of the <a href="/wiki/Fireside_poets" title="Fireside poets">fireside poets</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a>, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> These poets—whose writing was characterized as family-friendly and conventional—were among the first Americans to build substantial popularity in Europe. Holmes in particular believed poetry had "the power of transfiguring the experiences and shows of life into an aspect which comes from the imagination and kindles that of others".<a href="#cite_note-Small,_37-33">[33]</a> Due to his immense popularity during his lifetime, Holmes was often called upon to produce <a href="/wiki/Occasional_poetry" title="Occasional poetry">commemorative poetry for specific occasions</a>, including memorials, anniversaries and birthdays. Referring to this demand for his attention, he once wrote that he was "a florist in verse, and what would people say / If I came to a banquet without my bouquet?"<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> As critic Hyatt Waggoner noted, however, "very little ... survives the occasions that produced it".<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Holmes became known as a poet who expressed the benefits of loyalty and trust at serious gatherings, as well as one who showed wit at festivities and celebrations. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Percy_Whipple" title="Edwin Percy Whipple">Edwin Percy Whipple</a> for one considered Holmes to be "a poet of sentiment and passion. Those who know him only as a comic lyricist, as the libellous laureate of chirping follow and presumptuous egotism, would be surprised at the clear sweetness and skylark thrill of his serious and sentimental compositions".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In addition to the commemorative nature of much of Holmes's poetry, some pieces were written based on his observations of the world around him. This is the case with two of Holmes's best known and critically successful poems—"Old Ironsides" and "The Last Leaf"—which were published when he was a young adult.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> As is seen with poems such as "<a href="/wiki/The_Chambered_Nautilus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chambered Nautilus">The Chambered Nautilus</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_Deacon%27s_Masterpiece" class="extiw" title="s:en:The Deacon's Masterpiece">The Deacon's Masterpiece</a> or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay", Holmes successfully concentrated his verse upon concrete objects with which he was long familiar, or had studied at length, such as the <a href="/wiki/One-horse_shay" class="mw-redirect" title="One-horse shay">one-horse shay</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Chambered_Nautilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambered Nautilus">seashell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Some of his works also deal with his personal or family history; for example, the poem "Dorothy Q" is a portrait of his maternal great-grandmother. The poem combines pride, humor and tenderness in short rhyming couplets:<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> O Damsel Dorothy! Dorothy Q.! Strange is the gift that I owe to you; Such a gift as never a king Save to daughter or son might bring,— All my tenure of heart and hand, All my title to house and land; Mother and sister and child and wife And joy and sorrow and death and life!<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </div></blockquote> Holmes, an outspoken critic of over-sentimental <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> poetry, often slipped into sentimentality when writing his occasional poetry, but would often balance such emotional excess with humor.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Critic George Warren Arms believed Holmes's poetry to be provincial in nature, noting his "New England homeliness" and "Puritan familiarity with household detail" as proof.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In his poetry, Holmes often connected the theme of nature to human relations and social teachings; poems such as "The Ploughman" and "The New Eden", which were delivered in commemoration of Pittsfield's scenic countryside, were even quoted in the 1863 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Farmer%27s_Almanac" title="Old Farmer's Almanac">Old Farmer's Almanac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> He composed several hymn texts, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thou_Gracious_God,_Whose_Mercy_Lends&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thou Gracious God, Whose Mercy Lends (page does not exist)">Thou Gracious God, Whose Mercy Lends</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_All_Being,_Throned_Afar" title="Lord of All Being, Throned Afar">Lord of All Being, Throned Afar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prose">edit</a>]</div> Although mainly known as a poet, Holmes wrote numerous medical treatises, essays, novels, memoirs and table-talk books.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> His prose works include topics that range from medicine to theology, psychology, society, democracy, sex and gender, and the natural world.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Author and critic William Dean Howells argued that Holmes created a genre called dramatized (or discursive) essay, in which major themes are informed by the story's plot,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> but his works often use a combination of genres; excerpts of poetry, essays and conversations are often included throughout his prose.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Critic William Lawrence Schroeder described Holmes's prose style as "attractive" in that it "made no great demand on the attention of the reader." He further stated that although the author's earlier works (The Autocrat and The Professor of the Breakfast-Table) are "virile and fascinating", later ones such as Our Hundred Days in Europe and Over the Teacups "have little distinction of style to recommend them."<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table.jpg/220px-Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table.jpg/330px-Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table.jpg/440px-Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>1858 facsimile of Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table</figcaption></figure> Holmes first gained international fame with his "Breakfast-Tables" series.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> These three table-talk books attracted a diverse audience due to their conversational style, which made readers feel an intimate connection to the author, and resulted in a flood of letters from admirers.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The series' conversational tone is not only meant to mimic the philosophical debates and pleasantries that occur around the breakfast table, but it is also used in order to facilitate an openness of thought and expression.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> As the Autocrat, Holmes states in the first volume: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This business of conversation is a very serious matter. There are men that it weakens one to talk with an hour more than a day's fasting would do. Mark this that I am going to say, for it is as good as a working professional man's advice, and costs you nothing: It is better to lose a pint of blood from your veins than to have a nerve tapped. Nobody measures your nervous force as it runs away, nor bandages your brain and marrow after the operation.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></blockquote> The various speakers represent different facets of Holmes's life and experiences. The speaker of the first installment, for example, is understood to be a doctor who spent several years studying in Paris, while the second volume—The Professor at the Breakfast-Table—is told from the point of view of a professor of a distinguished medical school.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Although the speakers discuss myriad topics, the flow of conversation always leads to supporting Holmes's Paris-taught conception of science and medicine and how they relate to morality and the mind.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Autocrat in particular addresses philosophical issues such as the nature of one's self, language, life and truth.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Holmes wrote in the second preface to Elsie Venner, his first novel, that his aim in writing the work was "to test the doctrine of 'original sin' and human responsibility for the distorted violation coming under that technical denomination".<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> He also stated his belief that "a grave scientific doctrine may be detected lying beneath some of the delineations of character" throughout all fiction.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Deeming the work a "psychological romance", he employed a romantic narrative in order to describe moral theology from a scientific perspective. This means of expression is also present in his two other novels, in which Holmes uses medical or psychological dilemmas to further the story's dramatic plot.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Holmes referred to his novels as "medicated novels".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Some critics believe that these works were innovative in exploring theories of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and other emerging psychiatrists and psychologists.<a href="#cite_note-Wein94-165">[165]</a> The Guardian Angel, for example, explores mental health and <a href="/wiki/Repressed_memory" title="Repressed memory">repressed memory</a>, and Holmes uses the concept of the unconscious mind throughout his works.<a href="#cite_note-Wein94-165">[165]</a> A Mortal Antipathy depicts a character whose phobias are rooted in psychic trauma, later cured by <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">shock therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Holmes's novels were not critically successful during his lifetime. As psychiatrist Clarence P. Oberndorf, author of The Psychiatric Novels of Oliver Wendell Holmes, states, the three works are "poor fiction when judged by modern criteria. ... Their plots are simple, almost juvenile and, in two of them, the reader is not disappointed in the customary thwarting of the villain and the coming of true love to its own".<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_criticism">Legacy and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DrHolmes_leaning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/DrHolmes_leaning.jpg/220px-DrHolmes_leaning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/DrHolmes_leaning.jpg/330px-DrHolmes_leaning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/DrHolmes_leaning.jpg/440px-DrHolmes_leaning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Holmes from The Poetical Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes, published by Houghton, Mifflin in 1895</figcaption></figure> Holmes was well respected by his peers, and garnered a large, international following throughout his long life. Particularly noted for his intelligence, he was named by American theologian <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_Sr." title="Henry James Sr.">Henry James Sr.</a> "intellectually the most alive man I ever knew".<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan242-134">[134]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">John G. Palfrey</a> also praised Holmes, referring to him as "a man of genius ... His manner is entirely his own, manly and unaffected; generally easy and playful, and sinking at times into 'a most humorous sadness'".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> On the other hand, critics <a href="/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa" title="S. I. Hayakawa">S. I. Hayakawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Mumford_Jones" title="Howard Mumford Jones">Howard Mumford Jones</a> argued that Holmes was "distinctly an amateur in letters. His literary writings, on the whole, are partly the leisure-born meditations of a physician, partly a means of spreading certain items of professional propaganda, partly a distillation of his social life."<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> in 18th-century England, Holmes was noted for his conversational powers in both his life and literary output.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Though he was popular at the national level, Holmes promoted Boston culture and often wrote from a Boston-centric point of view, believing the city was "the thinking centre of the continent, and therefore of the planet".<a href="#cite_note-Menand7-82">[82]</a> He is often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmin</a>, a term that he created while referring to the oldest families in the Boston area.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The term, as he used it, referred not only to members of a good family but also implied intellectualism.<a href="#cite_note-Menand6-28">[28]</a> He also famously nicknamed Emerson's <a href="/wiki/The_American_Scholar" title="The American Scholar">The American Scholar</a> the American "intellectual Declaration of Independence".<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Although his essay on puerperal fever has been deemed "the most important contribution made in America to the advancement of medicine" up to that time,<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan234-69">[69]</a> Holmes is most famous as a humorist and poet. Editor and critic <a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a>, an admirer of Holmes, referred to him as "one of the wittiest and most original of modern poets".<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Emerson noted that, though Holmes did not renew his focus on poetry until later in his life, he quickly perfected his role "like old pear trees which have done nothing for ten years, and at last begin to grow great."<a href="#cite_note-Novick19-92">[92]</a> Poems by Holmes, along with those by the other fireside or schoolroom poets, were often required to be memorized by schoolchildren. Although learning by rote recitation began fading out by the 1890s, these poets nevertheless remained fixed as ideal New England poets.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Buell_(academic)" title="Lawrence Buell (academic)">Lawrence Buell</a> wrote of these poets: "we value [them] less than the nineteenth century did but still regard as the mainstream of nineteenth-century New England verse."<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Many of these poets soon became recognized only as children's poets, as noted by a 20th-century scholar who asked about Holmes's contemporary Longfellow: "Who, except wretched schoolchildren, now reads Longfellow?"<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Another modern scholar notes that "Holmes is a casualty of the ongoing movement to revise the literary canon. His work is the least likely of the Fireside Poets to find its way into American literature anthologies."<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The school library of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where Holmes studied as a child, is named the Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, or the OWHL, in his memory. Items from Holmes's personal library—including medical papers, essays, songs and poems—are held in the library's Special Collections department.<a href="#cite_note-holmeslib-178">[178]</a> In 1915, Bostonians placed a <a href="/wiki/Memorial_bench" title="Memorial bench">memorial seat</a> and sundial behind Holmes's final home at 296 Beacon Street in a spot where he would have seen it from his library.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Chapel" title="King's Chapel">King's Chapel</a> in Boston, where Holmes worshiped, erected an inscribed memorial tablet in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-Small153-135">[135]</a> The tablet notes Holmes's achievements in the order he recognized them: "Teacher of Anatomy, Essayist and Poet". It ends with a quote from <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ars_Poetica_(Horace)" title="Ars Poetica (Horace)">Ars Poetica</a>: Miscuit Utile Dulci: "He mingled the useful with the pleasant."<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan242-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_list_of_works">Selected list of works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selected list of works">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Poetry</dt></dl> <ul><li>Poems (1836)<a href="#cite_note-Knight198-180">[180]</a></li> <li>Songs in Many Keys (1862)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Medical and psychological studies</dt></dl> <ul><li>Puerperal Fever as a Private Pestilence (1855)</li> <li>Mechanism in Thought and Morals (1871)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Table-talk books</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table" title="The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table">The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table</a> (1858)<a href="#cite_note-Knight198-180">[180]</a></li> <li>The Professor at the Breakfast-Table (1860)<a href="#cite_note-Knight198-180">[180]</a></li> <li>The Poet at the Breakfast-Table (1872)<a href="#cite_note-Knight198-180">[180]</a></li> <li>Over the Teacups (1891)<a href="#cite_note-Westbrook181-116">[116]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Novels</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Venner" title="Elsie Venner">Elsie Venner</a> (1861)<a href="#cite_note-Knight198-180">[180]</a></li> <li>The Guardian Angel (1867)<a href="#cite_note-Knight198-180">[180]</a></li> <li>A Mortal Antipathy (1885)<a href="#cite_note-Knight198-180">[180]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li>"The Stereoscope and the Stereograph", The Atlantic Monthly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1859/06/the-stereoscope-and-the-stereograph/303361/">volume 6</a> (1859)</li> <li>"Sun-painting and sun-sculpture", The Atlantic Monthly, volume 8 (July 1861)</li> <li>"Doings of the sun-beam", The Atlantic Monthly, volume 12 (July 1863)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Biographies and travelogue</dt></dl> <ul><li>John Lothrop Motley, A Memoir (1876)</li> <li>Ralph Waldo Emerson (1884)</li> <li>Our Hundred Days in Europe (1887)<a href="#cite_note-Knight198-180">[180]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epeolatry" title="Epeolatry">Epeolatry</a>, a term coined by Holmes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Livermore" title="George Livermore">George Livermore</a>, a childhood classmate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell,_North_Carolina" title="Wendell, North Carolina">Wendell, North Carolina</a>, a town named after Holmes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Sullivan, 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-Novick3-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novick3_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novick3_2-1">b</a> Novick, 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Small, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Small, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Small, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Tilton, 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Tilton, 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Tilton, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Hoyt, 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Tilton, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Hoyt, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hoyt, 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hoyt, 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Tilton, 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Tilton, 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Hoyt, 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Tilton, 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Catalogue of the Officers and Members of the Hasty-Pudding Club in Harvard University. Cambridge, MA: Metcalf and Company, 1846: 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hoyt, 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Hoyt, 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Small34-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Small34_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Small34_21-1">b</a> Small, 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Sullivan, 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Hoyt, 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Tilton, 62–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Hoyt, 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Novick, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Hoyt, 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Menand6-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menand6_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menand6_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menand6_28-2">c</a> Menand, 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Wilson, Susan. Boston Sights and Insights: An Essential Guide to Historic Landmarks In and Around Boston. Boston: Beacon Press, 2003: 54–55. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-7135-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-7135-8">0-8070-7135-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Tilton, 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Holmes, Complete Poetical Works, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Hoyt, 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-Small,_37-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Small,_37_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Small,_37_33-1">b</a> Small, 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Tilton, 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Hoyt, 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Small, 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Hoyt, 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Dowling, 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Gibian, 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Hoyt, 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Louis' findings on the subject were published as Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dan quelques maladies inflammatoires, et sur l'action de l'émétique et des vésicatoires dans la pneumonie. Paris: J-B Ballière, 1835. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Dowling, 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Dowling, 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Small, 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Hoyt, 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Hoyt, 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Hoyt, 80–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Hoyt, 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Tilton, 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Novick, 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Sullivan, 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloughDana_Cook_Grossman" class="citation web cs1">Blough, Barbara; Dana Cook Grossman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227174302/http://dms.dartmouth.edu/about/history/history2.shtml">"Two Hundred Years of Medicine at Dartmouth"</a>. Dartmouth Medical School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dms.dartmouth.edu/about/history/history2.shtml">the original</a> on February 27, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Hundred+Years+of+Medicine+at+Dartmouth&rft.pub=Dartmouth+Medical+School&rft.aulast=Blough&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Dana+Cook+Grossman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdms.dartmouth.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhistory2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Small, 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-54"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"</a> (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+A&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Tilton, 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Small, 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Holmes, Oliver Wendell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeoint.org/cazalet/holmes/index.htm">Homœopathy, and its Kindred Delusions; two lectures delivered before the Boston society for the diffusion of useful knowledge</a>. Boston: William D. Ticknor, 1842. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Small, 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan235-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan235_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan235_59-1">b</a> Sullivan, 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Meigs, Charles Delucena. On the Nature, Signs, and Treatment of Childbed Fevers. Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea, 1854: 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaikh-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaikh_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaikh_61-1">b</a> Shaikh, Safiya, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/12967">"The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" (1843), by Oliver Wendell Holmes"</a>, Embryo Project Encyclopedia, Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, July 26, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1940-5030">1940-5030</a>. Retrieved 5 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Small, 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShell2020" class="citation book cs1">Shell, Hanna Rose (2020). Shoddy: From Devil's Dust to the Renaissance of Rags. Chicago: University of Chicago. pp. 15, 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226377759" title="Special:BookSources/9780226377759"><bdi>9780226377759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shoddy%3A+From+Devil%27s+Dust+to+the+Renaissance+of+Rags&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=15%2C+80-81&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780226377759&rft.aulast=Shell&rft.aufirst=Hanna+Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Hoyt, 106–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Hoyt, 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Dowling, 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Holmes, Oliver Wendell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/67241040R.nlm.nih.gov">Puerperal Fever as a Private Pestilence</a>, Ticknor and Fields, Boston, 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Tilton, 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan234-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan234_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan234_69-1">b</a> Sullivan, 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-Broaddus46-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broaddus46_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broaddus46_70-1">b</a> Broaddus, 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Menand8-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menand8_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menand8_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menand8_71-2">c</a> Menand, 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Gibian, 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Menand, 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Dowling, xxi </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Novick, 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Small, 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Small, 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Small66-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Small66_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Small66_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Small66_78-2">c</a> Small, 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Miller, Edwin Haviland. Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Press" title="University of Iowa Press">University of Iowa Press</a>, 1991:307–308. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-381-0">0-87745-381-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Small, 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Hoyt, 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-Menand7-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menand7_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menand7_82-1">b</a> Menand, 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Broaddus94-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broaddus94_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broaddus94_83-1">b</a> Broaddus, 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/26/us/harvard-slavery-report.html">"The Major Findings of Harvard's Report on Its Ties to Slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Washington Irving: An American Original. New York: Arcane Publishing, 2008: 402. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-836-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-836-4">978-1-55970-836-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Small, 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Tilton, 425 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1952" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, Oliver Wendell (March 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-lint.com/libraryvault/GEH_Image/GEH_1952_01_03.pdf">"The American Stereoscope"</a> (PDF). Image: Journal of Photography of the George Eastman House. 1 (3). Rochester, NY. Retrieved April 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Image%3A+Journal+of+Photography+of+the+George+Eastman+House&rft.atitle=The+American+Stereoscope&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1952-03&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Wendell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luminous-lint.com%2Flibraryvault%2FGEH_Image%2FGEH_1952_01_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Hoyt, 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Small, 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Broaddus, 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Holmes, Oliver Wendell. "The Inevitable Trial" in Pages from an Old Volume of Life. Boston, 1883: 85,87. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Novick, 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> White, G. Edward. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006: 19–20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530536-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530536-4">978-0-19-530536-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1862" class="citation magazine cs1">Holmes, Oliver Wendell (December 1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1862/12/my-hunt-after-the-captain/308750/">"My Hunt After the Captain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=My+Hunt+After+the+Captain&rft.date=1862-12&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Wendell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1862%2F12%2Fmy-hunt-after-the-captain%2F308750%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Arvin, Newton. Longfellow: His Life and Work. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963: 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. 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Walt Whitman: A Life. 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David. American Aristocracy: The Lives and Times of James Russell, Amy, and Robert Lowell. 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Black. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymns+and+Hymn+Makers&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=A.+%26.+C.+Black&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Duncan+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3k9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Weinstein, 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Weinstein, 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Weinstein, 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Weinstein, 2–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Schroeder, 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Novick, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Gibian, 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Weinstein, 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Holmes, Oliver Wendell. 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New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986: 43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37801-X">0-521-37801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Arvin, Newton. Longfellow: His Life and Work. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963: 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Knight, 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-holmeslib-178"><a href="#cite_ref-holmeslib_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://978.andover.edu/library/libinfo/naut.htm">"Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes OWH Library at Phillips Academy Andover"</a>. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library. Retrieved May 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Oliver+Wendell+Holmes+OWH+Library+at+Phillips+Academy+Andover&rft.pub=Oliver+Wendell+Holmes+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F978.andover.edu%2Flibrary%2Flibinfo%2Fnaut.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Corbett, William. Literary New England: A History and Guide. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1993: 76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19816-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-19816-3">0-571-19816-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight198-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight198_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight198_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight198_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight198_180-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight198_180-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight198_180-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight198_180-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight198_180-7">h</a> Knight, 198 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Arms, George Warren. The Fields Were Green: A New View of Bryant, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell, and Longfellow. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1953. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/270214">270214</a>.</li> <li>Broaddus, Dorothy C. Genteel Rhetoric: Writing High Culture in Nineteenth-Century Boston. Columbia, South Carolina: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-244-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-244-0">1-57003-244-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Dowling" title="William C. Dowling">Dowling, William C.</a> Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology, and The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. Hanover: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">University Press of New England</a>, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58465-579-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58465-579-8">1-58465-579-8</a>.</li> <li>Gibian, Peter. Oliver Wendell Holmes and the Culture of Conversation. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-511-01763-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-511-01763-4">0-511-01763-4</a>.</li> <li>Holmes, Oliver Wendell. The Complete Poetical Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1908. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/192211">192211</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt" title="Edwin Palmer Hoyt">Hoyt, Edwin Palmer</a>. The Improper Bostonian: Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York: Morrow, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-03429-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-03429-2">0-688-03429-2</a>.</li> <li>Kennedy, William Sloane. Oliver Wendell Holmes: Poet, Littérateur, Scientist. Boston: S.E. Cassino, 1883. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11173078">11173078</a>.</li> <li>Knight, Denise D. "Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–1894)", Writers of the American Renaissance: An A-to-Z Guide. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32140-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32140-X">0-313-32140-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Menand, Louis</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Metaphysical_Club:_A_Story_of_Ideas_in_America" title="The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America">The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-19963-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-19963-9">0-374-19963-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Torrey_Morse" title="John Torrey Morse">Morse, John Torrey</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Holmes,_Oliver_Wendell">"Holmes, Oliver Wendell" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 616–617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holmes%2C+Oliver+Wendell&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=616-617&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=John+Torrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988"></li> <li>Novick, Sheldon M. Honorable Justice: The Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-61325-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-61325-8">0-316-61325-8</a>.</li> <li>Schroeder, William Lawrence. Oliver Wendell Holmes: An Appreciation. London: Philip Green, 1909. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11877015">11877015</a>.</li> <li>Small, Miriam Rossiter. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Twayne's United States authors series, 29. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1962. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/273508">273508</a>.</li> <li>Sullivan, Wilson. New England Men of Letters. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-788680-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-788680-8">0-02-788680-8</a>.</li> <li>Tilton, Eleanor M. Amiable Autocrat: A Biography of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York: H. Schuman, 1947. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14671680">14671680</a>.</li> <li>Weinstein, Michael A. The Imaginative Prose of Oliver Wendell Holmes. Columbia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1644-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1644-7">0-8262-1644-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr.&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_(1809-1894)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894)">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a></div></div> </div> Sources <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1898). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Studies_of_a_Biographer/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes">"Oliver Wendell Holmes" </a>. Studies of a Biographer. Vol. 2. London: Duckworth and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oliver+Wendell+Holmes&rft.btitle=Studies+of+a+Biographer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth+and+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Wendell+Holmes+Sr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/387">Works by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%20Wendell%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Holmes%2C%20O%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Oliver%20Wendell%20Holmes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Oliver%20W%2E%20Holmes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22O%2E%20W%2E%20Holmes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Oliver%20Holmes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Oliver%20Wendell%20Holmes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Oliver%20W%2E%20Holmes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22O%2E%20W%2E%20Holmes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22O%2E%20Wendell%20Holmes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%20Wendell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Holmes%2C%20O%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Holmes%2C%20O%2E%20Wendell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Oliver%20Holmes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Oliver%20Wendell%20Holmes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Oliver%20W%2E%20Holmes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22O%2E%20W%2E%20Holmes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Oliver%20Holmes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Oliver%20Wendell%20Holmes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Oliver%20W%2E%20Holmes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22O%2E%20W%2E%20Holmes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%20Wendell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Oliver%20Holmes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Holmes%2C%20Oliver%22%29%20OR%20%28%221809-1894%22%20AND%20Holmes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1398">Works by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/119.html">Oliver Wendell Holmes Library</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/remain/search.php?searchletters=Oliver+Wendell+Holmes;0;0;0">Oliver Wendell Holmes letters</a>. Available online through Lehigh University's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/remain/index.html">I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera</a>.</li></ul> Other <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sherlockian-sherlock.com/the-name-of-sherlock-holmes.php">The name of Sherlock Holmes – Dr. Holmes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litquotes.com/quote_author_resp.php?AName=Oliver%20Wendell%20Holmes,%20Sr.">Quotes by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052943/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wcd/Willyintro.html">"The Annotated Autocrat"</a> a mostly complete set of annotations to Holmes's Autocrat of the Breakfast Table</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/38/5/">"The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever"</a> by Holmes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517031058/http://www.reelyredd.com/usa-0308one-hoss-holmes.htm">The Deacon's Masterpiece</a> The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay: A Logical Story – audio reading</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Holmes%2C_Oliver_Wendell">Works with text by Holmes, Oliver Wendell</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deans_of_Harvard_University&#039;s_Faculty_of_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HMS_Deans" title="Template:HMS Deans"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:HMS_Deans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:HMS Deans (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HMS_Deans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HMS Deans"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_Harvard_University&#039;s_Faculty_of_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deans of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Faculty of Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_Warren_(surgeon,_born_1778)" title="John Collins Warren (surgeon, born 1778)">John Collins Warren</a> (1816–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jackson_(physician)" title="James Jackson (physician)">James Jackson</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(physician)" title="John Gorham (physician)">John Gorham</a> (1818–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Channing_(physician)" title="Walter Channing (physician)">Walter Channing</a> (1819–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bigelow" title="Jacob Bigelow">Jacob Bigelow</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_Warren_(surgeon,_born_1778)" title="John Collins Warren (surgeon, born 1778)">John Collins Warren</a> (1821–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Channing_(physician)" title="Walter Channing (physician)">Walter Channing</a> (1826–1847)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> (1847–1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Jackson" title="J. B. S. Jackson">J. B. S. Jackson</a> (1853–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_Storer" title="David Humphreys Storer">David Humphreys Storer</a> (1855–1864)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Cheyne_Shattuck_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Cheyne Shattuck Jr. (page does not exist)">George Cheyne Shattuck Jr.</a> (1864–1869)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Ellis_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvin Ellis (physician) (page does not exist)">Calvin Ellis</a> (1869–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pickering_Bowditch" title="Henry Pickering Bowditch">Henry Pickering Bowditch</a> (1883–1893)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lambert_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lambert Richardson (page does not exist)">William Lambert Richardson</a> (1893–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Asbury_Christian" title="Henry Asbury Christian">Henry Asbury Christian</a> (1908–1912)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Hickling_Bradford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Hickling Bradford (page does not exist)">Edward Hickling Bradford</a> (1912–1918)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Linn_Edsall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Linn Edsall (page does not exist)">David Linn Edsall</a> (1918–1935)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sidney_Burwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Sidney Burwell (page does not exist)">Charles Sidney Burwell</a> (1935–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Packer_Berry" title="George Packer Berry">George Packer Berry</a> (1949–1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Higgins_Ebert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Higgins Ebert (page does not exist)">Robert Higgins Ebert</a> (1965–1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_C._Tosteson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel C. Tosteson (page does not exist)">Daniel C. Tosteson</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Martin" title="Joseph B. Martin">Joseph B. Martin</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Flier" title="Jeffrey Flier">Jeffrey Flier</a> (2007–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Daley" title="George Q. Daley">George Q. Daley</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122760877">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7405944">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/51851/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7QFvDBRfdmXBqXYdvpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118706608">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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