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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US commemorative medal minted for the centennial of the voyage of the ship Restauration</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Norse-American medal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek168–169_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek168–169-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;"><div class="location">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Gold: 24 mm</li> <li>Silver: 29 mm</li></ul> </div> Bronze: 69.5 mm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Thickness</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Gold: 2 mm</li> <li>Thin silver: 1.6 mm</li> <li>Thick silver: 2 mm</li></ul> </div> Bronze: 4.5 mm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Edge</th><td class="infobox-data">plain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Composition</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Gold: 90.0% gold, 10.0% copper</li> <li>Silver: 90.0% silver, 10.0% copper</li> <li>Bronze: 90.0% copper, 10.0% zinc, with silver plating</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Years of minting</th><td class="infobox-data">1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Mintage</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Gold: 100 (less 47 melted)</li> <li>Thin silver: 6,000</li> <li>Thick silver: 33,750</li> <li>Bronze: est. 60–75</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Mint marks</th><td class="infobox-data">None, all pieces struck at Philadelphia Mint without mint mark.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Obverse</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 235px; height: 235px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -3px; left: -3px; width: 475px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1925 Medal Norse Gold commemorative.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg/475px-1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg" decoding="async" width="475" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg/713px-1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg/950px-1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3966" data-file-height="2011" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Design</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking warrior</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Earle_Fraser_(sculptor)" title="James Earle Fraser (sculptor)">James Earle Fraser</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Design date</th><td class="infobox-data">1925</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Reverse</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 235px; height: 235px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -3px; left: -238px; width: 475px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1925 Medal Norse Gold commemorative.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg/475px-1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg" decoding="async" width="475" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg/713px-1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg/950px-1925_Medal_Norse_Gold_commemorative.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3966" data-file-height="2011" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Design</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viking_longship" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking longship">Viking longship</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Earle_Fraser_(sculptor)" title="James Earle Fraser (sculptor)">James Earle Fraser</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Design date</th><td class="infobox-data">1925</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Norse-American medal</b> was struck at the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Mint" title="Philadelphia Mint">Philadelphia Mint</a> in 1925, pursuant to an act of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. It was issued for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_Centennial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norse-American Centennial (page does not exist)">the 100th anniversary of the voyage</a> of the ship <i><a href="/wiki/Restauration_(ship)" title="Restauration (ship)">Restauration</a></i>, bringing early Norwegian immigrants to the United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representative">U.S. Representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> <a href="/wiki/Ole_Juulson_Kvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ole Juulson Kvale">Ole Juulson Kvale</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian American</a>, wanted a commemorative for the centennial celebrations of the <i>Restauration</i> journey. Rebuffed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a> when he sought the issuance of a special coin, he instead settled for a medal. Sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_nickel" title="Buffalo nickel">Buffalo nickel</a> designer <a href="/wiki/James_Earle_Fraser_(sculptor)" title="James Earle Fraser (sculptor)">James Earle Fraser</a>, the medals recognize those immigrants' <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> heritage, depicting a warrior of that culture on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> and his vessel on the reverse. The medals also recall the early Viking <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse colonization of the Americas">explorations of North America</a>. </p><p>Once authorized by Congress, they were produced in various metals and sizes, for the most part prior to the celebrations near <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> in June 1925. Only 53 were issued in gold, and they are rare and valuable today; those struck in silver or bronze have appreciated much less in value. They are sometimes collected as part of <a href="/wiki/Early_United_States_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Early United States commemorative coins">the U.S. commemorative coin series</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_inception">Background and inception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_medal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and inception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 4 or 5, 1825, the vessel <i><a href="/wiki/Restauration_(ship)" title="Restauration (ship)">Restauration</a></i> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, Norway, for the United States, with 45 emigrants aboard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlegen599–601_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen599–601-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to what <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> deemed "<a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">bacchanalian</a>" legends of its passage, the expedition anchored off an English coastal village and traded ashore some of its rum, only to depart in haste when local officials took an interest.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Off <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, expedition leader Lars Larsen is said to have fished a cask from the sea, which proved to be filled with rare wine that was thoroughly enjoyed by those aboard.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After they arrived in New York on October 9, the ship was seized pursuant to a court order, as the passengers exceeded the permitted number for a ship of its size by 21, counting a baby girl born to the Larsens en route. In addition, a fine was to be imposed, but because the immigrants spoke no English and had no knowledge of American laws, President <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> issued a pardon, releasing the ship and remitting the fine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlegen601,_613–618_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen601,_613–618-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially settling on land they purchased near the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>, about 35 miles (56 km) from <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, the passengers were the first of many organized groups of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a> who <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_crossing" title="Transatlantic crossing">crossed the Atlantic</a>, especially to the northern and western United States.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek168_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ole_Juulson_Kvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ole Juulson Kvale">Ole Juulson Kvale</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> congressman of the <a href="/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-Labor Party">Farmer-Labor Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-profile_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a proud Norse-American. Kvale was a member of the Norse-American Centennial Commission, which was to organize a 100th anniversary celebration of the <i>Restauration</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek165_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek165-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This celebration was important to a Norse-American community that had been perceived as <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I#In_the_United_States" title="Opposition to World War I">antiwar</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and was attempting to display both ethnic pride and assimilation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz1265,_1267_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz1265,_1267-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvale, a <a href="/wiki/The_Norwegian_Lutheran_Church_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Norwegian Lutheran Church in the United States">Lutheran</a> minister, was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures">House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in January 1925 approached the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a>, seeking its support for a commemorative coin in honor of the anniversary; he was told that the Treasury would oppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse_hearings3–4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse_hearings3–4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commemorative coins for ethnic heritage groups were unlikely to pass Congress at that time due to the controversy caused by the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Huguenot-Walloon_Tercentenary_half_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot-Walloon Tercentenary half dollar">Huguenot-Walloon Tercentenary half dollar</a>, seen by some as Protestant propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz1287_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz1287-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 30, 1925, Kvale attended a meeting of the Coinage Committee, at which the proposal that would become the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar" title="Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar">Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar</a> was considered. Treasury officials were present in opposition, suggesting a medal be issued instead, and Kvale asked several questions about the Mint's issuance of medals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermont_House_hearings7–8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermont_House_hearings7–8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 3, Kvale and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Kvale">his son Paul</a> met with Treasury officials, bringing a draft bill authorizing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">Bureau of the Mint</a> to strike commemorative medals for the <i>Restauration</i> anniversary. Acting Mint Director <a href="/wiki/Mary_M._O%27Reilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary M. O'Reilly">Mary M. O'Reilly</a> and Treasury Undersecretary Garrard Winston were dubious about the idea of striking silver medals that would be between the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Liberty_quarter" title="Standing Liberty quarter">quarter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walking_Liberty_half_dollar" title="Walking Liberty half dollar">half dollar</a> in size. To offset this concern, Paul Kvale suggested making the medal octagonal or hexagonal. O'Reilly and Winston favored the idea, and after Congressman Kvale met with legal counsel to the Treasury and other officials, he was assured of the department's full support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek165_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek165-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvale also successfully lobbied the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">Post Office Department</a> for the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamps</a>; he told Third Assistant <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a> Warren I. Glover that, in a broader sense, the medal recognized the North American explorations of the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> around the year 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek173_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek173-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvale declared that in seeking the souvenir medal and stamps, he was contributing to the "growth of the Norwegian heritage by having it 'preserved in metal' as well as 'paper <a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">time capsules</a>'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz1287_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz1287-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_medal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kvale introduced a bill for a Norse-American medal in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> on February 4, 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was referred to the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On behalf of that committee, Kvale reported it favorably to the full House on February 10. In the report, Kvale stated that the 40,000 medals would be struck without expense to the government, and that Treasury officials supported the bill. "In view of the importance of this celebration to the many descendants of the Norse immigrants into this country, and through these to the State of Minnesota, which is officially sponsoring the event, and to the great Northwest, which they have been such a large factor in developing, the committee believes that such a medal is fitting and proper and that this bill should be enacted into law."<sup id="cite_ref-house_report_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house_report-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Dakota Senator <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck" title="Peter Norbeck">Peter Norbeck</a> also introduced legislation for a Norse-American medal on February 5, 1925. It was referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library">Committee on the Library</a>. On the 6th, that committee was discharged of responsibility for the bill and it was referred instead to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Committee on Banking and Currency</a>. Norbeck, on behalf of the Banking Committee, reported the bill favorably and without amendment to the Senate on February 13.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_bill_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate_bill-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was passed by the Senate without objection or amendment on the 18th.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate-passed bill then was transmitted to the House of Representatives, and was referred to the Coinage Committee on February 20.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was brought forward on February 27, 1925. When the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Frederick H. Gillett</a>, asked if there was objection to the consideration of the bill, Ohio's <a href="/wiki/James_T._Begg" title="James T. Begg">James T. Begg</a> wanted to know if there was anyone present who could give him information about it, and if there was not, he would object. Kvale stated that he could, and when Begg inquired if <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew W. Mellon">Andrew W. Mellon</a> favored the bill, he assured the Ohioan that this was so. Kvale had the Senate-passed bill substituted for the one he had introduced, and it received the House's endorsement without objection or amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was passed into law with the signature of President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> on March 2, 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act provided for a maximum of 40,000 medals, to be struck at the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Mint" title="Philadelphia Mint">Philadelphia Mint</a>, from design models prepared by the Norse-American Centennial Commission. Medals would be turned over to a designated agent of the commission on payment of the cost of producing them. They were to be made subject to the provisions of section 52 of the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That section permitted medals of a national character to be struck at the Philadelphia Mint, but forbade Mint personnel from making <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_numismatics#D" title="Glossary of numismatics">dies</a> for private medals,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was enacted after Philadelphia Mint Chief Coiner <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Peale" title="Franklin Peale">Franklin Peale</a> had for some years run a private medals business on Mint premises, prior to his firing in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaxay188–190_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaxay188–190-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_medal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kvale hoped that his friend and fellow Minnesotan, Senator <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Henrik Shipstead</a>, could persuade sculptor <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> to design the medal for no fee or a nominal one. Borglum, who was busy with construction at <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a> in Georgia (he would later sculpt <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a>), had designed the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Memorial_half_dollar" title="Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar">Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar</a>; he had no time to accept the work. <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_nickel" title="Buffalo nickel">Buffalo nickel</a> designer <a href="/wiki/James_Earle_Fraser_(sculptor)" title="James Earle Fraser (sculptor)">James Earle Fraser</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Fine Arts">Commission of Fine Arts</a>, was engaged for a fee of $1,500, about the usual for a commemorative coin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek166_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek166-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fraser prepared designs and submitted them to the Mint; O'Reilly sent them to the Commission of Fine Arts on April 14, 1925. The commission approved them; its only suggestion was that the first "the" be removed from the inscription on the reverse, "<small>AUTHORIZED BY THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</small>", and this was done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek167_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek167-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sketches had been printed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Journal">Minneapolis Journal</a></i> on March 29, provoking some reaction from those who felt that the design implied that Norwegians still dressed like Vikings in 1825, and that the date, 1000, should be moved from reverse to obverse to eliminate the confusion. The public objections had no effect on events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek166_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek166-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_medal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Norse-American postal issue, 1925</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norse_American_Centennial_Sloop_1925_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bicolor two cent postage stamp, showing a 19th century sailing ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Norse_American_Centennial_Sloop_1925_Issue-2c.jpg/200px-Norse_American_Centennial_Sloop_1925_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Norse_American_Centennial_Sloop_1925_Issue-2c.jpg/300px-Norse_American_Centennial_Sloop_1925_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Norse_American_Centennial_Sloop_1925_Issue-2c.jpg/400px-Norse_American_Centennial_Sloop_1925_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norse_American_Centennial_Viking_1925_Issue-5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bicolor five cent postage stamp showing a Viking ship, pointed right (east)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Norse_American_Centennial_Viking_1925_Issue-5c.jpg/200px-Norse_American_Centennial_Viking_1925_Issue-5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Norse_American_Centennial_Viking_1925_Issue-5c.jpg/300px-Norse_American_Centennial_Viking_1925_Issue-5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Norse_American_Centennial_Viking_1925_Issue-5c.jpg/400px-Norse_American_Centennial_Viking_1925_Issue-5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Issued for the anniversary, the two-cent depicts the <i>Restauration</i> and the five-cent a Viking vessel.</div></div></div></div> <p>The obverse of the medal shows a Norwegian Viking chieftain who has just come ashore from his ship (seen behind him) and is armed for war, with <a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet" title="Horned helmet">horned helmet</a>, shield, sword, and <i>svard</i> (dagger). He is intended to be landing at <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>, the lands in the Americas explored and to some extent settled by the Vikings about the year 1000. The helmet is most likely an anachronism, as they are not believed to have been used for two millennia prior to the Vinland landing, and were probably ceremonial, rather than intended for battle. The centennial and the years are recognized on the obverse. The reverse shows a Viking ship, along with the authorization by Congress and the approximate year in which Vinland was settled. <small>"OPUS FRASER"</small> (Fraser's work), the artist's signature, is to the left of the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek168_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numismatist Anthony Swiatek, in his volume on commemoratives, wonders if <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a>, the famed explorer of that period, would not have been a superior choice. He concludes that Kvale would not have supported such a depiction, because "he was interested in pure romanticization. He saw a Viking ship and his chieftain in full regalia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek168_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julie Shultz, in her journal article on the 1925 celebration, finds it significant that the medal has nothing to do with the arrival of the <i>Restauration</i> in an already-formed United States, but symbolizes ethnic pride in the early explorers. Noting that one of the stamps depicts a Viking ship and the other the <i>Restauration</i>, she concludes of these three government issues for the celebration: "Though outwardly, these souvenirs were to symbolize the Norwegian immigrant heritage that began in 1825, they actually invert the dominant narrative by using an American form to proclaim that Norwegians were the first Europeans to land on American soil."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz1288_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz1288-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production,_distribution,_and_collecting"><span id="Production.2C_distribution.2C_and_collecting"></span>Production, distribution, and collecting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_medal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production, distribution, and collecting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Six thousand silver medals on a thin (1.6 mm) <a href="/wiki/Planchet" title="Planchet">planchet</a> were struck between May 21 and 23, 1925, at the Philadelphia Mint. They were handled like ordinary coins: They were counted, bagged, and transported to the Fourth Street National Bank of Philadelphia for the centennial commission's use. Between May 29 and June 13, a total of 33,750 pieces were struck on a thick (2 mm) silver planchet. The reason for the two varieties is uncertain; Swiatek theorizes that the Norse-American Centennial Commission might not have liked how the thin ones looked, or might have wanted collectors to buy two medals. One hundred were struck in gold, on June 3 and 4—Kvale received the second one struck. The medals cost the commission 30 cents each for the thin ones, 45 cents for the thick, and $10.14 for the gold. The retail price of the thin ones is uncertain (Swiatek estimates $1.75), the thick ones are known to have cost $1.25, and the gold pieces about $20. They were sold by mail order; none were sold at the celebrations or in person. There was a sales limit of one per person, but purchasers could buy on behalf of as many family members as they wanted. The thin pieces were not offered for sale until November or December 1925, and sold mostly to numismatists—the commission's secretary, J.A. Horvik, was frustrated that more "Norsemen" were not buying the medal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek166–171_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek166–171-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the celebrations, Kvale took 5,000 medals to New York, hoping to sell them, but was not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 100 gold pieces struck, 47 were eventually returned to the Treasury when they could not be sold, and some of the silver pieces (most likely thick ones) were as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek166–171_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek166–171-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_Centennial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norse-American Centennial (page does not exist)">Norse-American Immigration Centennial Celebration</a> was held at the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair" title="Minnesota State Fair">Minnesota State Fairgrounds</a> near Minneapolis from June 6–9, 1925. Automobile caravans were organized to bring attendees from the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Valley" title="Red River Valley">Red River Valley</a>, bearing the slogan, "The Norsemen are Coming!"<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Coolidge was present; he called the Viking explorers "these <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">sons of Thor and Odin</a>", and told attendees, "the pledge of the Norwegian people has never yet gone unredeemed. I have every faith that through the vigorous performance of your duties you will add new lustre to your glories in the days to come."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> noted that commemorative stamps and a congressionally authorized medal had been issued for the celebration. "Seldom before has the celebration of a similar event been so honored by the Government, as has this centennial."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Times</i> had inaccurately described the medal as "the first commemorative medal to be issued in the history of the mint".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek169–170_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek169–170-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publicity people for the celebration had billed it as the first medal to be issued pursuant to an act of Congress, but in October 1925, Mint Director <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Grant" title="Robert J. Grant">Robert J. Grant</a> learned that a medal had been authorized by Congress for the centennial of American independence in 1876, and it had been issued in different sizes. He informed Kvale, who was intrigued by the fact that the independence medal had been issued in a 3-inch (76 mm) size. The congressman felt that the larger size would allow the detail of his medal to be better shown, which would help when one was exhibited in a museum display case. Not all members of his board were enthusiastic about the idea, but between 60 and 75 of these larger medals were struck, likely in December at the Philadelphia Mint, with Kvale undertaking to purchase any that were not sold. They were plated in silver by a private firm in Washington, D.C., and about 30 were presented or mailed to dignitaries, including one to President Coolidge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek169–170_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek169–170-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norse-American medal is not a coin, and is not <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>. Due to its similarity to a coin, and the fact that it was authorized by Congress, it is sometimes collected as part of the U.S. commemorative coin series. Though the silver ones can be purchased for less than $100 up to $500, and the silver-plated one for between $500 and $3,500, the gold specimen has sold for as high as $40,000. Some medals were used as pocket pieces or worn in mountings to the fair, and display damage or wear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek171_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek171-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_medal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norse-American_medal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Norse-American medal">Norse-American medal</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek168–169-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek168–169_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen599–601-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlegen599–601_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlegen">Blegen</a>, pp. 599–601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"First Norse Settlers Arrived 100 Years Ago". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. April 12, 1925. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/103458202">103458202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=First+Norse+Settlers+Arrived+100+Years+Ago&rft.date=1925-04-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen601,_613–618-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlegen601,_613–618_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlegen">Blegen</a>, pp. 601, 613–618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek168-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek168_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek168_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek168_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-profile-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-profile_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/result/congressional/pqpdocumentview?pgId=c8a527df-ec7a-4643-b568-bb789d141cf7&rsId=14EF88C3DE0#RelatedPublications">"68 Bill Profile H.R. 12160 (1923–1925)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2015</span> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=68+Bill+Profile+H.R.+12160+%281923%E2%80%931925%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcongressional.proquest.com%2Fcongressional%2Fresult%2Fcongressional%2Fpqpdocumentview%3FpgId%3Dc8a527df-ec7a-4643-b568-bb789d141cf7%26rsId%3D14EF88C3DE0%23RelatedPublications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek165-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek165_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek165_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz1265,_1267-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz1265,_1267_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShultz">Shultz</a>, pp. 1265, 1267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000349">"Kvale, Ole Juulson (1869–1929)"</a>. United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kvale%2C+Ole+Juulson+%281869%E2%80%931929%29&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DK000349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse_hearings3–4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse_hearings3–4_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse_hearings">House hearings</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz1287-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz1287_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz1287_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShultz">Shultz</a>, p. 1287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermont_House_hearings7–8-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermont_House_hearings7–8_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermont_House_hearings">Vermont House hearings</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek173-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek173_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="uscongrecCite" class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;">1925 <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>, </i>Vol. 71, Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/crec/71/3/030">3030</a> (February 4, 1925)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-house_report-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-house_report_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_Committee_on_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures1925" class="citation web cs1">House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures (February 10, 1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t47.d48.8391_h.rp.1437">"Coinage of a Medal with Appropriate Emblems Commemorative of the Norse-American Centennial"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coinage+of+a+Medal+with+Appropriate+Emblems+Commemorative+of+the+Norse-American+Centennial&rft.date=1925-02-10&rft.au=House+Committee+on+Coinage%2C+Weights%2C+and+Measures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcongressional.proquest.com%2Fcongressional%2Fdocview%2Ft47.d48.8391_h.rp.1437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate_bill-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senate_bill_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t01.d02.68_s_4230_rs_19250203">"S. 4230, Calendar No. 1176"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. February 13, 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+4230%2C+Calendar+No.+1176&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1925-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcongressional.proquest.com%2Fcongressional%2Fdocview%2Ft01.d02.68_s_4230_rs_19250203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="uscongrecCite" class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;">1925 <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>, </i>Vol. 71, Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/crec/71/4/061">4061</a> (February 18, 1925)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="uscongrecCite" class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;">1925 <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>, </i>Vol. 71, Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/crec/71/4/277">4277</a> (February 20, 1925)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="uscongrecCite" class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;">1925 <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>, </i>Vol. 71, Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/crec/71/4/873–4874">4873–4874</a> (February 27, 1925)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/68/524">68–524</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/42/131">42–131</a>(third session)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaxay188–190-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaxay188–190_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaxay">Taxay</a>, pp. 188–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek166-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek166_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek166_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek167-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek167_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz1288-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz1288_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShultz">Shultz</a>, p. 1288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek166–171-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek166–171_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek166–171_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, pp. 166–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, David (December 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exacteditions.com/browse/21053/21950/42880/3/25/0/norse-american%20medal">"Norwegian heritage: Pieces commemorated immigrant ship's arrival in the United States"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Numismatist" title="The Numismatist">The Numismatist</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Numismatic_Association" title="American Numismatic Association">American Numismatic Association</a>: 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatist&rft.atitle=Norwegian+heritage%3A+Pieces+commemorated+immigrant+ship%27s+arrival+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exacteditions.com%2Fbrowse%2F21053%2F21950%2F42880%2F3%2F25%2F0%2Fnorse-american%2520medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"City to Celebrate Norse Centennial". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. September 13, 1925. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/103531028">103531028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City+to+Celebrate+Norse+Centennial&rft.date=1925-09-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek169–170-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek169–170_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek169–170_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatek171-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiatek171_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwiatek">Swiatek</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse-American_medal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlegen" class="citation book cs1">Blegen, Theodore C. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmjz0Iq9x5EC&q=helland%20pardon%20john%20quincy%20adams&pg=PR4"><i>Norwegian Migration to America: The American Transition</i></a>. Haskell House Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/423581">423581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Migration+to+America%3A+The+American+Transition&rft.pub=Haskell+House+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F423581&rft.aulast=Blegen&rft.aufirst=Theodore+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvmjz0Iq9x5EC%26q%3Dhelland%2520pardon%2520john%2520quincy%2520adams%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultz" class="citation journal cs1">Shultz, April (March 1991). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Pride of the Race Had Been Touched': The 1925 Norse-American Immigration Centennial and Ethnic Identity". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>77</b> (4): 1265–1295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2078262">10.2307/2078262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2078262">2078262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163240744">163240744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=%27The+Pride+of+the+Race+Had+Been+Touched%27%3A+The+1925+Norse-American+Immigration+Centennial+and+Ethnic+Identity&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1265-1295&rft.date=1991-03&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163240744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2078262%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2078262&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=April&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwiatek" class="citation book cs1">Swiatek, Anthony (2012). <i>Encyclopedia of the Commemorative Coins of the United States</i>. Chicago: KWS Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9817736-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9817736-7-4"><bdi>978-0-9817736-7-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Commemorative+Coins+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=KWS+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9817736-7-4&rft.aulast=Swiatek&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaxay" class="citation book cs1">Taxay, Don (1983). <i>The U.S. Mint and Coinage</i> (reprint of 1966 ed.). New York: Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915262-68-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915262-68-7"><bdi>978-0-915262-68-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Mint+and+Coinage&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=reprint+of+1966&rft.pub=Sanford+J.+Durst+Numismatic+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-915262-68-7&rft.aulast=Taxay&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_hearings" class="citation book cs1">United States House of Representatives Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures (January 23, 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t29.d30.hrg-1928-cwe-0002"><i>Coinage of 50-Cent Pieces in Commemoration of Sesquicentennial of Discovery of Hawaii</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+of+50-Cent+Pieces+in+Commemoration+of+Sesquicentennial+of+Discovery+of+Hawaii&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1928-01-23&rft.au=United+States+House+of+Representatives+Committee+on+Coinage%2C+Weights%2C+and+Measures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcongressional.proquest.com%2Fcongressional%2Fdocview%2Ft29.d30.hrg-1928-cwe-0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermont_House_hearings" class="citation book cs1">United States House of Representatives Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures (1925). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t29.d30.hrg-1925-cwe-0001"><i>Coinage of 50 Cent Pieces in Commemoration of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Bennington and the Independence of Vermont</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+of+50+Cent+Pieces+in+Commemoration+of+the+One+Hundred+and+Fiftieth+Anniversary+of+the+Battle+of+Bennington+and+the+Independence+of+Vermont&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1925&rft.au=United+States+House+of+Representatives+Committee+on+Coinage%2C+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcongressional.proquest.com%2Fcongressional%2Fdocview%2Ft29.d30.hrg-1925-cwe-0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse-American+medal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Earle_Fraser" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Earle_Fraser" title="Template:James Earle Fraser"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Earle_Fraser" title="Template talk:James Earle Fraser"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Earle_Fraser" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Earle Fraser"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Earle_Fraser" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Earle_Fraser_(sculptor)" title="James Earle Fraser (sculptor)">James Earle Fraser</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a> (1906–1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Keep_Monument" title="Frederick Keep Monument">Frederick Keep Monument</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Trail_(Fraser)" title="End of the Trail (Fraser)">End of the Trail</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Washington, D.C.)">Alexander Hamilton</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson_Memorial" title="John Ericsson Memorial">John Ericsson National Memorial</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_the_Mystic" title="Lincoln the Mystic">Lincoln the Mystic</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_(sculpture)" title="Guardianship (sculpture)">Guardianship</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_(sculpture)" title="Heritage (sculpture)">Heritage</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Division_Memorial" title="Second Division Memorial">Second Division Memorial</a> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)">Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Albert_Gallatin" title="Statue of Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Firestone_Memorial" title="Harvey S. Firestone Memorial">Harvey S. Firestone Memorial</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patton_Monument_(West_Point)" title="Patton Monument (West Point)">General George S. Patton, Jr.</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arts_of_War_and_The_Arts_of_Peace" title="The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace"><i>The Arts of Peace</i> (<i>Music and Harvest</i>, <i>Aspiration and Literature</i>)</a> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins and medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_nickel" title="Buffalo nickel">Buffalo nickel</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal (United States)</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a> (1919)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse-American medal</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail_Memorial_half_dollar" title="Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar">Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar</a> (1926)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Gardin_Fraser" title="Laura Gardin Fraser">Laura Gardin Fraser (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Buffalo_silver_dollar" title="American Buffalo silver dollar">American Buffalo silver dollar</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Buffalo_(coin)" title="American Buffalo (coin)">American Buffalo coin</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sculpture_Society" title="National Sculpture Society">National Sculpture Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coinage_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coinage_(United_States)" title="Template:Coinage (United States)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coinage_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Coinage (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coinage_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coinage (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coinage_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Coins of the United States dollar">Coinage of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar#Current_coinage" title="Coins of the United States dollar">Circulating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">1¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)" title="Nickel (United States coin)">5¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_(United_States_coin)" title="Dime (United States coin)">10¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">25¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)" title="Half dollar (United States coin)">50¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_coin_(United_States)" title="Dollar coin (United States)">$1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_denominations_of_United_States_currency" title="Obsolete denominations of United States currency">Obsolete</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half_cent_(United_States_coin)" title="Half cent (United States coin)"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">1¢ (Fugio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_cent" title="Large cent">1¢ (large size)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cent_piece_(United_States)" title="Two-cent piece (United States)">2¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cent_silver" title="Three-cent silver">3¢ (silver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cent_nickel" title="Three-cent nickel">3¢ (nickel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_dime" title="Half dime">5¢ (silver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-cent_piece_(United_States_coin)" title="Twenty-cent piece (United States coin)">20¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_dollar" title="Gold dollar">$1 (gold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_eagle" title="Quarter eagle">$2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dollar_piece" title="Three-dollar piece">$3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_eagle" title="Half eagle">$5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(United_States_coin)" title="Eagle (United States coin)">$10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_eagle" title="Double eagle">$20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canceled_denominations_of_United_States_currency" title="Canceled denominations of United States currency">Canceled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-cent_billon" title="Two-cent billon">2¢ (billon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_and_a_half_cent_coin_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two and a half cent coin (United States)"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cent_bronze" title="Three-cent bronze">3¢ (bronze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_dollar_coin_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two dollar coin (United States)">$2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_(United_States_coin)" title="Stella (United States coin)">$4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_union" title="Half union">$50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_(United_States_coin)" title="Union (United States coin)">$100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_commemorative_coins" title="United States commemorative coins">Commemorative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1800s)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1800s)">1800s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1900s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1900s)">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1910s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1910s)">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1920s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1920s)">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1930s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1930s)">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1940s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1940s)">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1950s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1950s)">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1970s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1970s)">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1980s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1980s)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(1990s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (1990s)">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(2000s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (2000s)">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(2010s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (2010s)">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_commemorative_coins_and_medals_(2020s)" title="List of United States commemorative coins and medals (2020s)">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar#Bullion_coins" title="Coins of the United States dollar">Bullion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Silver_Eagle" title="American Silver Eagle">Silver Eagle</a> (1986–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle" title="American Gold Eagle">Gold Eagle</a> (1986–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Platinum_Eagle" title="American Platinum Eagle">Platinum Eagle</a> (1997–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Buffalo_(coin)" title="American Buffalo (coin)">Gold Buffalo</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_dollar_coins#First_Spouse_program" title="Presidential dollar coins">First Spouse (gold)</a> (2007–2016; 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Palladium_Eagle" title="American Palladium Eagle">Palladium Eagle</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_silver_bullion_coins" title="America the Beautiful silver bullion coins">America the Beautiful silver bullion coins</a> (2010–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_high_relief_gold_coin" title="American Liberty high relief gold coin">American Liberty high relief gold coin</a> (2015–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Proof_Set" title="United States Proof Set">Proof Set</a> (1936–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint_Set" title="United States Mint Set">Mint Set</a> (1947–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint_Set#Special_Mint_Sets_(1964–1967)" title="United States Mint Set">Special Mint Set</a> (1964–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint_Set#Souvenir_Sets" title="United States Mint Set">Souvenir Set</a> (1972–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Proof_Set#Silver_proof_sets_(1976;_1992–present)" title="United States Proof Set">Silver Proof Set</a> (1976, 1992–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Proof_Set#Prestige_proof_sets_(1983–1997)" title="United States Proof Set">Prestige Set</a> (1983–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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